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<li id="toc-Ancient_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ostrogothic_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ostrogothic_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ostrogothic Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ostrogothic_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exarchate_of_Ravenna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exarchate_of_Ravenna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Exarchate of Ravenna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exarchate_of_Ravenna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Middle Ages and Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modern age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Major monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amusement_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amusement_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Amusement parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amusement_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%89%AC%E1%8A%93" title="ራቬና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ራቬና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A9" title="ربنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ربنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravena" title="Ravena – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ravena" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ռաւեննա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռաւեննա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna_(Italia)" title="Ravenna (Italia) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ravenna (Italia)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="راونا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="راونا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Равенна – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Равенна" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Равена – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Равена" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Равэнна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Равэнна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Равена – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Равена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Равенна – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Равенна" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna_(munisipyo)" title="Ravenna (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ravenna (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Ραβέννα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραβέννα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav%C3%AAna" title="Ravêna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ravêna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravena" title="Ravena – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ravena" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raveno" title="Raveno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Raveno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="راونا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راونا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenne" title="Ravenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ravenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna_(st%C3%AAd)" title="Ravenna (stêd) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ravenna (stêd)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1vena" title="Rávena – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rávena" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%B2%A4%EB%82%98" title="라벤나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라벤나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ռավեննա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռավեննա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="रवेना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रवेना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Равеннæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Равеннæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="רוונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რავენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რავენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Равенна – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Равенна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravena" title="Ravena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ravena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravena" title="Ravena – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ravena" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Равена – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Равена" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="رافينا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رافينا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna_(stad)" title="Ravenna (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ravenna (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A" title="ラヴェンナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラヴェンナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Равенна – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Равенна" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna_(Steed)" title="Ravenna (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ravenna (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravena" title="Ravena – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ravena" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="راوینا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="راوینا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav%C3%ABnna" title="Ravënna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ravënna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawenna" title="Rawenna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rawenna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravena" title="Ravena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ravena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Равенна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Равенна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="रवेन्ना – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रवेन्ना" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravena" title="Ravena – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ravena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Равена – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Равена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravena" title="Ravena – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ravena" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Равенна – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Равенна" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ราเวนนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราเวนนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Равенна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Равенна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="راوینا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راوینا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravena" title="Ravena – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ravena" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%9F%A6%E7%BA%B3" title="拉韦纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉韦纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87%E7%B4%8D" title="拉文納 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拉文納" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ravenna" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ravenna&params=44_24_58_N_12_12_06_E_type:city_region:IT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°24′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°12′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.41611°N 12.20167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.41611; 12.20167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Emilia-Romagna, Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Italy. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ravenna_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ravenna (disambiguation)">Ravenna (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Comune in Emilia-Romagna, Italy</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Ravenna</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="it"><span title="Romagnol-language text"><i lang="rgn">Ravèna, Ravêna</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Romagnol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol language">Romagnol</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></i></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenna_Cattedrale_Metropolitana_della_Risurrezione_di_Nostro_Signore_Ges%C3%B9_Cristo_Esterno_Lato_Nord_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ravenna_Cattedrale_Metropolitana_della_Risurrezione_di_Nostro_Signore_Ges%C3%B9_Cristo_Esterno_Lato_Nord_1.jpg/330px-Ravenna_Cattedrale_Metropolitana_della_Risurrezione_di_Nostro_Signore_Ges%C3%B9_Cristo_Esterno_Lato_Nord_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ravenna_Cattedrale_Metropolitana_della_Risurrezione_di_Nostro_Signore_Ges%C3%B9_Cristo_Esterno_Lato_Nord_1.jpg/500px-Ravenna_Cattedrale_Metropolitana_della_Risurrezione_di_Nostro_Signore_Ges%C3%B9_Cristo_Esterno_Lato_Nord_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ravenna_Cattedrale_Metropolitana_della_Risurrezione_di_Nostro_Signore_Ges%C3%B9_Cristo_Esterno_Lato_Nord_1.jpg/960px-Ravenna_Cattedrale_Metropolitana_della_Risurrezione_di_Nostro_Signore_Ges%C3%B9_Cristo_Esterno_Lato_Nord_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4542" data-file-height="3292" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna_Cathedral" title="Ravenna Cathedral">Ravenna Cathedral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenna_Basilica_di_San_Vitale_Esterno_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ravenna_Basilica_di_San_Vitale_Esterno_07.jpg/130px-Ravenna_Basilica_di_San_Vitale_Esterno_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ravenna_Basilica_di_San_Vitale_Esterno_07.jpg/195px-Ravenna_Basilica_di_San_Vitale_Esterno_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ravenna_Basilica_di_San_Vitale_Esterno_07.jpg/260px-Ravenna_Basilica_di_San_Vitale_Esterno_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4514" data-file-height="3343" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauselo_Galla_Placidia,_esterno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mauselo_Galla_Placidia%2C_esterno.jpg/250px-Mauselo_Galla_Placidia%2C_esterno.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mauselo_Galla_Placidia%2C_esterno.jpg/330px-Mauselo_Galla_Placidia%2C_esterno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia" title="Mausoleum of Galla Placidia">Mausoleum of Galla Placidia</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenna_Basilica_di_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_Interno_Navata_Est_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ravenna_Basilica_di_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_Interno_Navata_Est_1.jpg/250px-Ravenna_Basilica_di_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_Interno_Navata_Est_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ravenna_Basilica_di_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_Interno_Navata_Est_1.jpg/330px-Ravenna_Basilica_di_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_Interno_Navata_Est_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4313" data-file-height="3150" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_del_Popolo_Ravenna_notturna_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Piazza_del_Popolo_Ravenna_notturna_1.jpg/250px-Piazza_del_Popolo_Ravenna_notturna_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Piazza_del_Popolo_Ravenna_notturna_1.jpg/330px-Piazza_del_Popolo_Ravenna_notturna_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Fontanella Piazza del Popolo</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ravenna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ravenna"><img alt="Flag of Ravenna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Ravenna.