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</button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_account-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romulus_and_Remus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romulus_and_Remus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Romulus and Remus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romulus_and_Remus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Establishment of the city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Rape of the Sabine Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Subsequent events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Death and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Primary sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romulus-Quirinus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romulus-Quirinus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Romulus-Quirinus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romulus-Quirinus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Depictions in art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Depictions_in_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Depictions in art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Depictions_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palazzo_Magnani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palazzo_Magnani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Palazzo Magnani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palazzo_Magnani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_rape_of_the_Sabine_women_in_paintings_and_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rape_of_the_Sabine_women_in_paintings_and_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The rape of the Sabine women in paintings and sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rape_of_the_Sabine_women_in_paintings_and_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarpeia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarpeia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tarpeia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarpeia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hersilia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hersilia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hersilia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hersilia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Tatius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Tatius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Death of Tatius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Tatius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Romulus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Romulus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Death of Romulus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Romulus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ancient Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Romulus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Romulus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Ромул – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ромул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Ромул – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ромул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2mul_(rei)" title="Ròmul (rei) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ròmul (rei)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulu" title="Romulu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Romulu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_(Gr%C3%BCnder_von_Rom)" title="Romulus (Gründer von Rom) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Romulus (Gründer von Rom)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Romulus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ρωμύλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωμύλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo" title="Rómulo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rómulo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="رومولوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رومولوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romulus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romalas" title="Romalas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Romalas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%AC%BC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="로물루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로물루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հռոմուլոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հռոմուլոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romul" title="Romul – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Romul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Romulus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romolo" title="Romolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Romolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="რომულუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომულუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Ромул – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ромул" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Romulus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulo" title="Romulo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Romulo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Romulus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8" title="रोम्युलस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोम्युलस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87)" title="رومولوس (انسينت رومان ميليتارى پيرسونيل من روما القديمه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رومولوس (انسينت رومان ميليتارى پيرسونيل من روما القديمه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romulus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ロームルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロームルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romulus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romul" title="Romul – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Romul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F" title="រ៉ូម៉ុលុស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រ៉ូម៉ុលុស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B4mulo" title="Rômulo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rômulo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Ромул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ромул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Romulus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Romulus" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2mulu" title="Ròmulu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ròmulu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Romulus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romul" title="Romul – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Romul" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Ромул – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ромул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Romulus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulo" title="Romulo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Romulo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உரோமுலசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோமுலசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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.ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Romulus" title="Special:EditPage/Romulus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Romulus%22">"Romulus"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Romulus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Romulus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Romulus%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Romulus%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Romulus%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Rome from 753 to 716 BC</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the founder and first king of Rome. For the legendary tale of Romulus and Remus, see <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Romulus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Romulus (disambiguation)">Romulus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Romulus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brogi,_Carlo_(1850-1925)_-_n._8226_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ceramic medallion featuring the busts of two men facing right, identified as Romulus and Remus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._8226_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg/250px-Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._8226_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._8226_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg/375px-Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._8226_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._8226_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg/500px-Brogi%2C_Carlo_%281850-1925%29_-_n._8226_-_Certosa_di_Pavia_-_Medaglione_sullo_zoccolo_della_facciata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="546" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Romulus and his twin brother Remus from a 15th-century frieze, <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa di Pavia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">King of Rome</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">753–716 BC<br />(traditional dates)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alba_Longa" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Romulus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin language">Classical Latin</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈroːmʊɫʊs]</a></span>) was the legendary <a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation of Rome">founder</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">first king</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>. Various traditions attribute the establishment of many of Rome's oldest legal, political, religious, and social institutions to Romulus and his contemporaries. Although many of these traditions incorporate elements of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, and it is not clear to what extent a historical figure underlies the mythical Romulus, the events and institutions ascribed to him were central to the myths surrounding Rome's origins and cultural traditions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_account">Traditional account</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The myths concerning Romulus involve several distinct episodes and figures, including the miraculous birth and youth of Romulus and his <a href="/wiki/Twin_brother" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin brother">twin brother</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remus" class="mw-redirect" title="Remus">Remus</a>; Remus' murder and the founding of Rome; <a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women">the