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mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="پوتر ایستیوارت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پوتر ایستیوارت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Potter Stewart" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Potter Stewart" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Potter Stewart" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98" title="פוטר סטיוארט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוטר סטיוארט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="بوتر ستيوارت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوتر ستيوارت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Potter Stewart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Potter Stewart" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Стюарт, Поттер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стюарт, Поттер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Potter Stewart" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Потер Стјуарт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Потер Стјуарт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US Supreme Court justice from 1958 to 1981</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Potter Stewart</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg/220px-US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg/330px-US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg/440px-US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1442" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1976</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 14, 1958 – July 3, 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hitz_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Hitz Burton">Harold Hitz Burton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 27, 1954 – October 13, 1958</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Dwight D. Eisenhower</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_Hicks" title="Xenophon Hicks">Xenophon Hicks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lester_LeFevre_Cecil" title="Lester LeFevre Cecil">Lester LeFevre Cecil</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1915-01-23</span>)</span>January 23, 1915<br /><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson, Michigan</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 7, 1985<span style="display:none">(1985-12-07)</span> (aged 70)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire" title="Hanover, New Hampshire">Hanover, New Hampshire</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Mary Ann Bertles</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1943)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">United States Navy Reserve</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Potter_Stewart_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Dothard_v._Rawlinson.ogg" title="File:Potter Stewart delivers the opinion of the Court in Dothard v. Rawlinson.ogg">Potter Stewart's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="207" data-mwtitle="Potter_Stewart_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Dothard_v._Rawlinson.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Potter_Stewart_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Dothard_v._Rawlinson.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Potter_Stewart_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Dothard_v._Rawlinson.ogg/Potter_Stewart_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Dothard_v._Rawlinson.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Potter Stewart delivers the opinion of the Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Dothard_v._Rawlinson" title="Dothard v. Rawlinson">Dothard v. Rawlinson</a></i><br />Recorded June 27, 1977</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Potter Stewart</b> (January 23, 1915 – December 7, 1985) was an American lawyer and judge who was an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court">associate justice of the United States Supreme Court</a> from 1958 to 1981. During his tenure, he made major contributions to <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_reform" title="Criminal justice reform">criminal justice reform</a>, civil rights, access to the courts, and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a> jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> in 1941, Stewart served in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">United States Navy Reserve</a>. After the war, he practiced law and served on the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> city council. In 1954, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> appointed Stewart to a judgeship on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit</a>. In 1958, Eisenhower nominated Stewart to succeed retiring Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hitz_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Hitz Burton">Harold Hitz Burton</a>, and Stewart won <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> confirmation afterwards. He was frequently in the minority during the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a> but emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a> swing vote on the <a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">Burger Court</a>. Stewart retired in 1981 and was succeeded by the first female United States Supreme Court justice, <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a>. </p><p>Stewart wrote the majority opinion in cases such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Katz_v._United_States" title="Katz v. United States">Katz v. United States</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chimel_v._California" title="Chimel v. California">Chimel v. California</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a></i>. He wrote dissenting opinions in cases such as <i><a href="/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale" title="Engel v. Vitale">Engel v. Vitale</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Gault" title="In re Gault">In re Gault</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i>. He popularized the phrase "<a href="/wiki/I_know_it_when_I_see_it" title="I know it when I see it">I know it when I see it</a>" with a concurring opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobellis_v._Ohio" title="Jacobellis v. Ohio">Jacobellis v. Ohio</a></i>, in which a theater owner had been fined for showing a supposedly obscene film. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter_Stewart&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stewart was born in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson</a>, Michigan in 1915, while his family was on vacation. He was the son of Harriett L. (Potter) and <a href="/wiki/James_Garfield_Stewart" title="James Garfield Stewart">James Garfield Stewart</a>. His father, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, served as <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cincinnati" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Cincinnati">mayor of Cincinnati</a> for nine years and was later a justice of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Supreme Court">Ohio Supreme Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cushman2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushman2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stewart earned an academic scholarship to attend the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_School" title="Hotchkiss School">Hotchkiss School</a>, where he graduated in 1933. He then went on to <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he was a member of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a> (Phi chapter) and <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tap_Day_1936_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tap_Day_1936-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> graduating <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> in 1937 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree <i><a href="/wiki/Cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Cum laude">cum laude</a></i>. He served as chairman of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Daily_News" title="Yale Daily News">Yale Daily News</a></i>. After studying international law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in England for a year, Stewart enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> where he graduated <i><a href="/wiki/Cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Cum laude">cum laude</a></i> in 1941 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a>. While at Yale Law School, he was an editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a></i> and a member of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Phi" title="Phi Delta Phi">Phi Delta Phi</a>. Other members of that era included <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford">Gerald R. Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Dominick" title="Peter H. Dominick">Peter H. Dominick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lord" title="Walter Lord">Walter Lord</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">William Scranton</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._Sargent_Shriver" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Sargent Shriver">R. Sargent Shriver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_R._Vance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus R. Vance">Cyrus R. Vance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byron_R._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Byron R. White">Byron R. White</a>. The last would later become his colleague on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>. </p><p>Stewart served in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">U.S. Naval Reserve</a> aboard oil tankers. In 1943, he married Mary Ann Bertles in a ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Bruton_Parish_Church" title="Bruton Parish Church">Bruton Episcopal Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a> (at which his brother Zeph—also an initiate of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a>, and eventually a professor of classics at Harvard—was the best man). They eventually had a daughter: Harriet (Virkstis), and two sons: Potter Jr. and David. He was in private practice with <a href="/wiki/Dinsmore_%26_Shohl" title="Dinsmore & Shohl">Dinsmore & Shohl</a> in Cincinnati. During the early 1950s, he was elected to the Cincinnati City Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sixth_Circuit_service">Sixth Circuit service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter_Stewart&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sixth Circuit service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stewart was nominated by President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> on April 6, 1954, to a seat on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit</a> vacated by Judge <a href="/wiki/Xenophon_Hicks" title="Xenophon Hicks">Xenophon Hicks</a>. He was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> on April 23, 1954, and received his commission on April 27, 1954. His service terminated on October 13, 1958, due to his elevation to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fjc.gov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fjc.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter_Stewart&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stewart received a <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a> from President Eisenhower as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice</a> on the U.S. Supreme Court on October 14, 1958,<sup id="cite_ref-RL33225_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL33225-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hitz_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Hitz Burton">Harold Hitz Burton</a>. He took the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office#Federal_judiciary_oaths" title="Oath of office">judicial oath of office</a> that same day.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was formally nominated to the same position by President Eisenhower on January 17, 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS2018BJMDSR_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS2018BJMDSR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public hearings were held before the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> on April 9 and 14, 1959, and the Committee voted on May 5, 1959 to forward his nomination with a favorable report.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS2018BJMDSR_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS2018BJMDSR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was confirmed by the Senate in a 70–17 vote on May 5, 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All 17 votes against his confirmation came from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a> (both senators from <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, plus <a href="/wiki/Spessard_Holland" title="Spessard Holland">Spessard Holland</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as Circuit Justice for the Sixth Circuit from October 14, 1958 to July 3, 1981, and as Circuit Justice for the Fifth Circuit from October 12, 1971 to January 6, 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-fjc.gov_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fjc.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stewart came to a Supreme Court controlled by two warring ideological camps and sat firmly in its center.