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ravenna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Ravenna.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ravenna.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="342" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenna-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ravenna"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ravenna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ravenna-Stemma.svg/120px-Ravenna-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ravenna-Stemma.svg/250px-Ravenna-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="643" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Ravenna</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-overlays="["_26d80ec6c7eb410193dcfe74fac86df625aa72ac"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Ravenna&revid=1283468121&groups=_26d80ec6c7eb410193dcfe74fac86df625aa72ac" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Ravenna&revid=1283468121&groups=_26d80ec6c7eb410193dcfe74fac86df625aa72ac 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ravenna is located in Italy"><img alt="Ravenna is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/250px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/375px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/500px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.66%;left:46.888%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ravenna"><img alt="Ravenna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ravenna</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Ravenna in Emilia-Romagna</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Italy</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Emilia-Romagna_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ravenna is located in Emilia-Romagna"><img alt="Ravenna is located in Emilia-Romagna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Italy_Emilia-Romagna_location_map.svg/250px-Italy_Emilia-Romagna_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Italy_Emilia-Romagna_location_map.svg/500px-Italy_Emilia-Romagna_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="481" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.613%;left:83.829%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ravenna"><img alt="Ravenna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ravenna</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ravenna (Emilia-Romagna)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Emilia-Romagna</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ravenna&params=44_24_58_N_12_12_06_E_type:city_region:IT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°24′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°12′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.41611°N 12.20167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.41611; 12.20167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ravenna" title="Province of Ravenna">Ravenna</a> (RA)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazioni</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><b></b><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;background:#eee;"><div>(subdivisions)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; line-height:1.1;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Casalborsetti, Lido di Savio, Lido di Classe, Lido di Dante, Lido Adriano, Marina di Ravenna, Punta Marina Terme, Porto Corsini, Porto Fuori, <a href="/wiki/Marina_Romea" title="Marina Romea">Marina Romea</a>, Ammonite, Camerlona, Mandriole, Savarna, Grattacoppa, Conventello, Torri, Mezzano, Sant'Antonio, San Romualdo, Sant'Alberto, Borgo Montone, Fornace Zarattini, Piangipane, San Marco, San Michele, Santerno, Villanova di Ravenna, Borgo Sisa, Bastia, Borgo Faina, Carraie, Campiano, Casemurate, Caserma, Castiglione di Ravenna, Classe, Coccolia, Ducenta, Durazzano, Filetto, Fosso Ghiaia, Gambellara, Ghibullo, Longana, Madonna dell'Albero, Massa Castello, Mensa Matellica, Osteria, Pilastro, Roncalceci, Ragone, Santo Stefano, San Bartolo, San Zaccaria, Savio, S. Pietro in Trento, San Pietro in Vincoli, San Pietro in Campiano </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michele_De_Pascale" title="Michele De Pascale">Michele De Pascale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">PD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">652.89 km<sup>2</sup> (252.08 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 m (13 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1 January 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">158,784</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">240/km<sup>2</sup> (630/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ravennate, Ravennese<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">48100</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Italy" title="List of dialling codes in Italy">Dialing code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0544</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patron saint</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apollinaris_of_Ravenna" title="Apollinaris of Ravenna">Saint Apollinaris</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Saint day</th><td class="infobox-data">July 23</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.ravenna.it">Official website</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#87CEEB;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #000; text-decoration: inherit;">UNESCO World Heritage Site</span></a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_(Ravenna).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg/250px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg/330px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg/500px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_%28Ravenna%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1997" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mosaic of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> from the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/788">788</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1996 (20th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">1.32 ha</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p><b>Ravenna</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">rə-<span style="font-size:90%">VEN</span>-ə</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[raˈvenna]</a></span>, <small>also</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">locally</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[raˈvɛn(n)a]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8b\/It-Ravenna.ogg\/It-Ravenna.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Ravenna.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/It-Ravenna.ogg/It-Ravenna.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:It-Ravenna.ogg" title="File:It-Ravenna.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Romagnol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol language">Romagnol</a>: <i lang="rgn">Ravèna, Ravêna</i>) is the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ravenna" title="Province of Ravenna">Province of Ravenna</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>. It was the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> during the 5th century until its collapse in 476, after which it served as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> and then the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style></p><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">55,973</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">58,544</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">59,696</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">62,723</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">69,802</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+11.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,502</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">76,335</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">80,658</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">91,248</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">114,854</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+25.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">131,176</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">137,375</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">135,844</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">134,631</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">153,740</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">155,836</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Initially settled by the <a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a> people, Ravenna came under <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> control in 89 BC. <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> built the military harbor of <a href="/wiki/Classe,_ancient_port_of_Ravenna" title="Classe, ancient port of Ravenna">Classis</a> at Ravenna, and the city remained an important seaport on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> until the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The city prospered under imperial rule. In 401, Western Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> moved his court from <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> to Ravenna; it then served as capital of the empire for most of the 5th century. </p><p>After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Ravenna became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> until he was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoth</a> king <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric</a>. In 540, <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> conquered Ravenna for the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, and the city became the capital of Byzantine Italy. After a brief <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> control, Ravenna came under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papacy</a> and, save for minor interruptions, remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> until the mid-19th century when it was incorporated into the newly unified <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it is an inland city, Ravenna is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Candiano_Canal" title="Candiano Canal">Candiano Canal</a>. It is known for its well-preserved late Roman and Byzantine architecture, with eight buildings comprising the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> "Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the high concentration of mosaics, the city has been associated with workshops and schools teaching mosaics, and is often given titles like the "capital of mosaics".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ravenna" title="Timeline of Ravenna">Timeline of Ravenna</a>.</div> <p>The origin of the name <i>Ravenna</i> is unclear. Some have speculated that "Ravenna" is related to "Rasenna" (or "Rasna"), the term that the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a> used for themselves, but there is no agreement on this point.