Rape of the Sabine Women</a>, and the subsequent war with the <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a>; a period of joint rule with <a href="/wiki/Titus_Tatius" title="Titus Tatius">Titus Tatius</a>; the establishment of various Roman institutions; the death or <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosis</a> of Romulus, and the succession of <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romulus_and_Remus">Romulus and Remus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Romulus and Remus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>, Romulus and Remus were the sons of <a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a> by the god <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>. Their maternal grandfather was <a href="/wiki/Numitor" title="Numitor">Numitor</a>, the rightful king of <a href="/wiki/Alba_Longa" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a>, through whom the twins were descended from both the <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> hero <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Before the twins' birth, Numitor's throne had been usurped by his brother, <a href="/wiki/Amulius" title="Amulius">Amulius</a>, who murdered Numitor's son or sons, and condemned Rhea Silvia to perpetual virginity by consecrating her a <a href="/wiki/Vestal_virgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestal virgins">Vestal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Livy_i_3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy_i_3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Rhea became pregnant, she asserted that she had been visited by the god Mars. Amulius imprisoned her, and upon the twins' birth, ordered that they be thrown into the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>. But as the river had been swollen by rain, the servants tasked with disposing of the infants could not reach its banks, and so <a href="/wiki/Infant_exposure" title="Infant exposure">exposed</a> the twins beneath a fig tree at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy_i_3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy_i_3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/220px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/330px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/440px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A statue of a <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-wolf</a> depicts the twins suckling.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the traditional account, a <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">she-wolf</a> happened upon the twins, and suckled them until they were found by the king's herdsman, <a href="/wiki/Faustulus" title="Faustulus">Faustulus</a>, and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Acca_Larentia" title="Acca Larentia">Acca Larentia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brothers grew to manhood among the shepherds and hill-folk. After becoming involved in a conflict between the followers of Amulius and those of their grandfather Numitor, Faustulus told them of their origin. With the help of their friends, they lured Amulius into an ambush and killed him, restoring their grandfather to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy_i_3-6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy_i_3-6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The princes then set out to establish a city of their own.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>They returned to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome" title="Seven hills of Rome">hills overlooking the Tiber</a>, near where they had been exposed as infants, but disagreed on the site of their new city. Each took up station on a different hill, and awaited an omen to decide between them. Remus sighted six vultures over the Aventine Hill, then Romulus saw a flight of twelve above the Palatine Hill. Remus argued for the Aventine based on priority, Romulus the Palatine based on number. The conflict escalated, and Romulus or one of his followers killed Remus.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy_i_3-6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy_i_3-6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a variant of the legend, the augurs favoured Romulus, who proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_primigenius" title="Sulcus primigenius">plough a square furrow</a> around the Palatine Hill to demarcate the walls of the future city (<a href="/wiki/Roma_Quadrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma Quadrata">Roma Quadrata</a>). When Remus derisively leapt over the "walls" to show how inadequate they were against invaders, Romulus struck him down in anger. In another variant, Remus was killed during a melée, along with Faustulus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_city">Establishment of the city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment of the city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The founding of Rome was commemorated annually on April 21, with the festival of the <a href="/wiki/Parilia" title="Parilia">Parilia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romulus' first act was to fortify the Palatine with the <a href="/wiki/Murus_Romuli" title="Murus Romuli">Murus Romuli</a>, in the course of which he made a sacrifice to the gods. He laid out the city's boundaries with a furrow that he ploughed, performed another sacrifice, and with his followers set to work building the city itself.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romulus sought the assent of the people to become their king. With Numitor's help, he addressed them and received their approval. Romulus accepted the crown after he sacrificed and prayed to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, and after receiving favourable omens.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romulus divided the populace into three <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">tribes</a>, known as the <i>Ramnes</i>, <i>Titienses</i>, and <i>Luceres</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for taxation and military purposes. Each tribe was presided over by an official known as a <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribune</a>, and was further divided into ten <a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">curia</a>, or wards, each presided over by an official known as a <i>curio</i>. Romulus also allotted a portion of land to each ward, for the benefit of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nothing is known of the manner in which the tribes and curiae were taxed, but for the military levy, each curia was responsible for providing one hundred foot soldiers, a unit known as a <i>century</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ten cavalry. Each Romulean tribe thus provided about one thousand infantry, and one century of cavalry; the three hundred cavalry became known as the <a href="/wiki/Celeres" title="Celeres">Celeres</a>, "the swift", and formed the royal bodyguard.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Choosing one hundred men from the leading families, Romulus established the <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">Roman senate</a>. These men he called <i>patres</i>, the city fathers; their descendants came to be known as "<a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a>", forming one of the two major social classes at Rome. The other class, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a>" or "plebeians", consisted of the servants, freedmen, fugitives who sought asylum at Rome, those captured in war, and others who were granted Roman citizenship over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy,_i._9_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy,_i._9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To encourage the growth of the city, Romulus outlawed infanticide, and established an <a href="/wiki/Asylum_(antiquity)" title="Asylum (antiquity)">asylum</a> for fugitives on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>. Here freemen and slaves alike could claim protection and seek Roman citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women">The Rape of the Sabine Women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Rape of the Sabine Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women">The Rape of the Sabine Women</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lacus_Curtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Lacus Curtius">Battle of the Lacus Curtius</a></div> <p>The new city was filled with colonists, most of whom were young, unmarried men. While fugitives seeking asylum helped the population grow, single men greatly outnumbered women. With no intermarriage taking place between Rome and neighboring communities, the new city would eventually fail. Romulus sent envoys to neighboring towns, appealing to them to allow intermarriage with Roman citizens, but his overtures were rebuffed. Romulus formulated a plan to acquire women from other settlements. He announced a momentous <a href="/wiki/Consualia" title="Consualia">festival and games</a>, and invited the people of the neighboring cities to attend. Many did, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a>, who came in droves. At a prearranged signal, the Romans <a href="/wiki/Bride_abduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Bride abduction">seized and carried off</a> the marriageable women among their guests.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy,_i._9_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy,_i._9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aggrieved cities prepared for war with Rome, and might have defeated Romulus had they been fully united. But impatient with the preparations of the Sabines, the Latin towns of <a href="/wiki/Caenina_(town)" title="Caenina (town)">Caenina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustumerium" title="Crustumerium">Crustumerium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antemnae" title="Antemnae">Antemnae</a> took action without their allies. Caenina was the first to attack; its army was swiftly put to flight, and the town taken. After personally defeating and slaying the prince of Caenina in single combat, Romulus stripped him of his armour, becoming the first to claim the <i><a href="/wiki/Spolia_opima" title="Spolia opima">spolia opima</a></i>, and vowed to build a <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Feretrius" title="Temple of Jupiter Feretrius">temple to Jupiter Feretrius</a>. Antemnae and Crustumerium were conquered in turn. Some of their people, chiefly the families of the abducted women, were allowed to settle in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the defeat of the Latin towns, the Sabines, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Titus_Tatius" title="Titus Tatius">Titus Tatius</a>, marshalled their forces and advanced upon Rome. They gained control of the citadel by bribing <a href="/wiki/Tarpeia" title="Tarpeia">Tarpeia</a>, the daughter of the Roman commander charged with its defense. Without the advantage of the citadel, the Romans were obliged to meet the Sabines on the battlefield. The Sabines advanced from the citadel, and fierce fighting ensued. The nearby <a href="/wiki/Lacus_Curtius" title="Lacus Curtius">Lacus Curtius</a> is said to be named after Mettius Curtius, a Sabine warrior who plunged his horse into its muck to stymie his Roman pursuers as he retreated. At a critical juncture in the fighting, the Romans began to waver in the face of the Sabine advance. Romulus vowed to build a <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Stator_(8th_century_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jupiter Stator (8th century BC)">temple to Jupiter Stator</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to keep his line from breaking. The bloodshed finally ended when the Sabine women interposed themselves between the two armies, pleading on the one hand with their fathers and brothers, and on the other with their husbands, to set aside their arms and come to terms. The leaders of each side met and made peace. They formed one community, to be jointly ruled by Romulus and Tatius.