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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><i><b>Un ballo in maschera</b></i> ('A Masked Ball') is an 1859 <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> in three acts by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>. The text, by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Somma" title="Antonio Somma">Antonio Somma</a>, was based on <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Scribe" title="Eugène Scribe">Eugène Scribe</a>'s libretto for <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Daniel Auber</a>'s 1833 five act opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Gustave_III_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustave III (opera)">Gustave III, ou Le bal masqué</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;"><i>Un ballo in maschera</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Verdi,_Un_Ballo_in_maschera,_Vocal_score_frontispiece_-_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Un_Ballo_in_maschera%2C_Vocal_score_frontispiece_-_restoration.jpg/290px-Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Un_Ballo_in_maschera%2C_Vocal_score_frontispiece_-_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Un_Ballo_in_maschera%2C_Vocal_score_frontispiece_-_restoration.jpg/435px-Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Un_Ballo_in_maschera%2C_Vocal_score_frontispiece_-_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Un_Ballo_in_maschera%2C_Vocal_score_frontispiece_-_restoration.jpg/580px-Giuseppe_Verdi%2C_Un_Ballo_in_maschera%2C_Vocal_score_frontispiece_-_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="3752"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Frontispiece of the 1860 vocal score, depicting the final scene of the opera</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translation</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>A Masked Ball</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Somma" title="Antonio Somma">Antonio Somma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Italian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Scribe" title="Eugène Scribe">Eugène Scribe</a>'s libretto for <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Daniel Auber</a>'s 1833 <i><a href="/wiki/Gustave_III_(Auber)" title="Gustave III (Auber)">Gustave III, ou Le bal masqué</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent">17 February 1859<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1859-02-17</span>)</span><br><div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tor_di_Nona" title="Tor di Nona">Teatro Apollo</a>, Rome</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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.listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Caruso_et_al_-_%C3%88_scherzo_od_%C3%A8_follia.ogg" title="File:Caruso et al - È scherzo od è follia.ogg">"È scherzo od è follia"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="226" data-mwtitle="Caruso_et_al_-_È_scherzo_od_è_follia.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Caruso_et_al_-_%C3%88_scherzo_od_%C3%A8_follia.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Caruso_et_al_-_%C3%88_scherzo_od_%C3%A8_follia.ogg/Caruso_et_al_-_%C3%88_scherzo_od_%C3%A8_follia.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frieda_Hempel" title="Frieda Hempel">Frieda Hempel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Duch%C3%AAne" title="Maria Duchêne">Maria Duchêne</a>, Andrés de Segurola and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Rothier" title="Léon Rothier">Léon Rothier</a> (1914), from act 1, scene 2</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The plot concerns the assassination in 1792 of King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav III of Sweden">Gustav III of Sweden</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was shot, as the result of a political conspiracy, while attending a <a href="/wiki/Masked_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Masked ball">masked ball</a>, dying of his wounds thirteen days later. </p><p>It was to take over two years between the commission from Naples, planned for a production there, and its premiere performance at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Apollo">Teatro Apollo</a> in Rome on 17 February 1859. In becoming the <i>Un ballo in maschera</i> which we know today, Verdi's opera (and his libretto) underwent a significant series of transformations and title changes, caused by a combination of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> regulations in both Naples and Rome, as well as by the political situation in France in January 1858. Based on the Scribe libretto and begun as <i>Gustavo III</i> set in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, it became <i>Una vendetta in domino</i> set in <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>, and finally <i>Un ballo in maschera</i> set in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">colonial era</a>. It became one of the most frustrating experiences of Verdi's career. </p><p>From the mid-20th century, it has become more common for the setting to revert to its original 18th-century Stockholm location. A re-creation of the original <i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_III_(Verdi)" title="Gustavo III (Verdi)">Gustavo III</a></i> has been staged in Sweden. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Composition_history"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Composition history</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#1857:_From_Gustavo_III_to_Una_vendetta_in_domino"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">1857: From <i>Gustavo III</i> to <i>Una vendetta in domino</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1858:_The_censor_blocks_Una_vendetta"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">1858: The censor blocks <i>Una vendetta</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1859:_Una_vendetta_becomes_Un_ballo_in_maschera"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">1859: <i>Una vendetta</i> becomes <i>Un ballo in maschera</i></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Performance_history"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Performance history</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Notable_productions"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notable productions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Homosexuality_of_Gustav_III"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Homosexuality of Gustav III</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Roles"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Roles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Synopsis"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Synopsis</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Act_1"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Act 1</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Act_2"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Act 2</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Act_3"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Act 3</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Instrumentation"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Instrumentation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Cultural_references"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural