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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> A baritone<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> male <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singing</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_voice" title="Human voice">voice</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal range</a> lies between the <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> <a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">voice-types</a>. It is the most common male voice.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The term originates from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> βαρύτονος (barýtonos), meaning "heavy sounding". Composers typically write music for this voice in the range from the second F below <a href="/wiki/C_(musical_note)" title="C (musical note)">middle C</a> to the F above middle C (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">F2</a>–F4) in choral music, and from the second G below middle C to the G above middle C (G2 to G4) in operatic music, but the range can extend at either end. Subtypes of baritone include the baryton-Martin baritone (light baritone), lyric baritone, Kavalierbariton, Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, baryton-noble baritone, and the bass-baritone. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#19th_century">1.1 19th century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Subtypes">2 Subtypes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#20th_century">2.1 20th century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Vocal_range">3 Vocal range</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Subtypes_and_roles_in_opera">4 Subtypes and roles in opera</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Baryton-Martin">4.1 Baryton-Martin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Lyric">4.2 Lyric</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Kavalierbariton">4.3 Kavalierbariton</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Verdi">4.4 Verdi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Dramatic">4.5 Dramatic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Baryton-noble">4.6 Baryton-noble</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Bass-baritone">4.7 Bass-baritone</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Gilbert_and_Sullivan">4.8 Gilbert and Sullivan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Baritone_in_popular_music">4.9 Baritone in popular music</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The first use of the term "baritone" emerged as baritonans, late in the 15th century,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> usually in French <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">sacred</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> music. At this early stage it was frequently used as the lowest of the voices (including the bass), but in 17th-century Italy the term was all-encompassing and used to describe the average male choral voice. Baritones took roughly the range as it is known today at the beginning of the 18th century, but they were still lumped in with their bass colleagues until well into the 19th century. Many operatic works of the 18th century have roles marked as bass that in reality are low baritone roles (or <a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a> parts in modern parlance). Examples of this are to be found, for instance, in the operas and oratorios of <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>. The greatest and most enduring parts for baritones in 18th-century operatic music were composed by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>. They include Count Almaviva in <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a>, Guglielmo in <a href="/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte" title="Così fan tutte">Così fan tutte</a>, Papageno in <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">The Magic Flute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NGD-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In theatrical documents, cast lists, and journalistic dispatches that from the beginning of the 19th century till the mid 1820s, the terms primo basso, basse chantante, and basse-taille were often used for men who would later be called baritones. These included the likes of <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Galli_(bass)" title="Filippo Galli (bass)">Filippo Galli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Inchindi" title="Giovanni Inchindi">Giovanni Inchindi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri-Bernard_Dabadie" title="Henri-Bernard Dabadie">Henri-Bernard Dabadie</a>. The basse-taille and the proper bass were commonly confused because their roles were sometimes sung by singers of either actual voice part.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">bel canto</a> style of vocalism which arose in Italy in the early 19th century supplanted the <a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">castrato</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">opera seria</a> of the previous century. It led to the baritone being viewed as a separate voice category from the bass. Traditionally, basses in operas had been cast as authority figures such as a king or high priest; but with the advent of the more fluid baritone voice, the roles allotted by composers to lower male voices expanded in the direction of trusted companions or even romantic leads—normally the province of tenors. More often than not, however, baritones found themselves portraying villains. The principal composers of bel canto opera are considered to be: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville" title="The Barber of Seville">The Barber of Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Tell_(opera)" title="William Tell (opera)">William Tell</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Don_Pasquale" title="Don Pasquale">Don Pasquale</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore" title="L'elisir d'amore">L'elisir d'amore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor" title="Lucia di Lammermoor">Lucia di Lammermoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia_(opera)" title="Lucrezia Borgia (opera)">Lucrezia Borgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_favorite" title="La favorite">La favorite</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Vincenzo Bellini</a> (<a href="/wiki/I_puritani" title="I puritani">I puritani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norma_(opera)" title="Norma (opera)">Norma</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Les_Huguenots" title="Les Huguenots">Les Huguenots</a>); and</li> <li>the young <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi)">Macbeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a>).</li></ul> The prolific operas of these composers, plus the works of Verdi's maturity, such as <a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera">Un ballo in maschera</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino" title="La forza del destino">La forza del destino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a>/Don Carlo, the revised <a href="/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra" title="Simon Boccanegra">Simon Boccanegra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aida" title="Aida">Aida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a>, blazed many new and rewarding performance pathways for baritones. Figaro in Il barbiere is often called the first true baritone role. However, Donizetti and Verdi in their vocal writing went on to emphasize the top fifth of the baritone voice, rather than its lower notes—thus generating a more brilliant sound. Further pathways opened up when the musically complex and physically demanding operas of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> began to enter the mainstream repertory of the world's opera houses during the second half of the 19th century. The major international baritone of the first half of the 19th century was the Italian <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tamburini" title="Antonio Tamburini">Antonio Tamburini</a> (1800–1876). He was a famous Don Giovanni in Mozart's eponymous opera as well as being a Bellini and Donizetti specialist. Commentators praised his voice for its beauty, flexibility and smooth tonal emission, which are the hallmarks of a bel canto singer. Tamburini's range, however, was probably closer to that of a bass-baritone than to that of a modern "Verdi baritone". His French equivalent was Henri-Bernard Dabadie, who was a mainstay of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a> between 1819 and 1836 and the creator of several major Rossinian baritone roles, including <a href="/wiki/William_Tell_(opera)" title="William Tell (opera)">Guillaume Tell</a>. Dabadie sang in Italy, too, where he originated the role of Belcore in <a href="/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore" title="L'elisir d'amore">L'elisir d'amore</a> in 1832. The most important of Tamburini's Italianate successors were all Verdians. They included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Ronconi" title="Giorgio Ronconi">Giorgio Ronconi</a>, who created the title role in Verdi's Nabucco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Varesi" title="Felice Varesi">Felice Varesi</a>, who created the title roles in <a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi)">Macbeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a> as well as Germont in <a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Superchi" title="Antonio Superchi">Antonio Superchi</a>, the originator of Don Carlo in <a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Graziani_(baritone)" title="Francesco Graziani (baritone)">Francesco Graziani</a>, who was the original Don Carlo di Vargas in <a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino" title="La forza del destino">La forza del destino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leone_Giraldoni" title="Leone Giraldoni">Leone Giraldoni</a>, the creator of Renato in <a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera">Un ballo in maschera</a> and the first Simon Boccanegra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Delle_Sedie" title="Enrico Delle Sedie">Enrico Delle Sedie</a>, who was London's first Renato</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Pandolfini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Pandolfini (page does not exist)">Francesco Pandolfini</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Pandolfini" class="extiw" title="ca:Francesco Pandolfini">ca</a>], whose singing at La Scala during the 1870s was praised by Verdi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cotogni" title="Antonio Cotogni">Antonio Cotogni</a>, a much lauded singer in Milan, London and Saint Petersburg, the first Italian Posa in Don Carlos and later a great vocal pedagogue, too</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Coletti" title="Filippo Coletti">Filippo Coletti</a>, creator of Verdi's Gusmano in <a href="/wiki/Alzira_(opera)" title="Alzira (opera)">Alzira</a>, Francesco in <a href="/wiki/I_masnadieri" title="I masnadieri">I masnadieri</a>, Germont in the second version of La traviata and for whom Verdi considered writing the (unrealized) opera Lear<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Del_Puente" title="Giuseppe Del Puente">Giuseppe Del Puente</a>, who sang Verdi to acclaim in the United States</li></ul> Among the non-Italian born baritones that were active in the third quarter of the 19th century, Tamburini's mantle as an outstanding exponent of Mozart and Donizetti's music was probably taken up most faithfully by a Belgian, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Everardi" title="Camille Everardi">Camille Everardi</a>, who later settled in Russia and taught voice. In France, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Barroilhet" title="Paul Barroilhet">Paul Barroilhet</a> succeeded Dabadie as the Paris opera's best known baritone. Like Dabadie, he also sang in Italy and created an important Donizetti role: in his case, Alphonse in <a href="/wiki/La_favorite" title="La favorite">La favorite</a> (in 1840). Luckily, the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">gramophone</a> was invented early enough to capture on disc the voices of the top Italian Verdi and Donizetti baritones of the last two decades of the 19th century, whose operatic performances were characterized by considerable re-creative freedom and a high degree of technical finish. They included <a href="/wiki/Mattia_Battistini" title="Mattia Battistini">Mattia Battistini</a> (known as the "King of Baritones"), Giuseppe Kaschmann (born <a href="/wiki/Josip_Ka%C5%A1man" title="Josip Kašman">Josip Kašman</a>) who, atypically, sang Wagner's Telramund and Amfortas not in Italian but in German, at the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a> in the 1890s; <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Campanari" title="Giuseppe Campanari">Giuseppe Campanari</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Magini-Coletti" title="Antonio Magini-Coletti">Antonio Magini-Coletti</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mario_Ancona" title="Mario Ancona">Mario Ancona</a> (chosen to be the first Silvio in <a href="/wiki/Pagliacci" title="Pagliacci">Pagliacci</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Scotti" title="Antonio Scotti">Antonio Scotti</a>, who came to <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">the Met</a> from Europe in 1899 and remained on the roster of singers until 1933. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pini-Corsi" title="Antonio Pini-Corsi">Antonio Pini-Corsi</a> was the standout Italian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buffo" class="extiw" title="wikt:buffo">buffo</a> baritone in the period between about 1880 and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, reveling in comic opera roles by Rossini, Donizetti and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Paer" title="Ferdinando Paer">Paer</a>, among others. In 1893, he created the part of Ford in Verdi's last opera, Falstaff. Notable among their contemporaries were the cultured and technically adroit French baritones <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Lassalle_(baritone)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Lassalle (baritone) (page does not exist)">Jean Lassalle</a> (hailed as the most accomplished baritone of his generation), <a href="/wiki/Victor_Maurel" title="Victor Maurel">Victor Maurel</a> (the creator of Verdi's Iago, Falstaff and Tonio in <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a>'s Pagliacci), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lh%C3%A9rie" title="Paul Lhérie">Paul Lhérie</a> (the first Posa in the revised, Italian-language version of Don Carlos), and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Renaud" title="Maurice Renaud">Maurice Renaud</a> (a singing actor of the first magnitude). Lassalle, Maurel and Renaud enjoyed superlative careers on either side of the Atlantic and left a valuable legacy of recordings. Five other significant Francophone baritones who recorded, too, during the early days of the gramophone/phonograph were <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Melchiss%C3%A9dec" title="Léon Melchissédec">Léon Melchissédec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Not%C3%A9" title="Jean Noté">Jean Noté</a> of the Paris Opera and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Soulacroix" title="Gabriel Soulacroix">Gabriel Soulacroix</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Albers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Albers (page does not exist)">Henry Albers</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gilibert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Gilibert (page does not exist)">Charles Gilibert</a> of the Opéra-Comique. The Quaker baritone <a href="/wiki/David_Bispham" title="David Bispham">David Bispham</a>, who sang in London and New York between 1891 and 1903, was the leading American male singer of this generation. He also recorded for the gramophone. The oldest-born star baritone known for sure to have made solo gramophone discs was the Englishman Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Santley" title="Charles Santley">Charles Santley</a> (1834–1922). Santley made his operatic debut in Italy in 1858 and became one of Covent Garden's leading singers. He was still giving critically acclaimed concerts in London in the 1890s. The composer of <a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>, wrote Valentine's aria "Even bravest heart" for him at his request for the London production in 1864 so that the leading baritone would have an aria. A couple of primitive cylinder recordings dating from about 1900 have been attributed by collectors to the dominant French baritone of the 1860s and 1870s, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Faure" title="Jean-Baptiste Faure">Jean-Baptiste Faure</a> (1830–1914), the creator of Posa in Verdi's original French-language version of Don Carlos. It is doubtful, however, that Faure (who retired in 1886) made the cylinders. However, a contemporary of Faure's, Antonio Cotogni, (1831–1918)—probably the foremost Italian baritone of his generation—can be heard, briefly and dimly, at the age of 77, on a duet recording with the tenor <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Marconi" title="Francesco Marconi">Francesco Marconi</a>. (Cotogni and Marconi had sung together in the first London performance of <a href="/wiki/Amilcare_Ponchielli" title="Amilcare Ponchielli">Amilcare Ponchielli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/La_Gioconda_(opera)" title="La Gioconda (opera)">La Gioconda</a> in 1883, performing the roles of Barnaba and Enzo respectively.) </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subtypes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> There are 19th-century references in the musical literature to certain baritone subtypes. These include the light and tenorish baryton-Martin, named after French singer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Blaise_Martin" title="Jean-Blaise Martin">Jean-Blaise Martin</a> (1768/69–1837),<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and the deeper, more powerful Heldenbariton (today's bass-baritone) of Wagnerian opera. Perhaps the most accomplished Heldenbaritons of Wagner's day were <a href="/wiki/August_Kindermann" title="August Kindermann">August Kindermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Betz" title="Franz Betz">Franz Betz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Reichmann" title="Theodor Reichmann">Theodor Reichmann</a>. Betz created <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger</a> and undertook Wotan in the first <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a> cycle at <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>, while Reichmann created Amfortas in <a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a>, also at Bayreuth. Lyric German baritones sang lighter Wagnerian roles such as Wolfram in <a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a>, Kurwenal in <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a> or Telramund in <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a>. They made large strides, too, in the performance of art song and oratorio, with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a> favouring several baritones for his vocal music, in particular <a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Vogl" title="Johann Michael Vogl">Johann Michael Vogl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a> became the preserve of lightweight baritone voices. They were given comic parts in the tradition of the previous century's comic bass by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> in many of their productions. This did not prevent the French master of operetta, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>, from assigning the villain's role in <a href="/wiki/The_Tales_of_Hoffmann" title="The Tales of Hoffmann">The Tales of Hoffmann</a> to a big-voiced baritone for the sake of dramatic effect. Other 19th-century French composers like Meyerbeer, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a> wrote attractive parts for baritones, too. These included Nelusko in <a href="/wiki/L%27Africaine" title="L'Africaine">L'Africaine</a> (Meyerbeer's last opera), Mephistopheles in <a href="/wiki/La_damnation_de_Faust" title="La damnation de Faust">La damnation de Faust</a> (a role also sung by basses), the Priest of Dagon in <a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(opera)" title="Samson and Delilah (opera)">Samson and Delilah</a>, Escamillo in <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a>, Zurga in <a href="/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles" title="Les pêcheurs de perles">Les pêcheurs de perles</a>, Lescaut in <a href="/wiki/Manon" title="Manon">Manon</a>, Athanael in <a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_(opera)" title="Thaïs (opera)">Thaïs</a> and Herod in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rodiade" title="Hérodiade">Hérodiade</a>. Russian composers included substantial baritone parts in their operas. Witness the title roles in <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Peter Tchaikovsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin_(opera)" title="Eugene Onegin (opera)">Eugene Onegin</a> (which received its first production in 1879) and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Alexander Borodin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor" title="Prince Igor">Prince Igor</a> (1890). Mozart continued to be sung throughout the 19th century although, generally speaking, his operas were not revered to the same extent that they are today by music critics and audiences. Back then, baritones rather than high basses normally sang Don Giovanni – arguably Mozart's greatest male operatic creation. Famous Dons of the late 19th and early 20th centuries included Scotti and Maurel, as well as Portugal's <a href="/wiki/Francisco_D%27Andrade" title="Francisco D'Andrade">Francisco D'Andrade</a> and Sweden's <a href="/wiki/John_Forsell" title="John Forsell">John Forsell</a>. The verismo baritone, Verdi baritone, and other subtypes are mentioned below, though not necessarily in 19th-century context. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The dawn of the 20th century opened up more opportunities for baritones than ever before as a taste for strenuously exciting vocalism and lurid, "slice-of-life" operatic plots took hold in Italy and spread elsewhere. The most prominent <a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">verismo</a> baritones included such major singers in Europe and America as the polished <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_De_Luca" title="Giuseppe De Luca">Giuseppe De Luca</a> (the first Sharpless in <a href="/wiki/Madama_Butterfly" title="Madama Butterfly">Madama Butterfly</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mario_Sammarco" title="Mario Sammarco">Mario Sammarco</a> (the first Gerard in <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="Andrea Chénier">Andrea Chénier</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Giraldoni" title="Eugenio Giraldoni">Eugenio Giraldoni</a> (the first Scarpia in <a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Amato" title="Pasquale Amato">Pasquale Amato</a> (the first Rance in <a href="/wiki/La_fanciulla_del_West" title="La fanciulla del West">La fanciulla del West</a>), <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Stracciari" title="Riccardo Stracciari">Riccardo Stracciari</a> (noted for his richly attractive <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Viglione_Borghese" title="Domenico Viglione Borghese">Domenico Viglione Borghese</a>, whose voice was exceeded in size only by that of the lion-voiced <a href="/wiki/Titta_Ruffo" title="Titta Ruffo">Titta Ruffo</a>. Ruffo was the most commanding Italian baritone of his era or, arguably, any other era. He was at his prime from the early 1900s to the early 1920s and enjoyed success in Italy, England and America (in Chicago and later at the Met). The chief verismo composers were <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>, Ruggero Leoncavallo, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni" title="Pietro Mascagni">Pietro Mascagni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Franchetti" title="Alberto Franchetti">Alberto Franchetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Giordano" title="Umberto Giordano">Umberto Giordano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cilea" title="Francesco Cilea">Francesco Cilea</a>. Verdi's works continued to remain popular, however, with audiences in Italy, the Spanish-speaking countries, the United States and the United Kingdom, and in Germany, where there was a major Verdi revival in Berlin between the wars. Outside the field of Italian opera, an important addition to the Austro-German repertory occurred in 1905. This was the premiere of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a>, with the pivotal part of John the Baptist assigned to a baritone. (The enormous-voiced Dutch baritone <a href="/wiki/Anton_van_Rooy" title="Anton van Rooy">Anton van Rooy</a>, a Wagner specialist, sang John when the opera reached the Met in 1907). Then, in 1925, Germany's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Sch%C3%BCtzendorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Schützendorf (page does not exist)">Leo Schützendorf</a> created the title baritone role in <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>'s harrowing <a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In a separate development, the French composer <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>'s post-Wagnerian masterpiece <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> featured not one but two lead baritones at its 1902 premiere. These two baritones, <a href="/wiki/Jean_P%C3%A9rier" title="Jean Périer">Jean Périer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hector_Dufranne" title="Hector Dufranne">Hector Dufranne</a>, possessed contrasting voices. (Dufranne – sometimes classed as a bass-baritone – had a darker, more powerful instrument than did Périer, who was a true baryton-Martin.) Characteristic of the Wagnerian baritones of the 20th century was a general progression of individual singers from higher-lying baritone parts to lower-pitched ones. This was the case with Germany's <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hotter" title="Hans Hotter">Hans Hotter</a>. Hotter made his debut in 1929. As a young singer he appeared in Verdi and created the Commandant in Richard Strauss's <a href="/wiki/Friedenstag" title="Friedenstag">Friedenstag</a> and Olivier in <a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(opera)" title="Capriccio (opera)">Capriccio</a>. By the 1950s, however, he was being hailed as the top Wagnerian bass-baritone in the world. His Wotan was especially praised by critics for its musicianship. Other major Wagnerian baritones have included Hotter's predecessors <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Demuth" title="Leopold Demuth">Leopold Demuth</a>, Anton van Rooy, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weil" title="Hermann Weil">Hermann Weil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Whitehill" title="Clarence Whitehill">Clarence Whitehill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schorr" title="Friedrich Schorr">Friedrich Schorr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bockelmann" title="Rudolf Bockelmann">Rudolf Bockelmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Nissen" title="Hans-Hermann Nissen">Hans-Hermann Nissen</a>. Demuth, van Rooy, Weil and Whitehill were at their peak in the late 19th and early 20th centuries while Schorr, Bockelmann and Nissen were stars of the 1920s and 1930s. In addition to their heavyweight Wagnerian cousins, there was a plethora of baritones with more lyrical voices active in Germany and Austria during the period between the outbreak of WW1 in 1914 and the end of WW2 in 1945. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schwarz_(baritone)" title="Joseph Schwarz (baritone)">Joseph Schwarz</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schwarz" class="extiw" title="de:Joseph Schwarz">de</a>], <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schlusnus" title="Heinrich Schlusnus">Heinrich Schlusnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Janssen" title="Herbert Janssen">Herbert Janssen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willi_Domgraf-Fassbaender" title="Willi Domgraf-Fassbaender">Willi Domgraf-Fassbaender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schmitt-Walter" title="Karl Schmitt-Walter">Karl Schmitt-Walter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_H%C3%BCsch" title="Gerhard Hüsch">Gerhard Hüsch</a>. Their abundant inter-war Italian counterparts included, among others, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Galeffi" title="Carlo Galeffi">Carlo Galeffi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Danise" title="Giuseppe Danise">Giuseppe Danise</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Molinari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrico Molinari (page does not exist)">Enrico Molinari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Urbano" title="Umberto Urbano">Umberto Urbano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Formichi" title="Cesare Formichi">Cesare Formichi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Montesanto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Montesanto (page does not exist)">Luigi Montesanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Granforte" title="Apollo Granforte">Apollo Granforte</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benvenuto_Franci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benvenuto Franci (page does not exist)">Benvenuto Franci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Zanelli" title="Renato Zanelli">Renato Zanelli</a> (who switched to tenor roles in 1924), <a href="/wiki/Mario_Basiola" title="Mario Basiola">Mario Basiola</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Inghilleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Inghilleri (page does not exist)">Giovanni Inghilleri</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Morelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Morelli (page does not exist)">Carlo Morelli</a> (the Chilean-born younger brother of Renato Zanelli) and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Tagliabue" title="Carlo Tagliabue">Carlo Tagliabue</a>, who retired as late as 1958. One of the best known Italian Verdi baritones of the 1920s and 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Stabile" title="Mariano Stabile">Mariano Stabile</a>, sang Iago and Rigoletto and Falstaff (at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a>) under the baton of <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a>. Stabile also appeared in London, Chicago and Salzburg. He was noted more for his histrionic skills than for his voice, however. Stabile was followed by <a href="/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi">Tito Gobbi</a>, a versatile singing actor capable of vivid comic and tragic performances during the years of his prime in the 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. He learned more than 100 roles in his lifetime and was mostly known for his roles in Verdi and Puccini operas, including appearances as Scarpia opposite soprano <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a> as Tosca at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a>. Gobbi's competitors included <a href="/wiki/Gino_Bechi" title="Gino Bechi">Gino Bechi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Valdengo" title="Giuseppe Valdengo">Giuseppe Valdengo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Silveri" title="Paolo Silveri">Paolo Silveri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Taddei" title="Giuseppe Taddei">Giuseppe Taddei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Bastianini" title="Ettore Bastianini">Ettore Bastianini</a>, Cesare Bardelli and <a href="/wiki/Giangiacomo_Guelfi" title="Giangiacomo Guelfi">Giangiacomo Guelfi</a>. Another of Gobbi's contemporaries was the Welshman <a href="/wiki/Geraint_Evans" title="Geraint Evans">Geraint Evans</a>, who famously sang Falstaff at <a href="/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festival_Opera" title="Glyndebourne Festival Opera">Glyndebourne</a> and created the roles of <a href="/wiki/Billy_Budd_(opera)" title="Billy Budd (opera)">Mr. Flint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloriana" title="Gloriana">Mountjoy</a> in works by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>. Some considered his best role to have been Wozzeck. The next significant Welsh baritone was <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Terfel" title="Bryn Terfel">Bryn Terfel</a>. He made his premiere at Glyndebourne in 1990 and went on to build an international career as Falstaff and, more generally, in the operas of Mozart and Wagner.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Perhaps the first famous American baritone appeared in the 1900s. It was the American-born but Paris-based <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Clark" title="Charles W. Clark">Charles W. Clark</a> who sang Italian, French and German composers. An outstanding group of virile-voiced American baritones appeared then in the 1920s. The younger members of this group were still active as recently as the late 1970s. Outstanding among its members were the Met-based Verdians <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Tibbett" title="Lawrence Tibbett">Lawrence Tibbett</a> (a compelling, rich-voiced singing actor), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bonelli" title="Richard Bonelli">Richard Bonelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Thomas" title="John Charles Thomas">John Charles Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Weede" title="Robert Weede">Robert Weede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Warren" title="Leonard Warren">Leonard Warren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrill" title="Robert Merrill">Robert Merrill</a>. They sang French opera, too, as did the American-born but also Paris-based baritone of the 1920s, and 1930s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Endreze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Endreze (page does not exist)">Arthur Endreze</a>. Also to be found singing Verdi roles at the Met, Covent Garden and the Vienna Opera during the late 1930s and the 1940s was the big-voiced Hungarian baritone, <a href="/wiki/Sandor_(Alexander)_Sved" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandor (Alexander) Sved">Sandor (Alexander) Sved</a>. The leading Verdi baritones of the 1970s and 1980s were probably Italy's <a href="/wiki/Renato_Bruson" title="Renato Bruson">Renato Bruson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piero_Cappuccilli" title="Piero Cappuccilli">Piero Cappuccilli</a>, America's <a href="/wiki/Sherrill_Milnes" title="Sherrill Milnes">Sherrill Milnes</a>, Sweden's <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_Wixell" title="Ingvar Wixell">Ingvar Wixell</a> and the Romanian baritone <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Herlea" title="Nicolae Herlea">Nicolae Herlea</a>. At the same time, Britain's Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allen_(baritone)" title="Thomas Allen (baritone)">Thomas Allen</a> was considered to be the most versatile baritone of his generation in regards to repertoire, which ranged from Mozart to Verdi and lighter Wagner roles, through French