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_events">Subsequent events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subsequent events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two kings presided over the growing city of Rome for a number of years, before Tatius was slain in a riot at <a href="/wiki/Lavinium" title="Lavinium">Lavinium</a>, where he had gone to make a sacrifice. Shortly before, a group of envoys from <a href="/wiki/Laurentum" title="Laurentum">Laurentum</a> had complained of their treatment by Tatius' kinsmen, and he had decided the matter against the ambassadors. Romulus resisted calls to avenge the Sabine king's death, instead reaffirming the Roman alliance with Lavinium, and perhaps preventing his city from splintering along ethnic lines.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years following the death of Tatius, Romulus is said to have conquered the city of <a href="/wiki/Fidenae" title="Fidenae">Fidenae</a>, which, alarmed by the rising power of Rome, had begun raiding Roman territory. The Romans lured the Fidenates into an ambush, and routed their army; as they retreated into their city, the Romans followed before the gates could be shut, and captured the town. The <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Veii" title="Veii">Veii</a>, nine miles up the Tiber from Rome, also raided Roman territory, foreshadowing that city's role as the chief rival to Roman power over the next three centuries. Romulus defeated Veii's army, but found the city too well defended to besiege, and instead ravaged the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a reign of thirty-seven years,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romulus is said to have disappeared in a <a href="/wiki/Whirlwind" title="Whirlwind">whirlwind</a> during a sudden and violent storm, as he was reviewing his troops on the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a>. Livy says that Romulus was either murdered by the senators, torn apart out of jealousy, or was raised to heaven by Mars, god of war. Livy believes the last theory regarding the legendary king's death, as it allows the Romans to believe that the gods are on their side, a reason for them to continue expansion under Romulus' name.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romulus acquired a cult following, which later became assimilated with the cult of <a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a>, perhaps originally the indigenous god of the Sabine population. As the Sabines had not had a king of their own since the death of Titus Tatius, the next king of Rome, <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>, was chosen from among the Sabines.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various sources state that Romulus had a wife, <a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a>. In Livy, following the defeat of the Caeninenses and the Antemnates, the Sabine women begged Hersilia to intercede with her husband on behalf of their families so that they would be received into the state rather than slain by Roman arms.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Dionysius, Hersilia was herself one of the Sabine women, and the only one who was already married at the time of her abduction. Dionysius explains that she was either mistaken for a virgin, or, he thinks more probably, that she was the mother of one of those abducted, and refused to abandon her daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plutarch also relates that Hersilia was one of the Sabine women, and the only one already married. He also mentions that some authorities make Hersilia the wife of <a href="/wiki/Hostus_Hostilius" title="Hostus Hostilius">Hostus Hostilius</a>, rather than Romulus. Two children are attributed to Romulus in Plutarch: a daughter, Prima, and a son, Avillius, but here Plutarch notes that his source, Zenodotus of Troezen, is widely disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> rely on <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Quintus Fabius Pictor</a> as a source. Other significant sources include <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>. Greek historians had traditionally claimed that Rome was founded by Greeks, a claim dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Logographer_(history)" title="Logographer (history)">logographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus of Lesbos</a> of 5th-century BC, who named Aeneas as its founder. Roman historians connect Romulus to Aeneas by ancestry and mention a previous settlement on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>, sometimes attributing it to <a href="/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene" class="mw-redirect" title="Evander of Pallene">Evander</a> and his Greek colonists. To the Romans, Rome was the institutions and traditions they credit to their legendary founder, the first "Roman".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legend as a whole encapsulates Rome's ideas of itself, its origins and moral values. For modern scholarship, it remains one of the most complex and problematic of all foundation myths. Ancient historians had no doubt that Romulus gave his name to the city. Most modern historians believe his name is a <a href="/wiki/Back-formation" title="Back-formation">back-formation</a> from the name of the city. Roman historians dated the city's foundation to between 758 and 728 BC, and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> reports the calculation of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a>'s friend <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarutius_Firmanus" title="Lucius Tarutius Firmanus">Tarutius</a> that 771 BC was the birth year of Romulus and his twin.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition that gave Romulus a distant ancestor in the semi-divine <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> was further embellished, and Romulus was made the direct ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Rome's first Imperial dynasty</a>. It is unclear whether or not the tale of Romulus or that of the twins are original elements of the foundation myth, or whether both or either were added. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romulus-Quirinus">Romulus-Quirinus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Romulus-Quirinus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denarius_C._Memmius_C._F._Romulus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Denarius_C._Memmius_C._F._Romulus.jpg/220px-Denarius_C._Memmius_C._F._Romulus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Denarius_C._Memmius_C._F._Romulus.jpg/330px-Denarius_C._Memmius_C._F._Romulus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Denarius_C._Memmius_C._F._Romulus.jpg/440px-Denarius_C._Memmius_C._F._Romulus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Roman Denarius with Romulus as Quirinus</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a> (fl. 180s BC) refers to Romulus as a divinity in his own right, without reference to <a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a>. Roman mythographers identified the latter as an originally <a href="/wiki/Sabine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine">Sabine</a> war-deity, and thus to be identified with Roman <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lucilius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucilius">Lucilius</a> lists Quirinus and Romulus as separate deities, and <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a> accords them different temples. Images of Quirinus showed him as a bearded warrior wielding a spear as a god of war, the embodiment of Roman strength and a deified likeness of the city of Rome. He had a <a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">Flamen Maior</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Flamen_Quirinalis" title="Flamen Quirinalis">Flamen Quirinalis</a>, who oversaw his worship and rituals in the ordainment of Roman religion attributed to Romulus's royal successor, <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>. There is however no evidence for the conflated Romulus-Quirinus before the 1st century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> XIV (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/trans/Metamorph14.htm#487618622">lines 805-828</a>) gives a description of the <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">deification</a> of Romulus and his wife <a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a>, who are given the new names of Quirinus and Hora respectively. Mars, the father of Romulus, is given permission by <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> to bring his son up to Olympus to live with the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One theory regarding this tradition proposes the emergence of two mythical figures from an earlier, singular hero. While Romulus is a founding hero, Quirinus may have been a god of the harvest, and the <a href="/wiki/Fornacalia" title="Fornacalia">Fornacalia</a> a festival celebrating a staple crop (<a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>). Through the traditional dates from the tales and the festivals, they are each associated with one another. A legend of the murder of such a founding hero, the burying of the hero's body in the fields (found in some accounts), and a festival associated with that hero, a god of the harvest, and a food staple is a pattern recognized by <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">anthropologists</a>. Called a "<i>dema</i> archetype", this pattern suggests that in a prior tradition, the god and the hero were in fact the same figure and later evolved into two.