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_era">Ancient era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of Ravenna are uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest archaeological evidence found dates the <a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a> presence in Ravenna at least to the 5th century BC, where it was undisturbed until the 3rd century BC, when first contact with Roman civilization began.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its territory was settled also by the <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a>, especially the southern countryside of the city (that was not part of the lagoon), the <i>Ager Decimanus</i>. Ravenna consisted of houses built on piles on a series of small islands in a marshy lagoon – a situation similar to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> several centuries later. The Romans ignored it during their conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po River</a> Delta, but later accepted it into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> as a federated town in 89 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 49 BC, it was where <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> gathered his forces before crossing the <a href="/wiki/Rubicon" title="Rubicon">Rubicon</a>. Later <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a>, after his battle against <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> in 31 BC, founded the military harbor of <a href="/wiki/Classe,_ancient_port_of_Ravenna" title="Classe, ancient port of Ravenna">Classis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This harbor, protected at first by its own walls, was an important station of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Navy">Roman Imperial Fleet</a>. Nowadays the city is landlocked, but Ravenna remained an important <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> until the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. During the Germanic campaigns, <a href="/wiki/Thusnelda" title="Thusnelda">Thusnelda</a>, widow of <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marbod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbod">Marbod</a>, King of the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>, were confined at Ravenna.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenna(Peutinger_Map).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ravenna%28Peutinger_Map%29.png/250px-Ravenna%28Peutinger_Map%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ravenna%28Peutinger_Map%29.png/330px-Ravenna%28Peutinger_Map%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ravenna%28Peutinger_Map%29.png/440px-Ravenna%28Peutinger_Map%29.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>The city of Ravenna in the 4th century as shown on the <a href="/wiki/Peutinger_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Peutinger Map">Peutinger Map</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ravenna greatly prospered under Roman rule. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> built a 70 km (43.50 mi) long <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (Roman)">aqueduct</a> at the beginning of the 2nd century. During the <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> settlers in Ravenna revolted and managed to seize possession of the city. For this reason, Marcus Aurelius decided not only against bringing more barbarians into Italy, but even banished those who had previously been brought there.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In AD 401, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Honorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Honorius">Emperor Honorius</a> transferred the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (current Milan) to Ravenna; it subsequently served as the capital of the empire for most of the 5th century and the last de facto western emperor <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> was deposed there in AD 476. At that time it was home to 50,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transfer was made partly for defensive purposes: Ravenna was surrounded by swamps and marshes, and was perceived to be easily defensible (although in fact the city fell to opposing forces numerous times in its history); it is also likely that the move to Ravenna was due to the city's port and good sea-borne connections to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. In 409, King <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Visigoths" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Visigoths">Visigoths</a> simply bypassed Ravenna, and went on to <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">sack</a> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 410 and to take <a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a>, daughter of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, hostage. </p><p>After many vicissitudes, Galla Placidia returned to Ravenna with her son, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a>, due to the support of her nephew <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>. Ravenna enjoyed a period of peace, during which time the Christian religion was favoured by the imperial court, and the city gained some of its most famous monuments, including the Orthodox Baptistry, the misnamed <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia" title="Mausoleum of Galla Placidia">Mausoleum of Galla Placidia</a> (she was not actually buried there), and <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Evangelista,_Ravenna" title="San Giovanni Evangelista, Ravenna">San Giovanni Evangelista</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ostrogothic_Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ostrogothic Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Ravenna" title="Ostrogothic Ravenna">Ostrogothic Ravenna</a></div> <p>The late 5th century saw the dissolution of Roman authority in the west, and <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> was deposed in 476 by the general <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>. Odoacer ruled as King of Italy for 13 years, but in 489 the Eastern Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> sent the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrogoth">Ostrogoth</a> King <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> to re-take the Italian peninsula. After losing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(489)" title="Battle of Verona (489)">Battle of Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> retreated to Ravenna, where he withstood a siege of three years by Theodoric, until the taking of <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a> deprived Ravenna of supplies. Theodoric took Ravenna in 493, supposedly slew Odoacer with his own hands, and Ravenna became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> of Italy. Theodoric, following his imperial predecessors, also built many splendid buildings in and around Ravenna, including his palace church <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a>, an Arian cathedral (now Santo Spirito) and Baptistery, and his own <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Theodoric" title="Mausoleum of Theodoric">Mausoleum</a> just outside the walls. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum_of_Theoderic.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mausoleum_of_Theoderic.JPG/250px-Mausoleum_of_Theoderic.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mausoleum_of_Theoderic.JPG/330px-Mausoleum_of_Theoderic.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mausoleum_of_Theoderic.JPG/500px-Mausoleum_of_Theoderic.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Theodoric" title="Mausoleum of Theodoric">Mausoleum of Theodoric</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Both Odoacer and Theodoric and their followers were <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Christians, but co-existed peacefully with the Latins, who were largely Catholic Orthodox. Ravenna's Orthodox bishops carried out notable building projects, of which the sole surviving one is the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop%27s_Chapel,_Ravenna" title="Archbishop's Chapel, Ravenna">Cappella Arcivescovile</a>. Theodoric allowed Roman citizens within his kingdom to be subject to Roman law and the Roman judicial system. The Goths, meanwhile, lived under their own laws and customs. In 519, when a mob had burned down the synagogues of Ravenna, Theodoric ordered the town to rebuild them at its own expense. </p><p>Theodoric died in 526 and was succeeded by his young grandson <a href="/wiki/Athalaric" title="Athalaric">Athalaric</a> under the authority of his daughter <a href="/wiki/Amalasunta" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalasunta">Amalasunta</a>, but by 535 both were dead and Theodoric's line was represented only by Amalasuntha's daughter <a href="/wiki/Matasuntha" class="mw-redirect" title="Matasuntha">Matasuntha</a>. Various Ostrogothic military leaders took the Kingdom of Italy, but none were as successful as Theodoric had been. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> opposed both Ostrogoth rule and the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> variety of Christianity. In 535 his general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">invaded Italy</a> and in 540 conquered Ravenna. After the conquest of Italy was completed in 554, Ravenna became the seat of Byzantine government in Italy. </p><p>From 540 to 600, Ravenna's bishops embarked upon a notable building program of churches in Ravenna and in and around the port city of Classe. Surviving monuments include the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a>, as well as the partially surviving San Michele in Africisco. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exarchate_of_Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exarchate of Ravenna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenna_SantApollinare_Classe3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ravenna_SantApollinare_Classe3.jpg/250px-Ravenna_SantApollinare_Classe3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ravenna_SantApollinare_Classe3.jpg/330px-Ravenna_SantApollinare_Classe3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ravenna_SantApollinare_Classe3.jpg/500px-Ravenna_SantApollinare_Classe3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3765" data-file-height="2538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration of Jesus</a>. Allegorical image with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Crux_gemmata" title="Crux gemmata">Crux gemmata</a></i></span> and lambs represent apostles, 533–549, <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></div> <p>Following the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> for Eastern Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in the 6th century, Ravenna became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> governor of Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Exarch" title="Exarch">Exarch</a>, and was known as the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>. It was at this time that the <a href="/wiki/Ravenna_Cosmography" title="Ravenna Cosmography">Ravenna Cosmography</a> was written.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Byzantine rule, the archbishop of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Ravenna">Archdiocese of Ravenna</a> was temporarily granted <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> from the Roman Church by the emperor, in 666, but this was soon revoked. Nevertheless, the archbishop of Ravenna held the second place in Italy after the pope, and played an important role in many theological controversies during this period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">Middle Ages and Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, under <a href="/wiki/King_Liutprand" class="mw-redirect" title="King Liutprand">King Liutprand</a>, occupied Ravenna in 712, but were forced to return it to the Byzantines.