references</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Recordings"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Recordings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Composition_history">Composition history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <dl><dd><i>For a full account of the evolution of the opera which eventually became </i>Un ballo in maschera<i>, see <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_III_(Verdi)" title="Gustavo III (Verdi)">Gustavo III (Verdi)</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1857:_From_Gustavo_III_to_Una_vendetta_in_domino">1857: From <i>Gustavo III</i> to <i>Una vendetta in domino</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1857: From Gustavo III to Una vendetta in domino" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A commission by the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_San_Carlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro San Carlo">Teatro San Carlo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> in early 1857 led Verdi to begin to oversee the finalization of the libretto (also by Somma) for <i><a href="/wiki/Re_Lear" title="Re Lear">Re Lear</a></i> with the aim of presenting the finished opera during the 1858 carnival season. When this proved to be impracticable, Verdi turned to the subject of King Gustav III's assassination as portrayed in Scribe and Auber's opera, albeit not an historically accurate narrative. That subject was well known and had been used by other composers, including <a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Saverio Mercadante</a> for his <i>Il reggente</i> in 1843. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verdi_and_Naples_censor-caricature_by_Delfico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Verdi_and_Naples_censor-caricature_by_Delfico.jpg/200px-Verdi_and_Naples_censor-caricature_by_Delfico.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1126"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 246px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Verdi_and_Naples_censor-caricature_by_Delfico.jpg/200px-Verdi_and_Naples_censor-caricature_by_Delfico.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="246" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Verdi_and_Naples_censor-caricature_by_Delfico.jpg/300px-Verdi_and_Naples_censor-caricature_by_Delfico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Verdi_and_Naples_censor-caricature_by_Delfico.jpg/400px-Verdi_and_Naples_censor-caricature_by_Delfico.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Verdi and the Naples censor when preparing "Ballo", 1857–58, caricature by <a href="/wiki/Melchiorre_Delfico_(caricaturist)" title="Melchiorre Delfico (caricaturist)">Delfico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For the libretto, Scribe retained the names of some of the historical figures involved (including fortune teller <a href="/wiki/Ulrica_Arfvidsson" title="Ulrica Arfvidsson">Ulrica Arfvidsson</a>, the conspiracy, and the killing at the masked ball, but, as noted by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Budden" title="Julian Budden">Budden</a>, "it was a simple case of 'cherchez la femme'": for the rest of the play Scribe invented the romance between the King and the fictional Amélie,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the wife of the king's secretary and best friend, and adds characters and situations such as Oscar, the page boy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden1984364_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden1984364-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Somma's new libretto, known as <i>Gustavo III</i>, was presented to the censors in Naples by late 1857. By November, Verdi informed Somma that objections had been raised and revisions demanded by the censors, the most significant of which was the refusal to allow the depiction of a monarch on the stage - and especially the monarch's murder.<sup id="cite_ref-Gossett1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gossett1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As had happened with <i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i>, changes in characters' names and titles were proposed (the King of Sweden became the Duke of Pomerania; <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Johan_Anckarstr%C3%B6m" title="Jacob Johan Anckarström">Anckarström</a> became Count Renato) and the location was moved from Stockholm to Stettin. </p><p>Working together with Somma over Christmas, Verdi accommodated these changes. Somma was asked to change the names of the characters on the <i>Gustave</i> libretto while Verdi worked on completing sketches of the music. The name of the opera became <i>Una vendetta in domino</i>. </p><p>By 9 January 1858, prior to setting out for Naples, Verdi wrote from his home to the San Carlo that "the opera is done and even here I am working on the full score".<sup id="cite_ref-Gossett1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gossett1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composer then travelled to Naples and rehearsals of <i>Una vendetta</i> were about to begin when, on 14 January 1858, three Italians attempted to assassinate Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> in Paris, an event which was to affect the opera's production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1858:_The_censor_blocks_Una_vendetta">1858: The censor blocks <i>Una vendetta</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1858: The censor blocks Una vendetta" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The imposition of still further, more stringent requirements by the censor<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> incurred Verdi's wrath. He broke his contract, returned to Sant'Agata in April, and was sued by the management of the San Carlo house. This provoked him to lodge a counter-claim against the theatre for damages and, eventually, the legal fight ended. </p><p>It was during this period of turmoil that Verdi was to describe the previous sixteen years of his composing life: in a letter to Countess Clara Maffei, he states: "From <i><a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a></i>, you may say, I have never had one hour of peace. Sixteen years in the galleys!"<sup id="cite_ref-VtoM_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VtoM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1859:_Una_vendetta_becomes_Un_ballo_in_maschera">1859: <i>Una vendetta</i> becomes <i>Un ballo in maschera</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1859: Una vendetta becomes Un ballo in maschera" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>When the legal issues were resolved within a few months, Verdi was free to present the libretto and musical outline of <i>Gustave III</i> (which was basically <i>Una vendetta</i> with characters' names and locations changed)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGossett2006499_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGossett2006499-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_dell%27Opera_di_Roma" title="Teatro dell'Opera di Roma">Rome Opera</a>. There, the censors demanded further changes. Removing the action from Europe, the location became Boston during the British colonial period and the leading character became Riccardo, the Count (or Earl) of Warwick. At this point, the opera became <i>Un ballo in maschera</i> set in North America. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Performance history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verdi_in_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Verdi_in_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="279" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="279"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 211px;height: 279px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Verdi_in_1859.jpg" data-width="211" data-height="279" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Verdi in 1859</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_productions">Notable productions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable productions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>Un ballo in maschera</i> received its premiere performance at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Apollo">Teatro Apollo</a> in Rome on 17 February 1859 and was immediately successful. The opera was first seen in the US in New York on 11 February 1861 at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Music_(New_York_City)" title="Academy of Music (New York City)">Academy of Music</a> in Manhattan for seven performances, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Muzio" title="Emanuele Muzio">Emanuele Muzio</a>; the future president <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> attended one of the performances. Two further performances were given at the old <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> on Montague Street.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first performance in the UK was on 15 June of that year. </p><p>In the 20th century, especially after a 1935 production in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, many modern stagings have restored the original Swedish setting and characters' names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimbell2001999_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimbell2001999-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 January 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a>, singing the role of Ulrica, broke the "color barrier" at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a>, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> vocal soloist to appear with that company.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "hypothetical reconstruction" of <i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_III_(Verdi)" title="Gustavo III (Verdi)">Gustavo III</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the unorchestrated original and much of <i>Una vendetta</i> "grafted"<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> onto <i>Un ballo</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s score, occurred in a production by the <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothenburg Opera">Gothenburg Opera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, Sweden in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opera has become a staple of the repertoire and is now performed frequently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homosexuality_of_Gustav_III">Homosexuality of Gustav III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Homosexuality of Gustav III" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Scribe's libretto for <i>Gustave III</i> includes details that could be understood as signs of the king's <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>. Verdi and Somma eliminated many of these coded signals, but new codes take their place, particularly relating to the character of Oscar.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Richards has argued that although the opera was no longer explicitly based on Gustav III, Verdi deliberately deviated from his usual practice and set Oscar for a soprano – despite disliking women singing men's parts: "<i>Verdi goes as far as one could go within the repressive conventions of his period to portray Gustavo (based on a widely known flamboyantly homosexual ruler) as either a gay man or, at a minimum, a bisexual man"</i>. Richards believes this therefore demonstrates that "Verdi's art embraces all forms of sexualities".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ralph Hexter has examined the “masking” of homosexual aspects of the main character and how it relates to the idea of masking in the opera as a whole. </p><p>Several productions have attempted to draw out this suggestion – most notably the staging by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Gentele" title="Göran Gentele">Göran Gentele</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera" title="Royal Swedish Opera">Royal Swedish Opera</a> in 1959 where Gustavo is having an affair with his Oscar even while pining for Amelia, and also the 1993 staging by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Friedrich" title="Götz Friedrich">Götz Friedrich</a> for Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaetano_Fraschini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gaetano_Fraschini.jpg/150px-Gaetano_Fraschini.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="306"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gaetano_Fraschini.jpg/150px-Gaetano_Fraschini.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Gaetano_Fraschini.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Tenor Gaetano Fraschini, the first Riccardo</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leone_Giraldoni_ca_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Leone_Giraldoni_ca_1865.jpg/150px-Leone_Giraldoni_ca_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="313"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Leone_Giraldoni_ca_1865.jpg/150px-Leone_Giraldoni_ca_1865.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Leone_Giraldoni_ca_1865.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Baritone Leone Giraldoni, the first Renato (c. 1865)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Roles, voice types, premiere cast</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Role<br><i>BO</i>: Original Boston setting and characters<br><i>SW</i>: Swedish setting and characters </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> </th> <th>Premiere cast (<i>BO</i>)<br>17 February 1859<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>BO</i>: Riccardo, <i>Earl of Warwick and governor of Boston</i> <br>SW: <a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav III of Sweden">Gustavo</a>, <i>King of Sweden</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Fraschini" title="Gaetano Fraschini">Gaetano Fraschini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>BO</i>: Amelia, <i>wife of Renato, in love with Riccardo</i><br><i>SW</i>: Amelia, <i>wife of Anckarström, in love with Gustavo </i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Eugenia Julienne-Dejean</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>BO</i>: Renato, <i>husband of Amelia and Riccardo's secretary, best friend and confidant</i><br><i>SW</i>: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Johan_Anckarstr%C3%B6m" title="Jacob Johan Anckarström">Count Anckarström</a>, <i>husband of Amelia and Gustavo's secretary, best friend and confidant</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leone_Giraldoni" title="Leone Giraldoni">Leone Giraldoni</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>BO</i>: Oscar, <i>Riccardo's <a href="/wiki/Page_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Page (occupation)">page</a></i><br><i>SW</i>: Oscar, Gustavo's page </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coloratura_soprano" title="Coloratura soprano">coloratura soprano</a> (<a href="/wiki/En_travesti" class="mw-redirect" title="En travesti">en travesti</a>) </td> <td>Pamela Scotti </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>BO</i>: Ulrica<br><i>SW</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ulrica_Arfvidsson" title="Ulrica Arfvidsson">Madame Arvidson</a>, <i>a fortune-teller</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a> </td> <td>Zelina Sbriscia </td></tr> <tr> <td>A judge </td> <td>tenor </td> <td>Giuseppe Bazzoli </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>BO</i>: Silvano<br><i>SW</i>: Cristiano </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> </td> <td>Stefano Santucci </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amelia's servant </td> <td>tenor </td> <td>Luigi Fossi </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>BO</i>: Samuel <br><i>SW</i>: <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Ribbing" title="Adolph Ribbing">Count Ribbing</a> </td> <td>bass </td> <td>Cesare Rossi </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>BO</i>: Tom<br><i>SW</i>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claes_Fredrik_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claes Fredrik Horn (page does not exist)">Count Horn</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clas_Fredrik_Horn_af_%C3%85minne" class="extiw" title="sv:Clas Fredrik Horn af Åminne">sv</a>]</span> </td> <td>bass </td> <td>Giovanni Bernardoni </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Synopsis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <dl><dd>Place: <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden, or <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts</dd> <dd>Time: March 1792 in Sweden, or the end of the 17th century in Boston<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Somma-librettist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Antonio_Somma-librettist.jpg/170px-Antonio_Somma-librettist.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Antonio_Somma-librettist.jpg/170px-Antonio_Somma-librettist.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Antonio_Somma-librettist.jpg/255px-Antonio_Somma-librettist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Antonio_Somma-librettist.jpg/340px-Antonio_Somma-librettist.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Antonio Somma, the librettist of the opera</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_1">Act 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Act 1" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>Scene 1: A public audience at Riccardo's palace, attended by his supporters, but also by his enemies who hope for his demise.</i> </p><p>Riccardo (Gustavo) reviews the list of guests who will attend an upcoming masked ball. He is elated to see the name of the woman he loves on the list – Amelia, the wife of his friend and advisor, Renato (Count Anckarström). (Aria: <i>La rivedrò nell'estasi</i> / "There I will be in ecstasy to see her again"). When Renato arrives, he tries to warn Riccardo about the growing conspiracy against him (aria: <i>Alla vita che t'arride</i> / "Your life, so full of joy and hope"), but Riccardo refuses to listen to his words. </p><p>Next, Riccardo is presented with a complaint against a fortune-teller named Ulrica (Madame Arvidson), accused of witchcraft. A magistrate calls for her banishment, but Oscar the page defends her (Aria: <i>Volta la terrea</i> / "Turning her eyes from the earth"). Riccardo resolves to investigate for himself and tells the members of the court to disguise themselves and to meet him at Ulrica's lodging later that day. </p><p><i>Scene 2: At Ulrica's dwelling</i> </p><p>Ulrica summons her magical powers: <i>Re dell'abisso, affrettati</i> / "King of the abyss, make haste". Disguised as a fisherman, Riccardo arrives before the others. He makes the fortune of a sailor named Silvano come true by spiriting a document of promotion into his pouch, convincing the crowd of the truth of Ulrica's powers. When he realizes that Amelia is coming to see Ulrica, he hides and watches. Alone with Ulrica, Amelia confesses that she is tormented by her love for Riccardo, and asks for a means to bring peace to her heart. Ulrica tells her to gather a certain herb with magical powers; Riccardo resolves to be there when she does so. Amelia leaves. </p><p>Now Riccardo presents himself again, along with all of the courtiers, and asks to have his fortune told. (Aria: <i>Di' tu se fedele</i> / "Tell me if the sea awaits me faithfully"). Ulrica reveals that he will be killed by the next man who shakes his hand. He laughingly dismisses her prophecy and offers his hand to the courtiers, who refuse to take it. Renato arrives and shakes Riccardo's hand in greeting. Riccardo's true identity is now revealed and he is acclaimed by the people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_2">Act 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Act 2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>On the outskirts of the town, at the gallows-place. Midnight</i> </p><p>Amelia, conquering her fears, has come here alone to pick the herb of which Ulrica told her (Aria: <i>Ma dall'arido stelo divulsa</i> / "But when I have plucked the herb"). She is surprised by Riccardo, who has come to meet her, and the two finally declare their love for each other. </p><p>Unexpectedly, Renato arrives, and Amelia covers her face with her veil before he can recognize her. Renato explains to Riccardo that the conspirators are pursuing him, and his life is in danger. Riccardo leaves, making Renato promise to escort the veiled woman safely back to town, not asking her identity. When the conspirators arrive, they confront Renato; in the struggle, Amelia's veil drops. Renato assumes that Amelia and Riccardo have been involved in an adulterous love affair. He asks the two leaders of the conspiracy, Samuel and Tom, to meet him the next day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_3">Act 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Act 3" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>Scene 1: Renato's house</i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto,_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Un_ballo_in_maschera_(s.d.)_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012425.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Un_ballo_in_maschera_%28s.d.%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012425.jpg/220px-Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Un_ballo_in_maschera_%28s.d.%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012425.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Un_ballo_in_maschera_%28s.d.%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012425.jpg/220px-Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Un_ballo_in_maschera_%28s.d.%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012425.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Un_ballo_in_maschera_%28s.d.%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012425.jpg/330px-Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Un_ballo_in_maschera_%28s.d.%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012425.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Un_ballo_in_maschera_%28s.d.