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possible historical bases for the broad mythological narrative remain unclear and disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern scholarship approaches the various known stories of the myth as cumulative elaborations and later interpretations of Roman <a href="/wiki/Founding_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding myth">foundation myth</a>. Particular versions and collations were presented by Roman historians as authoritative, an official history trimmed of contradictions and untidy variants to justify contemporary developments, genealogies and actions in relation to <a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Roman morality</a>. Other narratives appear to represent popular or folkloric tradition; some of these remain inscrutable in purpose and meaning. <a href="/wiki/T.P._Wiseman" class="mw-redirect" title="T.P. Wiseman">T.P. Wiseman</a> sums up the whole issue as the <a href="/wiki/Mythography" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythography">mythography</a> of an unusually problematic foundation and early history.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Momigliano_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momigliano-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unsavoury elements of many of the myths concerning Romulus have led some scholars to describe them as "shameful" or "disreputable".<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_60–62_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell_60–62-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60–2">: 60–2 </span></sup> In antiquity such stories became part of anti-Roman and anti-pagan propaganda. More recently, the historian <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Strasburger" title="Hermann Strasburger">Hermann Strasburger</a> postulated that these were never part of authentic Roman tradition, but were invented and popularized by Rome's enemies, probably in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>, during the latter part of the fourth century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_60–62_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell_60–62-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60–2">: 60–2 </span></sup> This hypothesis is rejected by other scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Tim_Cornell" title="Tim Cornell">Tim Cornell</a> (1995),<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_60–62_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell_60–62-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who notes that by this period, the story of Romulus and Remus had already assumed its standard form, and was widely accepted at Rome. Other elements of the Romulus mythos clearly resemble common elements of folk tale and legend, and thus strong evidence that the stories were both old and indigenous.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_60–62_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell_60–62-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60–2">: 60–2 </span></sup> Likewise, Momigliano finds Strasburger's argument well-developed, but entirely implausible; if the Romulus myths were an exercise in mockery, they were a signal failure.<sup id="cite_ref-Momigliano_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momigliano-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_art">Depictions in art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Depictions in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The episodes which make up the legend, most significantly that of <a href="/wiki/The_rape_of_the_Sabine_women" class="mw-redirect" title="The rape of the Sabine women">the rape of the Sabine women</a>, the tale of <a href="/wiki/Tarpeia" title="Tarpeia">Tarpeia</a>, and the death of Tatius have been a significant part of <a href="/wiki/Classical_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical studies">ancient Roman scholarship</a> and the frequent subject of art, literature and philosophy since ancient times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palazzo_Magnani">Palazzo Magnani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Palazzo Magnani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 16th century, the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Magnani" title="Magnani">Magnani</a> family from Bologna commissioned a series of artworks based on the Roman foundation myth. The artists contributing works included a sculpture of Hercules with the infant twins by Gabriele Fiorini, featuring the patron's own face. The most important works were an elaborate series of frescoes collectively known as <i>Histories of the Foundation of Rome</i> by the Brothers Carracci: <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Carracci" title="Ludovico Carracci">Ludovico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Carracci" title="Agostino Carracci">Agostino</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romolo_traccia_con_l%27aratro_il_confine_della_citt%C3%A0_di_Roma.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Romulus marking the city's boundaries with a plough"><img alt="Romulus marking the city's boundaries with a plough" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Romolo_traccia_con_l%27aratro_il_confine_della_citt%C3%A0_di_Roma.png/180px-Romolo_traccia_con_l%27aratro_il_confine_della_citt%C3%A0_di_Roma.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Romolo_traccia_con_l%27aratro_il_confine_della_citt%C3%A0_di_Roma.png/270px-Romolo_traccia_con_l%27aratro_il_confine_della_citt%C3%A0_di_Roma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Romolo_traccia_con_l%27aratro_il_confine_della_citt%C3%A0_di_Roma.png/360px-Romolo_traccia_con_l%27aratro_il_confine_della_citt%C3%A0_di_Roma.png 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="755" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romulus marking the city's boundaries with a plough</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27asilo_per_i_profughi_sul_Campidoglio.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Asylum (Inter duos Lucos)"><img alt="The Asylum (Inter duos Lucos)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/L%27asilo_per_i_profughi_sul_Campidoglio.png/180px-L%27asilo_per_i_profughi_sul_Campidoglio.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/L%27asilo_per_i_profughi_sul_Campidoglio.png/270px-L%27asilo_per_i_profughi_sul_Campidoglio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/L%27asilo_per_i_profughi_sul_Campidoglio.png/360px-L%27asilo_per_i_profughi_sul_Campidoglio.png 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="755" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Asylum (Inter duos Lucos)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_ratto_delle_Sabine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The rape of the Sabine women"><img alt="The rape of the Sabine women" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Il_ratto_delle_Sabine.png/163px-Il_ratto_delle_Sabine.png" decoding="async" width="163" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Il_ratto_delle_Sabine.png/245px-Il_ratto_delle_Sabine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Il_ratto_delle_Sabine.png/326px-Il_ratto_delle_Sabine.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="751" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The rape of the Sabine women</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romolo_dedica_a_Giove_Feretrio_le_spoglie_del_re_Acrone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romulus dedicating the temple to Jupiter Feretrius"><img alt="Romulus dedicating the temple to Jupiter Feretrius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Romolo_dedica_a_Giove_Feretrio_le_spoglie_del_re_Acrone.jpg/163px-Romolo_dedica_a_Giove_Feretrio_le_spoglie_del_re_Acrone.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Romolo_dedica_a_Giove_Feretrio_le_spoglie_del_re_Acrone.jpg/245px-Romolo_dedica_a_Giove_Feretrio_le_spoglie_del_re_Acrone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Romolo_dedica_a_Giove_Feretrio_le_spoglie_del_re_Acrone.jpg/326px-Romolo_dedica_a_Giove_Feretrio_le_spoglie_del_re_Acrone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romulus dedicating the temple to Jupiter Feretrius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battaglia_tra_Romani_e_Sabini.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of the Lacus Curtius"><img alt="The Battle of the Lacus Curtius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Battaglia_tra_Romani_e_Sabini.png/180px-Battaglia_tra_Romani_e_Sabini.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Battaglia_tra_Romani_e_Sabini.png/270px-Battaglia_tra_Romani_e_Sabini.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Battaglia_tra_Romani_e_Sabini.png/360px-Battaglia_tra_Romani_e_Sabini.png 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="815" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Battle of the Lacus Curtius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tito_Tazio_ucciso_dai_Laurenti.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The death of Titus Tatius in Laurentium"><img alt="The death of Titus Tatius in Laurentium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tito_Tazio_ucciso_dai_Laurenti.png/167px-Tito_Tazio_ucciso_dai_Laurenti.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tito_Tazio_ucciso_dai_Laurenti.png/251px-Tito_Tazio_ucciso_dai_Laurenti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tito_Tazio_ucciso_dai_Laurenti.png/335px-Tito_Tazio_ucciso_dai_Laurenti.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The death of Titus Tatius in Laurentium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carracci,_Romolo_appare_a_Proculo,_Palazzo_Magnani,_Bologna.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Romulus appearing to Proculus Julius"><img alt="Romulus appearing to Proculus Julius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Carracci%2C_Romolo_appare_a_Proculo%2C_Palazzo_Magnani%2C_Bologna.png/131px-Carracci%2C_Romolo_appare_a_Proculo%2C_Palazzo_Magnani%2C_Bologna.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Carracci%2C_Romolo_appare_a_Proculo%2C_Palazzo_Magnani%2C_Bologna.png/196px-Carracci%2C_Romolo_appare_a_Proculo%2C_Palazzo_Magnani%2C_Bologna.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Carracci%2C_Romolo_appare_a_Proculo%2C_Palazzo_Magnani%2C_Bologna.png/261px-Carracci%2C_Romolo_appare_a_Proculo%2C_Palazzo_Magnani%2C_Bologna.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romulus appearing to Proculus Julius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_superbia_di_Romolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Pride of Romulus"><img alt="The Pride of Romulus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/La_superbia_di_Romolo.jpg/124px-La_superbia_di_Romolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/La_superbia_di_Romolo.jpg/186px-La_superbia_di_Romolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/La_superbia_di_Romolo.jpg/248px-La_superbia_di_Romolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="691" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Pride of Romulus</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_rape_of_the_Sabine_women_in_paintings_and_sculpture">The rape of the Sabine women in paintings and sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The rape of the Sabine women in paintings and sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodoma_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Il Sodoma (1507)"><img alt="Il Sodoma (1507)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sodoma_004.jpg/180px-Sodoma_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sodoma_004.jpg/270px-Sodoma_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sodoma_004.jpg/360px-Sodoma_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Il_Sodoma" title="Il Sodoma">Il Sodoma</a> (1507)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_-_Nicolas_Poussin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_7290_;_MR_2335.