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and confirmation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_and_confirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tenure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Supreme Court jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>First Amendment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Fourth Amendment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cases_involving_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases_involving_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Cases involving race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases_involving_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Abortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary_and_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary_and_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Commentary and analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary_and_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities_while_serving_on_the_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities_while_serving_on_the_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other activities while serving on the Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities_while_serving_on_the_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Supreme_Court_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Supreme_Court_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-Supreme Court career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Supreme_Court_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-Supreme Court career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-Supreme_Court_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activities_and_memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_and_memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Activities and memberships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_and_memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_speaking_engagements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_speaking_engagements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Public speaking engagements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_speaking_engagements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-profits_and_philanthropic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-profits_and_philanthropic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Non-profits and philanthropic activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-profits_and_philanthropic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life,_illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life,_illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life, illness and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life,_illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ساندرا داي أوكونور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساندرا داي أوكونور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1" title="سندرا دی اوکانر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سندرا دی اوکانر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connorov%C3%A1" title="Sandra Day O'Connorová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connorová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%E2%80%99Connor" title="Sandra Day O’Connor – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Sandra Day O’Connor" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%E2%80%99Connor" title="Sandra Day O’Connor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sandra Day O’Connor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1" title="سندرا دی اوکانر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سندرا دی اوکانر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%8C%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4_%EC%98%A4%EC%BD%94%EB%84%88" title="샌드라 데이 오코너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샌드라 데이 오코너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B5_%D5%95%E2%80%99%D5%94%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Սանդրա Դեյ Օ’Քոննոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սանդրա Դեյ Օ’Քոննոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%95%27%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8" title="סנדרה דיי או'קונור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנדרה דיי או'קונור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E2%80%99%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სანდრა დეი ო’კონორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სანდრა დეი ო’კონორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%9E%27%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сандра Дэй О'Коннор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сандра Дэй О'Коннор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_O%27Connor" title="Sandra O'Connor – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sandra O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%93%27%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="सँड्रा डे ओ'कॉनोर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सँड्रा डे ओ'कॉनोर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ساندرا داى اوكونور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساندرا داى اوكونور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="サンドラ・デイ・オコナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンドラ・デイ・オコナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%E2%80%99Connor" title="Sandra Day O’Connor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sandra Day O’Connor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Konnor" title="Sandra Day O'Konnor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sandra Day O'Konnor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DA%89%DB%8C_%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ساندرا ډی و کونور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ساندرا ډی و کونور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%E2%80%99Connor" title="Sandra Day O’Connor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sandra Day O’Connor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%E2%80%99%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="О’Коннор, Сандра Дэй – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="О’Коннор, Сандра Дэй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%9E%E2%80%99%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сандра Деј О’Конор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сандра Деј О’Конор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%E2%80%99Connor" title="Sandra Day O’Connor – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sandra Day O’Connor" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sandra Day O'Connor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9E%27%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сандра Дей О'Коннор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сандра Дей О'Коннор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%BA%B7%E7%B4%8D" title="桑德拉·戴·奧康納 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="桑德拉·戴·奧康納" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11132#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American lawyer, politician and judge (1930–2023)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sandra Day O'Connor (disambiguation)">Sandra Day O'Connor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sandra Day O'Connor</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg/220px-Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg/330px-Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg/440px-Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2002</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 25, 1981 – January 31, 2006<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Court_of_Appeals" title="Arizona Court of Appeals">Arizona Court of Appeals</a> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">for Division One</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 14, 1979 – September 25, 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Bruce Babbitt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Schroeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Schroeder">Mary Schroeder</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_D._Grant" title="Sarah D. Grant">Sarah D. Grant</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Maricopa County">Maricopa County</a> Superior Court for Division 31</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 9, 1975 – December 14, 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">David Perry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Cecil Patterson<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Senate" title="Arizona Senate">Arizona Senate</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 8, 1973 – January 13, 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howard_S._Baldwin" title="Howard S. Baldwin">Howard S. Baldwin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Pritzlaff_Jr." title="John C. Pritzlaff Jr.">John Pritzlaff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arizona%27s_24th_legislative_district" title="Arizona's 24th legislative district">24th district</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 11, 1971 – January 8, 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bess_Stinson" title="Bess Stinson">Bess Stinson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arizona%27s_20th_legislative_district" title="Arizona's 20th legislative district">20th district</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 30, 1969 – January 11, 1971</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Burgess" title="Isabel Burgess">Isabel Burgess</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency abolished</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arizona%27s_8th_legislative_district" title="Arizona's 8th legislative district">8-E district</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Sandra Day</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1930-03-26</span>)</span>March 26, 1930<br /><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 1, 2023<span style="display:none">(2023-12-01)</span> (aged 93)<br /><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_O%27Connor" title="John Jay O'Connor">John Jay O'Connor</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1952; died 2009)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Day" title="Ann Day">Ann Day</a> (sister)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/LLB" class="mw-redirect" title="LLB">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (2009)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oconnorsig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sandra Day O'Connor's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oconnorsig.svg/128px-Oconnorsig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oconnorsig.svg/192px-Oconnorsig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oconnorsig.svg/256px-Oconnorsig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="219" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Wiggins_v._Smith.ogg" title="File:Sandra Day O'Connor delivers the opinion of the Court in Wiggins v. Smith.ogg">Sandra Day O'Connor's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="244" data-mwtitle="Sandra_Day_O'Connor_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Wiggins_v._Smith.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Wiggins_v._Smith.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Wiggins_v._Smith.ogg/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Wiggins_v._Smith.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Sandra Day O'Connor delivers the opinion of the Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Wiggins_v._Smith" title="Wiggins v. Smith">Wiggins v. Smith</a></i><br /><a href="/wiki/File:Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Wiggins_v._Smith.ogg" title="File:Sandra Day O'Connor delivers the opinion of the Court in Wiggins v. Smith.ogg">Recorded June 26, 2003</a></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sandra Day O'Connor</b> (March 26, 1930 – December 1, 2023) was an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> from 1981 to 2006. Nominated by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, O'Connor was the first woman to serve as a U.S. Supreme Court justice.<sup id="cite_ref-Weisman-1981_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisman-1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate conservative">moderate conservative</a>, she was considered a <a href="/wiki/Swing_vote" title="Swing vote">swing vote</a>. Before O'Connor's tenure on the Court, she was an <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Arizona" title="Courts of Arizona">Arizona state judge</a> and earlier an elected legislator in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, serving as the first female majority leader of a state senate as the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> leader in the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Senate" title="Arizona Senate">Arizona Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon her nomination to the Court, O'Connor was confirmed unanimously by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. </p><p>O'Connor usually sided with the Court's conservative bloc but on occasion sided with the Court's liberal members. She often wrote <a href="/wiki/Concurring_opinion" title="Concurring opinion">concurring opinions</a> that sought to limit the reach of the majority holding. Her <a href="/wiki/Majority_opinion" title="Majority opinion">majority opinions</a> in landmark cases include <i><a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hamdi_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdi v. Rumsfeld">Hamdi v. Rumsfeld</a></i>. In 2000, she wrote in part the <i><a href="/wiki/Per_curiam" class="mw-redirect" title="Per curiam">per curiam</a></i> majority opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i> and in 1992 was one of three co-authors of the lead opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> that preserved legal access to <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">abortion in the United States</a>. On July 1, 2005, O'Connor announced her retirement, effective upon the confirmation of a successor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of her death, O'Connor was the last living member of the <a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">Burger Court</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito was nominated</a> to take her seat in October 2005, and joined the Supreme Court on January 31, 2006. </p><p>During her term on the Court, O'Connor was regarded as among the most powerful women in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After retiring, she succeeded <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="Chancellor of the College of William & Mary">chancellor of the College of William & Mary</a>. In 2009, she was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?168338-1/lazy-b-growing-cattle-ranch"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with O'Connor on <i>Lazy B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest</i>, January 27, 2002</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sandra Day was born on March 26, 1930, in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>, the daughter of Harry Alfred Day, a <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">rancher</a>, and Ada Mae (Wilkey).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She grew up on a 198,000-acre family <a href="/wiki/Cattle_ranch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle ranch">cattle ranch</a> near <a href="/wiki/Duncan,_Arizona" title="Duncan, Arizona">Duncan, Arizona</a><sup id="cite_ref-Book_Discussion_on_Sisters_in_Law_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_Discussion_on_Sisters_in_Law-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in El Paso, where she attended school. Her home was nine miles from the nearest paved road,<sup id="cite_ref-Heilpern-2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilpern-2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and did not have running water or electricity until Sandra was seven years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a youth she owned a .22-caliber rifle, and would shoot <a href="/wiki/Coyotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotes">coyotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackrabbits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackrabbits">jackrabbits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilpern-2013_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilpern-2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She began driving as soon as she could see over the dashboard, and had to learn to change flat tires herself.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_Discussion_on_Sisters_in_Law_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_Discussion_on_Sisters_in_Law-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heilpern-2013_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilpern-2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandra had two younger siblings, a sister and a brother, respectively eight and ten years her junior.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her sister <a href="/wiki/Ann_Day" title="Ann Day">Ann Day</a> was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Legislature">Arizona Legislature</a> from 1990 to 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her brother was H. Alan Day, a lifelong rancher, with whom she wrote <i>Lazy B: Growing up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest</i> (2002), about their childhood experiences on the ranch.<sup id="cite_ref-PW_Lazy_B_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW_Lazy_B-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of her early schooling, Day lived in El Paso with her maternal grandmother,<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attended school at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radford_School_for_Girls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radford School for Girls (page does not exist)">Radford School for Girls</a>, a private school,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the family ranch was very distant from any school, although Day was able to return to the ranch for holidays and the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Day did spend her eighth-grade year living at the ranch and riding a bus 32 miles to school.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She graduated sixth in her class at <a href="/wiki/Austin_High_School_(El_Paso,_Texas)" title="Austin High School (El Paso, Texas)">Austin High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso">El Paso</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When she was 16 years old, Day enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> and later graduated <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna cum laude">magna cum laude</a></i> with a <a href="/wiki/B.A." class="mw-redirect" title="B.A.">B.A.