%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012425.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Undated design, depicting the final act for a libretto cover by Peter Hoffer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:August_Pollak_Un_ballo_in_maschera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/August_Pollak_Un_ballo_in_maschera.jpg/220px-August_Pollak_Un_ballo_in_maschera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="795"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 324px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/August_Pollak_Un_ballo_in_maschera.jpg/220px-August_Pollak_Un_ballo_in_maschera.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="324" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/August_Pollak_Un_ballo_in_maschera.jpg/330px-August_Pollak_Un_ballo_in_maschera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/August_Pollak_Un_ballo_in_maschera.jpg/440px-August_Pollak_Un_ballo_in_maschera.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Death of Gustavo, act 3, sc. 2, by August Pollak</figcaption></figure> <p>Renato has resolved to kill Amelia for the dishonor she has brought on him. She protests her innocence and begs to see her son one last time. (Aria: <i>Morrò, ma prima in grazia</i> / "I will die, but first, a kindness"). Renato relents, and declares that it is Riccardo, not Amelia, who deserves to die (Aria: <i>Eri tu che macchiavi quell'anima</i> / "You were the one who stained her soul"). </p><p>Samuel (Count Ribbing) and Tom (Count Horn) arrive, and Renato asks to join their plot, pledging the life of his son as proof of his sincerity. They agree to draw lots to decide who will kill Riccardo. Amelia is forced to draw the winning name – Renato. </p><p>Oscar, the page, arrives with invitations to the masked ball; Samuel, Tom and Renato agree that this is where the assassination will take place. </p><p><i>Scene 2: The ball</i> </p><p>Riccardo, torn between love and duty, has resolved to renounce his love for Amelia and send her and Renato back to England (Aria: <i>Ma se m'è forza perderti</i> / "But if I am forced to lose her"). </p><p>At the ball, Renato tries to learn from Oscar what costume Riccardo is wearing. Oscar at first refuses to tell (Aria: <i>Saper vorreste</i> / "You want to know"), but finally answers: a black cloak and a red ribbon. Riccardo manages to identify Amelia and tells her of the decision he has made. As they say goodbye, Renato stabs Riccardo. The wounded Riccardo discloses that though he loved Amelia, she never broke her marriage vows. He pardons all the conspirators, bidding farewell to his friends and his country as he dies. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The prelude to the piece is composed of themes from the opening scene of the opera, with dramatic contrast between the music of Riccardo's devoted courtiers and the dark mutterings of those who hate him. This is followed by a transition to a love theme, the melody of Riccardo's first aria <i> La rivedrà nell'estasi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influence of French opera is felt in the first scene, both in the vocal writing for Oscar the page-boy, sprinkled with coloratura effects, and in the closing ensemble in which Riccardo invites everyone to visit the witch's den in disguise. The music of this ensemble combines French-style elan and a sense of <i><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">joie de vivre</a></i> with continued low grumblings from those plotting Riccardo's assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second scene of the first act is preceded by a dramatic orchestral prelude, with dark instrumental colourings. Riccardo's light-hearted character is developed in the aria he sings in the disguise of a fisherman <i>Di' tu se fedele</i>, with the characteristics of a <a href="/wiki/Barcarolle" title="Barcarolle">barcarolle</a>. Ulrica's prophecy of Riccardo's assassination sets off a quintet with chorus in which Riccardo laughingly rejects the warning as nonsense, the conspirators express their dismay at having seemingly been found out, Ulrica insists that her prophecy is no joke and Oscar has the highest vocal line expressing his grief at the thought of Riccardo's murder. The act ends with a patriotic anthem like theme for the chorus juxtaposed with different vocal lines for the principals.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second act begins with a stormy orchestral introduction. The grand scene for the soprano which follows is multi-sectioned with a slow <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cantilena" class="extiw" title="wikt:cantilena">cantilena</a> accompanied by solo <a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">cor anglais</a>, then a dramatic and quick middle section as Amelia is terrified by an apparition, and a slower anguished prayer with a final <a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">cadenza</a> calling for an exceptional range from high to low. The following love duet is also multi-sectioned, building to a rapturous climax. A quartet with chorus closes the act, with radically different emotions once again being conveyed simultaneously in a single piece of music – the sardonic, mocking laughter of the conspirators, the anguish of Amelia and the implacable hatred and desire for revenge of her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Act 3, scene 1, is notable for Amelia's mournful aria with cello <a href="/wiki/Obbligato" title="Obbligato">obbligato</a> <i>Morrò, ma prima in grazia</i> and for the celebrated baritone aria <i>Eri tu</i>, which begins in a fast minor key and ends in a slow major key, reversing the usual order of Italian operatic arias at this time, which had the slow section first. The conspirators return accompanied by the same <a href="/wiki/Contrapuntal" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrapuntal">contrapuntal</a> theme which depicted them in the prelude and accompanied their appearance in the previous scene. With the entrance of Oscar, the music again acquires something of the spirit of French <i><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">opéra comique</a></i>, closing with a quintet in which Oscar's glittery and cheerful vocal line is underpinned by the music expressing Amelia's fears and the conspirators' thirst for vengeance.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The music of the aria for Riccardo that opens the final scene delineates the character's evolution from a selfish and light-hearted pleasure seeker to a serious man who will sacrifice his own happiness in order to do what he now recognises as the right thing. An offstage <a href="/wiki/Banda_(opera)" title="Banda (opera)">banda</a> is heard playing dance music as the scene switches to the ball. Once again Oscar's music introduces the spirit of French opera-comique with his sparkling song <i>Saper vorreste</i>. A string ensemble onstage plays dance music as Riccardo and Amelia bid farewell in a duet, which is interrupted by Renato's stabbing of Riccardo. The musicians, unaware of what has happened, continue to play their music for some bars after this event. An ensemble with harp develops as Riccardo forgives his murderer and the opera ends with an exclamation of horror from all.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The music of the piece is remarkable for its great variety, its vivid and dramatic combinations of varying emotions into one piece of music as in the ensembles in the first and second acts, and its blending of the conventions of Italian serious opera with the spirit of French opera comique.