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicolas Poussin (1638)"><img alt="Nicolas Poussin (1638)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_-_Nicolas_Poussin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_7290_%3B_MR_2335.jpg/180px-L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_-_Nicolas_Poussin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_7290_%3B_MR_2335.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_-_Nicolas_Poussin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_7290_%3B_MR_2335.jpg/270px-L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_-_Nicolas_Poussin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_7290_%3B_MR_2335.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_-_Nicolas_Poussin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_7290_%3B_MR_2335.jpg/360px-L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_-_Nicolas_Poussin_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_7290_%3B_MR_2335.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10267" data-file-height="7773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a> (1638)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter Paul Rubens (1634–36)"><img alt="Peter Paul Rubens (1634–36)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg/180px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg/270px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg/360px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5900" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> (1634–36)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_(Loggia_dei_Lanzi)_2_2013_February.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giambologna (1583)"><img alt="Giambologna (1583)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_%28Loggia_dei_Lanzi%29_2_2013_February.jpg/120px-Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_%28Loggia_dei_Lanzi%29_2_2013_February.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_%28Loggia_dei_Lanzi%29_2_2013_February.jpg/180px-Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_%28Loggia_dei_Lanzi%29_2_2013_February.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_%28Loggia_dei_Lanzi%29_2_2013_February.jpg/240px-Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_%28Loggia_dei_Lanzi%29_2_2013_February.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giambologna" title="Giambologna">Giambologna</a> (1583)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_Ligozzi_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacopo Ligozzi (c.1565-1627)"><img alt="Jacopo Ligozzi (c.1565-1627)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jacopo_Ligozzi_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.JPG/180px-Jacopo_Ligozzi_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jacopo_Ligozzi_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.JPG/270px-Jacopo_Ligozzi_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jacopo_Ligozzi_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.JPG/360px-Jacopo_Ligozzi_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5744" data-file-height="3996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Ligozzi" title="Jacopo Ligozzi">Jacopo Ligozzi</a> (c.1565-1627)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodoor_van_Thulden_(attr)_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Attributed to Theodoor van Thulden (17th c.)"><img alt="Attributed to Theodoor van Thulden (17th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Theodoor_van_Thulden_%28attr%29_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg/180px-Theodoor_van_Thulden_%28attr%29_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Theodoor_van_Thulden_%28attr%29_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg/270px-Theodoor_van_Thulden_%28attr%29_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Theodoor_van_Thulden_%28attr%29_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg/360px-Theodoor_van_Thulden_%28attr%29_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4564" data-file-height="3388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Attributed to <a href="/wiki/Theodoor_van_Thulden" title="Theodoor van Thulden">Theodoor van Thulden</a> (17th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_by_Sebastiano_Ricci.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sebastiano Ricci (c. 1700)"><img alt="Sebastiano Ricci (c. 1700)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_by_Sebastiano_Ricci.jpg/180px-Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_by_Sebastiano_Ricci.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_by_Sebastiano_Ricci.jpg/270px-Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_by_Sebastiano_Ricci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_by_Sebastiano_Ricci.jpg/360px-Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_by_Sebastiano_Ricci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1621" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Ricci" title="Sebastiano Ricci">Sebastiano Ricci</a> (c. 1700)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_-_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA21057.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johann Heinrich Schönfeld (1640)"><img alt="Johann Heinrich Schönfeld (1640)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_-_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA21057.jpg/180px-Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_-_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA21057.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_-_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA21057.jpg/270px-Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_-_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA21057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_-_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA21057.jpg/360px-Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_-_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA21057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="903" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld" title="Johann Heinrich Schönfeld">Johann Heinrich Schönfeld</a> (1640)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Christian_Nahl_1870,_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Abduction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Christian Nahl (1870)"><img alt="Charles Christian Nahl (1870)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Charles_Christian_Nahl_1870%2C_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Abduction.jpg/140px-Charles_Christian_Nahl_1870%2C_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Abduction.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Charles_Christian_Nahl_1870%2C_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Abduction.jpg/210px-Charles_Christian_Nahl_1870%2C_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Abduction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Charles_Christian_Nahl_1870%2C_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Abduction.jpg/280px-Charles_Christian_Nahl_1870%2C_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Abduction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Christian_Nahl" title="Charles Christian Nahl">Charles Christian Nahl</a> (1870)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tarpeia">Tarpeia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tarpeia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodoma_Tarpeia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Vestal Virgin Tarpeia Beaten by Tatius’ soldiers Il Sodoma (16th c.)"><img alt="The Vestal Virgin Tarpeia Beaten by Tatius’ soldiers Il Sodoma (16th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sodoma_Tarpeia.jpg/104px-Sodoma_Tarpeia.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sodoma_Tarpeia.jpg/156px-Sodoma_Tarpeia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sodoma_Tarpeia.jpg/208px-Sodoma_Tarpeia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Vestal Virgin Tarpeia Beaten by Tatius’ soldiers</i> <a href="/wiki/Il_Sodoma" title="Il Sodoma">Il Sodoma</a> (16th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frieze_Basilica_Aemilia_Massimo_n3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarpeia's punishment, Pentelic marble fragment from the Frieze of the Basilica Aemilia (100 BC-100 AD"><img alt="Tarpeia's punishment, Pentelic marble fragment from the Frieze of the Basilica Aemilia (100 BC-100 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Frieze_Basilica_Aemilia_Massimo_n3.jpg/180px-Frieze_Basilica_Aemilia_Massimo_n3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Frieze_Basilica_Aemilia_Massimo_n3.jpg/270px-Frieze_Basilica_Aemilia_Massimo_n3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Frieze_Basilica_Aemilia_Massimo_n3.jpg/360px-Frieze_Basilica_Aemilia_Massimo_n3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3633" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tarpeia's punishment, Pentelic marble fragment from the Frieze of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Aemilia" title="Basilica Aemilia">Basilica Aemilia</a> (100 BC-100 AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarpeia%27s_Punishment.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstruction of Basilica Aemilia Frieze marble fragment"><img alt="Reconstruction of Basilica Aemilia Frieze marble fragment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tarpeia%27s_Punishment.png/180px-Tarpeia%27s_Punishment.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tarpeia%27s_Punishment.png/270px-Tarpeia%27s_Punishment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tarpeia%27s_Punishment.png/360px-Tarpeia%27s_Punishment.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstruction of Basilica Aemilia Frieze marble fragment</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictura_loquens;_sive,_Heroicarum_tabularum_Hadriani_Schoonebeeck,_enarratio_et_explicatio_(1695)_(14751427905).