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dowd_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowd-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacKenzie_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A case early in his Supreme Court career showing his role as the swing vote during that time is <i><a href="/wiki/Irvin_v._Dowd" title="Irvin v. Dowd">Irvin v. Dowd</a></i>. </p><p>Stewart was temperamentally inclined to moderate, pragmatic positions,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was often in a dissenting posture during his time on the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a>. Stewart believed that the majority on the Warren Court had adopted readings of the First Amendment Establishment Clause (<i><a href="/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale" title="Engel v. Vitale">Engel v. Vitale</a></i> (1962), <i><a href="/wiki/Abington_School_District_v._Schempp" title="Abington School District v. Schempp">Abington School District v. Schempp</a></i> (1963)), the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination (<i><a href="/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a></i> (1966)), and the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of Equal Protection with regard to voting rights (<i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._Sims" title="Reynolds v. Sims">Reynolds v. Sims</a></i> (1964)) that went beyond the framers' intention. In <i>Engel</i>, Stewart found no precedent to remove school sponsored prayer, and in <i>Abington</i>, Stewart refused to strike down the practice of school sponsored Bible reading in public schools; he was the only justice who took this position in both cases.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stewart dissented in <i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i> (1965) on the ground that, while the Connecticut statute barring the use of contraceptives seemed to him an "uncommonly silly law", he could not find a general "Right of Privacy" in the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause. </p><p>Before the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Warren_Burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Burger">Warren Burger</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a>, many speculated that President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> would elevate Stewart to the post, some going so far as to call him the front-runner. Stewart, though flattered by the suggestion, did not want again to appear before and expose his family to the Senate confirmation process. He also did not relish the prospect of taking on the administrative responsibilities that were delegated to the Chief Justice. Accordingly, he met privately with the President to ask that his name be removed from consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Burger Court, Stewart was seen as a centrist justice and was often influential. He joined the decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Furman_v._Georgia" title="Furman v. Georgia">Furman v. Georgia</a></i> (1972), which invalidated all <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death penalty laws</a> then in force, and he then joined in the Court's decision four years later, <i><a href="/wiki/Gregg_v._Georgia" title="Gregg v. Georgia">Gregg v. Georgia</a></i>, which upheld the revised capital punishment legislation adopted in a majority of the states. Despite his earlier dissent in <i>Griswold</i>, Stewart changed his views on the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of privacy">right of privacy</a> and was a key mover behind the Court's decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> (1973), which recognized the right to abortion under that right.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stewart opposed the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on a number of occasions urged the Supreme Court to grant <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> on cases challenging the constitutionality of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stewart consistently voted against claims of criminal defendants in the area of federal habeas corpus and collateral review.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was concerned about broad interpretations of the Due Process and the Equal Protection Clauses.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Pg304_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Pg304-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was the lone dissenter in the landmark juvenile law case <i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Gault" title="In re Gault">In re Gault</a></i> (1967). That case extended to <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minors</a> the right to be informed of their rights and the right to an attorney, which had been granted to adults in <i><a href="/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a></i> (1966) and <i><a href="/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright" title="Gideon v. Wainwright">Gideon v. Wainwright</a></i> (1963), respectively. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a> case of <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobellis_v._Ohio" title="Jacobellis v. Ohio">Jacobellis v. Ohio</a></i> (1964), Stewart wrote in his short concurrence that "hard-core pornography" was hard to define, but "<a href="/wiki/I_know_it_when_I_see_it" title="I know it when I see it">I know it when I see it</a>, and the motion picture involved in this case is not that."<sup id="cite_ref-oyez_stewart_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oyez_stewart-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice Stewart went on to defend the movie in question (<a href="/wiki/Louis_Malle" title="Louis Malle">Louis Malle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lovers_(1958_film)" title="The Lovers (1958 film)">The Lovers</a></i>) against further censorship. One commentator opined, "This observation summarizes Stewart's judicial philosophy: particularistic, intuitive, and pragmatic."<sup id="cite_ref-oyez_stewart_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oyez_stewart-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Justice Stewart commented about his second thoughts about that quotation in 1981. "In a way I regret having said what I said about obscenity—that's going to be on my tombstone. When I remember all of the other solid words I've written," he said, "I regret a little bit that if I'll be remembered at all I'll be remembered for that particular phrase."<sup id="cite_ref-PostObit_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PostObit-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Amendment">Fourth Amendment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter_Stewart&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fourth Amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1967, Fourth Amendment protections were mostly limited to notions of property: possessory geographical locations such as apartments or physical objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Pg292_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Pg292-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stewart's opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Katz_v._United_States" title="Katz v. United States">Katz v. United States</a></i> established that the Fourth Amendment "protects people, not places."<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Pg292_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Pg292-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stewart wrote that the government's installation of a recording device in a public phone booth violated the reasonable expectation of privacy since the government was committing the "seizure" of callers' words.