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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the opera by Richard Strauss. For the opera by Antoine Mariotte, see <a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_(Mariotte)" title="Salomé (Mariotte)">Salomé (Mariotte)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><i><b>Salome</b></i>, <a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">Op.</a> 54, is an opera in one act by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> is <a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Lachmann" title="Hedwig Lachmann">Hedwig Lachmann</a>'s German translation of the 1891 French play <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(play)" title="Salome (play)">Salomé</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, edited by the composer. Strauss dedicated the opera to his friend <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Speyer" title="Edgar Speyer">Sir Edgar Speyer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dedication_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dedication-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;">Salome</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Richard_Strauss-Woche,_festival_poster,_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Richard_Strauss-Woche%2C_festival_poster%2C_1910.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Richard_Strauss-Woche%2C_festival_poster%2C_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Richard_Strauss-Woche%2C_festival_poster%2C_1910.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Richard_Strauss-Woche%2C_festival_poster%2C_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Richard_Strauss-Woche%2C_festival_poster%2C_1910.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Richard_Strauss-Woche%2C_festival_poster%2C_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3435" data-file-height="5112"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">1910 poster by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hohlwein" title="Ludwig Hohlwein">Ludwig Hohlwein</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Lachmann" title="Hedwig Lachmann">Hedwig Lachmann</a>'s German translation of the French play <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(play)" title="Salome (play)">Salomé</a></i>, edited by Richard Strauss)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent">9 December 1905<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1905-12-09</span>)</span><br><div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Königliches Opernhaus</a>, Dresden</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The opera is famous (at the time of its premiere, infamous) for its "<a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Seven_Veils" title="Dance of the Seven Veils">Dance of the Seven Veils</a>". The final scene is frequently heard as a concert-piece for <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_soprano" title="Dramatic soprano">dramatic sopranos</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Composition_history"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Composition history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Performance_history"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Performance history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Roles"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Roles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Synopsis"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Synopsis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Instrumentation"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Instrumentation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#The_role_of_Salome"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">The role of Salome</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Transcriptions"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Transcriptions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Recordings"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Recordings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Composition_history">Composition history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Oscar Wilde originally wrote his <i>Salomé</i> in French. Strauss saw the Lachmann version of the play in <a href="/wiki/Max_Reinhardt" title="Max Reinhardt">Max Reinhardt</a>'s production at the Kleines Theater in Berlin on 15 November 1902,<sup id="cite_ref-wildean_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and immediately set to work on an opera. The play's formal structure was well-suited to musical adaptation. Wilde himself described <i>Salomé</i> as containing "refrains whose recurring <i>motifs</i> make it so like a piece of music and bind it together as a ballad".<sup id="cite_ref-puffett6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puffett6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strauss pared down Lachmann's German text to what he saw as its essentials, and in the process reduced it by nearly half, which included removing some of Wilde's recurring <i>motifs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-wildean_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strauss composed the opera to a German libretto, and that is the version that has become widely known. In 1907, Strauss made an alternate version in French, working with the musicologist <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> with the objective of retaining as much of the Wilde original as possible, a procedure which also required alterations to the musical score.<sup id="cite_ref-wildean_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This French version was used by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Garden" title="Mary Garden">Mary Garden</a>, the world's most famous proponent of the role, when she sang the opera in New York, Chicago, Milwaukee, Paris, and other cities. <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Lawrence" title="Marjorie Lawrence">Marjorie Lawrence</a> sang the role both in French (for Paris) and in German (for the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a>, New York) in the 1930s. The French version is much less well known today, although it was revived in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> in 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-Holden_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recorded by <a href="/wiki/Kent_Nagano" title="Kent Nagano">Kent Nagano</a> with Karen Huffstodt in the title role and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_van_Dam" title="José van Dam">José van Dam</a> as Jochanaan.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the French version was staged by <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Royal_de_Wallonie" title="Opéra Royal de Wallonie">Opéra Royal de Wallonie</a> in Liège, starring <a href="/wiki/June_Anderson" title="June Anderson">June Anderson</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Performance history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The combination of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> theme, the <a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">erotic</a> and the murderous, which so attracted Wilde to the tale, shocked opera audiences from its first appearance. Some of the original performers were very reluctant to handle the material as written and the Salome, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Wittich" title="Marie Wittich">Marie Wittich</a>, "refused to perform the 'Dance of the Seven Veils<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", thus creating a situation where a dancer stood in for her.