</a> in economics in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Cool-2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cool-2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She continued at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_School" title="Stanford Law School">Stanford Law School</a> for her law degree in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Cool-2006_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cool-2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, she served on the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_Review" title="Stanford Law Review">Stanford Law Review</a></i> whose then presiding editor-in-chief was future <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Supreme Court chief justice</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Day and Rehnquist also dated in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Biskupic-SDO_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biskupic-SDO-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship ended upon Rehnquist's graduation and move to Washington, D.C.; however, in 1951, he proposed marriage in a letter,<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37, 42">: 37, 42 </span></sup> but Day did not accept the proposal (which was one of four she received while a student at Stanford).<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup> Day achieved the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Coif" title="Order of the Coif">Order of the Coif</a>, indicating she was in the top 10 percent of her class.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_and_marriage">Early career and marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandra_Day_O%27Connor,_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor%2C_1974.jpg/177px-Sandra_Day_O%27Connor%2C_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor%2C_1974.jpg/265px-Sandra_Day_O%27Connor%2C_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor%2C_1974.jpg/354px-Sandra_Day_O%27Connor%2C_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1622" /></a><figcaption>O'Connor in 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>While in her final year at Stanford Law School, Day began dating <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_O%27Connor_III" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jay O'Connor III">John Jay O'Connor III</a>, who was one class year behind her.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilpern-2013_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilpern-2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–40">: 39–40 </span></sup> On December 20, 1952, six months after her graduation, O'Connor and Day married at her family's ranch.<sup id="cite_ref-San_Mateo_Daily_Journal_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-San_Mateo_Daily_Journal-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50–51">: 50–51 </span></sup> </p><p>Upon graduation from law school in 1952, O'Connor had difficulty finding a paying job as an attorney in a law firm because of her gender.<sup id="cite_ref-Haag-2018_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haag-2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor found employment as a deputy county attorney in <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo,_California" title="San Mateo, California">San Mateo, California</a>, after she offered to work for no salary and without an office, sharing space with a secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-freshair_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freshair-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a few months, she began drawing a small salary as she performed legal research and wrote memos.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> She worked with <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Mateo County">San Mateo County</a> <a href="/wiki/District_Attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="District Attorney">District Attorney</a> Louis Dematteis and deputy district attorney Keith Sorensen.<sup id="cite_ref-San_Mateo_Daily_Journal_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-San_Mateo_Daily_Journal-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When her husband was drafted, O'Connor decided to go with him to work in Germany as a civilian attorney for the Army's <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster_Corps_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartermaster Corps (United States Army)">Quartermaster Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remained there for three years before returning to the States where they settled in <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa County, Arizona</a>, to begin their family. They had three sons: Scott (born 1958), Brian (born 1960), and Jay (born 1962).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Washington_Post-2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Brian's birth, O'Connor took a five-year hiatus from the practice of law.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She volunteered in various political organizations, such as the Maricopa County Young Republicans, and served on Arizona Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">presidential campaign</a> in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor served as assistant <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of Arizona">Attorney General of Arizona</a> from 1965 to 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, the governor of Arizona appointed O'Connor to fill a vacancy in the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Senate" title="Arizona Senate">Arizona Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She ran for and won the election for the seat the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1973, she became the first woman to serve as Arizona's or any state's <a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">majority leader</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams-2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She developed a reputation as a skilled negotiator and a moderate. After serving two full terms, O'Connor decided to leave the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams-2016_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, O'Connor was appointed to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maricopa_County_Superior_Court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maricopa County Superior Court (page does not exist)">Maricopa County Superior Court</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving from 1975 to 1979 when she was elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Court_of_Appeals" title="Arizona Court of Appeals">Arizona Court of Appeals</a>. </p><p>In late 1977 and early 1978, she presided over an <a href="/wiki/Aggravated_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravated assault">aggravated assault</a> case against <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Dixon" title="Clarence Dixon">Clarence Dixon</a>, a 22-year-old <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> student who had attacked a 15-year-old girl with a metal pipe. O'Connor would find Dixon <a href="/wiki/Not_guilty_by_reason_of_insanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Not guilty by reason of insanity">not guilty by reason of insanity</a> and have him remanded to a state hospital. In the four-day period between O'Connor's ruling and Dixon's remanding to hospital, Dixon would rape and murder one of his seniors, 21-year-old Deana Lynne Bowdoin; he would not be arrested until 2001 when DNA evidence identified him, and he was executed for Bowdoin's murder in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She served on the Court of Appeals-Division One until 1981 when she was appointed to the Supreme Court by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_career">Supreme Court career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Supreme Court career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="United States in the 1950s">United States in the 1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" class="mw-redirect" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blum_(litigant)" title="Edward Blum (litigant)">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kauffman" title="Jeremy Kauffman">Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Posobiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts (Kevin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Wiles" title="Susie Wiles">Wiles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advancing_American_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advancing American Freedom (page does not exist)">Advancing American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Congressional caucuses</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li></ul> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Action" title="Turning Point Action">Turning Point Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian 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eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #B0161E; border-bottom:1px solid #B0161E"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="Nomination_and_confirmation">Nomination and confirmation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nomination and confirmation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2647" /></a><figcaption>Supreme Court justice-nominee Sandra Day O'Connor talks with President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, July 15, 1981.</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 7, 1981, Reagan – who had pledged during his <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 presidential campaign</a> to appoint the first woman to the Court<sup id="cite_ref-presidential_leadership_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presidential_leadership-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – announced he would nominate O'Connor as an associate justice of the Supreme Court to replace the retiring <a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UPI-1981-Review_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-1981-Review-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor received notification from President Reagan of her nomination on the day prior to the announcement and did not know that she was a finalist for the position.<sup id="cite_ref-freshair_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freshair-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reagan wrote in his diary on July 6, 1981: "Called Judge O'Connor and told her she was my nominee for supreme court. Already the flak is starting and from my own supporters. <a href="/wiki/Right_to_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to Life">Right to Life</a> people say she is pro abortion. She declares abortion is personally repugnant to her. I think she'll make a good justice."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor told Reagan she did not remember whether she had supported repealing <a href="/wiki/Arizona%27s_law_banning_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona's law banning abortion">Arizona's law banning abortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, she had cast a preliminary vote in the Arizona State Senate in 1970 in favor of a bill to repeal the state's criminal-abortion statute.<sup id="cite_ref-greenhouse_141_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenhouse_141-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, O'Connor had opined against a measure to prohibit abortions in some Arizona hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-greenhouse_141_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenhouse_141-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">Anti-abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">religious groups</a> opposed O'Connor's nomination because they suspected, correctly, she would not be willing to overturn <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-greenburg_222_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenburg_222-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. Senate Republicans, including <a href="/wiki/Don_Nickles" title="Don Nickles">Don Nickles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Symms" title="Steve Symms">Steve Symms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> called the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> to express their discontent over the nomination; Nickles said he and "other profamily Republican senators would not support O'Connor".<sup id="cite_ref-greenburg_222_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenburg_222-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helms, Nickles, and Symms nevertheless reluctantly voted for confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_Being_Sworn_in_a_Supreme_Court_Justice_by_Chief_Justice_Warren_Burger....jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Photograph_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_Being_Sworn_in_a_Supreme_Court_Justice_by_Chief_Justice_Warren_Burger....jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_Being_Sworn_in_a_Supreme_Court_Justice_by_Chief_Justice_Warren_Burger....jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Photograph_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_Being_Sworn_in_a_Supreme_Court_Justice_by_Chief_Justice_Warren_Burger....jpg/330px-Photograph_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_Being_Sworn_in_a_Supreme_Court_Justice_by_Chief_Justice_Warren_Burger....jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Photograph_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_Being_Sworn_in_a_Supreme_Court_Justice_by_Chief_Justice_Warren_Burger....jpg/440px-Photograph_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_Being_Sworn_in_a_Supreme_Court_Justice_by_Chief_Justice_Warren_Burger....jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>O'Connor is sworn in by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Warren_Burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Burger">Warren Burger</a> as her husband John O'Connor looks on.</figcaption></figure> <p>Reagan formally nominated O'Connor on August 19, 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative activists such as the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Howard Phillips</a>, and Peter Gemma also spoke out against the nomination. Gemma called the nomination "a direct contradiction of the Republican <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">platform</a> to everything that candidate Reagan said and even President Reagan has said in regard to social issues."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gemma, the executive director of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_pro-life_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="United States pro-life movement">National Pro-Life Political Action Committee</a>, had sought to delay O'Connor's confirmation by challenging her record, including support for the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor's confirmation hearing before the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> began on September 9, 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first televised confirmation hearing for a Supreme Court justice.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confirmation hearing lasted three days and largely focused on the issue of abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse-1981_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse-1981-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked, O'Connor refused to telegraph her views on abortion, and she was careful not to leave the impression that she supported <a href="/wiki/Abortion_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion rights">abortion rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Judiciary Committee approved O'Connor with seventeen votes in favor and one vote of present.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse-1981_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse-1981-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 21, O'Connor was <a href="/wiki/Confirmed_by_the_U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmed by the U.S. Senate">confirmed by the U.S. Senate</a> with a vote of 99–0.<sup id="cite_ref-UPI-1981-Review_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-1981-Review-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only Senator <a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Max Baucus</a> of Montana was absent from the vote. He sent O'Connor a copy of <i><a href="/wiki/A_River_Runs_Through_It_(novel)" title="A River Runs Through It (novel)">A River Runs Through It</a></i> by way of apology.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her first year on the Court, she received over 60,000 letters from the public, more than any other justice in history.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure">Tenure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tenure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O'Connor said she felt a responsibility to demonstrate women could do the job of justice.<sup id="cite_ref-freshair_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freshair-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She faced some practical concerns, including the lack of a women's restroom near the Courtroom.<sup id="cite_ref-freshair_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freshair-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two years after O'Connor joined the Court, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> published an editorial that mentioned the "nine men"<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times-1983_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-1983-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the "SCOTUS", or Supreme Court of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times-1983_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-1983-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor responded with a letter to the editor reminding the <i>Times</i> that the Court was no longer composed of nine men and referred to herself as FWOTSC (First Woman on the Supreme Court).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor was a proponent of collegiality among justices on the court, often insisting that the justices eat lunch together.<sup id="cite_ref-Totenberg-2019_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totenberg-2019-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> became the second female Supreme Court justice.