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Pg292_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Pg292-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Katz</i> therefore extended the reach of the Fourth Amendment beyond just physical intrusions and would also protect against the seizure of incorporeal words.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Pg292_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Pg292-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the reach of the Amendment was no longer defined solely by property limits but now went as far as a person's reasonable privacy expectation.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Pg292_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Pg292-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Katz</i> case made government wiretapping by both state and federal authorities subject to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Pg292_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Pg292-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Chimel_v._California" title="Chimel v. California">Chimel v. California</a></i> (1969), Stewart wrote an opinion stating that arresting a suspect in his house does not give the police the right to perform a warrantless search of the entire house, only the area surrounding the arrestee.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Almeida-Sanchez_v._United_States" title="Almeida-Sanchez v. United States">Almeida-Sanchez v. United States</a></i> (1973), Stewart wrote that roving patrols of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">United States Border Patrol</a> must have some justifiable reason before stopping a car. They could not stop and search automobiles without probable cause merely because a stop was made within 100 nautical miles (190 km) from the international border.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Whalen_v._Roe" title="Whalen v. Roe">Whalen v. Roe</a></i> (1977), Stewart, in his concurrence,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> objected to any broad establishment of a right to privacy. He said that prior Court decisions did not "recognize a general interest in freedom from disclosure of private information."<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Pg304_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Pg304-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_to_courts">Access to courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter_Stewart&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Access to courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Justice Stewart was a leader in trying to maintain access to federal courts in civil rights cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Pg297_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Pg297-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stewart was one of the strongest dissenters in the trend of denying litigants access to the federal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Pg297_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Pg297-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stewart wrote the Court's opinions in <i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._SCRAP" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. SCRAP">United States v. SCRAP</a></i> (1973), broadly laying out the requirements of standing in federal actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Pg297_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Pg297-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter_Stewart&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i> (1968), Stewart extended the <a href="/wiki/1866_Civil_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1866 Civil Rights Act">1866 Civil Rights Act</a> to outlaw private refusals to buy, sell, or lease real or personal property for racially-discriminatory reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, Stewart extended the Act again in <i><a href="/wiki/Runyon_v._McCrary" title="Runyon v. McCrary">Runyon v. McCrary</a></i>, which states that private schools open to all white students could no longer exclude black children, and all other offers to contract made to the general public were also made subject to the 1866 Act.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Pg299_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Pg299-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Shuttlesworth_v._City_of_Birmingham" title="Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham">Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham</a></i> (1965), Stewart held for the Court that police could not use an anti-loitering law to keep civil rights workers from standing or demonstrating on a sidewalk.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Pg299_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Pg299-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a dissenting opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Ginzburg_v._United_States" title="Ginzburg v. United States">Ginzburg v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_383" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 383">383</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/383/463/">463</a> (1966), Stewart stated, "Censorship reflects a society's lack of confidence in itself. It is a hallmark of an authoritarian regime."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter_Stewart&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stewart authored the concurring opinions for two very controversial cases concerning public education: <i><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Independent_School_District_v._Rodriguez" title="San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez">San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Milliken_v._Bradley" title="Milliken v. Bradley">Milliken v. Bradley</a>.</i> </p><p>In his <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Independent_School_District_v._Rodriguez/Concurrence_Stewart#cite_note-ref1-1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez/Concurrence Stewart">opinion</a> for <i>San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez,</i> Stewart argues that while the funding method of public education is "chaotic and unjust"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it does not in the court's opinion, violate the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment</a>. </p><p>His <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Milliken_v._Bradley" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Milliken v. Bradley">opinion</a> for <i>Milliken v. Bradley</i> states that because there was no evidence of <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> segregation implemented by the school districts in the Metropolitan Detroit area, that neither the school districts nor the state of Michigan were responsible for violating the Constitutional rights of Black Detroiters and thus could not be forced to desegregate their schools. <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both cases have been cited as some of the worst decisions from the court. <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_and_death">Retirement and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter_Stewart&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Retirement and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stewart announced his retirement from the Court on June 18, 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stepped down on July 3.