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Instrumentation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>The opera is scored for flute, piccolo, two oboes, cor anglais, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, cimbasso, timpani, cymbals, bass drum, harp and strings, together with offstage wind band, offstage bell and small onstage string orchestra (four to six first violins, two second violins, two violas, two cellos and two double basses). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultural references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Special:EditPage/Un ballo in maschera">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A rehearsal of act 3, scene 2, including the stabbing of Riccardo, is featured in the closing scene of Bernardo Bertolucci's 1979 film <i><a href="/wiki/La_Luna_(1979_film)" title="La Luna (1979 film)">La Luna</a></i>. </p><p>It also confused Leslie Titmuss in John Mortimer's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Titmuss_Regained" title="Titmuss Regained">Titmuss Regained</a></i>; when a friend said that she was going to see <i>Un ballo in maschera</i> at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a>, he replied "never been one for dancing". </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recordings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera_discography" title="Un ballo in maschera discography"><i>Un ballo in maschera</i> discography</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldini1980">Baldini 1980</a>, p. 248: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Roger Parker</a>, as editor and translator of <i>The Story of Giuseppe Verdi</i> challenges Baldini's statement that <i>Gustave</i> was a play, and he asserts that it was only an opera libretto written for Auber's opera.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 363. Verdi to Torelli: "I'm scaling down a French drama, <i>Gustavo III di Svezia</i>, libretto by Scribe, performed at the Opéra twenty years ago"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Dillon, "Unlucky Lady: Who is Amelia?", <i>Opera News</i>, December 2012, Vol. 77, #6, p. 20: Dillon notes that "it doesn't matter that there was, historically, no "real" Amelia" and further that, for Scribe, "convention demanded a leading lady" therefore "Amélie, comtesse d'Ankastrom" in Auber's opera.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudden1984364-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudden1984364_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gossett1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gossett1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gossett1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGossett2006">Gossett 2006</a>, p. 497</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Somma, 7 February 1858 <a href="#CITEREFWerfelStefan1973">Werfel & Stefan 1973</a>, p. 207: "I'm drowning in a sea of troubles. It's almost certain that the censors will forbid our libretto."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VtoM-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VtoM_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Clara Maffei, 12 May 1858, in <a href="#CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993">Phillips-Matz 1993</a>, p. 379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gossett" title="Philip Gossett">Philip Gossett</a>, "Giuseppe Verdi and the Italian Risorgimento", <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i>, vol. 156, no. 3, September 2012: Gossett notes: "Yet Verdi's only use of the expression is in a letter of 1858 to his Milanese friend Clarina Maffei, where it refers to all his operas through <i>Un ballo in maschera</i>: it laments the social circumstances in which Italian composers worked in the mid-nineteenth century, rather than judging aesthetic value."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGossett2006499-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGossett2006499_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGossett2006">Gossett 2006</a>, p. 499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/21/arts/music-for-lincoln-a-poignant-night-in-another-theater.html">"Music; For Lincoln, a Poignant Night in Another Theater"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Horowitz" title="Joseph Horowitz">Joseph Horowitz</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, January 21, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimbell2001999-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimbell2001999_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimbell2001">Kimbell 2001</a>, p. 999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/modern/jb_modern_anderson_1.html">"Marian Anderson Performed at the Metropolitan Opera"</a>. <i>americaslibrary.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americaslibrary.gov&rft.atitle=Marian+Anderson+Performed+at+the+Metropolitan+Opera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americaslibrary.gov%2Fjb%2Fmodern%2Fjb_modern_anderson_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUn+ballo+in+maschera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKastendieck1955" class="citation magazine cs1">Kastendieck, Miles (January 7, 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=167580">"Marian at the Met: The Story"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Journal-American" title="New York Journal-American">New York Journal-American</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-03</span></span> – via Met Performance Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Journal-American&rft.atitle=Marian+at+the+Met%3A+The+Story&rft.date=1955-01-07&rft.aulast=Kastendieck&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.metoperafamily.org%2Farchives%2Fscripts%2Fcgiip.exe%2FWService%3DBibSpeed%2Ffullcit.w%3FxCID%3D167580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUn+ballo+in+maschera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, p. 179<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (February 2022)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGossett2006">Gossett 2006</a>, pp. 491–513: the complete history of <i>Gustave III</i> has been outlined by the musicologist.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Hexter, “Masked Balls”. <i>Cambridge Opera Journal</i> 14 (2002): 93–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Richards, <i>Tragic Manhood and Democracy: Verdi's Voice and the Powers of Musical Art</i>, Sussex Academic Press, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.operawarhorses.com/2014/10/05/a-stylishly-sung-and-intelligently-staged-masked-ball-at-san-francisco-opera-october-4-2014/">"Review: A Stylishly Sung and Intelligently Staged "Masked Ball" at San Francisco Opera – October 4, 2014"</a>. Oct 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Apr 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review%3A+A+Stylishly+Sung+and+Intelligently+Staged+%22Masked+Ball%22+at+San+Francisco+Opera+%E2%80%93+October+4%2C+2014&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.operawarhorses.com%2F2014%2F10%2F05%2Fa-stylishly-sung-and-intelligently-staged-masked-ball-at-san-francisco-opera-october-4-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUn+ballo+in+maschera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">List of singers taken from <a href="#CITEREFBudden1984">Budden 1984</a>, p. 