<sup id="cite_ref-Totenberg-2019_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totenberg-2019-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor said that she felt relief from the media clamor when she no longer was the only woman on the Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Totenberg-2019_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totenberg-2019-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2010, O'Connor warned female Supreme Court nominee <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> about the "unpleasant" process of confirmation hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court_jurisprudence">Supreme Court jurisprudence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Supreme Court jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27ConnorGonzalesCloseUp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/O%27ConnorGonzalesCloseUp.jpg/170px-O%27ConnorGonzalesCloseUp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/O%27ConnorGonzalesCloseUp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Justice O'Connor presents <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> to the audience after swearing him in as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Attorney General">U.S. Attorney General</a>, as Becky Gonzales looks on.</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially, O'Connor's voting record aligned closely with the conservative <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (voting with him 87% of the time during her first three years at the Court).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that time until 1998, O'Connor's alignment with Rehnquist ranged from 93.4% to 63.2%, hitting above 90% in three of those years.<sup id="cite_ref-la_times_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_times-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In nine of her first 16 years on the Court, O'Connor voted with Rehnquist more than with any other justice.<sup id="cite_ref-la_times_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_times-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later on, as the Court's make-up became more conservative (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> replacing <a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Lewis Powell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> replacing <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a>), O'Connor often became the <a href="/wiki/Swing_vote" title="Swing vote">swing vote</a> on the Court. However, she usually disappointed the Court's more liberal bloc in contentious 5–4 decisions: from 1994 to 2004, she joined the traditional conservative bloc of Rehnquist, <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, and Thomas 82 times; she joined the liberal bloc of <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> only 28 times.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor's relatively small<sup id="cite_ref-wash_post_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wash_post-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shift away from conservatives on the Court seems to have been due at least in part to Thomas' views.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Thomas and O'Connor were voting on the same side, she would typically write a separate opinion of her own, refusing to join his.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1992 term, O'Connor did not join a single one of Thomas's dissents.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some notable cases in which O'Connor joined the majority in a 5–4 decision were: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McConnell_v._FEC" title="McConnell v. FEC">McConnell v. FEC</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_540" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 540">540</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/540/93/">93</a> (2003), upholding the constitutionality of most of the <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act" title="Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act">McCain-Feingold campaign-finance bill</a> regulating "<a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States#Terminology,_definitions" title="Campaign finance in the United States">soft money</a>" contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_539" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 539">539</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/539/306/">306</a> (2003) and <i><a href="/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger" title="Gratz v. Bollinger">Gratz v. Bollinger</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_539" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 539">539</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/539/244/">244</a> (2003), O'Connor wrote the opinion of the Court in <i>Grutter</i> and joined the majority in <i>Gratz</i>. In this pair of cases, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>'s undergraduate admissions program was held to have engaged in unconstitutional <a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">reverse discrimination</a>, but the more limited type of <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School" title="University of Michigan Law School">University of Michigan Law School</a>'s admissions program was held to have been constitutional.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lockyer_v._Andrade" title="Lockyer v. Andrade">Lockyer v. Andrade</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_538" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 538">538</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/538/63/">63</a> (2003): O'Connor wrote the majority opinion, with the four conservative justices concurring, that a 50-year to life sentence without parole for petty shoplifting a few children's videotapes under California's three strikes law was not <a href="/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment" title="Cruel and unusual punishment">cruel and unusual punishment</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighth Amendment</a> because there was no "clearly established" law to that effect. Leandro Andrade, a Latino nine-year Army veteran and father of three, will be eligible for parole in 2046 at age 87.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelman_v._Simmons-Harris" title="Zelman v. Simmons-Harris">Zelman v. Simmons-Harris</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_536" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 536">536</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/536/639/">639</a> (2002), O'Connor joined the majority holding that the use of <a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">school vouchers</a> for religious schools did not violate the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">United States v. Lopez</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_514" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 514">514</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/514/549/">549</a> (1995): O'Connor joined a majority holding unconstitutional the <a href="/wiki/Gun-Free_School_Zones_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun-Free School Zones Act">Gun-Free School Zones Act</a> as beyond Congress' <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a> power.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_531" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 531">531</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/531/98/">98</a> (2000), O'Connor joined with four other justices on December 12, 2000, to rule on the <i>Bush v. Gore</i> case that ceased challenges to the results of the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a> (ruling to stop the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Florida_election_recount" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida election recount">Florida election recount</a> and to allow no further recounts). This case effectively ended <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>'s hopes to become president. Some legal scholars have argued that she should have recused herself from this case, citing several reports that she became upset when the media initially announced that Gore had won Florida, with her husband explaining that they would have to wait another four years before retiring to Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-Neumann_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neumann-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor expressed surprise that the decision became controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-vanityfair.com_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanityfair.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people in Washington stopped shaking her hand after the decision, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a> confronted her about it at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Center">Kennedy Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vanityfair.com_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanityfair.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>O'Connor played an important role in other notable cases, such as: </p> <ul><li><i>Webster v. Reproductive Health Services</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_492" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 492">492</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/492/490/">490</a> (1989): This decision upheld as constitutional state restrictions on second trimester abortions that are not necessary to protect maternal health, contrary to the original trimester requirements in <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i>. Although O'Connor joined the majority, which also included Rehnquist, Scalia, Kennedy, and <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a>, in a concurring opinion she refused to explicitly overturn <i>Roe</i>.</li></ul> <p>On February 22, 2005, with Rehnquist and Stevens (who were senior to her) absent, she became the senior justice presiding over oral arguments in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Kelo_v._City_of_New_London" title="Kelo v. City of New London">Kelo v. City of New London</a></i> and becoming the first woman to do so before the Court.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Amendment">First Amendment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O'Connor was unpredictable in many of her court decisions, especially those regarding First Amendment <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a> issues. Barry Lynn, executive director of <a href="/wiki/Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State" title="Americans United for Separation of Church and State">Americans United for Separation of Church and State</a>, said, "O'Connor was a conservative, but she saw the complexity of church-state issues and tried to choose a course that respected the country's religious diversity" (Hudson 2005). O'Connor voted in favor of religious institutions, such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. University of Virginia</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v._Helms" title="Mitchell v. Helms">Mitchell v. Helms</a></i> (2000), and <i><a href="/wiki/Zelman_v._Simmons-Harris" title="Zelman v. Simmons-Harris">Zelman v. Simmons-Harris</a></i> (2002). Conversely, in <i><a href="/wiki/Lee_v._Weisman" title="Lee v. Weisman">Lee v. Weisman</a></i> she was part of the majority in the case that saw religious prayer and pressure to stand in silence at a graduation ceremony as part of a religious act that coerced people to support or participate in religion, which the Establishment Clause strictly prohibits. This is consistent with a similar case, <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Independent_School_District_v._Doe" title="Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe">Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe</a></i>, involving prayer at a school football game. In this case, O'Connor joined the majority opinion that stated prayer at school football games violates the Establishment Clause. O'Connor was the first justice to articulate the "no endorsement" standard for the Establishment Clause.<sup id="cite_ref-S.M.-2013_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S.M.-2013-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Lynch_v._Donnelly" title="Lynch v. Donnelly">Lynch v. Donnelly</a></i>, O'Connor signed onto a five-justice majority opinion holding that a nativity scene in a public Christmas display did not violate the First Amendment. She penned a concurrence in that case, opining that the crèche did not violate the Establishment Clause because it did not express an endorsement or disapproval of any religion.<sup id="cite_ref-S.M.-2013_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S.M.-2013-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Board of County Commissioners, Wabaunsee County, Kansas v Umbehr</i> (1996) she upheld the application of first amendment free speech rights to independent contractors working for public bodies, being unpersuaded "that there is a 'difference of constitutional magnitude' ... between independent contractors and employees" in circumstances where a contractor has been critical of a governing body.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fourth_Amendment">Fourth Amendment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fourth Amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to law professor <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Rosen_(legal_academic)" title="Jeffrey Rosen (legal academic)">Jeffrey Rosen</a>, "O'Connor was an eloquent opponent of intrusive group searches that threatened privacy without increasing security. In a <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Place" title="United States v. Place">1983 opinion</a> upholding searches by drug-sniffing dogs, she recognized that a search is most likely to be considered <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">constitutionally reasonable</a> if it is very effective at discovering <a href="/wiki/Contraband" title="Contraband">contraband</a> without revealing <i>innocent but embarrassing</i> information."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Washington_College_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington College of Law">Washington College of Law</a> professor Andrew Taslitz, referencing O'Connor's <a href="/wiki/Atwater_v._City_of_Lago_Vista#Dissenting_opinion" title="Atwater v. City of Lago Vista">dissent</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Atwater_v._City_of_Lago_Vista" title="Atwater v. City of Lago Vista">2001 case</a>, said of her <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a> jurisprudence: "O'Connor recognizes that needless humiliation of an individual is an important factor in determining Fourth Amendment reasonableness."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor once quoted the <a href="/wiki/Social_contract_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Social contract theory">social contract theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> as influencing her views on the reasonableness and constitutionality of government action.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cases_involving_race">Cases involving race</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cases involving race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/McCleskey_v._Kemp" title="McCleskey v. Kemp">McCleskey v. Kemp</a></i> (1987), O'Connor joined a 5–4 majority that voted to uphold the death penalty for an African American man, Warren McCleskey, convicted of killing a white police officer, despite statistical evidence that Black defendants were more likely to receive the death penalty than others both in Georgia and in the U.S. as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-la_times_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_times-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990 and 1995 <i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Jenkins" title="Missouri v. Jenkins">Missouri v. Jenkins</a></i> rulings, O'Connor voted with the majority that Federal district courts had no authority to require the state of Missouri to increase school funding to counteract racial inequality. In the 1991 case <i>Freeman v. Pitts</i>, O'Connor joined a concurring opinion in a plurality, agreeing that a school district that had formerly been under judicial review for <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> could be freed of this review, even though not all <a href="/wiki/Desegregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation">desegregation</a> targets had been met. Law professor Herman Schwartz criticized these rulings, writing that in both cases "both the fact and effects of segregation were still present".<sup id="cite_ref-la_times_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_times-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996's <i><a href="/wiki/Shaw_v._Hunt" title="Shaw v. Hunt">Shaw v. Hunt</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shaw_v._Reno" title="Shaw v. Reno">Shaw v. Reno</a></i>, O'Connor joined a Rehnquist opinion, following an earlier precedent from an opinion she authored in 1993, in which the Court struck down an electoral districting plan designed to facilitate the election of two Black representatives out of 12 from North Carolina, a state that had not had any Black representative since <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a>, despite being approximately 20% Black<sup id="cite_ref-la_times_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_times-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the Court held that the districts were unacceptably <a href="/wiki/Gerrymander" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrymander">gerrymandered</a> and O'Connor called the odd shape of the district in question, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="North Carolina's 12th congressional district">North Carolina's 12th</a>, "bizarre".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Law professor Herman Schwartz called O'Connor "the Court's leader in its assault on racially oriented <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-la_times_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la_times-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although she joined with the Court in upholding the constitutionality of limited race-based admissions to universities.<sup id="cite_ref-presidential_leadership_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presidential_leadership-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, O'Connor authored a majority Supreme Court opinion (<i><a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a></i>) saying racial affirmative action should not be constitutional permanently, but long enough to correct past discrimination – with an approximate limit of around 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abortion">Abortion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> element in the Reagan coalition strongly supported him in 1980, in the belief that he would appoint Supreme Court justices to overturn <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i>. They were astonished and dismayed when his first appointment was O'Connor, who they feared would tolerate abortion. They worked hard to defeat her confirmation but failed.