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> to succeed Stewart; she would become the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He assumed <a href="/wiki/Senior_status" title="Senior status">senior status</a> upon retirement, serving in that status until his death on December 7, 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-fjc.gov_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fjc.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his retirement, he appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Constitution:_That_Delicate_Balance" title="The Constitution: That Delicate Balance">The Constitution: That Delicate Balance</a></i>, a 13-episode learning course series broadcast in 1984 about the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fred_W._Friendly" title="Fred W. Friendly">Fred W. Friendly</a>. </p><p>On January 20 and 21, 1985, Stewart <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan">administered the oath of office</a> for Vice President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. On December 7, 1985, he died from a stroke at a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire" title="Hanover, New Hampshire">Hanover, New Hampshire</a>, at the age of 70.<sup id="cite_ref-MacKenzie_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter_Stewart&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of Stewart's personal and official papers are archived at the manuscript <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Library" title="Yale University Library">Yale University Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, where they are now available for research. The files concerning Stewart's service were closed to researchers until all the justices with whom Stewart served had left the court; the last of these was Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> who considered him his judicial hero.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional papers also exist in other collections.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a> disclosed that Stewart had been the primary source for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brethren_(non-fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brethren (non-fiction)">The Brethren</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter_Stewart&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_8)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)">List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">United States Supreme Court cases during the Burger Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">United States Supreme Court cases during the Warren Court</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter_Stewart&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2013/03/mary_ann_bertles_stewart_widow.html">"Mary Ann Bertles Stewart dies, was widow of U.S. Supreme Court Justice and born in Grand Rapids"</a>. March 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126113754/https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2013/03/mary_ann_bertles_stewart_widow.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary+Ann+Bertles+Stewart+dies%2C+was+widow+of+U.S.+Supreme+Court+Justice+and+born+in+Grand+Rapids&rft.date=2013-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fgrand-rapids%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F03%2Fmary_ann_bertles_stewart_widow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Leon. <i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i>, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. page 291–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cushman2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cushman2012_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClare_Cushman2012" class="citation book cs1">Clare Cushman (December 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKN2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA418"><i>The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–2012</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-3534-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-3534-9"><bdi>978-1-4522-3534-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+Illustrated+Biographies%2C+1789%E2%80%932012&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-3534-9&rft.au=Clare+Cushman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKN2AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tap_Day_1936-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tap_Day_1936_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A05E3DE123AE33BBC4053DFB366838D629EDE">"Six Yale Societies Elect 90 Members: Book and Snake and Berzilius Again Fill Their Ranks as University Groups. Quotas Chosen in an Hour: Tapping Is Done in the Traditional and Picturesque Harkness Court Ceremony"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. May 8, 1936. p. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083425/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A05E3DE123AE33BBC4053DFB366838D629EDE">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Six+Yale+Societies+Elect+90+Members%3A+Book+and+Snake+and+Berzilius+Again+Fill+Their+Ranks+as+University+Groups.+Quotas+Chosen+in+an+Hour%3A+Tapping+Is+Done+in+the+Traditional+and+Picturesque+Harkness+Court+Ceremony.&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1936-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9A05E3DE123AE33BBC4053DFB366838D629EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fjc.gov-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fjc.gov_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fjc.gov_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fjc.gov_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/stewart-potter">"Stewart, Potter - Federal Judicial Center"</a>. <i>www.fjc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026110707/https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/stewart-potter">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fjc.gov&rft.atitle=Stewart%2C+Potter+-+Federal+Judicial+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fjudges%2Fstewart-potter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RL33225-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RL33225_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillion2022" class="citation report cs1">McMillion, Barry J. (January 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL33225.pdf">Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations%2C+1789+to+2020%3A+Actions+by+the+Senate%2C+the+Judiciary+Committee%2C+and+the+President&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft.aulast=McMillion&rft.aufirst=Barry+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgp.fas.org%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRL33225.