<sup id="cite_ref-Holden_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This precedent has been largely followed, one early notable exception being that of <a href="/wiki/Aino_Ackt%C3%A9" title="Aino Ackté">Aino Ackté</a>, whom Strauss himself dubbed "the one and only Salome".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Salome</i> was first performed at the <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Königliches Opernhaus</a> in Dresden on 9 December 1905, and within two years, it had been given in 50 other opera houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Holden_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> could not gain the consent of the Vienna censor to have it performed; therefore it was not given at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a> until 1918. The Austrian premiere was given at the <a href="/wiki/Graz_Opera" title="Graz Opera">Graz Opera</a> in 1906 under the composer, with <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, and Gustav Mahler in the audience. </p><p><i>Salome</i> was banned in London by the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_6th_Earl_Spencer" title="Charles Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer">Lord Chamberlain</a>'s office until 1907. When it was given its premiere performance at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a> in London under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Thomas Beecham</a> on 8 December 1910,<sup id="cite_ref-Holden_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was modified, much to Beecham's annoyance and later amusement. In his autobiography, <i>A Mingled Chime</i>, Beecham disclosed that some of the performers had ignored the amended text, but nobody noticed. He went on to observe that "Salome served the useful purpose of filling the house every night it was played."<sup id="cite_ref-beechamchime_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beechamchime-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States premiere took place at a special performance by the Metropolitan Opera with <a href="/wiki/Olive_Fremstad" title="Olive Fremstad">Olive Fremstad</a> in the title role with the dance performed by Bianca Froehlich on 22 January 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-Met_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mixed reviews were summarized "that musicians were impressed by the power displayed by the composer" but "the story is repugnant to Anglo-Saxon minds."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, under pressure from wealthy patrons, "further performances were cancelled"<sup id="cite_ref-Holden_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was not performed there again until 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-Met_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These patrons entreated the visiting <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a> to lead the objections to the work, but he refused point-blank, stating that Strauss was "the greatest genius of the age".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mary_Garden" title="Mary Garden">Mary Garden</a>'s performance of the French version of <i>Salome</i> took place at the <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_I#Opera_and_later_years" title="Oscar Hammerstein I">Oscar Hammerstein Opera</a> in New York in 1909, in direct competition with <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">the Met</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wildean_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, Strauss took part in a festival of his music at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Théâtre des Champs-Élysées">Théâtre des Champs-Élysées</a>, and conducted <i>Salome</i> on 5 November in a version with a slightly reduced orchestration (dictated by the size of the pit). </p><p>Today, <i>Salome</i> is a well-established part of the operatic repertoire; there are numerous recordings. It has a typical duration of 100 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salome_by_Richard_Strauss_playbill_of_1905_premiere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Salome_by_Richard_Strauss_playbill_of_1905_premiere.jpg/220px-Salome_by_Richard_Strauss_playbill_of_1905_premiere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="754"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 286px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Salome_by_Richard_Strauss_playbill_of_1905_premiere.jpg/220px-Salome_by_Richard_Strauss_playbill_of_1905_premiere.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Salome_by_Richard_Strauss_playbill_of_1905_premiere.jpg/330px-Salome_by_Richard_Strauss_playbill_of_1905_premiere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Salome_by_Richard_Strauss_playbill_of_1905_premiere.jpg/440px-Salome_by_Richard_Strauss_playbill_of_1905_premiere.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>1905 Dresden premier poster</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Roles, voice types, premiere cast</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Role </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> </th> <th>Premiere cast, 9 December 1905<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Schuch" title="Ernst von Schuch">Ernst von Schuch</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herodes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karel_Burian" title="Karel Burian">Karel Burian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a>, <i>his wife (and sister-in-law)</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irene_von_Chavanne" title="Irene von Chavanne">Irene von Chavanne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a>, <i>his stepdaughter (and niece)</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Wittich" title="Marie Wittich">Marie Wittich</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jochanaan (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Perron" title="Karl Perron">Karl Perron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Narraboth, <i>Captain of the Guard</i> </td> <td>tenor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_J%C3%A4ger" title="Rudolf Jäger">Rudolf Jäger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Page of Herodias </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riza_Eibensch%C3%BCtz" title="Riza Eibenschütz">Riza Eibenschütz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>First Jew </td> <td>tenor </td> <td>Hans Rüdiger </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Jew </td> <td>tenor </td> <td>Hans Saville </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Jew </td> <td>tenor </td> <td>Georg Grosch </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fourth Jew </td> <td>tenor </td> <td>Anton Erl </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fifth Jew </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rains" title="Leon Rains">Leon Rains</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>First Nazarene </td> <td>bass </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Plaschke" title="Friedrich Plaschke">Friedrich Plaschke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Nazarene </td> <td>tenor </td> <td>Theodor Kruis </td></tr> <tr> <td>First soldier </td> <td>bass </td> <td>Franz Nebuschka </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second soldier </td> <td>bass </td> <td>Hans Erwin (Hans Erwin Hey) </td></tr> <tr> <td>A Cappadocian </td> <td>bass </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wachter" title="Ernst Wachter">Ernst Wachter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>A slave </td> <td>soprano/tenor </td> <td>Maria Keldorfer </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i>Royal guests (Egyptians and Romans), and entourage, servants, soldiers (all silent)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Synopsis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fremstad_Salome_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Fremstad_Salome_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="341" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 341px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Fremstad_Salome_1907.