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after <a href="/wiki/Aistulf" title="Aistulf">Aistulf</a>, the Lombard Duke of Friuli, was crowned King of the Lombards in 749, he pursued an aggressive policy of expansion into the Byzantine’s Exarchate of Ravenna and the territory claimed by the Pope through the Patrimony of Saint Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 751, the Byzantines surrendered the Exarchate of Ravenna to Aistulf. Aistulf then proceeded farther south and threated Rome claiming jurisdiction and demanding tribute and acknowledgement of his sovereignty. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Pope Stephen II</a> appealed to Aistulf but to no avail. In 753, Pope Stephen traveled to France to seek the help of <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin, King of the Franks</a>. Pepin responded favorably and ultimately conducted two campaigns to the Italian Peninsula to confront Aistulf with respect to territory that had been taken illegally.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally in 756, Aistulf conceded defeat, and agreed to pay reparations and surrender the territory taken five years earlier. At that time, Pepin fulfilled a promise that he had made two years prior in France and granted the pope the right to large territories that included the former Exarchate of Ravenna and the Roman duchy. This act has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a> and provided the legal basis for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Pepin’s Donation and the establishment of the Papal States, Byzantine-era administrative structures collapsed during the 9th and 10th Centuries. Papal control was indirect, with local dukes and Lombard lords exercising de facto power. During the 11th and 12th Centuries, Ravenna became a contested city between the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy, with imperial appointees often clashing with papal legates. </p><p>The beginning of the 13th Century was a period of great turmoil for the city of Ravenna. At that time, conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a> was intensifying. In 1198, Ravenna led a league of <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a> cities and Marches against the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto IV. Pope Innocent III was able to capitalized on the anti-imperial sentiment in Romagna to strengthen papal influence over Ravenna and other cities in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1218, Pietro <a href="/wiki/Traversari" title="Traversari">Traversari</a> came to power in Ravenna after defeating the Ubertini and Mainardi factions during the Guelph-Ghibelline conflict. The Traversari family ruled Ravenna for 22 years until 1240 when Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II besieged Ravenna and expelled the Traversari after the Traversari aligned themselves with the pro-papal Guelphs.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frederick’s Imperial Vicar ruled Ravenna for eight years until 1248 when Pope Innocent IV took Ravenna, and the Traversari returned to power. In 1275, the Traversari were driven from the city by Guido Novello da Polenta. The <a href="/wiki/Da_Polenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Polenta">Da Polenta</a> family established a hereditary lordship and governed with increasing independence as a papal vassal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most illustrious residents of Ravenna at this time was the exiled Florentine poet <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>. The last of the Da Polenta, <a href="/wiki/Ostasio_III_da_Polenta" title="Ostasio III da Polenta">Ostasio III</a>, was ousted by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> in February 1441, and the city was annexed to the Venetian territories by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cremona_(1441)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Cremona (1441)">Treaty of Cremona</a>. </p><p>Ravenna was then ruled by Venice until 1509, when the region was invaded in the course of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agnadello" title="Battle of Agnadello">Battle of Agnadello</a> on 14 May, the French largely destroyed the Venetian army. Thereafter, the members of the League of Cambrai occupied Venice's mainland territories. After the Venetian withdrawal, Ravenna was again ruled by legates of the Pope as part of the Papal States. The Papal States retained control of Ravenna as the war continued, however in 1511, the Pope created a new alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire against France. In the conflict that ensued, France besieged Ravenna and then decisively defeated the League's relief forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ravenna_(1512)" title="Battle of Ravenna (1512)">Battle of Ravenna (1512)</a>. After that victory, the French sacked Ravenna and occupied the city for four months before withdrawing. </p><p>In 1527, notwithstanding their alliance with Pope Clement VII, the Venetians occupied Ravenna and the Romagna, which, however, they were compelled to restore in 1529.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was damaged in a tremendous flood in May 1636. Over the next 300 years, a network of <a href="/wiki/Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals">canals</a> diverted nearby rivers and drained nearby swamps, thus reducing the possibility of flooding and creating a large belt of agricultural land around the city. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenna_quattrino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ravenna_quattrino.jpg/250px-Ravenna_quattrino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ravenna_quattrino.jpg/330px-Ravenna_quattrino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ravenna_quattrino.jpg/500px-Ravenna_quattrino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>An 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Quattrino" title="Quattrino">quattrino</a> from Ravenna depicting <a href="/wiki/Apollinaris_of_Ravenna" title="Apollinaris of Ravenna">Saint Apollinaris</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_age">Modern age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 17th and 18th Centuries, Ravenna was part of the Papal States up until 1796, when it was annexed into the French puppet state of the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italian Republic</a>, and then made part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)</a> in 1802. It was returned to the Papal States in 1814. Occupied by Piedmontese troops in 1859, Ravenna and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a> area became part of the new unified <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> in 1861. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the town suffered severe damage. Fifty-two Allied bombing raids during the course of the Second World War had taken their toll, destroying some of Ravenna's noteworthy, unequalled early Christian art. Bombs intended for the railway station and its sidings had pulverised the <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Evangelista,_Ravenna" title="San Giovanni Evangelista, Ravenna">Basilica of San Giovanni Evangelista</a> in August 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 November 1944 troops of 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards, 5th Canadian Armoured Division and the British <a href="/wiki/27th_Lancers" title="27th Lancers">27th Lancers</a> entered and liberated Ravenna. A total of 937 Commonwealth soldiers who died in the winter of 1944–45 are buried in Ravenna War Cemetery, including 438 Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Ravenna" title="List of mayors of Ravenna">List of mayors of Ravenna</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_monuments">Major monuments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Major monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_triumphal_arch_mosaics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_triumphal_arch_mosaics.jpg/250px-Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_triumphal_arch_mosaics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_triumphal_arch_mosaics.jpg/330px-Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_triumphal_arch_mosaics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_triumphal_arch_mosaics.jpg/500px-Basilica_of_San_Vitale_-_triumphal_arch_mosaics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="4592" /></a><figcaption>Triumphal arch mosaics of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_ceiling_mosaics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_ceiling_mosaics.jpg/250px-Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_ceiling_mosaics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_ceiling_mosaics.jpg/330px-Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_ceiling_mosaics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_ceiling_mosaics.jpg/500px-Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_ceiling_mosaics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3935" data-file-height="3135" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> mosaic in <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia" title="Mausoleum of Galla Placidia">mausoleum of Galla Placidia</a> (5th century CE)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg/250px-Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg/330px-Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg/500px-Arian_Baptistry_ceiling_mosaic_-_Ravenna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3046" data-file-height="2997" /></a><figcaption>Arian Baptistry ceiling mosaic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg/220px-Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg/330px-Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg/440px-Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1471" /></a><figcaption>6th-century <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> in Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, portrays Jesus long-haired and bearded, dressed in Byzantine style.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptistery.Arians02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Baptistery.Arians02.jpg/250px-Baptistery.Arians02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Baptistery.Arians02.jpg/330px-Baptistery.Arians02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Baptistery.Arians02.jpg/500px-Baptistery.Arians02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>The Arian Baptistery</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dante%27s_tomb_(Ravenna)_-_Facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dante%27s_tomb_%28Ravenna%29_-_Facade.jpg/120px-Dante%27s_tomb_%28Ravenna%29_-_Facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dante%27s_tomb_%28Ravenna%29_-_Facade.jpg/250px-Dante%27s_tomb_%28Ravenna%29_-_Facade.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4846" data-file-height="7694" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dante_Alighieri_tomb_in_Ravenna_(interior).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dante_Alighieri_tomb_in_Ravenna_%28interior%29.jpg/120px-Dante_Alighieri_tomb_in_Ravenna_%28interior%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dante_Alighieri_tomb_in_Ravenna_%28interior%29.jpg/250px-Dante_Alighieri_tomb_in_Ravenna_%28interior%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="4496" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Dante's tomb exterior and interior, built in 1780</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_in_Ravenna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_in_Ravenna.JPG/250px-Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_in_Ravenna.