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarpeia, Illustration from Pictura loquens "the Heroic Accounts of Hadrian Schoonebeeck" (1695) (14751427905)"><img alt="Tarpeia, Illustration from Pictura loquens "the Heroic Accounts of Hadrian Schoonebeeck" (1695) (14751427905)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pictura_loquens%3B_sive%2C_Heroicarum_tabularum_Hadriani_Schoonebeeck%2C_enarratio_et_explicatio_%281695%29_%2814751427905%29.jpg/121px-Pictura_loquens%3B_sive%2C_Heroicarum_tabularum_Hadriani_Schoonebeeck%2C_enarratio_et_explicatio_%281695%29_%2814751427905%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pictura_loquens%3B_sive%2C_Heroicarum_tabularum_Hadriani_Schoonebeeck%2C_enarratio_et_explicatio_%281695%29_%2814751427905%29.jpg/181px-Pictura_loquens%3B_sive%2C_Heroicarum_tabularum_Hadriani_Schoonebeeck%2C_enarratio_et_explicatio_%281695%29_%2814751427905%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pictura_loquens%3B_sive%2C_Heroicarum_tabularum_Hadriani_Schoonebeeck%2C_enarratio_et_explicatio_%281695%29_%2814751427905%29.jpg/242px-Pictura_loquens%3B_sive%2C_Heroicarum_tabularum_Hadriani_Schoonebeeck%2C_enarratio_et_explicatio_%281695%29_%2814751427905%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="2280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tarpeia, Illustration from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/picturaloquenssi00smid/picturaloquenssi00smid#page/n172/mode/1up"><i>Pictura loquens</i> "the Heroic Accounts of Hadrian Schoonebeeck"</a> (1695) (14751427905)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarpeia.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarpeia conspires with Tatius in an illustration from The story of the Romans by Hélène Adeline Guerber (1896)"><img alt="Tarpeia conspires with Tatius in an illustration from The story of the Romans by Hélène Adeline Guerber (1896)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tarpeia.gif/180px-Tarpeia.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tarpeia.gif/270px-Tarpeia.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tarpeia.gif/360px-Tarpeia.gif 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tarpeia conspires with Tatius in an illustration from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HkgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA30"><i>The story of the Romans</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/H._A._Guerber" title="H. A. Guerber">Hélène Adeline Guerber</a> (1896)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hersilia">Hersilia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hersilia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romolo_ed_Ersilia,_final_scene,_Act_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Print from Romolo ed Ersilia, final scene, Act 3, Artist;: Giovanni Battista Cipriani, Engraver: Francesco Bartolozzi (1781)"><img alt="Print from Romolo ed Ersilia, final scene, Act 3, Artist;: Giovanni Battista Cipriani, Engraver: Francesco Bartolozzi (1781)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Romolo_ed_Ersilia%2C_final_scene%2C_Act_3.jpg/111px-Romolo_ed_Ersilia%2C_final_scene%2C_Act_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Romolo_ed_Ersilia%2C_final_scene%2C_Act_3.jpg/166px-Romolo_ed_Ersilia%2C_final_scene%2C_Act_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Romolo_ed_Ersilia%2C_final_scene%2C_Act_3.jpg/221px-Romolo_ed_Ersilia%2C_final_scene%2C_Act_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Print from Romolo ed Ersilia, final scene, Act 3, Artist;: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Cipriani" title="Giovanni Battista Cipriani">Giovanni Battista Cipriani</a>, Engraver: <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bartolozzi" title="Francesco Bartolozzi">Francesco Bartolozzi</a> (1781)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0442_Louvre_JL_David_Sabines_INV3691_detail01_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hersilia from a detail of Les Sabines "The Intervention of the Sabine Women", Jacques-Louis David (1799)"><img alt="Hersilia from a detail of Les Sabines "The Intervention of the Sabine Women", Jacques-Louis David (1799)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/F0442_Louvre_JL_David_Sabines_INV3691_detail01_rwk.jpg/128px-F0442_Louvre_JL_David_Sabines_INV3691_detail01_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/F0442_Louvre_JL_David_Sabines_INV3691_detail01_rwk.jpg/191px-F0442_Louvre_JL_David_Sabines_INV3691_detail01_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/F0442_Louvre_JL_David_Sabines_INV3691_detail01_rwk.jpg/255px-F0442_Louvre_JL_David_Sabines_INV3691_detail01_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3901" data-file-height="5500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hersilia from a detail of <i>Les Sabines</i> "<a href="/wiki/The_Intervention_of_the_Sabine_Women" title="The Intervention of the Sabine Women">The Intervention of the Sabine Women</a>", <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> (1799)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guercino_-_Hersilia_Separating_Romulus_and_Tatius_-_WGA10944.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hersilia Separating Romulus and Tatius, Guercino (1645)"><img alt="Hersilia Separating Romulus and Tatius, Guercino (1645)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Guercino_-_Hersilia_Separating_Romulus_and_Tatius_-_WGA10944.jpg/180px-Guercino_-_Hersilia_Separating_Romulus_and_Tatius_-_WGA10944.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Guercino_-_Hersilia_Separating_Romulus_and_Tatius_-_WGA10944.jpg/270px-Guercino_-_Hersilia_Separating_Romulus_and_Tatius_-_WGA10944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Guercino_-_Hersilia_Separating_Romulus_and_Tatius_-_WGA10944.jpg/360px-Guercino_-_Hersilia_Separating_Romulus_and_Tatius_-_WGA10944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Hersilia_Separating_Romulus_and_Tatius" title="Hersilia Separating Romulus and Tatius">Hersilia Separating Romulus and Tatius</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Guercino" title="Guercino">Guercino</a> (1645)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Tatius">Death of Tatius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Death of Tatius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subject for the 1788 <a href="/wiki/Prix_de_Rome" title="Prix de Rome">Prix de Rome</a> was the death of Tatius (<i>La mort de Tatius</i>). Garnier won the contest. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garnier_La_mort_de_Tatius.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Version by Étienne-Barthélémy Garnier, now in the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, Paris."><img alt="Version by Étienne-Barthélémy Garnier, now in the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, Paris." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Garnier_La_mort_de_Tatius.JPG/180px-Garnier_La_mort_de_Tatius.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Garnier_La_mort_de_Tatius.JPG/270px-Garnier_La_mort_de_Tatius.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Garnier_La_mort_de_Tatius.JPG/360px-Garnier_La_mort_de_Tatius.JPG 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Version by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_Garnier" title="Étienne-Barthélémy Garnier">Étienne-Barthélémy Garnier</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts">École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts</a>, Paris.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Girodet_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Version by Girodet, now in the Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Angers."><img alt="Version by Girodet, now in the Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Angers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Girodet_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg/180px-Girodet_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Girodet_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg/270px-Girodet_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Girodet_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg/360px-Girodet_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="809" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Version by <a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_d%27Angers" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Angers">Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Angers</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_R%C3%A9attu_-_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Version by Jacques Réattu, now in the Musée Réattu, Arles."><img alt="Version by Jacques Réattu, now in the Musée Réattu, Arles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jacques_R%C3%A9attu_-_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg/180px-Jacques_R%C3%A9attu_-_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jacques_R%C3%A9attu_-_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg/270px-Jacques_R%C3%A9attu_-_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jacques_R%C3%A9attu_-_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg/360px-Jacques_R%C3%A9attu_-_La_mort_de_Tatius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Version by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_R%C3%A9attu" title="Jacques Réattu">Jacques Réattu</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_R%C3%A9attu" title="Musée Réattu">Musée Réattu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Romulus">Death of Romulus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Death of Romulus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_Apparizione_di_Romolo_e_Proculo_Cardiff.png" class="mw-file-description" title=""Apparition of Romulus before Proculus", Rubens (17th c.)"><img alt=""Apparition of Romulus before Proculus", Rubens (17th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rubens_Apparizione_di_Romolo_e_Proculo_Cardiff.png/119px-Rubens_Apparizione_di_Romolo_e_Proculo_Cardiff.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rubens_Apparizione_di_Romolo_e_Proculo_Cardiff.png/178px-Rubens_Apparizione_di_Romolo_e_Proculo_Cardiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rubens_Apparizione_di_Romolo_e_Proculo_Cardiff.png/238px-Rubens_Apparizione_di_Romolo_e_Proculo_Cardiff.png 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="3139" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Apparition of Romulus before Proculus", <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a> (17th c.)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene" class="mw-redirect" title="Evander of Pallene">Evander of Pallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously:_pre-1970" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1970">List of people who disappeared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proculus_Julius" title="Proculus Julius">Proculus Julius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius describes an ambush of Numitor's son, who was hunting; Livy indicates that there were multiple sons, but does not give any details of their murder. Dionysius also gives an alternate name, <i>Ilia</i>, for Rhea Silvia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In another version, the she-wolf of the legend was Acca Larentia herself, who was a prostitute nicknamed "Lupa" by the shepherds.