and Russian opera, to modern English music. Another British baritone, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Bailey_(bass-baritone)" title="Norman Bailey (bass-baritone)">Norman Bailey</a>, established himself internationally as a memorable Wotan and Hans Sachs. However, he had a distinguished, brighter-voiced Wagnerian rival during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s in the person of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stewart_(bass-baritone)" title="Thomas Stewart (bass-baritone)">Thomas Stewart</a> of America. Other notable post-War Wagnerian baritones have been Canada's <a href="/wiki/George_London_(bass-baritone)" title="George London (bass-baritone)">George London</a>, Germany's <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Uhde" title="Hermann Uhde">Hermann Uhde</a> and, more recently, America's <a href="/wiki/James_Morris_(bass-baritone)" title="James Morris (bass-baritone)">James Morris</a>. Among the late-20th-century baritones noted throughout the opera world for their Verdi performances was <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chernov" title="Vladimir Chernov">Vladimir Chernov</a>, who emerged from the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> to sing at the Met. Chernov followed in the footsteps of such richly endowed East European baritones as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ippolit_Pryanishnikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ippolit Pryanishnikov (page does not exist)">Ippolit Pryanishnikov</a> (a favorite of Tchaikovski's), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Tartakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Tartakov (page does not exist)">Joachim Tartakov</a> (an Everardi pupil), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kamionsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Kamionsky (page does not exist)">Oskar Kamionsky</a> (an exceptional bel canto singer nicknamed the "Russian Battistini"), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waclaw_Brzezinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waclaw Brzezinski (page does not exist)">Waclaw Brzezinski</a> (known as the "Polish Battistini"), <a href="/wiki/Georges_Baklanoff" title="Georges Baklanoff">Georges Baklanoff</a> (a powerful singing actor), and, during a career lasting from 1935 to 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Lisitsian" title="Pavel Lisitsian">Pavel Lisitsian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Hvorostovsky" title="Dmitri Hvorostovsky">Dmitri Hvorostovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Leiferkus" title="Sergei Leiferkus">Sergei Leiferkus</a> are two Russian baritones of the modern era who appear regularly in the West. Like Lisitsian, they sing Verdi and the works of their native composers, including Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin and <a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Spades_(opera)" title="The Queen of Spades (opera)">The Queen of Spades</a>. In the realm of French song, the bass-baritone <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_van_Dam" title="José van Dam">José van Dam</a> and the lighter-voiced <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Souzay" title="Gérard Souzay">Gérard Souzay</a> have been notable. Souzay's repertoire extended from the Baroque works of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> to 20th-century composers such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Francis Poulenc</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernac" title="Pierre Bernac">Pierre Bernac</a>, Souzay's teacher, was an interpreter of Poulenc's songs in the previous generation. Older baritones identified with this style include France's <a href="/wiki/Dinh_Gilly" title="Dinh Gilly">Dinh Gilly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Panz%C3%A9ra" title="Charles Panzéra">Charles Panzéra</a> and Australia's <a href="/wiki/John_Brownlee_(baritone)" title="John Brownlee (baritone)">John Brownlee</a>. Another Australian, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dawson_(bass-baritone)" title="Peter Dawson (bass-baritone)">Peter Dawson</a>, made a small but precious legacy of benchmark Handel recordings during the 1920s and 1930s. (Dawson, incidentally, acquired his outstanding Handelian technique from Sir Charles Santley.) Yet another Australian baritone of distinction between the wars was <a href="/wiki/Harold_Williams_(baritone)" title="Harold Williams (baritone)">Harold Williams</a>, who was based in the United Kingdom. Important British-born baritones of the 1930s and 1940s were <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Noble" title="Dennis Noble">Dennis Noble</a>, who sang Italian and English operatic roles, and the Mozartian <a href="/wiki/Roy_Henderson_(baritone)" title="Roy Henderson (baritone)">Roy Henderson</a>. Both appeared often at Covent Garden. Prior to World War II, Germany's Heinrich Schlusnus, Gerhard Hüsch and Herbert Janssen were celebrated for their beautifully sung lieder recitals as well as for their mellifluous operatic performances in Verdi, Mozart, and Wagner respectively. After the war's conclusion, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Prey" title="Hermann Prey">Hermann Prey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> appeared on the scene to take their place. In addition to his interpretations of lieder and the works of Mozart, Prey sang in Strauss operas and tackled lighter Wagner roles such as Wolfram or Beckmesser. Fischer-Dieskau sang parts in 'fringe' operas by the likes of <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> as well as appearing in standard works by Verdi and Wagner. He earned his principal renown, however, as a lieder singer. Talented German and Austrian lieder singers of a younger generation include <a href="/wiki/Olaf_B%C3%A4r" title="Olaf Bär">Olaf Bär</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Goerne" title="Matthias Goerne">Matthias Goerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Holzmair" title="Wolfgang Holzmair">Wolfgang Holzmair</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Sterkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Sterkel (page does not exist)">Johannes Sterkel</a> (which are also performing or have performed regularly in opera), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Quasthoff" title="Thomas Quasthoff">Thomas Quasthoff</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Genz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephan Genz (page does not exist)">Stephan Genz</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Genz" class="extiw" title="de:Stephan Genz">de</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerhaher" title="Christian Gerhaher">Christian Gerhaher</a>. Well-known non-Germanic baritones of recent times have included the Italians <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Zancanaro" title="Giorgio Zancanaro">Giorgio Zancanaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Nucci" title="Leo Nucci">Leo Nucci</a>, the Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_le_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="François le Roux">François le Roux</a>, the Canadians <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Finley" title="Gerald Finley">Gerald Finley</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Westman" title="James Westman">James Westman</a> and the versatile American <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hampson" title="Thomas Hampson">Thomas Hampson</a>, his compatriot <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Gunn" title="Nathan Gunn">Nathan Gunn</a> and the Englishman <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keenlyside" title="Simon Keenlyside">Simon Keenlyside</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Vocal_range">Vocal range</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vocal range" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/400px-Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="49" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 49px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/400px-Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="49" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/600px-Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/800px-Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Baritone vocal range (G2–G4) notated on the <a href="/wiki/Bass_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass clef">bass</a> <a href="/wiki/Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">staff</a> (left) and on the piano keyboard in green with middle C (C4) shown by a black dot.</figcaption></figure> <table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/j/c/jcj3d322cc4djre8wlf9f72w4paa4ce/jcj3d322.midi"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/j/c/jcj3d322cc4djre8wlf9f72w4paa4ce/jcj3d322.png" width="85" height="57" alt="{ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef bass g,4 g'4 }"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 57px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/j/c/jcj3d322cc4djre8wlf9f72w4paa4ce/jcj3d322.png" data-alt="{ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef bass g,4 g'4 }" data-width="85" data-height="57"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal range</a> of the baritone lies between the <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> <a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">voice types</a>. The baritone vocal range is usually between the second G below middle C (G2) and the G above middle C (G4).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Composers typically write music for this voice in the range from the second F below <a href="/wiki/C_(musical_note)" title="C (musical note)">middle C</a> to the F above middle C (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">F2</a>–F4) in choral music,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and from the second A below middle C to the A above middle C (A2 to A4) in operatic music.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Subtypes_and_roles_in_opera">Subtypes and roles in opera</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subtypes and roles in opera" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Within the baritone voice type category are seven generally recognized subcategories: baryton-Martin baritone (light baritone), lyric baritone, Kavalierbariton, Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, baryton-noble baritone, and the bass-baritone. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baryton-Martin">Baryton-Martin</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Baryton-Martin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The baryton-Martin baritone (sometimes referred to as light baritone)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> lacks the lower G2–B2 range a heavier baritone is capable of, and has a lighter, almost tenor-like quality. Its common range is from C3 to the B above middle C (C3 to B4).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Generally seen only in French repertoire, this <a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a> was named after the French singer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Blaise_Martin" title="Jean-Blaise Martin">Jean-Blaise Martin</a>. Associated with the rise of the baritone in the 19th century, Martin was well known for his fondness for <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> singing, and the designation 'baryton Martin' has been used (Faure, 1886) to separate his voice from the 'Verdi Baritone', which carried the chest register further into the upper range.