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_in_Ravenna.JPG/330px-Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_in_Ravenna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_in_Ravenna.JPG/500px-Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia_in_Ravenna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption>The so-called "Mausoleum of Galla Placidia" in Ravenna</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Theodoric%27s_Palace_-_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo_-_Ravenna_2016_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4068" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of the Palace of Theodoric in Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</figcaption></figure> <p>Eight early Christian buildings of Ravenna are inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a>. These are </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptistery_of_Neon" title="Baptistery of Neon">Orthodox Baptistery</a> also called <i>Baptistery of Neon</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia" title="Mausoleum of Galla Placidia">Mausoleum of Galla Placidia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_Baptistery" title="Arian Baptistery">Arian Baptistery</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop%27s_Chapel,_Ravenna" title="Archbishop's Chapel, Ravenna">Archiepiscopal Chapel</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Theodoric" title="Mausoleum of Theodoric">Mausoleum of Theodoric</a> (520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> (548)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a> (549)</li></ul> <p>Other historic sites include: </p> <ul><li>The church of <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Evangelista,_Ravenna" title="San Giovanni Evangelista, Ravenna">San Giovanni Evangelista</a> is from the 5th century, erected by <a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a> after she survived a storm at sea. It was restored after the World War II bombings. The bell tower contains four bells, the two majors dating back to 1208.</li> <li>The 6th-century church of the <i>Spirito Santo</i>, which has been quite drastically altered since the 6th century. It was originally the Arian cathedral. The façade has a 16th-century portico with five arcades.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco,_Ravenna" title="Basilica of San Francesco, Ravenna">Basilica of San Francesco</a>, rebuilt in the 10th–11th centuries over a precedent edifice dedicated to the Apostles and later to St. Peter. Behind the humble brick façade, it has a nave and two aisles. Fragments of mosaics from the first church are visible on the floor, which is usually covered by water after heavy rains (together with the crypt). Here the funeral ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> was held in 1321. The poet is buried in a tomb annexed to the church, the local authorities having resisted for centuries all demands by Florence for the return of the remains of its most famous exile.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> church of <i>Santa Maria Maggiore</i> (525–532, rebuilt in 1671). It houses a picture by <a href="/wiki/Luca_Longhi" title="Luca Longhi">Luca Longhi</a>.</li> <li>The church of <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Battista,_Ravenna" title="San Giovanni Battista, Ravenna">San Giovanni Battista</a> (1683), also in Baroque style, with a Middle Ages campanile.</li> <li>The basilica of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Porto_Basilica" title="Santa Maria in Porto Basilica">Santa Maria in Porto</a> (16th century), with a rich façade from the 18th century. It has a nave and two aisles, with a high <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a>. It houses the image of famous <i>Greek Madonna</i>, which was allegedly brought to Ravenna from Constantinople.</li> <li>The nearby Communal Gallery has various works from Romagnoli painters.</li> <li>The <i>Rocca Brancaleone</i> (Brancaleone Castle), built by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> in 1457. Once part of the city walls, it is now a public park. It is divided into two parts: the true Castle and the Citadel, the latter having an extent of 14,000 m<sup>2</sup> (150,694.75 sq ft).</li> <li>The "so-called Palace of Theodoric", in fact the entrance to the former church of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Saviour">San Salvatore</a>. It includes mosaics from the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Theodoric" title="Palace of Theodoric">true palace</a> of the Ostrogoth king.</li> <li>The church of <i><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eufemia,_Ravenna" title="Sant'Eufemia, Ravenna">Sant'Eufemia</a></i> (18th century), gives access to the so-called Stone Carpets Domus (6th–7th century): this houses splendid mosaics from a Byzantine palace.</li> <li>The National Museum</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Archiepiscopal_Museum,_Ravenna" title="Archiepiscopal Museum, Ravenna">Archiepiscopal Museum</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Capanno_Garibaldi" title="Capanno Garibaldi">Capanno Garibaldi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hunting_cabin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting cabin">hunting cabin</a> on the road to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Porto_Corsini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porto Corsini (page does not exist)">Porto Corsini</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Corsini" class="extiw" title="it:Porto Corsini">it</a>]</span> known for having sheltered <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> on the night of 6–7 August 1849<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city annually hosts the <a href="/wiki/Ravenna_Festival" title="Ravenna Festival">Ravenna Festival</a>, one of Italy's prominent classical music gatherings. Opera performances are held at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Comunale_Alighieri" title="Teatro Comunale Alighieri">Teatro Alighieri</a> while concerts take place at the Palazzo Mauro de André as well as in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a>. Chicago Symphony Orchestra music director <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a>, a longtime resident of the city, regularly participates in the festival, which invites orchestras and other performers from around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Mochi_-_Dante_Alighieri_in_atto_di_presentare_Giotto_a_Guido_da_Polenta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Giovanni_Mochi_-_Dante_Alighieri_in_atto_di_presentare_Giotto_a_Guido_da_Polenta.jpg/250px-Giovanni_Mochi_-_Dante_Alighieri_in_atto_di_presentare_Giotto_a_Guido_da_Polenta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Giovanni_Mochi_-_Dante_Alighieri_in_atto_di_presentare_Giotto_a_Guido_da_Polenta.jpg/330px-Giovanni_Mochi_-_Dante_Alighieri_in_atto_di_presentare_Giotto_a_Guido_da_Polenta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Giovanni_Mochi_-_Dante_Alighieri_in_atto_di_presentare_Giotto_a_Guido_da_Polenta.jpg/440px-Giovanni_Mochi_-_Dante_Alighieri_in_atto_di_presentare_Giotto_a_Guido_da_Polenta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> presenting <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guido_I_da_Polenta" title="Guido I da Polenta">Guido da Polenta</a></i>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mochi" title="Juan Mochi">Giovanni Mochi</a> (19th century), <a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Modern_Art,_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of Modern Art, Florence">Galleria d'Arte Moderna</a>, Florence</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>After his banishment from his native <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> spent most of the rest of his life in Ravenna, and he mentions the city in Canto V of his <i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i>.</li> <li>Also in the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Nostradamus" title="Nostradamus">Nostradamus</a> provides four prophecies: <ul><li>"The Magnavacca (canal) at Ravenna in great trouble, Canals by fifteen shut up at Fornase", in reference to fifteen French saboteurs.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As the place of a battle extending to <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> and a sacred escape in its aftermath, leaving rotting horses left to eat.</li> <li>In relation to the snatching of a lady "near Ravenna" and then the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">legate of Lisbon</a> seizing 70 souls at sea.</li> <li>Ravenna is one of three-similarly named contenders for the birth of the third and final <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> who enslaves <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Ravne_na_Koro%C5%A1kem" title="Ravne na Koroškem">Ravne na Koroškem</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Ravenna is the setting for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Witch_(play)" title="The Witch (play)">The Witch</a></i>, a play written in the 1610s by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Middleton" title="Thomas Middleton">Thomas Middleton</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a> lived in Ravenna between 1819 and 1821, led by the love for a local aristocratic and married young woman, <a href="/wiki/Teresa,_Contessa_Guiccioli" title="Teresa, Contessa Guiccioli">Teresa Guiccioli</a>. Here he continued <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(poem)" title="Don Juan (poem)">Don Juan</a></i> and wrote <i>Ravenna Diary</i>, <i>My Dictionary</i> and <i>Recollections</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ravenna is the location where Lionel, the protagonist of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s post-apocalyptic novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man" title="The Last Man">The Last Man</a></i>, comes ashore after losing his companions to a howling storm in the Aegean Sea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> (1854–1900) wrote a poem <i>Ravenna</i> in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Symbolist, lyrical poet <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blok" title="Alexander Blok">Alexander Blok</a> (1880–1921) wrote a poem entitled <i>Ravenna</i> (May–June 1909) inspired by his Italian journey (spring 1909).</li> <li>During his travels, German poet and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a> (1877–1962) came across Ravenna and was inspired to write two poems of the city. They are entitled <i>Ravenna (1)</i> and <i>Ravenna (2)</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s (1888–1965) poem "Lune de Miel" (written in French) describes a honeymooning couple from Indiana sleeping not far from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a> (just outside Ravenna), famous for the carved capitals of its columns, which depict <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a> leaves buffeted by the wind, unlike the leaves in repose on similar columns elsewhere.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a> (1892–1973) may have based his city of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Minas Tirith</a> at least in part on Ravenna.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film">In film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a> filmed his 1964 movie <a href="/wiki/Red_Desert_(film)" title="Red Desert (film)"><i>Red Desert</i></a> (<i>Deserto Rosso</i>) within the industrialised areas of the Pialassa valley. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ravenna has an important commercial and tourist <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ravenna" title="Port of Ravenna">port</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ravenna_railway_station" title="Ravenna railway station">Ravenna railway station</a> has direct <a href="/wiki/Trenitalia" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a> service to <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Lecce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ravenna_Airport" title="Ravenna Airport">Ravenna Airport</a> is located in Ravenna. The nearest commercial airports are those of <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC_Airport" title="Forlì Airport">Forlì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Fellini International Airport">Rimini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Guglielmo_Marconi_Airport" title="Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport">Bologna</a>. </p><p>Freeways crossing Ravenna include: <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A14_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A14 (Italy)">A14-bis</a> from the hub of Bologna; on the north–south axis of <a href="/wiki/European_route_E45" title="European route E45">EU routes E45</a> (from Rome) and <a href="/wiki/European_route_E55" title="European route E55">E55</a> (SS-309 "Romea" from Venice); and on the regional Ferrara-Rimini axis of SS-16 (partially called "Adriatica"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amusement_parks">Amusement parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Amusement parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirabilandia_(Italy)" title="Mirabilandia (Italy)">Mirabilandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Ravenna" title="Safari Ravenna">Safari Ravenna</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Italy" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy">List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy</a></div> <p>Ravenna is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>, United Kingdom, since 1996</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>, Germany, since 1989</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, France, since 1957</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Italy" title="Football in Italy">football</a> club of the city is <a href="/wiki/Ravenna_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Ravenna F.C.">Ravenna F.C.</a> Currently it plays in the fourth tier of Italian football, <a href="/wiki/Serie_D" title="Serie D">Serie D</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/A.P.D._Ribelle_1927" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P.D. Ribelle 1927">A.P.D. Ribelle 1927</a> is the football club of Castiglione di Ravenna, a town to the south of Ravenna. </p><p>The beaches of Ravenna hosted the <a href="/wiki/2011_FIFA_Beach_Soccer_World_Cup" title="2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup">2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup</a>, in September 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> (419–455), Roman Emperor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Plazzi" title="Matteo Plazzi">Matteo Plazzi</a>, Italian sailor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrizio_Ravennate" title="Patrizio Ravennate">Patrizio Ravennate</a> (active in the late 14th Century), historian and chronicler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Anziani" title="Giacomo Anziani">Giacomo Anziani</a> (1681–1723), Italian architect, painter, and engraver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Pausini" title="Laura Pausini">Laura Pausini</a> (born 1974), Italian pop singer-songwriter, record producer and television personality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_Gardini" title="Raul Gardini">Raul Gardini</a> (1933–1993), Italian businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Manzecchi" title="Franco Manzecchi">Franco Manzecchi</a> (1931–1979), Jazz drummer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Montanari" title="Andrea Montanari">Andrea Montanari</a> (born 1965), Italian sprinter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Arcangelo Corelli</a> (1653–1713), Baroque violinist and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Legnani" title="Luigi Legnani">Luigi Legnani</a> (1790–1877), guitarist and luthier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullio_Bassi" title="Tullio Bassi">Tullio Bassi</a> (born 1937), Italian violin maker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 988</span> – 1072 or 1073), Catholic Saint and Cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Ingoli" title="Francesco Ingoli">Francesco Ingoli</a> (1578–1649), Theatine scientist, lawyer, and disputer of Galileo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini" title="Francesca da Rimini">Francesca da Rimini</a> (1255 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1285</span>), historical person</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_I_da_Polenta" title="Guido I da Polenta">Guido I da Polenta</a> (died 1310), lord of Ravenna</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Baracca" title="Francesco Baracca">Francesco Baracca</a> (1888–1918), Italy's top fighter ace of World War I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Caricasulo" title="Federico Caricasulo">Federico Caricasulo</a> (born 1996), motorcycle road racer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Melandri" title="Marco Melandri">Marco Melandri</a> (born 1982), motorcycle road racer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davide_Tardozzi" title="Davide Tardozzi">Davide Tardozzi</a> (born 1959), Superbike racer and team manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano_Marescotti" title="Ivano Marescotti">Ivano Marescotti</a> (1946–2023), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_(presenter)" title="Amadeus (presenter)">Amadeus (presenter)</a> (born 1962), presenter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romolo_Gessi" title="Romolo Gessi">Romolo Gessi</a> (1831–1881), explorer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuald" title="Romuald">Romuald</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 951</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1025/27</span>), abbot, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldolese</a> order</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Dente" title="Marco Dente">Marco Dente</a> (1493–1527), engraver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Roversi" title="Paolo Roversi">Paolo Roversi</a> (born 1947), fashion photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Spreti" title="Camillo Spreti">Camillo Spreti</a> (1743–1830), marquis and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Mariani_(conductor)" title="Angelo Mariani (conductor)">Angelo Mariani (conductor)</a> (1821–1873), conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Vitali" title="Giuseppe Vitali">Giuseppe Vitali</a> (1875–1932), mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> (1606–1647), physicist and mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Marchetti_(businessman)" title="Federico Marchetti (businessman)">Federico Marchetti (businessman)</a> (born 1969), founder of YOOX</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianluca_Costantini" title="Gianluca Costantini">Gianluca Costantini</a> (born 1971), artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Legnani" title="Luigi Legnani">Luigi Legnani</a> (1790–1877), musician and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Rossini" title="Luigi Rossini">Luigi Rossini</a> (1790–1857), artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Majoli" title="Alex Majoli">Alex Majoli</a> (born 1971), photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianluca_de_Lorenzi" title="Gianluca de Lorenzi">Gianluca de Lorenzi</a> (born 1972), racing driver and team owner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Fabiani" title="Fabio Fabiani">Fabio Fabiani</a> (born 1974), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Pisani" title="Eugenio Pisani">Eugenio Pisani</a> (born 1991), racing driver</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Ravenna (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1947–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4<br />(101.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1<br />(93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.8<br />(7.2) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0<br />(6.8) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.8<br />(18.0) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−14.0<br />(6.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84<br />(3.3) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">656<br />(25.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Climi e viaggi<sup id="cite_ref-Clim_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clim-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (precipitation 1951–1980)<sup id="cite_ref-ISPRA_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISPRA-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperature estreme in Toscana (extremes)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li><li 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.reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224">"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011"</a>. Italian National Institute of Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superficie+di+Comuni+Province+e+Regioni+italiane+al+9+ottobre+2011&rft.pub=Italian+National+Institute+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istat.it%2Fit%2Farchivio%2F156224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.istat.it/pop2014/index1.html">GeoDemo - Istat.it</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Generally speaking, adjectival "Ravenna" and "Ravennate" are more common for most adjectival uses—the <i><a href="/wiki/Ravenna_Cosmography" title="Ravenna Cosmography">Ravenna Cosmography</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravenna grass">Ravenna grass</a>, the Ravennate fleet—while "Ravennese" is more common in reference to people. The neologism "Ravennan" is also encountered. The Italian form is <i>ravennate</i>; in Latin, <i>Ravennatus</i>, <i>Ravennatis</i>, and <i>Ravennatensis</i> are all encountered.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.homolaicus.com/storia/medioevo/esarcato.htm">"Storia dell'Esarcato d'Italia"</a>. <i>www.homolaicus.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.homolaicus.com&rft.atitle=Storia+dell%27Esarcato+d%27Italia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.homolaicus.com%2Fstoria%2Fmedioevo%2Fesarcato.