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="341" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olive_Fremstad" title="Olive Fremstad">Olive Fremstad</a> holding the head of John the Baptist in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a>'s 1907 production of <i>Salome</i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Perron_in_Salome_Dresden_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Karl_Perron_in_Salome_Dresden_1907.jpg/200px-Karl_Perron_in_Salome_Dresden_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="368"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 261px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Karl_Perron_in_Salome_Dresden_1907.jpg/200px-Karl_Perron_in_Salome_Dresden_1907.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="261" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/72/Karl_Perron_in_Salome_Dresden_1907.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Karl Perron as Jochanaan in the Dresden performances, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p><i>A great terrace in the Palace of Herod, set above the banqueting hall. Some soldiers are leaning over the balcony. To the right there is a gigantic staircase, to the left, at the back, an old cistern surrounded by a wall of green bronze. The moon is shining very brightly.</i> </p><p>Narraboth gazes from a terrace in Herod's palace into the banquet hall at the beautiful Princess Salome; he is in love with her, and <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosizes</a> her, much to the disgusted fearfulness of the Page of Herodias. The voice of the Prophet Jochanaan is heard from his prison in the palace cistern; Herod fears him and has ordered that no one should contact him, including Jerusalem's High Priest. </p><p>Tired of the feast and its guests, Salome flees to the terrace. When she hears Jochanaan cursing her mother (Herodias), Salome's curiosity is piqued. The palace guards will not honor her petulant orders to fetch Jochanaan for her, so she teasingly works on Narraboth to bring Jochanaan before her. Despite the orders he has received from Herod, Narraboth finally gives in after she promises to smile at him. </p><p>Jochanaan emerges from the cistern and shouts prophecies regarding Herod and Herodias that no one understands, except Salome when the Prophet refers to her mother. Upon seeing Jochanaan, Salome is filled with an overwhelming desire for him, praising his white skin and asking to touch it, but he rejects her. She then praises his black hair, again asking to touch it, but is rejected once more. She finally begs for a kiss from Jochanaan's lips, and Narraboth, who cannot bear to hear this, kills himself. As Jochanaan is returned to the well, he preaches salvation through the Messiah. </p><p>Herod enters, followed by his wife and court. He slips in Narraboth's blood and starts hallucinating. He hears the beating of wings. Despite Herodias' objections, Herod stares lustfully at Salome, who rejects him. Jochanaan harasses Herodias from the well, calling her incestuous marriage to Herod sinful. She demands that Herod silence him. Herod refuses, and she mocks his fear. Five Jews argue concerning the nature of God. Two Nazarenes tell of Christ's miracles; at one point they bring up the <a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">raising of Jairus' daughter</a> from the dead, which Herod finds frightening. </p><p>Herod asks for Salome to eat with him, drink with him; indolently, she twice refuses, saying she is not hungry or thirsty. Herod then begs Salome to dance for him, <i>Tanz für mich, Salome,</i> though her mother objects. He promises to reward her with her heart's desire—even if it were one half of his kingdom. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_Guszalewicz_as_Salome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Alice_Guszalewicz_as_Salome.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="347" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="347"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 347px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Alice_Guszalewicz_as_Salome.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="347" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alice_Guszalewicz" title="Alice Guszalewicz">Alice Guszalewicz</a> as Salome. For many years, this photo was thought to be of Oscar Wilde himself in costume.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After Salome inquires into his promise, and he swears to honor it, she prepares for the "<a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Seven_Veils" title="Dance of the Seven Veils">Dance of the Seven Veils</a>". This dance, very oriental in orchestration, has her slowly removing her seven veils, until she lies naked at his feet. Salome then demands the head of the prophet on a silver platter. Her mother cackles in pleasure. Herod tries to dissuade her with offers of jewels, peacocks, and the sacred veil of the Temple. Salome remains firm in her demand for Jochanaan's head, forcing Herod to accede to her demands. After a desperate monologue by Salome, an executioner emerges from the well and delivers the severed head as she requested. </p><p>Salome now declares her love for the severed head, caressing it and kissing the prophet's dead lips passionately. Horrified, Herod orders his soldiers, "Kill that woman!" They rush forward and crush Salome under their shields. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Instrumentation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2076_Richard_Strauss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2076_Richard_Strauss.jpg/200px-Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2076_Richard_Strauss.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="878"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2076_Richard_Strauss.jpg/200px-Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2076_Richard_Strauss.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2076_Richard_Strauss.jpg/300px-Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2076_Richard_Strauss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2076_Richard_Strauss.jpg/400px-Stamp_Germany_1999_MiNr2076_Richard_Strauss.