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her confirmation hearings and early days on the Court, O'Connor was carefully ambiguous on the issue of abortion, as some conservatives questioned her <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">anti-abortion</a> credentials based on some of her votes in the Arizona legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-greenburg_222_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenburg_222-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor generally dissented from 1980s opinions which took an expansive view of <i>Roe v. Wade</i>; she criticized that decision's "trimester approach" sharply in her dissent in <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Akron_v._Akron_Center_for_Reproductive_Health" title="City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health">City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health</a>.</i> (1983) She criticized <i>Roe</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Thornburgh_v._American_College_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynecologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists">Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists</a></i> (1986): "... I dispute not only the wisdom but also the legitimacy of the Court's attempt to discredit and pre-empt state abortion regulation regardless of the interests it serves and the impact it has."<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse,_Becoming_Justice_Blackmun_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse,_Becoming_Justice_Blackmun-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, O'Connor stated during the deliberations over the <i>Webster</i> case that she would not overrule <i>Roe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While on the Court, O'Connor did not vote to strike down any restrictions on abortion until <i><a href="/wiki/Hodgson_v._Minnesota" title="Hodgson v. Minnesota">Hodgson v. Minnesota</a></i> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse,_Becoming_Justice_Blackmun_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse,_Becoming_Justice_Blackmun-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor allowed certain limits to be placed on access to abortion, but supported the right to abortion established by <i>Roe</i>. In the landmark ruling <i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> (1992), O'Connor used a test she had originally developed in <i>City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health</i> to limit the holding of <i>Roe v. Wade</i>, opening up a legislative portal where a State could enact measures so long as they did not place an "<a href="/wiki/Undue_burden" class="mw-redirect" title="Undue burden">undue burden</a>" on a woman's right to an abortion. <i>Casey</i> revised downward the standard of scrutiny federal courts would apply to state abortion restrictions, a major departure from <i>Roe</i>. However, it preserved <i>Roe</i>'s core constitutional precept: that the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> implies and protects a woman's fundamental right to control the outcomes of her reproductive actions. Writing the plurality opinion for the Court, O'Connor, along with Kennedy and Souter, famously declared: "At the heart of liberty is the right to define one's own concept of existence, of meaning, of the universe, and of the mystery of human life. Beliefs about these matters could not define the attributes of personhood were they formed under compulsion of the State."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commentary_and_analysis">Commentary and analysis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commentary and analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O'Connor's case-by-case approach routinely placed her in the center of the Court and drew both criticism and praise. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> columnist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Charles Krauthammer</a>, for example, described her as lacking a judicial philosophy and instead displaying "political positioning embedded in a social agenda."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Ponnuru" title="Ramesh Ponnuru">Ramesh Ponnuru</a> wrote that, even though O'Connor "has voted reasonably well", her tendency to issue very case-specific rulings "undermines the predictability of the law and aggrandizes the judicial role."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Law clerks serving the Court in 2000 speculated that the decision she reached in <i>Bush v. Gore</i> was based on a desire to appear fair, rather than on any legal rationale, pointing to a memo she sent out the night before the decision was issued that used entirely different logic to reach the same result. They also characterized her approach to cases as deciding on "gut feelings".<sup id="cite_ref-vanityfair.com_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanityfair.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_activities_while_serving_on_the_Court">Other activities while serving on the Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other activities while serving on the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?176071-1/the-majesty-law">Interview with O'Connor on <i>The Majesty of the Law</i>, April 9, 2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?189030-1/chico">Presentation by O'Connor on <i>Chico</i>, September 18, 2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2003, she wrote a book titled <i>The Majesty of the Law: Reflections of a Supreme Court Justice</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50925-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50925-9">0-375-50925-9</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, she wrote a children's book, <i>Chico: A True Story from the Childhood of the First Woman Supreme Court Justice</i>, named for her favorite horse, which offered an autobiographical depiction of her childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 12, 2000, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> reported that O'Connor was reluctant to retire with a Democrat in the presidency: "At an Election Night party at the Washington, D.C., home of Mary Ann Stoessel, widow of former Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stoessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Stoessel">Walter Stoessel</a>, the justice's husband, John O'Connor, mentioned to others her desire to step down, according to three witnesses. But Mr. O'Connor said his wife would be reluctant to retire if a Democrat were in the White House and would choose her replacement. Justice O'Connor declined to comment."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SandraOconnor_and_GeorgeWBush_May2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SandraOconnor_and_GeorgeWBush_May2004.jpg/220px-SandraOconnor_and_GeorgeWBush_May2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SandraOconnor_and_GeorgeWBush_May2004.jpg/330px-SandraOconnor_and_GeorgeWBush_May2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SandraOconnor_and_GeorgeWBush_May2004.jpg/440px-SandraOconnor_and_GeorgeWBush_May2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Justice O'Connor and her husband John O'Connor with President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in May 2004</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oconnor070105_0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oconnor070105_0001.jpg/170px-Oconnor070105_0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oconnor070105_0001.jpg/255px-Oconnor070105_0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oconnor070105_0001.jpg/340px-Oconnor070105_0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="6599" /></a><figcaption>Justice O'Connor's letter to Bush, dated July 1, 2005, announcing her retirement</figcaption></figure> <p>By 2005, the composition of the Court had been unchanged for eleven years, the second-longest period in American history without any such change. Rehnquist was widely expected to be the first justice to retire during Bush's term, owing to his age and his battle with cancer, although rumors of O'Connor's possible retirement circulated as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Deane-2005_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deane-2005-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 1, 2005, O'Connor announced her intention to retire. In her letter to Bush, she stated that her retirement from active service would take effect upon the confirmation of her successor.<sup id="cite_ref-Deane-2005_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deane-2005-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her letter did not provide a reason for her departure; however, a Supreme Court spokeswoman confirmed O'Connor was leaving to spend time with her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-Deane-2005_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deane-2005-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 19, Bush nominated <a href="/wiki/D.C._Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="D.C. Circuit">D.C. Circuit</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> to succeed O'Connor. O'Connor heard the news over the car radio on the way back from a fishing trip.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She described Roberts soon after the nomination as "good in every way, except he's not a woman".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor had expected to leave the Court before the next term started on October 3, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_to_remain_crucial_vote_in_major_cases-2005_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor_to_remain_crucial_vote_in_major_cases-2005-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Rehnquist died on September 3,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating an immediate vacancy on the Court.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, Bush withdrew Roberts as his nominee for her seat and instead appointed him to fill the vacant office of Chief Justice.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN-2005_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2005-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor agreed to stay on the Court until her replacement was named and confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN-2005_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2005-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She spoke at the late chief justice's funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 3, Bush nominated <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a> to replace O'Connor.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After much <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">criticism and controversy</a> over her nomination, on October 27, Miers asked Bush to withdraw her nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-Babington-2005_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babington-2005-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush accepted, reopening the search for O'Connor's successor.<sup id="cite_ref-Babington-2005_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babington-2005-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continued delays in confirming a successor further extended O'Connor's time on the Court.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_to_remain_crucial_vote_in_major_cases-2005_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor_to_remain_crucial_vote_in_major_cases-2005-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She continued to hear oral argument on cases, including cases dealing with controversial issues such as <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">physician-assisted suicide</a> and abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_to_remain_crucial_vote_in_major_cases-2005_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor_to_remain_crucial_vote_in_major_cases-2005-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor's last Court opinion, <i><a href="/wiki/Ayotte_v._Planned_Parenthood_of_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England">Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England</a></i>, written for a unanimous court, was a procedural decision that involved a challenge to a New Hampshire abortion law.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 31, Bush nominated <a href="/wiki/Third_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Circuit">Third Circuit</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> to replace O'Connor;<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alito was confirmed by a 58–42 vote and was sworn in on January 31, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After retiring, she continued to hear cases and rendered over a dozen opinions in federal appellate courts across the country, filling in as a substitute judge when vacations or vacancies left their three-member panels understaffed.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Alito's nomination, O'Connor said, "I've often said, it's wonderful to be the first to do something but I didn't want to be the last. If I didn't do a good job, it might've been the last and indeed when I retired, I was not replaced, then, by a woman which gives one pause to think 'Oh, what did I do wrong that led to this.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Supreme_Court_career">Post-Supreme Court career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-Supreme Court career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27Connor_and_Kagan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/O%27Connor_and_Kagan.jpg/220px-O%27Connor_and_Kagan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/O%27Connor_and_Kagan.jpg/330px-O%27Connor_and_Kagan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/O%27Connor_and_Kagan.jpg/440px-O%27Connor_and_Kagan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>O'Connor in 2008 with <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> dean <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>. Kagan later became the fourth female justice on the Court.</figcaption></figure> <p>In her retirement, O'Connor continued to speak and organize conferences on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a March 2006 speech at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, O'Connor said some political attacks on the independence of the courts pose a direct threat to the constitutional freedoms of Americans. She said "Any reform of the system is debatable as long as it is not motivated by retaliation for decisions that political leaders disagree with", also noting that she was "against judicial reforms driven by nakedly partisan reasoning."<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Courts interpret the law as it was written, not as the congressmen might have wished it was written", and "it takes a lot of degeneration before a country falls into dictatorship, but we should avoid these ends by avoiding these beginnings."<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 19, 2008, O'Connor published an introductory essay on a themed judicial accountability issue in the <i>Denver University Law Review</i>. She called for a better public understanding of judicial accountability.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 7, 2007, at a conference on her landmark opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Strickland_v._Washington" title="Strickland v. Washington">Strickland v. Washington</a></i> (1984) sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Project" title="Constitution Project">Constitution Project</a>, O'Connor highlighted the lack of proper legal representation for many of the poorest defendants.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._News_&_World_Report-2007_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._News_&_World_Report-2007-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor also urged the creation of a system for "merit selection for judges", a cause for which she had frequently advocated.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._News_&_World_Report-2007_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._News_&_World_Report-2007-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 7, 2008, O'Connor and <a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President of Indonesia</a>, wrote an editorial in the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> stating concerns about the threatened imprisonment of Malaysian opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2008, O'Connor spoke on racial equality in education at a conference hosted by the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>. Later in the conference, she was awarded the Charles Hamilton Houston Justice Award alongside <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Court's <i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._Federal_Election_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission">Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission</a></i> decision on corporate political spending, O'Connor offered measured criticism of the decision, telling Georgetown law students and lawyers, "that the Court has created an unwelcome new path for wealthy interests to exert influence on judicial elections."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor argued in favor of President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> naming the replacement for <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> in February 2016, mere days after Scalia's death, opposing Republican arguments that the next president should get to fill the vacancy. She said, "I think we need somebody there to do the job now and let's get on with it"; and that "[y]ou just have to pick the best person you can under the circumstances, as the appointing authority must do. It's an important position and one that we care about as a nation and as a people. And I wish the president well as he makes choices and goes down that line. It's hard."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judge <a href="/wiki/William_H._Pryor_Jr." title="William H. Pryor Jr.">William H. Pryor Jr.