<a href="#cite_note-NGD-6">[6]</a> This voice type shares the primo <a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">passaggio</a> and secondo passaggio with the Dramatic Tenor and Heldentenor (C4 and F4 respectively), and hence could be trained as a tenor. Baryton-Martin roles in opera: <ul><li>Aeneas, <a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Purcell</a>)</li> <li>Dancaїre, <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a>)</li> <li>L'horloge comtoise, <a href="/wiki/L%27enfant_et_les_sortil%C3%A8ges" title="L'enfant et les sortilèges">L'enfant et les sortilèges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Ravel</a>)</li> <li>Orfeo, <a href="/wiki/L%27Orfeo" title="L'Orfeo">L'Orfeo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a>)</li> <li>Pelléas, <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a>)</li> <li>Ramiro, <a href="/wiki/L%27heure_espagnole" title="L'heure espagnole">L'heure espagnole</a> (Ravel)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lyric"> Lyric</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lyric" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The lyric baritone is a sweeter, milder sounding baritone voice, lacking in harshness; lighter and perhaps mellower than the dramatic baritone with a higher <a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">tessitura</a>. Its common range is from the A below C3 to the G above middle C (A2 to G4).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> It is typically assigned to comic roles. Lyric baritone roles in opera: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li>Count Almaviva, <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>)</li> <li>Guglielmo, <a href="/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte" title="Così fan tutte">Così fan tutte</a> (Mozart)</li> <li>Papageno, <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">The Magic Flute</a> (Mozart)</li> <li>Dr Malatesta <a href="/wiki/Don_Pasquale" title="Don Pasquale">Don Pasquale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a>)</li> <li>Prospero, <a href="/wiki/The_Tempest_(opera)" title="The Tempest (opera)">The Tempest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ad%C3%A8s" title="Thomas Adès">Adès</a>)</li> <li>Marcello, <a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a>)</li> <li>Figaro, <a href="/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville" title="The Barber of Seville">The Barber of Seville</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a>)</li> <li>Morales, <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a>)</li> <li>Top, <a href="/wiki/The_Tender_Land" title="The Tender Land">The Tender Land</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a>)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kavalierbariton">Kavalierbariton</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kavalierbariton" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="228" data-mwtitle="ICBSA_Verdi_-_La_traviata,_Di_Provenza.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:ICBSA_Verdi_-_La_traviata,_Di_Provenza.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/ICBSA_Verdi_-_La_traviata%2C_Di_Provenza.ogg/ICBSA_Verdi_-_La_traviata%2C_Di_Provenza.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/ICBSA_Verdi_-_La_traviata%2C_Di_Provenza.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Stracciari" title="Riccardo Stracciari">Riccardo Stracciari</a> singing Giorgio Germont's aria Di provenza il mar il suol from <a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></figcaption></figure> The Kavalierbariton baritone is a metallic voice that can sing both lyric and dramatic phrases, a manly, noble baritonal color. Its common range is from the A below low C to the G above middle C (A2 to G4).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Not quite as powerful as the Verdi baritone who is expected to have a powerful appearance on stage, perhaps muscular or physically large. Kavalierbariton roles in opera: <ul><li>Don Giovanni, <a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>)</li> <li>Count, <a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(opera)" title="Capriccio (opera)">Capriccio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a>)</li> <li>Giorgio Germont, <a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>)</li> <li>Zurga, <a href="/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles" title="Les pêcheurs de perles">Les pêcheurs de perles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verdi">Verdi</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verdi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Verdi baritone is a more specialized voice category and a subset of the Dramatic Baritone. Its common range is from the G below low C to the B♭ above middle C (G2 to B♭4).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> A Verdi baritone refers to a voice capable of singing consistently and with ease in the highest part of the baritone range. It will generally have a lot of <a href="/wiki/Squillo" title="Squillo">squillo</a>. Verdi baritone roles in opera: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Amonasro, <a href="/wiki/Aida" title="Aida">Aida</a></li> <li>Conte di Luna, <a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a></li> <li>Don Carlo, <a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></li> <li>Don Carlo di Vargas, <a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino" title="La forza del destino">La forza del destino</a></li> <li>Falstaff, <a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></li> <li>Ford, Falstaff</li> <li>Germont, <a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></li> <li>Iago, <a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a></li> <li>Macbeth, <a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi)">Macbeth</a></li> <li>Nabucco, <a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a></li> <li>Renato, <a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera">Un ballo in maschera</a></li> <li>Rigoletto, <a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></li> <li>Rodrigo, <a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a></li> <li>Simon Boccanegra, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra" title="Simon Boccanegra">Simon Boccanegra</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dramatic">Dramatic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dramatic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The dramatic baritone is a voice that is richer, fuller, and sometimes harsher than a lyric baritone and with a darker quality. Its common range is from the G half an octave below low C to the G above middle C (G2 to G4). The dramatic baritone category corresponds roughly to the Heldenbariton in the German Fach system except that some Verdi baritone roles are not included. The primo passaggio and secondo passaggio of both the Verdi and dramatic baritone are at B♭ and E♭ respectively, hence the differentiation is based more heavily on timbre and tessitura. Accordingly, roles that fall into this category tend to have a slightly lower tessitura than typical Verdi baritone roles, only rising above an F at the moments of greatest intensity. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a> roles fall into this category. However, it is important to note that, for all intents and purposes, a Verdi Baritone is simply a Dramatic Baritone with greater ease in the upper tessitura (Verdi Baritone roles center approximately a minor third higher). Because the Verdi Baritone is sometimes seen as a subset of the Dramatic Baritone, some singers perform roles from both sets of repertoire. Similarly, the lower tessitura of these roles allows them frequently to be sung by bass-baritones. Dramatic baritone roles in opera: <ul><li>Jack Rance, <a href="/wiki/La_fanciulla_del_West" title="La fanciulla del West">La fanciulla del West</a> (Puccini)</li> <li>Scarpia, <a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a> (Puccini)</li> <li>Iago, <a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a> (Verdi)</li> <li>Escamillo, <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> (Bizet)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baryton-noble">Baryton-noble</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Baryton-noble" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The baryton-noble baritone is French for "noble baritone" and describes a part that requires a noble bearing, smooth vocalisation and forceful declamation, all in perfect balance. This category originated in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a>, but it greatly influenced <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a> (Don Carlo in <a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino" title="La forza del destino">La forza del destino</a>; Count Luna in <a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a>; <a href="/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra" title="Simon Boccanegra">Simon Boccanegra</a>) and Wagner as well (Wotan; Amfortas). Similar to the Kavalierbariton. Baryton-noble roles in opera are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Aleko, <a href="/wiki/Aleko_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Aleko (Rachmaninoff)">Aleko</a></li> <li>Alberich, <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></li> <li>Albert, <a href="/wiki/Werther" title="Werther">Werther</a></li> <li>Alfio, <a href="/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana" title="Cavalleria rusticana">Cavalleria rusticana</a></li> <li>Amfortas, <a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></li> <li>Amonasro, <a href="/wiki/Aida" title="Aida">Aida</a></li> <li>Ascanio Petrucci, <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia_(opera)" title="Lucrezia Borgia (opera)">Lucrezia Borgia</a></li> <li>Athanaël, <a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_(opera)" title="Thaïs (opera)">Thaïs</a></li> <li>Barnaba, <a href="/wiki/La_Gioconda_(opera)" title="La Gioconda (opera)">La Gioconda</a></li> <li>Baron Mirko Zeta, <a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Widow" title="The Merry Widow">The Merry Widow</a></li> <li>Belcore, <a href="/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore" title="L'elisir d'amore">L'elisir d'amore</a></li> <li>Boris Godunov, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera)" title="Boris Godunov (opera)">Boris Godunov</a></li> <li>Chou En-lai, <a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China">Nixon in China</a></li> <li>Chorèbe, <a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a></li> <li>Count di Luna, <a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a></li> <li>Count Monterone, <a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></li> <li>Count Tomsky, <a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Spades_(opera)" title="The Queen of Spades (opera)">The Queen of Spades</a></li> <li>Count von Eberbach, <a href="/wiki/Der_Wildsch%C3%BCtz" title="Der Wildschütz">Der Wildschütz</a></li> <li>Dandini, <a href="/wiki/La_Cenerentola" title="La Cenerentola">La Cenerentola</a></li> <li>Don Carlo, <a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></li> <li>Don Carlo di Vargas, <a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino" title="La forza del destino">La forza del destino</a></li> <li>Don Giovanni, <a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></li> <li>Dr. Malatesta, <a href="/wiki/Don_Pasquale" title="Don Pasquale">Don Pasquale</a></li> <li>Dr. P., <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Mistook_His_Wife_for_a_Hat_(opera)" title="The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (opera)">The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat</a></li> <li>Duke of Nottingham, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Devereux" title="Roberto Devereux">Roberto Devereux</a></li> <li>Dunois, <a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Orleans_(opera)" title="The Maid of Orleans (opera)">The Maid of Orleans</a></li> <li>Eddie Carbone, <a href="/wiki/A_View_from_the_Bridge#Opera" title="A View from the Bridge">A View from the Bridge</a></li> <li>Eochaidh, <a href="/wiki/The_Immortal_Hour" title="The Immortal Hour">The Immortal Hour</a></li> <li>Enrico Ashton, <a href="/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor" title="Lucia