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>German postage stamp featuring Salome 1999</figcaption></figure> <p>Strauss scored <i>Salome</i> for the following large orchestra: </p> <ul><li><b>Woodwinds</b>: <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>, 3 flutes, 2 oboes, <a href="/wiki/English_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="English horn">English horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heckelphone" title="Heckelphone">heckelphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-flat_clarinet" title="E-flat clarinet">E-flat clarinet</a>, 2 clarinets in B-flat, 2 clarinets in A, <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a>, 3 bassoons, <a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass</a></b>: 6 <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horns</a>, 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, tuba</li> <li><b>Percussion</b> (8–9 players): 5 <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tam-tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam-tam">tam-tam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">castanets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">glockenspiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a></li> <li><b>Keyboards</b>: <a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">celesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a> (offstage), <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organ</a> (offstage)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">Strings</a></b>: 2 <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harps</a>, 16 violins I, 16 violins II, 10–12 violas, 10 <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">violoncellos</a>, 8 double basses</li></ul> <p>The instrumentation contains several notes for strings and woodwinds that are unplayable because they are too low; Strauss was aware of this.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg/220px-Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="48" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="166"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 48px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg/220px-Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="48" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg/330px-Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg/440px-Salome_leitmotif_salome.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Leitmotif associated with Salome herself</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salome_leitmotif_prophecy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Salome_leitmotif_prophecy.jpg/220px-Salome_leitmotif_prophecy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="189"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Salome_leitmotif_prophecy.jpg/220px-Salome_leitmotif_prophecy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Salome_leitmotif_prophecy.jpg/330px-Salome_leitmotif_prophecy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Salome_leitmotif_prophecy.jpg/440px-Salome_leitmotif_prophecy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Leitmotif associated with Jochanaan or prophecy</figcaption></figure> <p>The music of <i>Salome</i> includes a system of <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotifs</a>, or short melodies with rich and symbolic meanings. Some are clearly associated with people such as Salome and Jochanaan (John the Baptist). Others are more abstract in meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-puffett_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puffett-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strauss's use of leitmotifs is complex, with both symbolism and musical form subject to ambiguity and transformation. Some leitmotifs, especially those associated with Herod, change frequently in form and symbolic meaning, making it futile to pin them down to a specific meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-puffett_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puffett-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strauss provided names for some of the leitmotifs, but not consistently, and other people have assigned a variety of names. These names often illustrate the ambiguity of certain leitmotifs. For example, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Gilman" title="Lawrence Gilman">Gilman</a>'s labels tend to be abstract (such as "Yearning", "Anger", and "Fear"),<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilman1907[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_17-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilman1907%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;<i>%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed</span>%5D%5D</i>&#93;</sup>-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Otto Roese's are more concrete (he called Gilman's "Fear" leitmotif "Herod's Scale").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Regarding the important leitmotif associated with Jochanaan, which has two parts, Gilman called the first part "Jochanaan" and the second part "Prophecy", while Roese labels them the other way around.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Labels for the leitmotifs are common, but there is no final authority. Derrick Puffett cautions against reading too much into any such labels.<sup id="cite_ref-puffett_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puffett-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the leitmotifs, there are many symbolic uses of musical color in the opera's music. For example, a tambourine sounds every time a reference to Salome's dance is made.<sup id="cite_ref-puffett_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puffett-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The harmony of <i>Salome</i> makes use of extended <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a>, a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">keys</a>, unusual <a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulations</a>, tonal ambiguity, and <a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">polytonality</a>. Some of the major characters have keys associated with them, such as Salome and Jochanaan, as do some of the major psychological themes, such as desire and death. </p><p>Strauss edited the opera's <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a>, in the process cutting almost half of Wilde's play, stripping it down and emphasizing its basic dramatic structure. The <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">structural form</a> of the libretto is highly patterned, notably in the use of symmetry and the hierarchical grouping of events, passages, and sections in threes. Examples of three-part structure include Salome's attempt to seduce Narraboth, in order to get him to let her see Jochanaan. She tries to seduce him three times, and he capitulates on the third. When Jochanaan is brought before Salome he issues three prophecies, after which Salome professes love for Jochanaan three times—love of his skin, his hair, and his lips, the last of which results in Jochanaan cursing her. In the following scene Herod three times asks Salome to be with him—to drink, eat, and sit with him. She refuses each time. Later Herod asks her to dance for him, again three times. Twice she refuses, but the third time Herod swears to give her whatever she wants in return and she accepts. After she dances and says she wants Jochanaan's head on a platter, Herod, not wanting to execute the Prophet, makes three offers—an emerald, peacocks, and finally, desperately, the Veil of the Sanctuary of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a>. Salome rejects all three offers, each time more stridently insisting on Jochanaan's head. Three-part groupings occur elsewhere on both larger and smaller levels.