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ravenna_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/,%20https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ravenna_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/">"Ravenna - Treccani"</a>. <i>Treccani</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treccani&rft.atitle=Ravenna+-+Treccani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fravenna_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29%2F%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fravenna_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/788">"Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Monuments+of+Ravenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/day-trip-ravenna-what-see-italys-mosaic-capital">"Day Trip to Ravenna: What to See in Italy's Mosaic Capital"</a>. <i>ITALY Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITALY+Magazine&rft.atitle=Day+Trip+to+Ravenna%3A+What+to+See+in+Italy%27s+Mosaic+Capital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.italymagazine.com%2Ffeatured-story%2Fday-trip-ravenna-what-see-italys-mosaic-capital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranceschini_|2023" class="citation web cs1">Franceschini |, Giulia (2023-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://italoamericano.org/ravenna-mosaic/">"Ravenna, the capital of Italian mosaic"</a>. <i>L'Italo-Americano – Italian American bilingual news source</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Italo-Americano+%E2%80%93+Italian+American+bilingual+news+source&rft.atitle=Ravenna%2C+the+capital+of+Italian+mosaic&rft.date=2023-04-24&rft.aulast=Franceschini+%7C&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitaloamericano.org%2Fravenna-mosaic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFiorentinoChinniVandini2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fiorentino, Sara; Chinni, Tania; Vandini, Mariangela (2020-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207420303915">"Ravenna, its mosaics and the contribution of archaeometry. A systematic reassessment on literature data related to glass tesserae and new considerations"</a>. <i>Journal of Cultural Heritage</i>. <b>46</b>: <span class="nowrap">335–</span>349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.culher.2020.06.003">10.1016/j.culher.2020.06.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11585%2F764608">11585/764608</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1296-2074">1296-2074</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225764842">225764842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cultural+Heritage&rft.atitle=Ravenna%2C+its+mosaics+and+the+contribution+of+archaeometry.+A+systematic+reassessment+on+literature+data+related+to+glass+tesserae+and+new+considerations&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11585%2F764608&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225764842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1296-2074&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.culher.2020.06.003&rft.aulast=Fiorentino&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.au=Chinni%2C+Tania&rft.au=Vandini%2C+Mariangela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1296207420303915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNames2019" class="citation web cs1">Names, All Things Baby (2019-05-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allthingsbabynames.com/ravenna-name-meaning/">"Ravenna Name Meaning, Origin, Popularity, and More"</a>. <i>All Things Baby Names</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Baby+Names&rft.atitle=Ravenna+Name+Meaning%2C+Origin%2C+Popularity%2C+and+More&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft.aulast=Names&rft.aufirst=All+Things+Baby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allthingsbabynames.com%2Fravenna-name-meaning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turismo.ravenna.it/contenuti/index.php?t=arte_storia&id=1&cat=&lang=2">Tourism in Ravenna – Official site – History</a>. Turismo.ravenna.it (2010-06-20). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deborah M. Deliyannis, Ravenna in Late Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2010), for this and much of the information that follows</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMascanzoni1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mascanzoni, Leardo (1990). <i>Ravenna: Una storia millenaria</i> (in Italian). Giunti Barbera Editore. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ravenna%3A+Una+storia+millenaria&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Giunti+Barbera+Editore&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Mascanzoni&rft.aufirst=Leardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the Latin for "fleet".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio 72.11.4-5; Birley, <i>Marcus Aurelius</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFischerVictor" class="citation web cs1">Fischer, Svante; Victor, Helena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1166147">"The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind"</a>. <i>Academia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia&rft.atitle=The+Fall+and+Decline+of+the+Roman+Urban+Mind&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Svante&rft.au=Victor%2C+Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1166147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilpontevecchio.com/vicus/89-storia-di-ravenna-dalla-preistoria-all-anno-duemila-9788865415955.html">"Storia di Ravenna. Dalla preistoria all'anno Duemila"</a>. <i>ilpontevecchio</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilpontevecchio&rft.atitle=Storia+di+Ravenna.+Dalla+preistoria+all%27anno+Duemila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilpontevecchio.com%2Fvicus%2F89-storia-di-ravenna-dalla-preistoria-all-anno-duemila-9788865415955.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoble1984" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Thomas F. X. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicofstpete0000nobl"><i>The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680–825</i></a></span>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1239-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1239-8"><bdi>0-8122-1239-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+St.+Peter%3A+The+Birth+of+the+Papal+State%2C+680%E2%80%93825.&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8122-1239-8&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicofstpete0000nobl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGwatkinWhitney1913" class="citation book cs1">Gwatkin, Henry Melvill; Whitney, James Pounder, eds. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Zfh20mwPuoC&dq=Grimoald%2C+King+of+the+Lombards&q=Cambridge#v=snippet&q=Cambridge&f=false"><i>The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume II</i></a>. New York: Macmillan Company. p. 215<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History%2C+Volume+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Zfh20mwPuoC%26dq%3DGrimoald%252C%2BKing%2Bof%2Bthe%2BLombards%26q%3DCambridge%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3DCambridge%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGwatkinWhitney1913" class="citation book cs1">Gwatkin, Henry Melvill; Whitney, James Pounder, eds. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Zfh20mwPuoC&dq=Grimoald%2C+King+of+the+Lombards&q=Cambridge#v=snippet&q=Cambridge&f=false"><i>The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume II</i></a>. New York: Macmillan Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">215–</span>217<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History%2C+Volume+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Zfh20mwPuoC%26dq%3DGrimoald%252C%2BKing%2Bof%2Bthe%2BLombards%26q%3DCambridge%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3DCambridge%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Donation-of-Pippin">"Donation of Pippin"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Donation+of+Pippin&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FDonation-of-Pippin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenigni2025" class="citation web cs1">Benigni, U (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/archdiocese-of-ravenna">"Archdiocese of Ravenna"</a>. <i>Catholic Answers</i>. Catholic Answers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=Archdiocese+of+Ravenna&rft.date=2025&rft.aulast=Benigni&rft.aufirst=U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Farchdiocese-of-ravenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenigni2025" class="citation web cs1">Benigni, U (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/archdiocese-of-ravenna">"Archdiocese of Ravenna"</a>. <i>Catholic Answers</i>. Catholic Answers<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ravennanotizie.it&rft.atitle=Al+%22Private+Banking%22+de+La+Cassa+di+Ravenna+una+nuova+mostra+dedicata+al+Capanno+Garibaldi&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ravennanotizie.it%2Fcultura-spettacolo%2F2022%2F05%2F20%2Fal-private-banking-de-la-cassa-di-ravenna-una-nuova-mostra-dedicata-a-il-capanno-garibaldi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Tom (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2NxuxGqHyJ0C"><i>Nostradamus</i></a>. Pittsburgh, PA: Dorrance Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-1823-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-1823-9"><bdi>978-1-4349-1823-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nostradamus&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+PA&rft.pub=Dorrance+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4349-1823-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2NxuxGqHyJ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReading,_Mario2009" class="citation book cs1">Reading, Mario (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzvcTC3ck8YC"><i>The Complete Prophesies of Nostradamus</i></a>. London: Watkins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906787-39-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906787-39-4"><bdi>978-1-906787-39-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Prophesies+of+Nostradamus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Watkins+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-906787-39-4&rft.au=Reading%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzvcTC3ck8YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turismo.ra.it/contenuti/index.php?t=scrittori&id=21&cat=3">"Sito Ufficiale – Ufficio Turismo del Comune di Ravenna – I grandi scrittori"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sito+Ufficiale+%E2%80%93+Ufficio+Turismo+del+Comune+di+Ravenna+%E2%80%93+I+grandi+scrittori&rft.pub=Turismo.ra.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turismo.ra.it%2Fcontenuti%2Findex.php%3Ft%3Dscrittori%26id%3D21%26cat%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infomotions.com/etexts/literature/english/1800-1899/wilde-ravenna-609.htm"><i>Ravenna</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/23/jrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings?CMP=fb_gu">"Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 23 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Tolkien%27s+annotated+map+of+Middle-earth+discovered+inside+copy+of+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.date=2015-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Foct%2F23%2Fjrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings%3FCMP%3Dfb_gu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.ra.it/La-Citta/Rapporti-internazionali/Citta-gemellate">"Città gemellate"</a>. <i>comune.ra.it</i> (in Italian). Ravenna<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comune.ra.it&rft.atitle=Citt%C3%A0+gemellate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.ra.it%2FLa-Citta%2FRapporti-internazionali%2FCitta-gemellate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clim-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clim_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climieviaggi.it/clima/italia/ravenna">"Clima - Ravenna (Emilia Romagna)"</a>. Climi e viaggi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clima+-+Ravenna+%28Emilia+Romagna%29&rft.pub=Climi+e+viaggi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climieviaggi.it%2Fclima%2Fitalia%2Fravenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISPRA-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISPRA_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/pubblicazioni/SA_55_14_Valori_climatici_normali.pdf">"Valori climatici normali di temperatura e precipitazione in Italia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valori+climatici+normali+di+temperatura+e+precipitazione+in+Italia&rft.pub=Istituto+Superiore+per+la+Protezione+e+la+Ricerca+Ambientale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isprambiente.gov.it%2Ffiles%2Fpubblicazioni%2FSA_55_14_Valori_climatici_normali.