di Lammermoor">Lucia di Lammermoor</a></li> <li>Ernesto, <a href="/wiki/Il_pirata" title="Il pirata">Il pirata</a></li> <li>Escamillo, <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a></li> <li>Eugene Onegin, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin_(opera)" title="Eugene Onegin (opera)">Eugene Onegin</a></li> <li>Falstaff, <a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></li> <li>Figaro, <a href="/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville" title="The Barber of Seville">The Barber of Seville</a></li> <li>Ford, Falstaff</li> <li>Ford, <a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor_(opera)" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor (opera)">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a></li> <li>Francisco Goya, <a href="/wiki/Facing_Goya" title="Facing Goya">Facing Goya</a></li> <li>Friedrich of Telramund, <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a></li> <li>Fyodor Poyarok, <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_the_Invisible_City_of_Kitezh_and_the_Maiden_Fevroniya" title="The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya">The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya</a></li> <li>Gérard, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="Andrea Chénier">Andrea Chénier</a></li> <li>Giorgio Germont, <a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></li> <li>Golaud, <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></li> <li>Guglielmo, <a href="/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte" title="Così fan tutte">Così fan tutte</a></li> <li>Guglielmo Tell, <a href="/wiki/William_Tell_(opera)" title="William Tell (opera)">William Tell</a></li> <li>Hamlet, <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamlet (opera)">Hamlet</a></li> <li>Hans Heiling, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Heiling" title="Hans Heiling">Hans Heiling</a></li> <li>Herr von Faninal, <a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a></li> <li>High Priest of Dagon, <a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(opera)" title="Samson and Delilah (opera)">Samson and Delilah</a></li> <li>Horace Tabor, <a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Baby_Doe" title="The Ballad of Baby Doe">The Ballad of Baby Doe</a></li> <li>Iago, <a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a></li> <li>Igor Svyatoslavich, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor" title="Prince Igor">Prince Igor</a></li> <li>Ivan Mazepa, <a href="/wiki/Mazeppa_(opera)" title="Mazeppa (opera)">Mazeppa</a></li> <li>Jack Rance, <a href="/wiki/La_fanciulla_del_West" title="La fanciulla del West">La fanciulla del West</a></li> <li>Jochanaan, <a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></li> <li>John Styx, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus_in_the_Underworld" title="Orpheus in the Underworld">Orpheus in the Underworld</a></li> <li>Jupiter, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus_in_the_Underworld" title="Orpheus in the Underworld">Orpheus in the Underworld</a></li> <li>Kilian, <a href="/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz" title="Der Freischütz">Der Freischütz</a></li> <li>Kochubey, <a href="/wiki/Mazeppa_(opera)" title="Mazeppa (opera)">Mazeppa</a></li> <li>Krušina, <a href="/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride" title="The Bartered Bride">The Bartered Bride</a></li> <li>Kurwenal, <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></li> <li>Le Comte de Nevers, <a href="/wiki/Les_Huguenots" title="Les Huguenots">Les Huguenots</a></li> <li>Le Comte de Saint-Bris, <a href="/wiki/Les_Huguenots" title="Les Huguenots">Les Huguenots</a></li> <li>Lescaut, <a href="/wiki/Manon_Lescaut_(Puccini)" title="Manon Lescaut (Puccini)">Manon Lescaut</a></li> <li>Lescaut, <a href="/wiki/Manon" title="Manon">Manon</a></li> <li>Lionel, <a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Orleans_(opera)" title="The Maid of Orleans (opera)">The Maid of Orleans</a></li> <li>Lord Cockburn, <a href="/wiki/Fra_Diavolo_(opera)" title="Fra Diavolo (opera)">Fra Diavolo</a></li> <li>Lord Guglielmo Cecil, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Stuarda" title="Maria Stuarda">Maria Stuarda</a></li> <li>Marcello, <a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a></li> <li>Marullo, <a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></li> <li>Mercutio, <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette" title="Roméo et Juliette">Roméo et Juliette</a></li> <li>Nabucco, <a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a></li> <li>Ottokar, <a href="/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz" title="Der Freischütz">Der Freischütz</a></li> <li>Paolo Albiani, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra" title="Simon Boccanegra">Simon Boccanegra</a></li> <li>Papageno, <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">The Magic Flute</a></li> <li>Peter, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4nsel_und_Gretel_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hänsel und Gretel (opera)">Hänsel und Gretel</a></li> <li>Prince Afron, <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Cockerel" title="The Golden Cockerel">The Golden Cockerel</a></li> <li>Prince Vyazminsky, <a href="/wiki/The_Oprichnik" title="The Oprichnik">The Oprichnik</a></li> <li>Prince Yeletsky, <a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Spades_(opera)" title="The Queen of Spades (opera)">The Queen of Spades</a></li> <li>Prince Nikita Kurlyatev, <a href="/wiki/The_Enchantress_(opera)" title="The Enchantress (opera)">The Enchantress</a></li> <li>Prosdocimo, <a href="/wiki/Il_turco_in_Italia" title="Il turco in Italia">Il turco in Italia</a></li> <li>Raimbaud, <a href="/wiki/Le_comte_Ory" title="Le comte Ory">Le comte Ory</a></li> <li>Richard Nixon, <a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China">Nixon in China</a></li> <li>Ruggiero, <a href="/wiki/La_Juive" title="La Juive">La Juive</a></li> <li>Rigoletto, <a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></li> <li>Rodrigue, <a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a></li> <li>Scarpia, <a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a></li> <li>Schaunard, <a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a></li> <li>Sharpless, <a href="/wiki/Madama_Butterfly" title="Madama Butterfly">Madama Butterfly</a></li> <li>Sherasmin, <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(Weber)" title="Oberon (Weber)">Oberon</a></li> <li>Simon, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra" title="Simon Boccanegra">Simon Boccanegra</a></li> <li>Sir Riccardo Forth, <a href="/wiki/I_puritani" title="I puritani">I puritani</a></li> <li>Tonio, <a href="/wiki/Pagliacci" title="Pagliacci">Pagliacci</a></li> <li>Tutor, <a href="/wiki/Le_comte_Ory" title="Le comte Ory">Le comte Ory</a></li> <li>Valentin, <a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a></li> <li>Wolfram von Eschenbach, <a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a></li> <li>Wozzeck, <a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></li> <li>Zurga, <a href="/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles" title="Les pêcheurs de perles">Les pêcheurs de perles</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bass-baritone" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="225" data-mwtitle="Mozart_-_Le_Nozze_di_Figaro_(Fricsay)_-_Act_1_-_20._Non_più_andrai.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Mozart_-_Le_Nozze_di_Figaro_(Fricsay)_-_Act_1_-_20._Non_pi%C3%B9_andrai.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Mozart_-_Le_Nozze_di_Figaro_%28Fricsay%29_-_Act_1_-_20._Non_pi%C3%B9_andrai.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Mozart_-_Le_Nozze_di_Figaro_%28Fricsay%29_-_Act_1_-_20._Non_pi%C3%B9_andrai.ogg/Mozart_-_Le_Nozze_di_Figaro_%28Fricsay%29_-_Act_1_-_20._Non_pi%C3%B9_andrai.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renato_Capecchi" title="Renato Capecchi">Renato Capecchi</a> singing <a href="/wiki/Non_pi%C3%B9_andrai" title="Non più andrai">Non più andrai</a> from <a href="/wiki/Le_nozze_di_Figaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Le nozze di Figaro">Le nozze di Figaro</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></div> The bass-baritone range extends from the F below low C to the F or F♯ above middle C (F2 to F4 or F♯4).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Bass-baritones are typically divided into two separate categories: lyric bass-baritone and dramatic bass-baritone.<a href="#cite_note-McKinney-19">[19]</a> Lyric bass-baritone roles in opera include: <ul><li>Don Pizarro, <a href="/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio">Fidelio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>)</li> <li>Golaud, <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a>)</li> <li>Méphistophélès, <a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a>)</li> <li>Don Alfonso, <a href="/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte" title="Così fan tutte">Così fan tutte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>)</li> <li>Figaro, <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a> (Mozart)</li> <li>Leporello, <a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a> (Mozart)</li></ul> Dramatic bass-baritone roles in opera include: <ul><li>Aleko, <a href="/wiki/Aleko_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Aleko (Rachmaninoff)">Aleko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a>)</li> <li>Igor, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor" title="Prince Igor">Prince Igor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a>)</li> <li>Dutchman, <a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Flying Dutchman (opera)">The Flying Dutchman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>)</li> <li>Hans Sachs, <a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a> (Wagner)</li> <li>Wotan, <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a> (Wagner)</li> <li>Amfortas, <a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a> (Wagner)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gilbert_and_Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gilbert and Sullivan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> All of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy operas</a> have at least one lead baritone character (frequently the comic principal). Notable <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a> roles are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Archibald Grosvenor, <a href="/wiki/Patience_(opera)" title="Patience (opera)">Patience</a></li> <li>Bill Bobstay (<a href="/wiki/Boatswain" title="Boatswain">Boatswain</a>'s Mate), <a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a></li> <li>Captain Corcoran, H.M.S. Pinafore</li> <li>Dr. Daly, <a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer" title="The Sorcerer">The Sorcerer</a></li> <li>The Duke of Plaza-Toro, <a href="/wiki/The_Gondoliers" title="The Gondoliers">The Gondoliers</a></li> <li>Florian, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Ida" title="Princess Ida">Princess Ida</a></li> <li>Giuseppe Palmieri, The Gondoliers</li> <li>Jack Point, <a href="/wiki/The_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="The Yeomen of the Guard">The Yeomen of the Guard</a></li> <li>John Wellington Wells, The Sorcerer</li> <li>King Gama, Princess Ida</li> <li>Ko-Ko, <a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a></li> <li>Lord Mountararat, <a href="/wiki/Iolanthe" title="Iolanthe">Iolanthe</a></li> <li>The Lord Chancellor, Iolanthe</li> <li>Luiz, The Gondoliers</li> <li>Major-General Stanley, <a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="The Pirates of Penzance">The Pirates of Penzance</a></li> <li>Major Murgatroyd, Patience</li> <li>The Pirate King, The Pirates of Penzance</li> <li>Pish-Tush, The Mikado</li> <li>Pooh-Bah, The Mikado</li> <li>Reginald Bunthorne, Patience</li> <li>Sir Despard Murgatroyd, <a