<sup id="cite_ref-puffett6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puffett6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salome_opera_dissonant_chord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Salome_opera_dissonant_chord.jpg/350px-Salome_opera_dissonant_chord.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="242"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Salome_opera_dissonant_chord.jpg/350px-Salome_opera_dissonant_chord.jpg" data-width="350" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Salome_opera_dissonant_chord.jpg/525px-Salome_opera_dissonant_chord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Salome_opera_dissonant_chord.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Dissonant chord near the end of the opera, marked <a href="/wiki/Sforzando_(musical_direction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sforzando (musical direction)"><i><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">sfz</span></i></a> in this <a href="/wiki/Piano_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano reduction">piano reduction</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 50px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="50" data-height="50" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Salome_dissonant_chord.wav" title="File:Salome dissonant chord.wav">Audio</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="Salome_dissonant_chord.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/Salome_dissonant_chord.wav/Salome_dissonant_chord.wav.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/Salome_dissonant_chord.wav/Salome_dissonant_chord.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Salome_dissonant_chord.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div></figcaption></figure> <p>In the final scene of the opera, after Salome kisses Jochanaan's severed head, the music builds to a dramatic climax, which ends with a <a href="/wiki/Cadence" title="Cadence">cadence</a> involving a very dissonant unorthodox chord one measure before rehearsal 361. This single chord has been widely commented on. It has been called "the most sickening chord in all opera", an "epoch-making dissonance with which Strauss takes Salome...to the depth of degradation", and "the quintessence of Decadence: here is ecstasy falling in upon itself, crumbling into the abyss".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chord is often described as <a href="/wiki/Polytonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytonal">polytonal</a>, with a low A<sup>7</sup> (a <a href="/wiki/Dominant_seventh_chord" title="Dominant seventh chord">dominant seventh chord</a>) merged with a higher <a href="/wiki/F-sharp_major" title="F-sharp major">F-sharp</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_chord" title="Major chord">major chord</a>. It forms part of a cadence in the <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a> of <a href="/wiki/C-sharp_major" title="C-sharp major">C-sharp major</a> and is approached and resolved from C–sharp major chords. Not only is the chord shockingly dissonant, especially in its musical context and rich orchestration, it has broader significance due in part to Strauss's careful use of keys and leitmotifs to symbolize the opera's characters, emotions such as desire, lust, revulsion, and horror, as well as doom and death. A great deal has been written about this single chord and its function within the large-scale formal structure of the entire opera.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuffett1989chapters_6_and_7_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuffett1989chapters_6_and_7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="The_role_of_Salome">The role of Salome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The role of Salome" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The vocal demands of the title-role are the same as those of an <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Isolde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Brünnhilde</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Turandot" title="Turandot">Turandot</a>, in that, ideally, the role requires the volume, stamina, and power of a true <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_soprano" title="Dramatic soprano">dramatic soprano</a>. The common theme of these four roles is the difficulty in casting an ideal soprano who has a truly dramatic voice as well as being able to register as a young woman. </p><p>Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cebotari" title="Maria Cebotari">Maria Cebotari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ljuba_Welitsch" title="Ljuba Welitsch">Ljuba Welitsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonie_Rysanek" title="Leonie Rysanek">Leonie Rysanek</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89va_Marton" title="Éva Marton">Éva Marton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radmila_Bako%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Radmila Bakočević">Radmila Bakočević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9" title="Montserrat Caballé">Montserrat Caballé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anja_Silja" title="Anja Silja">Anja Silja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Curtin" title="Phyllis Curtin">Phyllis Curtin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karan_Armstrong" title="Karan Armstrong">Karan Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Shade" title="Nancy Shade">Nancy Shade</a>, Dame <a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Jones_(soprano)" title="Gwyneth Jones (soprano)">Gwyneth Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Malfitano" title="Catherine Malfitano">Catherine Malfitano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Behrens" title="Hildegard Behrens">Hildegard Behrens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ewing" title="Maria Ewing">Maria Ewing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Stratas" title="Teresa Stratas">Teresa Stratas</a> (only in a film version, not on stage), <a href="/wiki/Olive_Fremstad" title="Olive Fremstad">Olive Fremstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lewis" title="Brenda Lewis">Brenda Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karita_Mattila" title="Karita Mattila">Karita Mattila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nina_Stemme" title="Nina Stemme">Nina Stemme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Racette" title="Patricia Racette">Patricia Racette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malin_Bystr%C3%B6m" title="Malin Byström">Malin Byström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elza_van_den_Heever" title="Elza van den Heever">Elza van den Heever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Stikhina" title="Elena Stikhina">Elena Stikhina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asmik_Grigorian" title="Asmik Grigorian">Asmik Grigorian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lise_Davidsen" title="Lise Davidsen">Lise Davidsen</a> are among the most memorable who have tackled the role in the last half-century. Each of these singers has brought her own interpretation to the title character. Perhaps the two most famous recordings of the opera are <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a>'s EMI recording with Hildegard Behrens and Sir <a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a>'s Decca recording with Birgit Nilsson as Salome. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gertrude_Hoffman_with_head_of_John_the_Baptist_cph.3b03465.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gertrude_Hoffman_with_head_of_John_the_Baptist_cph.3b03465.jpg/220px-Gertrude_Hoffman_with_head_of_John_the_Baptist_cph.3b03465.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="974"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gertrude_Hoffman_with_head_of_John_the_Baptist_cph.3b03465.jpg/220px-Gertrude_Hoffman_with_head_of_John_the_Baptist_cph.3b03465.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gertrude_Hoffman_with_head_of_John_the_Baptist_cph.3b03465.jpg/330px-Gertrude_Hoffman_with_head_of_John_the_Baptist_cph.3b03465.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gertrude_Hoffman_with_head_of_John_the_Baptist_cph.3b03465.jpg/440px-Gertrude_Hoffman_with_head_of_John_the_Baptist_cph.3b03465.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Hoffmann_(dancer)" title="Gertrude Hoffmann (dancer)">Gertrude Hoffmann</a> with the head of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> (1908)</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the vocal and physical demands, the role also calls for the agility and gracefulness of a <a href="/wiki/Prima_ballerina" class="mw-redirect" title="Prima ballerina">prima ballerina</a> when performing the opera's famous "Dance of the Seven Veils". Finding one individual with all of these qualities is extremely daunting. Due to the complexity of the role's demands, some of its performers have had a purely vocal focus by opting to leave the dancing to stand-ins who are professional dancers. Others have opted to combine the two and perform the dance themselves, which is closer to Strauss's intentions. In either case, at the end of the "Dance of the Seven Veils", some sopranos (or their stand-ins) wear a body stocking under the veils, while others (notably Malfitano, Mattila and Ewing) have appeared nude at the conclusion of the dance. </p><p>As for the required <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal range</a> of the title role, it is an extraordinary case: the highest note is the high <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">B<sub>5</sub></a>, not irregular for a soprano or mezzo-soprano to sing, while the lowest note is a low G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sub>3</sub>, in the contralto range and officially below the standard range for a mezzo-soprano. Considering this range, which is similar to many mezzo roles (such as <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amneris" class="mw-redirect" title="Amneris">Amneris</a>), one might assume that a high soprano is not essential to the piece, but it is; most of the relatively low sopranos who attempted this role found themselves straining their voices throughout the opera, and having reached the closing scene (the most important part of the opera for the title role) were very fatigued. This role is the classic example of the difference between <a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">tessitura</a> and absolute vocal range: While mezzos can perform a high note (like Carmen), or even temporarily sustain a high tessitura, it is impossible for a singer to spend such a long time (with the needed strength and breath-control) in the second octave above the middle C unless she is a high soprano. Moreover, the low G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> occurs twice in the opera, and in both cases it is in <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">pianissimo</a>—more of a theatrical effect than music—and can be growled instead of sung. The other low notes required are no lower than low A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-natural">♮</span></span>, and they are also quiet. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Transcriptions">Transcriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transcriptions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>The English composer <a href="/wiki/Kaikhosru_Shapurji_Sorabji" title="Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji">Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji</a> wrote in 1947 a piano transcription of the closing scene of the opera, entitled "Schluß-Szene aus <i>Salome</i> von Richard Strauss—Konzertmäßige Übertragung für Klavier zu zwei Händen" ("Final Scene from <i>Salome</i> by Richard Strauss – Concert Transcription arranged for Piano, two hands"). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recordings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salome_discography" title="Salome discography"><i>Salome</i> discography</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/31px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/31px-Operalogo.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/47px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/62px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succ%C3%A8s_de_scandale" title="Succès de scandale">Succès de scandale</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dedication-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dedication_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boosey.com/imagesw/print/Music/%24wm1_0x700_%24_M060026010_mus.jpg">"<i>Salome</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boosey_%26_Hawkes" title="Boosey & Hawkes">Boosey & Hawkes</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>Dedication: Meinem Freunde Sir Edgar Speyer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salome&rft.pub=Boosey+%26+Hawkes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boosey.com%2Fimagesw%2Fprint%2FMusic%2F%24wm1_0x700_%24_M060026010_mus.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalome+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wildean-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wildean_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wildean_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wildean_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wildean_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Morwood2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Morwood" title="James Morwood">James Morwood</a> (January 2018). "Richard Strauss's <i>Salome</i> and Oscar Wilde's French Text". <i>The Wildean</i> (52): 63–73. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48569305">48569305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wildean&rft.atitle=Richard+Strauss%27s+Salome+and+Oscar+Wilde%27s+French+Text&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=63-73&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48569305%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=James+Morwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalome+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-puffett6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-puffett6_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-puffett6_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFCarpenter1989" class="citation">Carpenter, Tethys. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABrNsZOXIr4C&pg=PA93">6. Tonal and dramatic structure</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFPuffett1989">Puffett (1989)</a>, pp. 92–93.