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius suggests that the Parilia may have predated the founding of the city, and been chosen by Romulus because it was an auspicious occasion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The founding of Rome fell on the Parilia, according to the oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Fasti_Antiates_Maiores" title="Fasti Antiates Maiores">Roman calendar</a> (Rodriguez Mayorga 2010, p. 97).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These names probably do not date from the time of Romulus; modern scholars have inferred that they were originally ethnic tribes representing different elements of the early Roman population, with the <i>Ramnes</i> representing the Latins, the <i>Titienses</i> the Sabines, and the <i>Luceres</i> the Etruscans. The <i>Luceres</i> may have been a later addition to the original Romulean tribes, but as the Tiber formed the traditional boundary between Latium and Etruria, it is not unlikely that there were Etruscan settlers from the earliest period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As the name suggests, a unit of one hundred men, although in later times a century was usually smaller, comprising about sixty men.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jupiter the Steadfast.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Carandini" title="Andrea Carandini">Andrea Carandini</a> is one of very few modern scholars who accept Romulus and Remus as historical figures, based on the 1988 discovery of an ancient wall on the north slope of the Palatine Hill in Rome. Carandini dates the structure to the mid-8th century BC and names it the <i><a href="/wiki/Murus_Romuli" title="Murus Romuli">Murus Romuli</a></i>. <br />See: Carandini (1997), <i>La nascita di Roma. Dèi, lari, eroi e uomini all'alba di una civiltà</i> (Torino: Einaudi); Carandini (2006), <i>Remo e Romolo. Dai rioni dei Quiriti alla città dei Romani (775/750 - 700/675 a. C. circa)</i> (Torino: Einaudi); and Carandini (2011). <i>Rome: Day One.</i> Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13922-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13922-7">978-0-691-13922-7</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Livy_i_3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livy_i_3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy_i_3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri">History of Rome</a></i> i. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, <i>Roman Antiquities</i> i. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius, i. 77–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, i. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy_i_3-6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livy_i_3-6_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy_i_3-6_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, i. 3–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius, i. 79–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius, i. 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, i. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius, i. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius, ii. 3–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius, ii. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro Reatinus</a>, <i>On the Latin Language</i> v. 81, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, i. 13, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius, ii. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy,_i._9-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livy,_i._9_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy,_i._9_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, i. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius, ii. 8, 12, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, i. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius, ii. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, i. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, i. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, i. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, i. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:From the Founding of the City/Book 1">I</a>. "Romulus reigned thirty-seven years."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Romulus*.html#29"><i>Romulus</i></a>. "Romulus is said to have been fifty-four years of age, and in the thirty-eighth year of his reign when he disappeared from among men."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, i. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, i. 17, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, i. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius, ii. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, "The Life of Romulus", 14, 18, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodriguez Mayorgas (2010), pp. 92–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Romulus" 12.5 (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Plutarch%27s_Lives_(Clough)/Life_of_Romulus#12:5" class="extiw" title="s:Plutarch's Lives (Clough)/Life of Romulus">ed. Clough 1859</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Romulus*.html#12.5">ed. Loeb</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, 103 and footnote 66: citing quotation of <a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius in Cicero</a>, 1.41.64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishwick1993" class="citation cs2">Fishwick, Duncan (1993), <i>The Imperial Cult in the Latin West</i> (2nd ed.), Leiden: Brill, p. 53, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07179-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07179-7"><bdi>978-90-04-07179-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Cult+in+the+Latin+West&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07179-7&rft.aulast=Fishwick&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomulus" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2018" class="citation book cs1">Cook, John Granger (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRJtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246"><i>Empty Tomb, Resurrection, Apotheosis</i></a>. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1628%2F978-3-16-156584-7">10.1628/978-3-16-156584-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161565847" title="Special:BookSources/9783161565847"><bdi>9783161565847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empty+Tomb%2C+Resurrection%2C+Apotheosis&rft.pages=263&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1628%2F978-3-16-156584-7&rft.isbn=9783161565847&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=John+Granger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRJtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brelich, Angelo. 1960. <i>Quirinus: una divinita' romana alla luce della comparazione storica</i> "Studi e Materiali di Storia delle religioni".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1995" class="citation cs2">Wiseman, T. P. (1995), <i>Remus, A Roman Myth</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remus%2C+A+Roman+Myth&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomulus" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Momigliano-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Momigliano_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Momigliano_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomigliano2007" class="citation cs2">Momigliano, Arnoldo (2007), "An interim report on the origins of Rome", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tq53aX69lv0C&q=Diocles+of+peparethus&pg=PA550"><i>Terzo contributo alla storia degli studi classici e del mondo antico</i></a>, vol. 1, Rome, IT: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, pp. 545–98, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788884983633" title="Special:BookSources/9788884983633"><bdi>9788884983633</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+interim+report+on+the+origins+of+Rome&rft.btitle=Terzo+contributo+alla+storia+degli+studi+classici+e+del+mondo+antico&rft.place=Rome%2C+IT&rft.pages=545-98&rft.pub=Edizioni+di+storia+e+letteratura&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788884983633&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnoldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtq53aX69lv0C%26q%3DDiocles%2Bof%2Bpeparethus%26pg%3DPA550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomulus" class="Z3988"></span>. — A critical, chronological review of historiography related to Rome's origins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell_60–62-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_60–62_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_60–62_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_60–62_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_60–62_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornell, Tim (1995), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01g78OVXuQ8C">The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC)</a></i>. London: Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75495-1">978-1-136-75495-1</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1995" class="citation cs2">Cornell, T. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01g78OVXuQ8C"><i>The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC)</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75495-1"><bdi>978-1-136-75495-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Rome%3A+Italy+and+Rome+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Punic+Wars+%28c.+1000%E2%80%93264+BC%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-136-75495-1&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01g78OVXuQ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomulus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez_Mayorgas2010" class="citation cs2">Rodríguez Mayorgas, Ana (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.sim.ucm.es/24264/1/RodriguezMayorgas.pdf">"Romulus, Aeneas and the Cultural Memory of the Roman Republic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Athenaeum</i>, <b>98</b> (1): 89–109<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athenaeum&rft.atitle=Romulus%2C+Aeneas+and+the+Cultural+Memory+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-109&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Mayorgas&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.sim.ucm.es%2F24264%2F1%2FRodriguezMayorgas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomulus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennant1988" class="citation journal cs1">Tennant, P. M. W. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510133423/http://www.casa-kvsa.org.za/1988/AC31-08-Tennant.pdf">"The Lupercalia and the Romulus and Remus Legend"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Classica</i>. <b>XXXI</b>: 81–93. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-1141">0065-1141</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casa-kvsa.org.za/1988/AC31-08-Tennant.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Classica&rft.atitle=The+Lupercalia+and+the+Romulus+and+Remus+Legend&rft.volume=XXXI&rft.pages=81-93&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0065-1141&rft.aulast=Tennant&rft.aufirst=P.