</a>, a conservative jurist, has criticized O'Connor's speeches and op-eds for hyperbole and factual inaccuracy, based in part on O'Connor's opinions as to whether judges face a rougher time in the public eye today than in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor reflected on her time on the Supreme Court by saying that she regretted the Court hearing the <i>Bush v. Gore</i> case in 2000 because it "stirred up the public" and "gave the Court a less-than-perfect reputation." She told the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> that "Maybe the Court should have said, 'We're not going to take it, goodbye,' ... It turned out the election authorities in Florida hadn't done a real good job there and kind of messed it up. And probably the Supreme Court added to the problem at the end of the day."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_and_memberships">Activities and memberships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Activities and memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As a retired Supreme Court justice, O'Connor continued to receive a full salary, maintained a staffed office with at least one law clerk, and heard cases on a part-time basis in federal <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">district courts</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_court_of_appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States court of appeals">courts of appeals</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Visiting_judge" title="Visiting judge">visiting judge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes-2013_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-2013-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2008, O'Connor had sat for cases with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">2nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">8th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">9th Circuits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor heard an Arizona voting rights case which the Supreme Court later reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes-2013_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-2013-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Inter_Tribal_Council_of_Arizona,_Inc." title="Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc.">Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona</a></i>, a 7–2 majority affirmed O'Connor and the rest of 9th Circuit panel, and struck down a provision of Arizona's voting registration law.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor hired a law clerk for the October 2015 term, but did not hire a law clerk for the subsequent term.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27Connor,_Sotomayor,_Ginsburg,_and_Kagan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/O%27Connor%2C_Sotomayor%2C_Ginsburg%2C_and_Kagan.jpg/220px-O%27Connor%2C_Sotomayor%2C_Ginsburg%2C_and_Kagan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/O%27Connor%2C_Sotomayor%2C_Ginsburg%2C_and_Kagan.jpg/330px-O%27Connor%2C_Sotomayor%2C_Ginsburg%2C_and_Kagan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/O%27Connor%2C_Sotomayor%2C_Ginsburg%2C_and_Kagan.jpg/440px-O%27Connor%2C_Sotomayor%2C_Ginsburg%2C_and_Kagan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The first four women Supreme Court justices: O'Connor, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, October 1, 2010. O'Connor was retired when the photograph was taken.</figcaption></figure> <p>O'Connor was elected as an honorary fellow of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Public_Administration_(United_States)" title="National Academy of Public Administration (United States)">National Academy of Public Administration</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October that year, O'Connor accepted the largely ceremonial role of becoming the 23rd Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor continued in the role until 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitson_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitson-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haag-2018_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haag-2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor was a member of the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Study_Group" title="Iraq Study Group">Iraq Study Group</a>, appointed by the U.S. Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2006, she was a trustee on the board of the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor chaired the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_2007" title="Jamestown 2007">Jamestown 2007</a> celebration, commemorating the 400th anniversary of the founding of the colony at <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a>, in 1607.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Sandra Day O'Connor Project on the State of the Judiciary, named for O'Connor, held annual conferences from 2006 through 2008 on the independence of the judiciary.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor was a member of both the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weisman-1981_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisman-1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teaching">Teaching</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, O'Connor taught a course on the Supreme Court at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>'s <a href="/wiki/James_E._Rogers_College_of_Law" title="James E. Rogers College of Law">James E. Rogers College of Law</a> as a distinguished jurist in residence.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 5, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> named its law school the <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_College_of_Law" title="Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law">Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law</a> in her honor.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Publishing">Publishing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?311561-1/out-order">Presentation by O'Connor on <i>Out of Order</i>, March 18, 2013</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?321139-16/interview-sandra-day-oconnor">Interview with O'Connor on <i>Out of Order</i>, August 30, 2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>O'Connor wrote the 2013 book <i>Out of Order: Stories from the History of the Supreme Court</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_speaking_engagements">Public speaking engagements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Public speaking engagements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 15, 2006, O'Connor gave the commencement address at the <a href="/wiki/William_%26_Mary_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="William & Mary School of Law">William & Mary School of Law</a>, where she said that judicial independence is "under serious attack at both the state and national level".<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, O'Connor was named an inaugural <a href="/wiki/Harry_Rathbun" title="Harry Rathbun">Harry Rathbun</a> Visiting Fellow by the Office for Religious Life at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. On April 22, 2008, she gave "Harry's Last Lecture on a Meaningful Life" in honor of the former Stanford Law professor who shaped her undergraduate and law careers.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 17, 2014, O'Connor appeared on the television show <i><a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a></i> and provided a couple of video answers to the category 'Supreme Court' which appeared on the show. On the same day in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord, New Hampshire</a>, she gave a talk alongside her former colleague <a href="/wiki/Justice_David_Souter" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice David Souter">Justice David Souter</a> about the importance of meaningful civics education in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-profits_and_philanthropic_activity">Non-profits and philanthropic activity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Non-profits and philanthropic activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2009, O'Connor launched Our Courts, a website she created to offer interactive civics lessons to students and teachers because she was concerned about the lack of knowledge among most young Americans about how their government works. She also served as a co-chair with <a href="/wiki/Lee_H._Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee H. Hamilton">Lee H. Hamilton</a> for the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 3, 2009, O'Connor appeared on the <a href="/wiki/News_satire" title="News satire">satirical</a> television program <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> to promote the website. In August 2009, the website added two online interactive games.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initiative expanded, becoming <a href="/wiki/ICivics" title="ICivics">iCivics</a> in May 2010 offering free lesson plans, games, and interactive videogames for middle and high school educators.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, the iCivics games had 72,000 teachers as registered users and its games had been played 30 million times.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor served on the board of trustees of the <a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a> in Philadelphia, a museum dedicated to the U.S. Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 2015, O'Connor had transitioned to being a trustee emeritus for the center.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2013, the board of directors of <a href="/wiki/Justice_at_Stake" title="Justice at Stake">Justice at Stake</a>, a national judicial reform advocacy organization, announced that O'Connor would be joining the organization as honorary chair.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, O'Connor founded the 501(c)(3) non-profit organization now known as the <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_Institute" title="Sandra Day O'Connor Institute">Sandra Day O'Connor Institute</a>. Its programs are dedicated to promoting civil discourse, civic engagement, and civics education.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, her former <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_House" title="Sandra Day O'Connor House">residence in Arizona</a>, curated by the O'Connor Institute, was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the Institute launched Civics for Life, its multigenerational digital platform.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor was a member and president of the <a href="/wiki/Junior_League" title="Junior League">Junior League</a> of Phoenix.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor was a founding co-chair of the National Advisory Board at the National Institute for Civil Discourse (NICD).<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institute was created at the University of Arizona after the <a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">2011 shooting</a> of former Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Gabby_Giffords" title="Gabby Giffords">Gabby Giffords</a> that killed six people and wounded 13 others.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life,_illness_and_death"><span id="Personal_life.2C_illness_and_death"></span>Personal life, illness and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Personal life, illness and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon her appointment to the Supreme Court, O'Connor and her husband moved to the <a href="/wiki/Kalorama_Heights" title="Kalorama Heights">Kalorama</a> area of Washington, D.C. The O'Connors became active in the Washington, D.C., social scene. O'Connor played tennis and golf in her spare time.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a <a href="/wiki/Baptized" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptized">baptized</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor was successfully <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_management" title="Breast cancer management">treated for breast cancer</a> in 1988, and she also had her <a href="/wiki/Vermiform_appendix" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiform appendix">appendix</a> removed that year.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, John O'Connor left the Washington, D.C., law firm of Miller & Chevalier for a practice that required him to split his time between Washington, D.C., and Phoenix.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her husband suffered from <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> for nearly 20 years, until his death in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Washington_Post-2009_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she became involved in raising awareness of the disease. After retiring from the Court, O'Connor moved back to Phoenix, Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilpern-2013_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilpern-2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 2013, O'Connor's friends and colleagues noticed that she was becoming more forgetful and less talkative.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 399–400">: 399–400 </span></sup> By 2017, back problems led to her needing to use a wheelchair, and to her moving to an assisted living facility.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 401">: 401 </span></sup> In October 2018, O'Connor announced her effective retirement from public life after disclosing that she had been diagnosed with the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimer's">Alzheimer's</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haag-2018_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haag-2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 7, 2016, her younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Day" title="Ann Day">Ann Day</a>, was killed in a car accident in <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>, as a result of a collision with a drunk driver.<sup id="cite_ref-Ann_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ann-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 1, 2023, O'Connor died in Phoenix, at the age of 93, due to complications related to advanced dementia and a <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory illness">respiratory illness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After her death, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> called her "an eloquent advocate for civil education" and a "fiercely independent defender of the rule of law" in a public statement.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_death_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_death-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> said she was an "American icon", dedicated to public service and the "bedrock American principle of an independent judiciary."<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ICivics" title="ICivics">iCivics</a> board chairman Larry Kramer said that O'Connor was "kind and generous" and relayed that iCivics was her "brainchild".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_death_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_death-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Connor <a href="/wiki/Lay_in_repose" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay in repose">lay in repose</a> in the Great Hall of the Supreme Court on December 18, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was memorialized the following day in a funeral service held at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_awards">Legacy and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="List of awards and honors received by Sandra Day O'Connor">List of awards and honors received by Sandra Day O'Connor</a></div> <p>O'Connor was particularly remembered for being the first woman on the Court, and for functioning as the swing vote in the 5–4 decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i>, which handed the presidency to George W. Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-JacksonGuardian_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JacksonGuardian-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YousifBBC_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YousifBBC-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, she began her tenure on the court as a Reaganite but would later attempt to steer the court toward decisions that better aligned with public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LithwickSlate_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LithwickSlate-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue that O'Connor's jurisprudential legacy was largely undone by the appointment of Samuel Alito as her successor.<sup id="cite_ref-LiptakNYT_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiptakNYT-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LithwickSlate_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LithwickSlate-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/32px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/48px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/64px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arizona" title="Portal:Arizona">Arizona portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_8)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)">List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_judges_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of United States federal judges by longevity of service">List of United States federal judges by longevity of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">United States Supreme Court cases during the Burger Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">United States Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">United States Supreme Court cases during the Roberts Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_state_supreme_court_justices" title="List of female state supreme court justices">List of female state supreme court justices</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">She stated that she had graduated third in her law school class,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Stanford's official position is that the law school did not rank students in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Kornmiller_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kornmiller-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206002438/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx">"Current Members"</a>. <i>supremecourt.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx#SOConnor">the original</a> on February 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=supremecourt.gov&rft.atitle=Current+Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fabout%2Fbiographies.aspx%23SOConnor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The date a Member of the Court took his/her Judicial oath (the Judiciary Act provided 'That the Justices of the Supreme Court, and the district judges, before they proceed to execute the duties of their respective offices, shall take the following oath ...') is here used as the date of the beginning of his/her service, for until that oath is taken he/she is not vested with the prerogatives of the office." Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx">About the Court > Justices > Justices 1789 to Present</a>;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415034624/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx">Archived</a> April 15, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212162439/http://www.azcourts.gov/coa1/Former-Judges">"Retired Judges"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcourts.gov/coa1/Former-Judges">the original</a> on February 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Retired+Judges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcourts.gov%2Fcoa1%2FFormer-Judges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.superiorcourt.maricopa.gov/LawLibrary/docs/PDF/Judges/SuperiorCourtJudgesrev4.pdf">"Judges of the Superior Court Of Arizona in Maricopa County"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ww.superiorcourt.maricopa.gov</i>. November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026075628/https://www.superiorcourt.maricopa.gov/LawLibrary/docs/PDF/Judges/SuperiorCourtJudgesrev4.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ww.superiorcourt.maricopa.gov&rft.atitle=Judges+of+the+Superior+Court+Of+Arizona+in+Maricopa+County&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.superiorcourt.maricopa.gov%2FLawLibrary%2Fdocs%2FPDF%2FJudges%2FSuperiorCourtJudgesrev4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weisman-1981-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weisman-1981_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weisman-1981_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisman1981" class="citation news cs1">Weisman, Steven R. (July 7, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0707.html">"Reagan Nominating Woman, an Arizona Appeals Judge, to Serve on Supreme Court"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001011030850/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0707.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reagan+Nominating+Woman%2C+an+Arizona+Appeals+Judge%2C+to+Serve+on+Supreme+Court&rft.date=1981-07-07&rft.aulast=Weisman&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F0707.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandra-Day-OConnor">"Sandra Day O'Connor | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. May 11, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629115240/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandra-Day-OConnor">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sandra+Day+O%27Connor+%7C+Biography%2C+Accomplishments%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSandra-Day-OConnor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Connor-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040306042155/http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/tGetInfo?jid=1796">"O'Connor, Sandra Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/tGetInfo?jid=1796">the original</a> on March 6, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=O%27Connor%2C+Sandra+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fservlet%2FtGetInfo%3Fjid%3D1796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2005" class="citation news cs1">Stevenson, R. W. (July 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/01/politics/01cnd-oconnor.html">"O'Connor, First Woman Supreme Court Justice, Resigns After 24 Years"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501221142/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/01/politics/01cnd-oconnor.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=O%27Connor%2C+First+Woman+Supreme+Court+Justice%2C+Resigns+After+24+Years&rft.date=2005-07-01&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F07%2F01%2Fpolitics%2F01cnd-oconnor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaslin2001" class="citation news cs1">McCaslin, John (November 7, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.townhall.com/columnists/JohnMcCaslin/2001/11/07/mccaslins_beltway_beat">"Power Women"</a>. <i>McCaslin's Beltway Beat</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Townhall.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Townhall.com">Townhall.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429085608/http://townhall.com/columnists/johnmccaslin/2001/11/07/mccaslins_beltway_beat">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2009</span>. <q>... <i><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Home_Journal" title="Ladies' Home Journal">Ladies' Home Journal</a></i>, ... ranks the 30 Most Powerful Women based on cultural clout, financial impact, achievement, visibility, influence, intellect, political know-how and staying power. Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton ranks 5th on the list behind Miss Winfrey, Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, Martha Stewart and Barbara Walters</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McCaslin%27s+Beltway+Beat&rft.atitle=Power+Women&rft.date=2001-11-07&rft.aulast=McCaslin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.townhall.com%2Fcolumnists%2FJohnMcCaslin%2F2001%2F11%2F07%2Fmccaslins_beltway_beat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090315222213/http://www.forbes.com/2004/08/18/04powomland.htmll">"The World's Most Powerful Women"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. August 20, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2004/08/18/04powomland.htmll">the original</a> on March 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Powerful+Women&rft.date=2004-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2004%2F08%2F18%2F04powomland.htmll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/presidential-medal-of-freedom/">"Presidential Medal of Freedom"</a>. CBS News. August 12, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409225457/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/presidential-medal-of-freedom/">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fpictures%2Fpresidential-medal-of-freedom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2023" class="citation web cs1">Murray, Ashley (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oregoncapitalchronicle.com/2023/12/01/sandra-day-oconnor-who-made-history-as-the-first-woman-on-the-supreme-court-dies-at-93/">"Sandra Day O'Connor, who made history as the first woman on the Supreme Court, dies at 93"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Capital_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Capital Chronicle">Oregon Capital Chronicle</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207112805/https://oregoncapitalchronicle.com/2023/12/01/sandra-day-oconnor-who-made-history-as-the-first-woman-on-the-supreme-court-dies-at-93/">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Capital+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Sandra+Day+O%27Connor%2C+who+made+history+as+the+first+woman+on+the+Supreme+Court%2C+dies+at+93&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foregoncapitalchronicle.com%2F2023%2F12%2F01%2Fsandra-day-oconnor-who-made-history-as-the-first-woman-on-the-supreme-court-dies-at-93%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/30/us/sandra-day-oconnor-fast-facts/index.html">"Sandra Day O'Connor Fast Facts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. December 1, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230519025657/https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/30/us/sandra-day-oconnor-fast-facts/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sandra+Day+O%27Connor+Fast+Facts&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F01%2F30%2Fus%2Fsandra-day-oconnor-fast-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/sandra_day_oconnor">"Sandra Day O'Connor"</a>. <i>Oyez</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070317202723/https://www.oyez.org/justices/sandra_day_oconnor">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyez&rft.atitle=Sandra+Day+O%27Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fjustices%2Fsandra_day_oconnor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book_Discussion_on_Sisters_in_Law-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Book_Discussion_on_Sisters_in_Law_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Book_Discussion_on_Sisters_in_Law_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Book Discussion on <i>Sisters in Law</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> Presenter: Linda Hirshman, author. Politics and Prose Bookstore. BookTV, Washington. September 3, 2015. 13 minutes in. Retrieved September 12, 2015 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?327947-1/linda-hirshman-sisters-law">C-Span website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042720/http://www.c-span.org/video/?327947-1%2Flinda-hirshman-sisters-law">Archived</a> March 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heilpern-2013-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heilpern-2013_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heilpern-2013_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heilpern-2013_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heilpern-2013_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heilpern-2013_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilpern2013" class="citation news cs1">Heilpern, John (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2013/04/sandra-day-oconnor-guns-assault-weapons">"Sandra Day O'Connor on Growing Up with Guns and Her Views on Assault Weapons"</a>. <i>The Hive</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923025143/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2013/04/sandra-day-oconnor-guns-assault-weapons">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hive&rft.atitle=Sandra+Day+O%27Connor+on+Growing+Up+with+Guns+and+Her+Views+on+Assault+Weapons&rft.date=2013-04&rft.aulast=Heilpern&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F04%2Fsandra-day-oconnor-guns-assault-weapons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamen-1989-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamen-1989_17-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamenWilliams1989" class="citation web cs1">Kamen, Al; Williams, Marjorie (June 11, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/03/29/how-sandra-day-oconnor-became-the-most-powerful-woman-in-1980s-america/">"How Sandra Day O'Connor became the most powerful woman in 1980s America"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330063935/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/03/29/how-sandra-day-oconnor-became-the-most-powerful-woman-in-1980s-america/">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+Sandra+Day+O%27Connor+became+the+most+powerful+woman+in+1980s+America&rft.date=1989-06-11&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Al&rft.au=Williams%2C+Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Farts-and-entertainment%2Fwp%2F2016%2F03%2F29%2Fhow-sandra-day-oconnor-became-the-most-powerful-woman-in-1980s-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509113130/http://www.kvoa.com/story/31916809/ann-day-dies-at-the-age-of-77">"Former Pima County Supervisor Ann Day dies at the age of 77"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kvoa.com/story/31916809/ann-day-dies-at-the-age-of-77">the original</a> on May 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Pima+County+Supervisor+Ann+Day+dies+at+the+age+of+77&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kvoa.com%2Fstory%2F31916809%2Fann-day-dies-at-the-age-of-77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PW_Lazy_B-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PW_Lazy_B_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780375507243">"LAZY B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest"</a>. <i>Publishers Weekly</i>. December 10, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128122449/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780375507243">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=LAZY+B%3A+Growing+Up+on+a+Cattle+Ranch+in+the+American+Southwest&rft.date=2001-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F9780375507243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScanlon1987" class="citation web cs1">Scanlon, Michael (May 13, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/history/blogs/tales-from-the-morgue/2008/07/11/radfords-most-famous-alum/31477437/">"Radford's most famous alumna drops in for a talk"</a>. <i>El Paso Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151021/https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/history/blogs/tales-from-the-morgue/2008/07/11/radfords-most-famous-alum/31477437/">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Paso+Times&rft.atitle=Radford%27s+most+famous+alumna+drops+in+for+a+talk&rft.date=1987-05-13&rft.aulast=Scanlon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpasotimes.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fhistory%2Fblogs%2Ftales-from-the-morgue%2F2008%2F07%2F11%2Fradfords-most-famous-alum%2F31477437%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington_Valdez2005" class="citation news cs1">Washington Valdez, Diana (July 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpasotimes.typepad.com/morgue/2008/07/hometown-star-4.html">"Hometown stars – Sandra Day O'Connor"</a>. <i>El Paso Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425041934/http://elpasotimes.typepad.com/morgue/2008/07/hometown-star-4.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Paso+Times&rft.atitle=Hometown+stars+%E2%80%93+Sandra+Day+O%27Connor&rft.date=2005-07-02&rft.aulast=Washington+Valdez&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felpasotimes.typepad.com%2Fmorgue%2F2008%2F07%2Fhometown-star-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-2019-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas-2019_22-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2019" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Evan (2019). <i>First: Sandra Day O'Connor</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Alumni+Magazine&rft.atitle=Front+and+Center&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.aulast=Cool&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falumni.stanford.edu%2Fget%2Fpage%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F%3Farticle_id%3D33312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070523084030/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,161325,00.html">"Transcript: O'Connor on Fox"</a>. Fox News. July 1, 2005. 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O'Connor, Sandra Day 1930–. American Decades, 9. September 21, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Washington_Post-2009-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post-2009_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post-2009_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/11/AR2009111119571.html">"John J. O'Connor III, 79; husband of Supreme Court justice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Leadership&rft.pub=Wall+Street+Journal+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0743272261&rft.au=James+Taranto&rft.au=Leonard+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentiallead00tara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UPI-1981-Review-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UPI-1981-Review_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPI-1981-Review_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/Audio/Events-of-1988/Reagan-Foreign-Policy-Speach/OConnor-Appointed-to-Supreme-Court/">"1981 Year in Review: Reagan Foreign Policy Speech/O'Connor Appointed to Supreme Court"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629183133/https://www.upi.com/Archives/Audio/Events-of-1988/Reagan-Foreign-Policy-Speach/OConnor-Appointed-to-Supreme-Court/">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1981+Year+in+Review%3A+Reagan+Foreign+Policy+Speech%2FO%27Connor+Appointed+to+Supreme+Court&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2FAudio%2FEvents-of-1988%2FReagan-Foreign-Policy-Speach%2FOConnor-Appointed-to-Supreme-Court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Transcript</a> (January 30, 2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/30/GOPdebate.transcript/">"Transcript of GOP debate at Reagan Library"</a>. CNN. June 30, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100519132444/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/30/GOPdebate.transcript/">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Transcript+of+GOP+debate+at+Reagan+Library&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FPOLITICS%2F01%2F30%2FGOPdebate.transcript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenburg2007">Greenburg (2007)</a>, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenhouse_141-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenhouse_141_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenhouse_141_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse2006" class="citation book cs1">Greenhouse, Linda (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/becomingjusticeb00gree/page/141"><i>Becoming Justice Blackmun: Harry Blackmun's Supreme Court Journey</i></a>. Henry Holt and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/becomingjusticeb00gree/page/141">141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805080575" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805080575"><bdi>978-0805080575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Justice+Blackmun%3A+Harry+Blackmun%27s+Supreme+Court+Journey&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0805080575&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbecomingjusticeb00gree%2Fpage%2F141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenburg_222-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenburg_222_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenburg_222_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenburg_222_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenburg2007">Greenburg (2007)</a>, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/file.php?path=Floor%20Votes%20Tables/cqal81_1981_Senate_Floor_Votes_274-281.pdf">"CQ Senate Votes 271–278"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CQ Almanac</i>. <b>47-S</b>. 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807213708/https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/file.php?path=Floor%20Votes%20Tables%2Fcqal81_1981_Senate_Floor_Votes_274-281.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CQ+Almanac&rft.atitle=CQ+Senate+Votes+271%E2%80%93278&rft.volume=47-S&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.cqpress.com%2Fcqalmanac%2Ffile.php%3Fpath%3DFloor%2520Votes%2520Tables%2Fcqal81_1981_Senate_Floor_Votes_274-281.