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holden-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holden_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holden_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holden_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holden_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holden_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2001">Kennedy 2001</a>, p. 889</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLSTSALO.HTM#58">"<i>Salome</i> discography – Nagano 1991"</a>. <i>operadis-opera-discography.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=operadis-opera-discography.org.uk&rft.atitle=Salome+discography+%E2%80%93+Nagano+1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk%2FCLSTSALO.HTM%2358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalome+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Reid, <i>Thomas Beecham: An Independent Biography</i>, 1961, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beechamchime-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beechamchime_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Thomas_Beecham1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Sir Thomas Beecham</a> (1944). <i>A Mingled Chime</i>. Hutchinson, London. pp. 103–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mingled+Chime&rft.pages=103-105&rft.pub=Hutchinson%2C+London&rft.date=1944&rft.au=Sir+Thomas+Beecham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalome+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Met-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Met_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Met_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=38600&limit=500&xBranch=ALL&xsdate=&xedate=&theterm=Weed,%20Marion%20%5BSoprano%5D&x=0&xhomepath=&xhome=">"Salome (1) Metropolitan Opera House: 01/22/1907"</a>. <i>archives.metoperafamily.org</i>. Metropolitan Opera<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.metoperafamily.org&rft.atitle=Salome+%281%29+Metropolitan+Opera+House%3A+01%2F22%2F1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.metoperafamily.org%2Farchives%2Fscripts%2Fcgiip.exe%2FWService%3DBibSpeed%2Ffullcit.w%3FxCID%3D38600%26limit%3D500%26xBranch%3DALL%26xsdate%3D%26xedate%3D%26theterm%3DWeed%2C%2520Marion%2520%255BSoprano%255D%26x%3D0%26xhomepath%3D%26xhome%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalome+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32979?msg=welcome_stranger"><i>Interpreters by Carl Van Vechten</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreters+by+Carl+Van+Vechten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F32979%3Fmsg%3Dwelcome_stranger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalome+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ImdCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA229">"Comments on Events: <i>Salome</i> in New York"</a>. <i>Musical News</i>. <b>32</b> (836): 229–230. 9 March 1907<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Musical+News&rft.atitle=Comments+on+Events%3A+Salome+in+New+York&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=836&rft.pages=229-230&rft.date=1907-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DImdCAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalome+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liner notes to the recording of <i>Salome</i> with <a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a>. Decca Records, 19XX</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boosey.com/pages/opera/moredetails?musicid=4968">"<i>Salome</i> – work details"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boosey_%26_Hawkes" title="Boosey & Hawkes">Boosey & Hawkes</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salome+%E2%80%93+work+details&rft.pub=Boosey+%26+Hawkes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boosey.com%2Fpages%2Fopera%2Fmoredetails%3Fmusicid%3D4968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalome+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casaglia, Gherardo (2005).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Giorno=09&Mese=12&Anno=1905&Testo=Salome&Parola=Stringa"> "<i>Salome</i>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>9 December 1905"</a>. L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012223745/http://www.arts.cornell.edu/newsletr/spring96/siegel.htm">"Cornell University College of Arts & Sciences News Letter"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.cornell.edu/newsletr/spring96/siegel.htm">the original</a> on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornell+University+College+of+Arts+%26+Sciences+News+Letter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.cornell.edu%2Fnewsletr%2Fspring96%2Fsiegel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalome+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudia_HeineSalome_Reiser2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Claudia Heine; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Reiser" class="extiw" title="de:Salome Reiser">Salome Reiser</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.schott-music.com/shop/media/freedownloads/0/30/63/306349/500_MAVE/DOWNLOADS/RSW103-10_Introduction.pdf">"Introduction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Salome</i> (critical ed.). <a href="/wiki/Schott_Music" title="Schott Music">Schott Music</a>. p. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7957-0980-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7957-0980-8"><bdi>978-3-7957-0980-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Salome&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.edition=critical&rft.pub=Schott+Music&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-7957-0980-8&rft.au=Claudia+Heine&rft.au=Salome+Reiser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.schott-music.com%2Fshop%2Fmedia%2Ffreedownloads%2F0%2F30%2F63%2F306349%2F500_MAVE%2FDOWNLOADS%2FRSW103-10_Introduction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalome+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-puffett-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-puffett_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-puffett_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-puffett_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-puffett_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFCarpenterAyrey1989" class="citation">Carpenter, Tethys; Ayrey, Craig et al. "<i>Salome</i> as music drama". In <a href="#CITEREFPuffett1989">Puffett (1989)</a>, pp. 63, 68–69, 82.</span></span> </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilman1907[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-17'><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilman1907%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;<i>%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed</span>%5D%5D</i>&#93;</sup>_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilman1907">Gilman 1907</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFAyrey1989" class="citation">Ayrey, Craig. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABrNsZOXIr4C&pg=PA123">7. Salome's final monologue</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFPuffett1989">Puffett (1989)</a>, pp. 123–130.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuffett1989chapters_6_and_7-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuffett1989chapters_6_and_7_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuffett1989">Puffett 1989</a>, chapters 6 and 7.