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx">"Justices 1789 to Present"</a>. 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May 5, 1959. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006195443/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1959/s58">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomination+of+Potter+Stewart+as+Assoc.+Justice+of+Supreme+Court&rft.pub=govtrack.us&rft.date=1959-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F86-1959%2Fs58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993). <i>A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the decisions that transformed America</i>. page 159. New York: Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-76787-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-76787-9">0-671-76787-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowd-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dowd_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1960/1960_41/ideology/#opinions">"<i>Irvin v. Dowd</i> 366 US 717 (1961)"</a>. U.S. Supreme Court. June 5, 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064036/http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1960/1960_41/ideology/#opinions">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irvin+v.+Dowd+366+US+717+%281961%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Supreme+Court&rft.date=1961-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F1960-1969%2F1960%2F1960_41%2Fideology%2F%23opinions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKenzie-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacKenzie_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacKenzie_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John P. MacKenzie (December 8, 1985). "Potter Stewart is Dead at 70; Was on High Court 23 Years," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/08/us/potter-stewart-is-dead-at-70-was-on-high-court-23-years.html?pagewanted=all"><i>NY Times</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202234110/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/08/us/potter-stewart-is-dead-at-70-was-on-high-court-23-years.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> December 2, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>("The Court that Justice Stewart joined was closely divided on many of its most important questions, which often gave the junior member the deciding vote in his first few years.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stern, Seth (2010) <i>Justice Brennan, Liberal Champion</i>, page 357, Houghton-Mifflin Harcourt. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-547-14925-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-547-14925-5">0-547-14925-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eisler, 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardScott_Armstrong1979" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Bob; Scott Armstrong (September 1979). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brethren_(non-fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brethren (non-fiction)">The Brethren</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-24110-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-24110-9"><bdi>0-671-24110-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brethren&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1979-09&rft.isbn=0-671-24110-9&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Scott+Armstrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eisler, 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strassfeld, Robert M. "The Vietnam War On Trial: The Court-Martial of Dr. Howard Levy," 1994 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1550&context=faculty_publications"><i>Wisc. L. Rev.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624041324/http://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1550&context=faculty_publications">Archived</a> June 24, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 839, 840 ("On June 19, 1974, the United States Supreme Court upheld the court-martial conviction of Dr. Howard B. Levy, and with it, the constitutional validity of Uniform Code of Military Justice ("UCMJ") Articles 1332 and 134.3 The Court's announcement of its decision in Parker v. Levy prompted an unusual display of ire; Justice Potter Stewart angrily read his dissenting opinion from the bench." [citations omitted])</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, Charles M., Stephen C. Halpern, eds. (1991). <i>The Burger Court: Political and Judicial Profiles</i>. Champaign-Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Chapter 6 by Phillip J. Cooper, "Justice William O. Douglas: Conscience of the Court," p. 169 ("The cases presenting challenges to the validity of the war in Vietnam came in many forms, often in litigation concerning the draft, but most of them also contained a foundation assertion that the legitimacy of the war itself was in question. Recalling this period, Douglas asserted: 'I wrote numerous opinions stating why we should take these cases and decide them. Once or twice, Potter Stewart or Bill Brennan joined me. But there was never a fourth vote.'") <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252061357" title="Special:BookSources/0252061357">0252061357</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252061356" title="Special:BookSources/9780252061356">9780252061356</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Leon. <i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i>, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. Page 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman_Pg304-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_Pg304_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_Pg304_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Leon. <i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i>, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. Page 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oyez_stewart-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oyez_stewart_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oyez_stewart_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/potter_stewart/">"Potter Stewart"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oyez_Project" title="Oyez Project">Oyez</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago-Kent_College_of_Law" title="Chicago-Kent College of Law">Chicago-Kent College of Law</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710170636/https://www.oyez.org/justices/potter_stewart">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyez&rft.atitle=Potter+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fjustices%2Fpotter_stewart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PostObit-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PostObit_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Kamen1985" class="citation news cs1">Al Kamen (December 8, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/retired-high-court-justice-potter-stewart-dies-at-70/2011/12/03/gIQA9mhjPO_story.html">"Retired High Court Justice Potter Stewart Dies at 