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelitz1921">Melitz 1921</a>, adaptation of the synopsis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Parker, Roger</a> (2001). "Ballo in maschera, Un". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ballo+in+maschera%2C+Un&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUn+ballo+in+maschera" class="Z3988"></span>‎</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Cited sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldini1980" class="citation book cs1">Baldini, Gabriele (1980) [1970]. <i>The Story of Giuseppe Verdi: Oberto to Un Ballo in Maschera</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Roger Parker</a>. Cambridge, <i>et al.</i>: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29712-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29712-5"><bdi>0-521-29712-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Giuseppe+Verdi%3A+Oberto+to+Un+Ballo+in+Maschera&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-29712-5&rft.aulast=Baldini&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUn+ballo+in+maschera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudden1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Budden" title="Julian Budden">Budden, Julian</a> (1984). <i>The Operas of Verdi, Volume 2: From Il Trovatore to La Forza del Destino</i>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520068-3"><bdi>978-0-19-520068-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Operas+of+Verdi%2C+Volume+2%3A+From+Il+Trovatore+to+La+Forza+del+Destino&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-520068-3&rft.aulast=Budden&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUn+ballo+in+maschera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGossett2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gossett" title="Philip Gossett">Gossett, Philip</a> (2006). <i>Divas and Scholar: Performing Italian Opera</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-30482-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-30482-5"><bdi>0-226-30482-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divas+and+Scholar%3A+Performing+Italian+Opera&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-226-30482-5&rft.aulast=Gossett&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUn+ballo+in+maschera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbell2001" class="citation book cs1">Kimbell, David (2001). <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Amanda Holden</a> (ed.). <i>The New Penguin Opera Guide</i>. New York: Penguin Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4"><bdi>0-14-029312-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Penguin+Opera+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Putnam&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-14-029312-4&rft.aulast=Kimbell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUn+ballo+in+maschera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelitz1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Melitz" class="extiw" title="de:Leo Melitz">Melitz, Leo</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1921). <i>The Opera Goer's Complete Guide</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opera+Goer%27s+Complete+Guide&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Melitz&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUn+ballo+in+maschera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips-Matz1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Phillips-Matz" title="Mary Jane Phillips-Matz">Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane</a> (1993). <i>Verdi: A Biography</i>. London & New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-313204-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-313204-4"><bdi>0-19-313204-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdi%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-313204-4&rft.aulast=Phillips-Matz&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUn+ballo+in+maschera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Parker, Roger</a> (1998). "<i>Un ballo in maschera</i>". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7"><bdi>0-333-73432-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Un+ballo+in+maschera&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Opera&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-333-73432-7&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUn+ballo+in+maschera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2007" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Roger (2007). <i>The New Grove Guide to Verdi and his Operas</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531314-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531314-7"><bdi>978-0-19-531314-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Guide+to+Verdi+and+his+Operas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531314-7&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUn+ballo+in+maschera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerfelStefan1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Werfel, Franz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stefan" title="Paul Stefan">Stefan, Paul</a> (1973). <i>Verdi: The Man and His Letters</i>. New York: Vienna House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8443-0088-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8443-0088-8"><bdi>0-8443-0088-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdi%3A+The+Man+and+His+Letters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vienna+House&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-8443-0088-8&rft.aulast=Werfel&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft.au=Stefan%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUn+ballo+in+maschera" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li>Chusid, Martin, (Ed.) (1997), <i>Verdi's Middle Period, 1849 to 1859</i>, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10658-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-10658-6">0-226-10658-6</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10659-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-10659-4">0-226-10659-4</a></li> <li>De Van, Gilles (trans. Gilda Roberts) (1998), <i>Verdi's Theater: Creating Drama Through Music</i>. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14369-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14369-4">0-226-14369-4</a> (hardback), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14370-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14370-8">0-226-14370-8</a></li> <li>Martin, George, <i> Verdi: His Music, Life and Times</i> (1983), New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-08196-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-08196-7">0-396-08196-7</a></li> <li>Osborne, Charles (1994), <i>The Complete Operas of Verdi</i>, New York, Da Capo Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80072-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80072-1">0-306-80072-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Pistone" title="Danièle Pistone">Pistone, Danièle</a> (1995), <i>Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera: From Rossini to Puccini</i>, Portland, OR: Amadeus Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931340-82-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-931340-82-9">0-931340-82-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Toye" title="Francis Toye">Toye, Francis</a> (1931), <i>Giuseppe Verdi: His Life and Works</i>, New York: Knopf</li> <li>Walker, Frank, <i>The Man Verdi</i> (1982), New York: Knopf, 1962, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-87132-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-87132-0">0-226-87132-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warrack" title="John Warrack">Warrack, John</a> and West, Ewan, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Opera</i> New York: OUP: 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5">0-19-869164-5</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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in Italian</a> on www.giuseppeverdi.it</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aria-database.com/cgi-bin/aria-search.pl?opera=Un+ballo+in+maschera">aria list</a> from aria-database.