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._National_Archives" class="citation web cs1">U.S. National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/oconnor.html">"Reagan's Nomination of O'Connor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713172246/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/oconnor.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reagan%27s+Nomination+of+O%27Connor&rft.au=U.S.+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Flegislative%2Ffeatures%2Foconnor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Malone1981" class="citation news cs1">Julia Malone (July 8, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0708/070837.html">"A closer look at nation's first woman high court nominee"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629155810/http://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0708/070837.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=A+closer+look+at+nation%27s+first+woman+high+court+nominee&rft.date=1981-07-08&rft.au=Julia+Malone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1981%2F0708%2F070837.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Malone1981" class="citation news cs1">Julia Malone (September 3, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0903/090343.html">"New Right strategy: let's drag out O'Connor's confirmation hearing; Focus: abortion, women's rights, school prayer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629151111/http://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0903/090343.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=New+Right+strategy%3A+let%27s+drag+out+O%27Connor%27s+confirmation+hearing%3B+Focus%3A+abortion%2C+women%27s+rights%2C+school+prayer&rft.date=1981-09-03&rft.au=Julia+Malone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1981%2F0903%2F090343.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse1981" class="citation news cs1">Greenhouse, Linda (September 10, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/10/us/o-connor-hearings-open-on-a-note-of-friendship.html">"O'Connor Hearings Open on a Note of Friendship"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029012648/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/10/us/o-connor-hearings-open-on-a-note-of-friendship.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=O%27Connor+Hearings+Open+on+a+Note+of+Friendship&rft.date=1981-09-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F09%2F10%2Fus%2Fo-connor-hearings-open-on-a-note-of-friendship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.c-span.org/camerasInTheCourt/timeline.html">"Cameras in the Court"</a>. <i>c-span.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028093520/https://sites.c-span.org/camerasInTheCourt/timeline.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=Cameras+in+the+Court&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.c-span.org%2FcamerasInTheCourt%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhouse-1981-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhouse-1981_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhouse-1981_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse1981" class="citation news cs1">Greenhouse, Linda (September 16, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/16/us/panel-approves-judge-o-connor.html">"Panel Approves Judge O'Connor"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028200903/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/16/us/panel-approves-judge-o-connor.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Panel+Approves+Judge+O%27Connor&rft.date=1981-09-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F09%2F16%2Fus%2Fpanel-approves-judge-o-connor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenburg2007">Greenburg (2007)</a>, pp. 222–223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/oconnor.html">"Reagan's Nomination of O'Connor"</a>. archives.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151108040348/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/oconnor.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reagan%27s+Nomination+of+O%27Connor&rft.pub=archives.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Flegislative%2Ffeatures%2Foconnor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2011" class="citation news cs1">Lowe, Rebecca (August 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/aug/30/us-supreme-court-george-bush">"Supremely confident: the legacy of Sandra Day O'Connor"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318091111/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/aug/30/us-supreme-court-george-bush">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Supremely+confident%3A+the+legacy+of+Sandra+Day+O%27Connor&rft.date=2011-08-30&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flaw%2F2011%2Faug%2F30%2Fus-supreme-court-george-bush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press2005" class="citation news cs1">Associated Press (July 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna8433188">"Sandra Day O'Connor: The reluctant justice"</a>. <i>nbc.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311021301/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/8433188/ns/us_news-the_changing_court/t/sandra-day-oconnor-reluctant-justice/">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona. June 23, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151023/https://news.arizona.edu/story/sandra-day-oconnor-teach-ua">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Justice+Sandra+Day+O%27Connor+Joins+Justice+at+Stake+as+Honorary+Chair&rft.pub=Justiceatstake.org&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justiceatstake.org%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases-16824%2F%3Fsupreme_court_justice_sandra_day_oconnor_joins_justice_at_stake_as_honorary_chair%26show%3Dnews%26newsID%3D16396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510184142/http://arizonanonprofits.org/members/?id%3D42354572">"Sandra Day O'Connor Institute – Alliance of Arizona Nonprofits"</a>. <i>arizonanonprofits.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sandra+Day+O%27Connor+Institute&rft.atitle=A+Mission+of+Civic+Duty+and+Knowledge+%E2%80%93+The+O%27Connor+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foconnorinstitute.org%2Fabout%2Fcivic-duty-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan" class="citation web cs1">O'Sullivan, Serena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/tempe/2019/07/19/sandra-day-oconnors-house-added-in-tempe-national-register-historic-places/1779271001/">"Sandra Day O'Connor's house in Tempe added to the National Register of Historic Places"</a>. <i>The Arizona Republic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151023/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/tempe/2019/07/19/sandra-day-oconnors-house-added-in-tempe-national-register-historic-places/1779271001/">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Sandra+Day+O%27Connor%27s+house+in+Tempe+added+to+the+National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Serena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Ftempe%2F2019%2F07%2F19%2Fsandra-day-oconnors-house-added-in-tempe-national-register-historic-places%2F1779271001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yourvalley.net/stories/sandra-day-oconnor-institute-launches-oconnor-u,161280">"O'Connor U launched by Sandra Day O'Connor Institute"</a>. <i>Your Valley</i>. May 27, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619132418/https://www.yourvalley.net/stories/sandra-day-oconnor-institute-launches-oconnor-u,161280">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Your+Valley&rft.atitle=O%27Connor+U+launched+by+Sandra+Day+O%27Connor+Institute&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourvalley.net%2Fstories%2Fsandra-day-oconnor-institute-launches-oconnor-u%2C161280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajli.org/?nd=p-do-civldr-bio-sandra-day-oconnor">"Sandra Day O'Connor, The Junior League of Phoenix"</a>. <i>ajli.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024232503/https://www.ajli.org/?nd=p-do-civldr-bio-sandra-day-oconnor">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 23, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903020319/https://nicd.arizona.edu/members/sandra-day-oconnor">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+for+Civil+Discourse&rft.atitle=Sandra+Day+O%27Connor&rft.date=2012-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnicd.arizona.edu%2Fmembers%2Fsandra-day-oconnor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nicd.arizona.edu/about">"About"</a>. <i>National Institute for Civil Discourse</i>. July 5, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903020323/https://nicd.arizona.edu/about">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+for+Civil+Discourse&rft.atitle=About&rft.date=2015-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnicd.arizona.edu%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/03/29/how-sandra-day-oconnor-became-the-most-powerful-woman-in-1980s-america/">"How Sandra Day O'Connor became the most powerful woman in 1980s America"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330063935/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/03/29/how-sandra-day-oconnor-became-the-most-powerful-woman-in-1980s-america/">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+Sandra+Day+O%27Connor+became+the+most+powerful+woman+in+1980s+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Farts-and-entertainment%2Fwp%2F2016%2F03%2F29%2Fhow-sandra-day-oconnor-became-the-most-powerful-woman-in-1980s-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"O'Connor Has Breast Surgery To Stop Cancer", <i>The New York Times</i>, Linda Greenhouse. October 22, 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ann-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ann_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/sister-of-former-supreme-court-justice-oconnor-killed-in-arizona-car-crash/">"Sister of former Supreme Court Justice O'Connor killed in Arizona car crash"</a>. Fox News. May 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sister+of+former+Supreme+Court+Justice+O%27Connor+killed+in+Arizona+car+crash&rft.date=2016-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fsister-of-former-supreme-court-justice-oconnor-killed-in-arizona-car-crash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/sandra-day-oconnor-dead-dies-rcna127589">"Sandra Day O'Connor, the first female Supreme Court justice, dead at 93"</a>. NBC News. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sandra+Day+O%27Connor%2C+the+first+female+Supreme+Court+justice%2C+dead+at+93&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court%2Fsandra-day-oconnor-dead-dies-rcna127589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vogue2023" class="citation web cs1">de Vogue, Ariane (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/01/politics/justice-sandra-day-oconnor-first-woman-on-the-supreme-court-dies/index.html">"Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, first woman on the Supreme Court, dies"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sandra+Day+O%27Connor%2C+first+woman+to+serve+on+US+Supreme+Court%2C+dies+aged+93&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft.aulast=Olapido&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft.au=Pengelly%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2023%2Fdec%2F01%2Fsandra-day-o-connor-dead-first-woman-supreme-court-justice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlafriz2023" class="citation news cs1">Alafriz, Olivia (December 2, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/02/biden-sandra-day-oconnor-tribute-00129759">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'American icon': Biden pays tribute to Sandra Day O'Connor"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203144953/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/02/biden-sandra-day-oconnor-tribute-00129759">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=%27American+icon%27%3A+Biden+pays+tribute+to+Sandra+Day+O%27Connor&rft.date=2023-12-02&rft.aulast=Alafriz&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F12%2F02%2Fbiden-sandra-day-oconnor-tribute-00129759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/12/05/supreme-court-oconnor-repose/">"Justice O'Connor to lie in repose at Supreme Court on Dec. 18"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Justice+O%27Connor+to+lie+in+repose+at+Supreme+Court+on+Dec.+18&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F12%2F05%2Fsupreme-court-oconnor-repose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVansickle2023" class="citation news cs1">Vansickle, Abbie (December 19, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/19/us/politics/sandra-day-oconnor-memorial.html">"O'Connor, a Daughter of the American West, is honored in Washington"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=O%27Connor%2C+a+Daughter+of+the+American+West%2C+is+honored+in+Washington&rft.date=2023-12-19&rft.aulast=Vansickle&rft.aufirst=Abbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F12%2F19%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fsandra-day-oconnor-memorial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JacksonGuardian-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JacksonGuardian_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Harold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2023/dec/01/sandra-day-oconnor-obituary">"Sandra Day O'Connor obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203111154/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2023/dec/01/sandra-day-oconnor-obituary">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sandra+Day+O%27Connor+obituary&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flaw%2F2023%2Fdec%2F01%2Fsandra-day-oconnor-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YousifBBC-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YousifBBC_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYousif" class="citation news cs1">Yousif, Nadine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67593879">"Ex-Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor dies aged 93"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203111154/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67593879">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ex-Supreme+Court+Justice+Sandra+Day+O%27Connor+dies+aged+93&rft.aulast=Yousif&rft.aufirst=Nadine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-67593879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LithwickSlate-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LithwickSlate_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LithwickSlate_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLithwickStern" class="citation news cs1">Lithwick, Dahlia; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Joseph_Stern" title="Mark Joseph Stern">Stern, Mark Joseph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/12/sandra-day-oconnor-obit-sad-legacy.html">"The Sad Ending of Sandra Day O'Connor's Judicial Legacy"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203104236/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/12/sandra-day-oconnor-obit-sad-legacy.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Sad+Ending+of+Sandra+Day+O%27Connor%27s+Judicial+Legacy&rft.aulast=Lithwick&rft.aufirst=Dahlia&rft.au=Stern%2C+Mark+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2023%2F12%2Fsandra-day-oconnor-obit-sad-legacy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiptakNYT-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LiptakNYT_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2023" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/01/us/politics/justice-oconnor-legacy-abortion.html">"Justice O'Connor's Judicial Legacy Was Undermined by Court's Rightward Shift"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203104410/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/01/us/politics/justice-oconnor-legacy-abortion.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justice+O%27Connor%27s+Judicial+Legacy+Was+Undermined+by+Court%27s+Rightward+Shift&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F12%2F01%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fjustice-oconnor-legacy-abortion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenburg2007" class="citation book cs1">Greenburg, Jan Crawford (2007). <i>Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court</i>. Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Conflict%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+the+Struggle+for+Control+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Greenburg&rft.aufirst=Jan+Crawford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?189492-1/sandra-day-oconnor">Presentation by Biskupic on <i>Sandra Day O'Connor</i>, October 23, 2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?459098-14/first-sandra-dayoconnor">Interview with Thomas on <i>First</i>, April 6, 2019</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CHRG-OCONNOR/pdf/GPO-CHRG-OCONNOR.pdf">Nomination of Judge Sandra Day O'Connor of Arizona to serve as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. September 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Nomination+of+Judge+Sandra+Day+O%27Connor+of+Arizona+to+serve+as+an+Associate+Justice+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1981-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CHRG-OCONNOR%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CHRG-OCONNOR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Biskupic" title="Joan Biskupic">Biskupic, Joan</a>. <i>Sandra Day O'Connor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice</i> (2005), biography</li> <li>Flowers, Prudence. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'A Prolife Disaster': The Reagan Administration and the Nomination of Sandra Day O'Connor". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> 53.2 (2018): 391–414. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26416694">26416694</a>.</li> <li>Montini, E. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/news/columns/articles/0712montini12.html?&wired">"Rehnquist is No. 1, O'Connor is No. 3, Baloney is No. 2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322211005/http://www.azcentral.com/news/columns/articles/0712montini12.html?&wired">Archived</a> March 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic" title="The Arizona Republic">The Arizona Republic</a></i>. Retrieved March 5, 2013.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor,_Sandra_DayDay,_H._Alan2002" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Sandra Day & Day, H. Alan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lazybgrowingupo000ocon"><i>Lazy B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50724-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50724-8"><bdi>0-375-50724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lazy+B%3A+Growing+Up+on+a+Cattle+Ranch+in+the+American+Southwest&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-375-50724-8&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Sandra+Day&rft.au=Day%2C+H.