70"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018031023/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/retired-high-court-justice-potter-stewart-dies-at-70/2011/12/03/gIQA9mhjPO_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Retired+High+Court+Justice+Potter+Stewart+Dies+at+70&rft.date=1985-12-08&rft.au=Al+Kamen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fretired-high-court-justice-potter-stewart-dies-at-70%2F2011%2F12%2F03%2FgIQA9mhjPO_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman_Pg292-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_Pg292_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_Pg292_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_Pg292_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_Pg292_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_Pg292_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_Pg292_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Leon. <i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i>, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. Page 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752 (1969)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Leon. <i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i>, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. Page 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589 (1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman_Pg297-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_Pg297_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_Pg297_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_Pg297_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Leon. <i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i>, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. Page 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Leon. <i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i>, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. Pages 298–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman_Pg299-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_Pg299_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_Pg299_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Leon. <i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers</i>. 1978. Page 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531003151/http://alternativereel.com/includes/top-ten/display_review.php?id=00100">Alternative Reel Logo – Quietly Redefining the <i>Internet Top 10 Quotes Against Censorship</i>.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Independent_School_District_v._Rodriguez/Concurrence_Stewart">"San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez/Concurrence Stewart - Wikisource, the free online library"</a>. <i>en.wikisource.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=San+Antonio+Independent+School+District+v.+Rodriguez%2FConcurrence+Stewart+-+Wikisource%2C+the+free+online+library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FSan_Antonio_Independent_School_District_v._Rodriguez%2FConcurrence_Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Milliken_v._Bradley">"Milliken v. Bradley - Wikisource, the free online library"</a>. <i>en.wikisource.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Milliken+v.+Bradley+-+Wikisource%2C+the+free+online+library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FMilliken_v._Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJournal" class="citation web cs1">Journal, A. B. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/how_did_they_get_it_so_wrong">"How Did They Get It So Wrong?"</a>. <i>ABA Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABA+Journal&rft.atitle=How+Did+They+Get+It+So+Wrong%3F&rft.aulast=Journal&rft.aufirst=A.+B.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abajournal.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fhow_did_they_get_it_so_wrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4056051/worst-supreme-court-decisions/">"The Worst Supreme Court Decisions Since 1960"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. October 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=The+Worst+Supreme+Court+Decisions+Since+1960&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4056051%2Fworst-supreme-court-decisions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/06/18/Justice-Potter-Stewart-announced-Thursday-he-is-retiring-after/3604361684800/">"Justice Potter Stewart announced Thursday he is retiring"</a>. <i>UPI</i>. June 18, 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Justice+Potter+Stewart+announced+Thursday+he+is+retiring&rft.date=1981-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1981%2F06%2F18%2FJustice-Potter-Stewart-announced-Thursday-he-is-retiring-after%2F3604361684800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/oconnor.html">"Reagan's Nomination of O'Connor"</a>. archives.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713172246/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/oconnor.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reagan%27s+Nomination+of+O%27Connor&rft.pub=archives.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Flegislative%2Ffeatures%2Foconnor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAP1985" class="citation news cs1">AP (December 7, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/07/us/stewart-an-ex-justice-hospitalized-by-stroke.html">"Stewart, an Ex-Justice, Hospitalized by Stroke"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820172944/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/07/us/stewart-an-ex-justice-hospitalized-by-stroke.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stewart%2C+an+Ex-Justice%2C+Hospitalized+by+Stroke&rft.date=1985-12-07&rft.au=AP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F12%2F07%2Fus%2Fstewart-an-ex-justice-hospitalized-by-stroke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011191432/http://www.indianhill.org/History/Ppl011.htm">"Indian Hill Historical Society, Potter Stewart"</a>. January 1, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianhill.org/History/Ppl011.htm">the original</a> on October 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Hill+Historical+Society%2C+Potter+Stewart&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianhill.org%2FHistory%2FPpl011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2007" class="citation news cs1">Rosen, Jeffrey (September 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/magazine/23stevens-t.html">"The Dissenter, Justice John Paul Stevens"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124133243/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/magazine/23stevens-t.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Dissenter%2C+Justice+John+Paul+Stevens&rft.date=2007-09-23&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F23%2Fmagazine%2F23stevens-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courts/supreme/judges/stewart/stewart.html">Biography, bibliography, location of papers on Potter Stewart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218152325/http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courts/supreme/judges/stewart/stewart.html">Archived</a> February 18, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Sixth Circuit <a href="/wiki/U.S._Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Court of Appeals">U.S. Court of Appeals</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukas1989" class="citation news cs1">Lukas, J. Anthony (February 1989). "Playboy Interview: Bob Woodward". <i>Playboy</i>. No. 36. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Playboy&rft.atitle=Playboy+Interview%3A+Bob+Woodward&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=62&rft.date=1989-02&rft.aulast=Lukas&rft.aufirst=J.+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotter+Stewart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter_Stewart&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abraham, Henry J., <i>Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. 3d. ed.</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506557-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506557-3">0-19-506557-3</a>.</li> <li>Barnett, Helaine M., Janice Goldman, and Jeffrey B. Morris. <i>A Lawyer's Lawyer, a Judge's Judge: Potter Stewart and the Fourth Amendment</i>. 51 <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a> Law Review 509 (1982).</li> <li>Barnett, Helaine M., and Kenneth Levine. <i>Mr. Justice Potter Stewart.</i> 40 <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> Law Review 526 (1965).</li> <li>Berman, Daniel M. <i>Mr. Justice Stewart: A Preliminary Appraisal.</i> 28 <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a> Law Review 401 (1959).</li> <li>Cushman, Clare, <i>The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789–1995</i> (2nd ed.) (Supreme Court Historical Society), (Congressional Quarterly Books, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7">1-56802-126-7</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-126-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-126-3">978-1-56802-126-3</a>.</li> <li>Frank, John P., <i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i> (Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors) (Chelsea House Publishers, 1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4">0-7910-1377-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-1377-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-1377-9">978-0-7910-1377-9</a>.</li> <li>Frank, John Paul. <i>The Warren Court.</i> New York: Macmillan, 1964, 133–148.</li> <li>Hall, Kermit L., ed. <i>The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6">0-19-505835-6</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505835-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505835-2">978-0-19-505835-2</a>.</li> <li>Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U., <i>The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography</i>, (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3">0-87187-554-3</a>.</li> <li>Urofsky, Melvin I., <i>The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary</i> (New York: Garland Publishing 1994). 590 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1">0-8153-1176-1</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1176-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1176-8">978-0-8153-1176-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Woodward, Robert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Armstrong_(journalist)" title="Scott Armstrong (journalist)">Armstrong, Scott</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brethren_(non-fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brethren (non-fiction)">The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court</a></i> (1979). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-52183-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-52183-8">978-0-380-52183-8</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-52183-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-380-52183-0">0-380-52183-0</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-24110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-24110-0">978-0-671-24110-0</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-24110-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-24110-9">0-671-24110-9</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-7402-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-7402-4">0-7432-7402-4</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7402-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7402-9">978-0-7432-7402-9</a>.</li> <li>Yarbrough, Tinsley E. Justice <i>Potter Stewart: Decisional Patterns in Search of Doctrinal Moorings</i>. In The Burger Court: Political and Judicial Profiles, eds., Charles M. Lamb and Stephen C. Halpern, 375–406. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potter_Stewart&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Potter_Stewart" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/node/1388346">Potter Stewart</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a></i>, a publication of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218152325/http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courts/supreme/judges/stewart/stewart.html">Biography, bibliography, location of papers on Potter Stewart</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgdzdGV3YXJ0EgZwb3R0ZXI-/">Arlington National Cemetery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/potter_stewart/">U.S. Supreme Court media on Potter Stewart</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Oyez_Project" title="Oyez Project">Oyez Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history-of-the-court/associate-justices/potter-stewart-1958-1981">Potter Stewart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408200158/http://supremecourthistory.org/history-of-the-court/associate-justices/potter-stewart-1958-1981/">Archived</a> April 8, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_Hicks" title="Xenophon Hicks">Xenophon Hicks</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit</a></span> </b><br />1954–1958 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lester_LeFevre_Cecil" title="Lester LeFevre Cecil">Lester LeFevre Cecil</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hitz_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Hitz Burton">Harold Hitz Burton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></span> </b><br />1958–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a></i>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;">*<i>Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</i></span></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359993#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359993#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359993#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000002695812X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45683783">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/118700/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcWvwkF7PBJcK74667GpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1267866829">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83184962">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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