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.murashev.com/opera/Un_ballo_in_maschera_libretto_English_Italian">Libretto in Italian and English</a> on murashev.com.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=4011">San Diego OperaTalk! with Nick Reveles: <i>A Masked Ball</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" 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class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&oldid=1246498680">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&oldid=1246498680</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Un_ballo_in_maschera&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="John of Reading" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1726737364"> <span>Last edited on 19 September 2024, at 09:16</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Баль-маскарад (опера) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баль-маскарад (опера)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Бал с маски (опера) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бал с маски (опера)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Un ballo in maschera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1karn%C3%AD_ples_(opera)" title="Maškarní ples (opera) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maškarní ples (opera)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskeballet" title="Maskeballet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maskeballet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Un ballo in maschera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskiball_(Verdi)" title="Maskiball (Verdi) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maskiball (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_(%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9)" title="Χορός Μεταμφιεσμένων (Βέρντι) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χορός Μεταμφιεσμένων (Βέρντι)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_baile_de_m%C3%A1scaras" title="Un baile de máscaras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Un baile de máscaras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Un ballo in maschera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%87" title="رقص بالماسکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رقص بالماسکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Un ballo in maschera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Un ballo in maschera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%A9%B4_%EB%AC%B4%EB%8F%84%ED%9A%8C_(%EC%98%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BC)" title="가면 무도회 (오페라) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가면 무도회 (오페라)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD-%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD_(%D6%85%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1)" title="Պարահանդես-դիմակահանդես (օպերա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարահանդես-դիմակահանդես (օպերա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Un ballo in maschera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA" title="נשף המסכות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשף המסכות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ბალ-მასკარადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბალ-მასკარადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Un ballo in maschera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_%C3%A1larcosb%C3%A1l" title="Az álarcosbál – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az álarcosbál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8)" title="Бал под маски (Верди) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бал под маски (Верди)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%87" title="رقصة مقنعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رقصة مقنعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Un ballo in maschera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Un ballo in maschera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%AE%E9%9D%A2%E8%88%9E%E8%B8%8F%E4%BC%9A_(%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3)" title="仮面舞踏会 (ヴェルディ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="仮面舞踏会 (ヴェルディ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskeballet" title="Maskeballet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maskeballet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskeballet" title="Maskeballet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maskeballet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_maskowy_(opera)" title="Bal maskowy (opera) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bal maskowy (opera)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Un ballo in maschera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_mascat_(Verdi)" title="Bal mascat (Verdi) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bal mascat (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Бал-маскарад (опера) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бал-маскарад (опера)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Un ballo in maschera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ples_v_maskah_(opera)" title="Ples v maskah (opera) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ples v maskah (opera)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Бал под маскама (опера) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бал под маскама (опера)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naamiohuvit" title="Naamiohuvit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Naamiohuvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskeradbalen_(opera)" title="Maskeradbalen (opera) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maskeradbalen (opera)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskeli_Balo" title="Maskeli Balo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maskeli Balo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Бал-маскарад (опера) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бал-маскарад (опера)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Un ballo in maschera" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%A6%9D%E8%88%9E%E6%9C%83_(%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87)" title="化妝舞會 (歌劇) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化妝舞會 (歌劇)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 September 2024, at 09:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li 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