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilman1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Gilman" title="Lawrence Gilman">Gilman, Lawrence</a> (1907). <i>Strauss' </i>Salome<i>: A Guide to the Opera, with Musical Illustrations</i>. J. Lane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strauss%27+Salome%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Opera%2C+with+Musical+Illustrations&rft.pub=J.+Lane&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalome+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Holden, Amanda</a> (ed.). <i>The New Penguin Opera Guide</i>. New York: Penguin Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4"><bdi>0-14-029312-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Penguin+Opera+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Putnam&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-14-029312-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalome+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuffett1989" class="citation book cs1">Puffett, Derrick, ed. (1989). <i>Richard Strauss: Salome</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35970-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35970-2"><bdi>978-0-521-35970-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Strauss%3A+Salome&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-35970-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalome+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Del_Mar" title="Norman Del Mar">Del Mar, Norman</a> (1962). <i>Richard Strauss</i>. London: Barrie & Jenkins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-214-15735-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-214-15735-0">0-214-15735-0</a>.</li> <li>Orthofer, M.A. (2024). <i>Salome in Graz</i>. aesthetics of resistance/press. ISBN 978-1-304-60548-1</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Salome_(opera)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Salome (opera)">Salome (opera)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operatoday.com/documents/Salome.pdf"><i>Salome</i></a>, German libretto</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opera-guide.ch/opera.php?uilang=de&id=351#libretto">German libretto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richard-strauss-ausgabe.de/band/?volume=b45115&chapter=sungtext&key=t10413">Documentation of libretto versions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schott_Music" title="Schott Music">Schott Music</a> 2019 critical edition</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Salome,_Op.54_(Strauss,_Richard)" class="extiw" title="scores:Salome, Op.54 (Strauss, Richard)"><i>Salome</i></a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&oldid=1241598823">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&oldid=1241598823</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Salome_(opera)&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Redpanda9756" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1724296503"> <span>Last edited on 22 August 2024, at 03:15</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(Strauss)" title="Salome (Strauss) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Salome (Strauss)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(Strauss)" title="Salome (Strauss) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Salome (Strauss)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome" title="Salome – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Salome" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Salome (opera)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(Oper)" title="Salome (Oper) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Salome (Oper)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(Richard_Strauss)" title="Salome (Richard Strauss) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Salome (Richard Strauss)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B7_(%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1)" title="Σαλώμη (όπερα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαλώμη (όπερα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_(%C3%B3pera)" title="Salomé (ópera) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salomé (ópera)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomeo_(opero)" title="Salomeo (opero) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Salomeo (opero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87_(%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="سالومه (اپرا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سالومه (اپرا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(op%C3%A9ra)" title="Salome (opéra) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Salome (opéra)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(Strauss)" title="Salome (Strauss) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Salome (Strauss)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%A9%94_(%EC%98%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BC)" title="살로메 (오페라) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="살로메 (오페라)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A8_(opera)" title="Salomè (opera) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Salomè (opera)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%94)" title="שלומית (אופרה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלומית (אופרה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Salome (opera)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Salome (opera)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_(opera)" title="Salomé (opera) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Salomé (opera)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A1_(%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9)" title="サロメ (オペラ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サロメ (オペラ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Salome (opera)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Salome (opera)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_(%C3%B3pera)" title="Salomé (ópera) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Salomé (ópera)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomeea_(oper%C4%83)" title="Salomeea (operă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Salomeea (operă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Саломея (опера) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саломея (опера)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Salome (opera)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saloma_(opera)" title="Saloma (opera) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saloma (opera)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Салома (опера) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Салома (опера)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(ooppera)" title="Salome (ooppera) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Salome (ooppera)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Salome (opera)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Salome (opera)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Саломея (опера) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саломея (опера)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Salome (opera)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E6%A8%82%E7%BE%8E_(%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87)" title="莎樂美 (歌劇) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莎樂美 (歌劇)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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