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/ravenna-punta-marina/">"Ravenna Punta Marina"</a> (in Italian). Temperature estreme in Toscana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ravenna+Punta+Marina&rft.pub=Temperature+estreme+in+Toscana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimaintoscana.altervista.org%2Fitalia%2Fstazioni-wmo%2Fravenna-punta-marina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARavenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ravenna#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Ravenna">Bibliography of the history of Ravenna</a></div> <ul><li>Cameron, Averil. "Ravenna: Capital of Empire, Crucible of Europe". <i>History Today</i> (September 2020) pp 94–97.</li> <li>Janet Nelson, Judith Herrin, <i>Ravenna: its role in earlier medieval change and exchange</i>, London, Institute of Historical Research, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909646-14-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909646-14-8">978-1-909646-14-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12662b.htm">Ravenna - Catholic encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turismo.ra.it/">Tourism and culture</a> Official website <span class="languageicon">(in Italian and English)</span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12542">Ravenna, A Study</a></i> (1913) by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hutton_(writer)" title="Edward Hutton (writer)">Edward Hutton</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12662b.htm">Ravenna's early history and its monuments - Catholic Encyclopedia</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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selflink">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riolo_Terme" title="Riolo Terme">Riolo Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russi" title="Russi">Russi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agata_sul_Santerno" title="Sant'Agata sul Santerno">Sant'Agata sul Santerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarolo" title="Solarolo">Solarolo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Provincia_di_Ravenna-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Province of Ravenna"><img alt="Province of Ravenna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Provincia_di_Ravenna-Stemma.svg/60px-Provincia_di_Ravenna-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Provincia_di_Ravenna-Stemma.svg/120px-Provincia_di_Ravenna-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Genoa" title="Historic center of Genoa">Historic center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabbioneta" title="Sabbioneta">Sabbioneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_San_Giorgio" title="Monte San Giorgio">Monte San Giorgio</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Venere" title="Porto Venere">Porto Venere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmaria_(island)" title="Palmaria (island)">Palmaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tino_(island)" title="Tino (island)">Tino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinetto" title="Tinetto">Tinetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Terre" title="Cinque Terre">Cinque Terre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_the_Royal_House_of_Savoy" title="Residences of the Royal House of Savoy">Residences of the Royal House of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway" title="Rhaetian Railway">Rhaetian Railway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Albula_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albula Railway">Albula</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernina_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernina railway">Bernina</a> Landscapes<sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacri_Monti_of_Piedmont_and_Lombardy" title="Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy"><i>Sacri Monti</i> of Piedmont and Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)">Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Landscape_of_Piedmont:_Langhe-Roero_and_Monferrato" title="Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato">Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont</a>: <a href="/wiki/Langhe" title="Langhe">Langhe</a>-<a href="/wiki/Roero" title="Roero">Roero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montferrat" title="Montferrat">Monferrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li>Le Colline del <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a> di <a href="/wiki/Conegliano" title="Conegliano">Conegliano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Valdobbiadene" title="Valdobbiadene">Valdobbiadene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modena_Cathedral" title="Modena Cathedral">Modena Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torre_della_Ghirlandina" title="Torre della Ghirlandina">Torre della Ghirlandina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modena#Main_sights" title="Modena">Piazza Grande, Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Padova" title="Orto botanico di Padova">Orto botanico di Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padua%27s_fourteenth-century_fresco_cycles" title="Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles">Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticoes_of_Bologna" title="Porticoes of Bologna">Porticoes of Bologna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Main_sights">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Vicenza_and_the_Palladian_Villas_of_the_Veneto" title="City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto">City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li>Etruscan Necropolises of <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Florence" title="Historic Centre of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Medici villas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_dei_Miracoli" title="Piazza dei Miracoli">Piazza del Duomo, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pienza" title="Pienza">Pienza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gimignano" title="San Gimignano">San Gimignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Orcia" title="Val d'Orcia">Val d'Orcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberobello" title="Alberobello">Alberobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Via_Traiana" title="Via Traiana">Via Traiana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_del_Monte,_Apulia" title="Castel del Monte, Apulia">Castel del Monte, Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_e_Alburni" title="Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni">Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Padula" title="Certosa di Padula">Certosa di Padula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Naples" title="Historic Centre of Naples">Historic Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Vanvitelli" title="Aqueduct of Vanvitelli">Aqueduct of Vanvitelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Leucio" title="San Leucio">San Leucio Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassi_di_Matera" title="Sassi di Matera">Sassi di Matera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Norman_Palermo_and_the_Cathedral_Churches_of_Cefal%C3%B9_and_Monreale" title="Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale">Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Archaeological Area of Agrigento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Nuraxi_(Barumini)" title="Su Nuraxi (Barumini)">Barumini nuraghes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Necropolis_of_Pantalica" title="Necropolis of Pantalica">Necropolis of Pantalica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_di_Noto" title="Val di Noto">Val di Noto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale">Villa Romana del Casale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countrywide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longobards_in_Italy,_Places_of_Power_(568%E2%80%93774_A.D.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)">Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)" title="Castelseprio (archaeological park)">Castelseprio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Clitumnus" title="Temple of Clitumnus">Temple of Clitumnus</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Campello_sul_Clitunno" title="Campello sul Clitunno">Campello sul Clitunno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Santa Sofia</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Monte Sant'Angelo">Monte Sant'Angelo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Works_of_Defence_between_15th_and_17th_centuries:_Stato_da_Terra_%E2%80%93_western_Stato_da_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar">Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries</a><sup>5</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmanova" title="Palmanova">Palmanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peschiera_del_Garda" title="Peschiera del Garda">Peschiera del Garda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> with 17 other countries</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Italy_by_population91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Italy" title="Template:Cities in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Cities in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Italy_by_population91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities in Italy</a> by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andria" title="Andria">Andria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giugliano_in_Campania" title="Giugliano in Campania">Giugliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latina,_Lazio" title="Latina, Lazio">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novara" title="Novara">Novara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescara" title="Pescara">Pescara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prato" title="Prato">Prato</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udine" title="Udine">Udine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204953/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4048629-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79042080">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865405z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865405z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35960176">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span 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href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559655605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ravenna (Itàlia)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060883447606706">Catalonia</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e79585b7-ead2-4f1e-9f77-67ff659617c7">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/393480">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08600089?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/135913276">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044765">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ravenna" class="extiw" title="voy:Ravenna">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&oldid=1283468121">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravenna&oldid=1283468121</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Emilia-Romagna" title="Category:Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna">Cities and towns in 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