+M.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casa-kvsa.org.za%2F1988%2FAC31-08-Tennant.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomulus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1983" class="citation journal cs1">Wiseman, T. P. (1983). "The Wife and Children of Romulus". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>XXXI</b> (ii). Cambridge University Press: 445–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800034704">10.1017/S0009838800034704</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/638787">638787</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170700760">170700760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Wife+and+Children+of+Romulus&rft.volume=XXXI&rft.issue=ii&rft.pages=445-452&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170700760%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F638787%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800034704&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomulus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cook, John Granger (2018), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRJtDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+legend+says+that+Romulus+ascended+up+to+the+heavens%2C+and+was+honored+as+the+God+Quirinus.&pg=PA266">Empty Tomb, Apotheosis, Resurrection</a></i>, p. 263.</li> <li>Hyden, Marc (2020), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7beTzgEACAAJ">Romulus: The Legend of Rome's Founding Father</a></i>, Pen and Sword History, ISBN 9781526783172.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Sources">Ancient Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ancient Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, <i>Roman Antiquities</i> i & ii.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri">History of Rome</a></i> i–v.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romulus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carandini, Andrea (2011). <i>Rome: Day One.</i> Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13922-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13922-7">978-0-691-13922-7</a>.</li> <li>Forsythe, Gary (2005). <i>A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22651-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22651-7">978-0-520-22651-7</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Legendary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">King of Rome</a> </b><br />753–717 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Numitor" title="Numitor">Numitor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Latin_kings_of_Alba_Longa" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin kings of Alba Longa">King of Alba Longa</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Rome" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Rome" title="Template:Kings of Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kings_of_Rome" title="Template talk:Kings of Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Rome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Kings of Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romulus</a> (753–717 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a> (717–673 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a> (673–642 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a> (642–617 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a> (616–579 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a> (578–535 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a> (535–510 BC/509 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_of_Plutarch" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plutarch" title="Template:Plutarch"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plutarch" title="Template talk:Plutarch"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plutarch" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plutarch"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_of_Plutarch" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/De_genio_Socratis" title="De genio Socratis">De genio Socratis</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Malice_of_Herodotus" title="On the Malice of Herodotus">On the Malice of Herodotus</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Marcius_Coriolanus" title="Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)" title="Life of Caesar (Plutarch)">life</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides" title="Aristides">Aristides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion_of_Syracuse" title="Dion of Syracuse">Dion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Fabius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus" title="Lycurgus">Lycurgus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcellus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flamininus" title="Titus Quinctius Flamininus">Flamininus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocion" title="Phocion">Phocion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Poplicola" title="Publius Valerius Poplicola">Poplicola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Sertorius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eumenes" title="Eumenes">Eumenes</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agis_IV" title="Agis IV">Agis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_III" title="Cleomenes III">Cleomenes</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoleon" title="Timoleon">Timoleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_Macedonicus" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus">Aemilius Paulus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Camillus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators and editors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Amyot" title="Jacques Amyot">Jacques Amyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hugh_Clough" title="Arthur Hugh Clough">Arthur Hugh Clough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_North" title="Thomas North">Thomas North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Comparison extant</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Four unpaired <i>Lives</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Roman_religion_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #F0ACAC;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_religion" title="Template:Roman religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_religion" title="Template talk:Roman religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Roman_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Roman religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Dii_Consentes" title="Dii Consentes">Dii Consentes</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenoria_(mythology)" title="Agenoria (mythology)">Agenoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angerona" title="Angerona">Angerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(mythology)" title="Aurora (mythology)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_(goddess)" title="Bellona (goddess)">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bona_Dea" title="Bona Dea">Bona Dea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmenta" title="Carmenta">Carmenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloacina" title="Cloacina">Cloacina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dea_Dia" title="Dea Dia">Dea Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dies_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies (deity)">Dies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egeria_(mythology)" title="Egeria (mythology)">Egeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_(deity)" title="Fauna (deity)">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (deity)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_in_ancient_Rome" title="Hercules in ancient Rome">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lares Familiares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(goddess)" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nox_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nox (goddess)">Nox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Penates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salacia" title="Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F0ACAC;">Abstract deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundantia" title="Abundantia">Abundantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequitas" title="Aequitas">Aequitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeternitas" title="Aeternitas">Aeternitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(goddess)" title="Africa (goddess)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annona_(mythology)" title="Annona (mythology)">Annona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averruncus" title="Averruncus">Averruncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_(mythology)" title="Feronia (mythology)">Feronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontus" title="Fontus">Fontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laverna" title="Laverna">Laverna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="Pax (goddess)">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salus" title="Salus">Salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitas" title="Securitas">Securitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spes" title="Spes">Spes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas" title="Tranquillitas">Tranquillitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/100px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/150px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/200px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Alba_Longa" title="Kings of Alba Longa">Kings of Alba Longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose_myth" title="Barnacle goose myth">Barnacle goose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiquitates_rerum_humanarum_et_divinarum" title="Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum">Res divinae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Concepts<br />and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Charity" title="Roman Charity">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theology_of_victory" title="Roman theology of victory">Theology of victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Celtic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bough_(mythology)" title="Golden Bough (mythology)">Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacus_Curtius" title="Battle of Lacus Curtius">Battle of Lacus Curtius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">Gubernaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabiago_Plate" title="Parabiago Plate">Parabiago Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignora_imperii" title="Pignora imperii">Pignora imperii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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