href="/wiki/Ruddigore" title="Ruddigore">Ruddigore</a></li> <li>Sir Joseph Porter, H.M.S. Pinafore</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cholmondeley" title="Richard Cholmondeley">Richard Cholmondeley</a> (Lieutenant of the Tower), The Yeomen of the Guard</li> <li>Sir Ruthven Murgatroyd (as Robin Oakapple), Ruddigore</li> <li>Strephon, Iolanthe</li> <li>Samuel, The Pirates of Penzance</li> <li>Wilfred Shadbolt. The Yeomen of the Guard</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baritone_in_popular_music">Baritone in popular music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Baritone in popular music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_baritones_in_non-classical_music" title="List of baritones in non-classical music">List of baritones in non-classical music</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_music" title="Barbershop music">barbershop music</a>, the baritone part sings in a similar range to the lead (singing the melody) however usually singing lower than the lead. A barbershop baritone has a specific and specialized role in the formation of the four-part harmony that characterizes the style. The baritone singer is often the one required to support or "fill" the bass sound (typically by singing the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">fifth</a> above the bass root) and to complete a chord. On the other hand, the baritone will occasionally find himself harmonizing above the melody, which calls for a tenor-like quality. Because the baritone fills the chord, the part is often not very melodic. In <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass music</a>, the melody line is called the lead. Tenor is sung an interval of a third above the lead. Baritone is the fifth of the scale that has the lead as a tonic, and may be sung below the lead, or even above the lead (and the tenor), in which case it is called "high baritone". Conversely, the more "<a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>" baritones have the more traditional timbre, but sing in a vocal range that is closer to the tenor vocal range. Some of these singers include <a href="/wiki/David_Ruffin" title="David Ruffin">David Ruffin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Pickett" title="Wilson Pickett">Wilson Pickett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)" title="Tom Jones (singer)">Tom Jones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_McDonald_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael McDonald (singer)">Michael McDonald</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levi_Stubbs" title="Levi Stubbs">Levi Stubbs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">Four Tops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/31px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/31px-Operalogo.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/47px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/62px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baritones" title="Category:Baritones">Category of baritones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a>, the German system for classifying voices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music" title="Voice classification in non-classical music">Voice classification in non-classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_baritones_in_non-classical_music" title="List of baritones in non-classical music">List of baritones in non-classical music</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Or barytone, although this spelling is essentially archaic and little-used since the 1920s. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Compare <a href="/wiki/Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music" title="Voice classification in non-classical music">voice classification in non-classical music</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V2d12iZkgOwC&pg=PA142">"Baritone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> (2000) p. 142. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-017-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-017-5">0-87779-017-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Knapp, Raymond; Morris, Mitchell; Wolf. Stacy (eds.) (2011)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Do1pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA322">The Oxford Handbook of The American Musical</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412050317/https://books.google.com/books?id=Do1pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA322#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 12 April 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 322. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199874727" title="Special:BookSources/0199874727">0199874727</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Franchinus_Gaffurius" title="Franchinus Gaffurius">Franchino Gaffurio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.indiana.edu/tml/15th/GAFPM3_TEXT.html">Practica musicae, liber tertius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060609125758/http://www.music.indiana.edu/tml/15th/GAFPM3_TEXT.html">Archived</a> 2006-06-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1496 </li> <li id="cite_note-NGD-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGD_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGD_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanderSteaneForbesHarris2001" class="citation book cs1">Jander, Owen; <a href="/wiki/J._B._Steane" title="J. B. Steane">Steane, J. B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Forbes_(musicologist)" title="Elizabeth Forbes (musicologist)">Forbes, Elizabeth</a>; Harris, Ellen T.; Waldman, Gerald (2001). "Baritone (i)". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a> (2nd ed.). Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-60800-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-60800-3"><bdi>0-333-60800-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baritone+%28i%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-333-60800-3&rft.aulast=Jander&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft.au=Steane%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Forbes%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Harris%2C+Ellen+T.&rft.au=Waldman%2C+Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaritone" class="Z3988">. This work is the main reference for the history section of this article. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarousse1865" class="citation book cs1">Larousse, Pierre (1865). Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle: Français, historique, géographique, mythologique, bibliographique, littéraire, artistique, scientifique, etc., etc. Bavarian State Library: Larousse & Boyer. p. 289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+dictionnaire+universel+du+XIXe+si%C3%A8cle%3A+Fran%C3%A7ais%2C+historique%2C+g%C3%A9ographique%2C+mythologique%2C+bibliographique%2C+litt%C3%A9raire%2C+artistique%2C+scientifique%2C+etc.%2C+etc.&rft.place=Bavarian+State+Library&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Larousse+%26+Boyer&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Larousse&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaritone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Laura Macy, ed. The Grove Book of Opera Singers, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Rosenthal" title="Harold Rosenthal">Harold Rosenthal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Julian_Budden" title="Julian Budden">Julian Budden</a>, entry "Coletti, Filippo" </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Dolmetsch Online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dolmetsch.com/defsv2.htm">Music Dictionary Vm-Vz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614140837/http://www.dolmetsch.com/defsv2.htm">Archived</a> 14 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 28 May 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss" class="citation web cs1">Moss, Charles K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208161913/http://www.carolinaclassical.com/articles/schubert.html">"Franz Peter Schubert: Master of Song"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carolinaclassical.com/articles/schubert.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franz+Peter+Schubert%3A+Master+of+Song&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Charles+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carolinaclassical.com%2Farticles%2Fschubert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaritone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staatsoper-berlin.org/staatsoper/geschichte.php?id_language=2">History of the Staatsoper Unter den Linden</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212100612/http://www.staatsoper-berlin.org/staatsoper/geschichte.php?id_language=2">Archived</a> 2007-12-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 4 March 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Deutsche Grammophon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschegrammophon.com/artistmicrosite/biography.htms?ART_ID=TERBR">Bryn Terfel's Biographical Timeline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060918085211/http://www.deutschegrammophon.com/artistmicrosite/biography.htms?ART_ID=TERBR">Archived</a> 18 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 28 May 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Tom Huizenga, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/deceptivecadence/2011/12/14/143706798/talk-like-an-opera-geek-breaking-down-baritones">"Talk Like An Opera Geek: Breaking Down Baritones"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507110610/http://www.npr.org/blogs/deceptivecadence/2011/12/14/143706798/talk-like-an-opera-geek-breaking-down-baritones">Archived</a> 7 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, 14 December 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Warrack" title="John Warrack">John Warrack</a> and Ewan West, The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 2nd edition, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5">0-19-869164-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_Armstrong2021" class="citation web cs1">Rebecca Armstrong (14 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.operaforall.co.uk/understanding-voice-types-baritone/">"Understanding Voice Types: Baritone"</a>. Opera For All. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526073620/https://www.operaforall.co.uk/understanding-voice-types-baritone/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opera+For+All&rft.atitle=Understanding+Voice+Types%3A+Baritone&rft.date=2021-07-14&rft.au=Rebecca+Armstrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.operaforall.co.uk%2Funderstanding-voice-types-baritone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaritone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aria-database.com/cgi-bin/aria-search.pl%3Fopera%3DThe%2BTender%2BLand%26a">The Tender Land</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173525/http://www.aria-database.com/cgi-bin/aria-search.pl%3Fopera%3DThe%2BTender%2BLand%26a">Archived</a> 23 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, aria-database.com </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeesholtz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Seesholtz, John Clayton (1 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=10867732&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA301776471&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"The origin of the Verdi baritone"</a>. Journal of Singing. 68 (5): 521–526. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412050350/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=10867732&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA301776471&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs&userGroupName=anon%7Ea78ed1f2&aty=open-web-entry">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Singing&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+Verdi+baritone&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=521-526&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft.aulast=Seesholtz&rft.aufirst=John+Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DHRCA%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D10867732%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA301776471%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaritone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-BIGv9vIoqcC&pg=PA148">The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge</a> (Second ed.). St Martin's Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312376598" title="Special:BookSources/9780312376598"><bdi>9780312376598</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412050312/https://books.google.com/books?id=-BIGv9vIoqcC&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Guide+to+Essential+Knowledge&rft.pages=148&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780312376598&rft.au=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-BIGv9vIoqcC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaritone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKinney-19"><a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney1994" class="citation book cs1">McKinney, James (1994). The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults. Genovex Music Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56593-940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56593-940-0"><bdi>978-1-56593-940-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diagnosis+and+Correction+of+Vocal+Faults&rft.pub=Genovex+Music+Group&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56593-940-0&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaritone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classic.motown.com/artist/david-ruffin/">"David Ruffin | Classic Motown"</a>. classic.motown.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807204406/https://classic.motown.com/artist/david-ruffin/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classic.motown.com&rft.atitle=David+Ruffin+%26%23124%3B+Classic+Motown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassic.motown.com%2Fartist%2Fdavid-ruffin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaritone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Stephen Thomas Erlewine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000609396/biography">Tom Jones – Biography</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Stephen Thomas Erlewine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000459616/biography">Michael McDonald – Biography</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7693758.stm">Stars mourn Four Tops star Stubbs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218092519/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7693758.stm">Archived</a> 18 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 28 October 2008. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li>Faure, Jean-Baptiste (1886) La voix et le chant: traité pratique, Heugel, published in English translation as The Voice and Singing (Francis Keeping and Roberta Prada, translators), Vox Mentor, 2005.</li> <li>Matheopoulos, H. (1989) Bravo – The World's Great Male Singers Discuss Their Roles, Victor Gollancz Ltd.</li> <li>Bruder, Harold, liner notes, Maurice Renaud: The Complete Gramophone Recordings 1901–1908, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107182839/http://www.marstonrecords.com/renaud/renaud_liner.htm">Marston Records</a>, 1997. (Discusses Renaud and many of his baritone contemporaries as well as the stylistic change in operatic singing at the turn of the 20th century.) Retrieved 4 March 2008.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Barytone" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barytone">Barytone</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baritone_vocalists" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Baritone vocalists">Baritone vocalists</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Baritone" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Baritone">Baritone</a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 8 November 2024, at 19:40 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="باريتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باريتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%ADtonu" title="Barítonu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Barítonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton" title="Bariton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bariton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Барытон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Барытон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Барытон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Барытон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Баритон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Баритон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%ADton" title="Baríton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baríton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryton" title="Baryton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baryton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton_(ystod_leisiol)" title="Bariton (ystod leisiol) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bariton (ystod leisiol)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryton_(stemme)" title="Baryton (stemme) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baryton (stemme)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton" title="Bariton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bariton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton" title="Bariton – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bariton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βαρύτονος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαρύτονος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%ADtono" title="Barítono – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barítono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritono" title="Baritono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baritono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritono" title="Baritono – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baritono" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="باریتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باریتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryton_(voix)" title="Baryton (voix) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baryton (voix)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%ADtono" title="Barítono – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Barítono" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A6%AC%ED%86%A4" title="바리톤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바리톤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Բարիտոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բարիտոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton_(glas)" title="Bariton (glas) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bariton (glas)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton" title="Bariton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bariton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritono" title="Baritono – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baritono" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C)" title="בריטון (קול) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בריטון (קול)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90)" title="ბარიტონი (ხმა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბარიტონი (ხმა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Баритон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Баритон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%AEton" title="Barîton – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Barîton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritons" title="Baritons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baritons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritonas" title="Baritonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baritonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton" title="Bariton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bariton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Баритон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Баритон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98)" title="ბარიტონი (ხონარი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბარიტონი (ხონარი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton" title="Bariton – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bariton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Баритон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Баритон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton_(zangstem)" title="Bariton (zangstem) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bariton (zangstem)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="バリトン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バリトン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryton" title="Baryton – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baryton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryton" title="Baryton – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baryton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton" title="Bariton – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bariton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryton" title="Baryton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baryton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%ADtono" title="Barítono – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barítono" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton" title="Bariton – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bariton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Баритон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баритон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baritone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryt%C3%B3n" title="Barytón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Barytón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton" title="Bariton – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bariton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="باریتۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باریتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Баритон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Баритон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritoni" title="Baritoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baritoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryton" title="Baryton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baryton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99" title="แบริโทน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบริโทน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Баритон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баритон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton" title="Bariton – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bariton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Баритон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баритон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Baritone" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E4%B8%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="男中音 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="男中音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariton" title="Bariton – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bariton" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E4%B8%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="男中音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="男中音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist 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