+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flazybgrowingupo000ocon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandra+Day+O%27Connor" class="Z3988"></span>, a primary source</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Thomas, Evan</a>. <i>First: Sandra Day O'Connor</i> (2019) Random House, authorized biography</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Sandra Day O'Connor</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" class="extiw" title="c:Sandra Day O'Connor">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Sandra Day O'Connor">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" class="extiw" title="q:Sandra Day O'Connor">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Sandra Day O'Connor">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Sandra Day O'Connor</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=O%27Connor%2C+Sandra+Day%2C+1930%E2%80%93">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=O%27Connor%2C+Sandra+Day%2C+1930%E2%80%93&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Sandra Day O'Connor</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=O%27Connor%2C+Sandra+Day%2C+1930%E2%80%93&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=O%27Connor%2C+Sandra+Day%2C+1930%E2%80%93">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=O%27Connor%2C+Sandra+Day%2C+1930%E2%80%93&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1300">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.OnTheIssues.org/Sandra_Day_O_Connor.htm">Issue positions and quotes</a> at <a href="/wiki/OnTheIssues" class="mw-redirect" title="OnTheIssues">OnTheIssues</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Senate" title="Arizona Senate">Arizona Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Burgess" title="Isabel Burgess">Isabel Burgess</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Senate" title="Arizona Senate">Arizona Senate</a><br />from the 8-E district </b><br />1969–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>Constituency abolished</i></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>Constituency established</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Senate" title="Arizona Senate">Arizona Senate</a><br />from the 20th district </b><br />1971–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bess_Stinson" title="Bess Stinson">Bess Stinson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Howard_S._Baldwin" title="Howard S. Baldwin">Howard S. Baldwin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Senate" title="Arizona Senate">Arizona Senate</a><br />from the 24th district </b><br />1973–1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Pritzlaff_Jr." title="John C. Pritzlaff Jr.">John Pritzlaff</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> </b><br />1981–2006 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the College of William and Mary">Chancellor of the College of William and Mary</a> </b><br />2005–2012 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_justices" title="Template:SCOTUS justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a></i>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;">*<i>Also served as chief justice of the United States</i></span></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judicial_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O&#039;Connor40" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_opinions" title="Template:Sandra Day O'Connor opinions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_opinions" title="Template talk:Sandra Day O'Connor opinions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_opinions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sandra Day O'Connor opinions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judicial_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O&#039;Connor40" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Judicial opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#EEE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa County, Arizona</a> <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Superior_Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Superior Courts">Superior Court</a> (1975–1979); <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Court_of_Appeals" title="Arizona Court of Appeals">Arizona Court of Appeals</a> (1980–1981)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_state_court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arizona state court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1975–1981</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#EEE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> (September 25, 1981 – January 31, 2006); <i>by term</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="2000 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="2001 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="2002 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="2003 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="2004 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="2005 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Sandra Day O'Connor">2005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Iraq_Study_Group98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_Study_Group" title="Template:Iraq Study Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_Study_Group" title="Template talk:Iraq Study Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_Study_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq Study Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Iraq_Study_Group98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Study_Group" title="Iraq Study Group">Members of the Iraq Study Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> (co-chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_H._Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee H. Hamilton">Lee H. Hamilton</a> (co-chair)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Chuck Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Simpson_(American_politician)" title="Alan Simpson (American politician)">Alan Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Lawrence Eagleburger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resigned prior<br />to final report</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_College_of_William_&amp;_Mary125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #115740; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B9975B, inset -2px -2px 0 #B9975B;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:College_of_William_%26_Mary_chancellors" title="Template:College of William & Mary chancellors"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:College_of_William_%26_Mary_chancellors" title="Template talk:College of William & Mary chancellors"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:College_of_William_%26_Mary_chancellors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:College of William & Mary chancellors"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_College_of_William_&amp;_Mary125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="Chancellor of the College of William & Mary"><span style="color:white">Chancellors of the College of William & Mary</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton</a> (1693–1700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tenison" title="Thomas Tenison">Thomas Tenison</a> (1700–1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton</a> (1707–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(bishop_of_London)" title="John Robinson (bishop of London)">John Robinson</a> (1714–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a> (1721–1729)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Edmund Gibson</a> (1729–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a> (1736–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Edmund Gibson</a> (1737–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sherlock" title="Thomas Sherlock">Thomas Sherlock</a> (1749–1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hayter" title="Thomas Hayter">Thomas Hayter</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wyndham,_2nd_Earl_of_Egremont" title="Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont">Charles Wyndham</a> (1762–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Yorke,_1st_Earl_of_Hardwicke" title="Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke">Philip Yorke</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Terrick" title="Richard Terrick">Richard Terrick</a> (1764–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (1788–1799)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1800–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1859–1862)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1863–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair_Grigsby" title="Hugh Blair Grigsby">Hugh Blair Grigsby</a> (1871–1881)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1882–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bryan" title="John Stewart Bryan">John Stewart Bryan</a> (1942–1944)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Darden" title="Colgate Darden">Colgate Darden</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1948–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Duke_Chandler" title="Alvin Duke Chandler">Alvin Duke Chandler</a> (1962–1974)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1975–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (1986–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> (1993–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (2000–2005)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> (2005–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2012–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Texas_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Texas_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Texas Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Texas_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Texas Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Texas_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Texas Women's Hall of Fame">Texas Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980s55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christia_Adair" title="Christia Adair">Christia Adair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Atkinson_Bell" title="Kate Atkinson Bell">Kate Atkinson Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Castleberry" title="Vivian Castleberry">Vivian Castleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Cockrell" title="Lila Cockrell">Lila Cockrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotilde_P%C3%A9rez_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Clotilde Pérez García">Clotilde Pérez García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Porter_Hester" title="Jeane Porter Hester">Jeane Porter Hester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Blagg_Huey" title="Mary Blagg Huey">Mary Evelyn Blagg Huey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_T._Hughes" title="Sarah T. Hughes">Sarah T. Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Freeman_Lee" title="Amy Freeman Lee">Amy Freeman Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjy_Frances_Brooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjy Frances Brooks (page does not exist)">Benjy Frances Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Happ_Buffler" title="Patricia Happ Buffler">Patricia Happ Buffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Carpenter" title="Liz Carpenter">Liz Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Woodruff_Cartwright" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace Woodruff Cartwright">Grace Woodruff Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Farabee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Farabee (page does not exist)">Helen Farabee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Elena_Flood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Elena Flood (page does not exist)">Maria Elena Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Lee_Glass" title="Willie Lee Glass">Willie Lee Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Mendoza" title="Lydia Mendoza">Lydia Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenny_Lind_Porter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenny Lind Porter (page does not exist)">Jenny Lind Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Raggio" title="Louise Raggio">Louise Raggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Richards" title="Ann Richards">Ann Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Gardner_Whyte" title="Edna Gardner Whyte">Edna Gardner Whyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Armstrong">Anne Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kay_Ash" title="Mary Kay Ash">Mary Kay Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro_Crawford_Brown" title="Caro Crawford Brown">Caro Crawford Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alicia_Chacon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alicia Chacon (page does not exist)">Alicia Chacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Conradt" title="Jody Conradt">Jody Conradt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cousins_(editor)" title="Margaret Cousins (editor)">Margaret Cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Ruth_Delco" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmina Ruth Delco">Wilhelmina Ruth Delco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Goff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frances Goff (page does not exist)">Frances Goff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lavinia_Griffith" title="Mary Lavinia Griffith">Mary Lavinia Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Owen" title="May Owen">May Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Simond" title="Ada Simond">Ada Simond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Tobolowsky" title="Hermine Tobolowsky">Hermine Tobolowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_G._Acosta" title="Lucy G. Acosta">Lucy G. Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Sharp_Altshuler" title="Ruth Sharp Altshuler">Ruth Sharp Altshuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Harris_Amsler" title="Margaret Harris Amsler">Margaret Harris Amsler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnie_Benson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johnnie Benson (page does not exist)">Johnnie Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tommie_Clack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tommie Clack (page does not exist)">Tommie Clack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Dawson_(talent_agent)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Dawson (talent agent) (page does not exist)">Kim Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Dunlap" title="Lillian Dunlap">Lillian Dunlap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elithe_Hamilton_Kirkland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elithe Hamilton Kirkland (page does not exist)">Elithe Hamilton Kirkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Lopiano" title="Donna Lopiano">Donna Lopiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Sherrod" title="Katie Sherrod">Katie Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donnya_Stephens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donnya Stephens (page does not exist)">Donnya Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Dougherty_Strother" title="Dora Dougherty Strother">Dora Dougherty Strother</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Nan_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Nan West (page does not exist)">Mary Nan West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pease_Harper" title="Margaret Pease Harper">Margaret Pease Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninfa_Laurenzo" title="Ninfa Laurenzo">Ninfa Laurenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Murray" title="Lane Murray">Lane Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Ritter" title="Louise Ritter">Louise Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Taubert_Seeger" title="Ruth Taubert Seeger">Ruth Taubert Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bert_Kruger_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bert Kruger Smith (page does not exist)">Bert Kruger Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Tinsley" title="Eleanor Tinsley">Eleanor Tinsley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Craven" title="Judith Craven">Judith Craven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gussie_Nell_Davis" title="Gussie Nell Davis">Gussie Nell Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Swan_Forbes" title="Margaret Swan Forbes">Margaret Swan Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ruth_Guy" title="L. Ruth Guy">L. Ruth Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Hershey" title="Terry Hershey">Terry Hershey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Rede_Madrid" title="Lucia Rede Madrid">Lucia Rede Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Wetzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Wetzel (page does not exist)">Jane Wetzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990s55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Louise_Craft" title="Linda Louise Craft">Linda Louise Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Glossbrenner" title="Ernestine Glossbrenner">Ernestine Glossbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Kirk_McDonald" title="Gabrielle Kirk McDonald">Gabrielle Kirk McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Montague" title="Eleanor Montague">Eleanor Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaronetta_Hamilton_Pierce" title="Aaronetta Hamilton Pierce">Aaronetta Hamilton Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloria_G._Rodriguez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gloria G. Rodriguez (page does not exist)">Gloria G. Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Strauss" title="Annette Strauss">Annette Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Ramirez_Guerrero" title="Rosa Ramirez Guerrero">Rosa Ramirez Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Rangel_(Texas_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irma Rangel (Texas politician)">Irma Rangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beth_Rogers" title="Mary Beth Rogers">Mary Beth Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Whitehead_Scott" title="Bess Whitehead Scott">Bess Whitehead Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallie_Stillwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallie Stillwell">Hallie Stillwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francie_Larrieu_Smith" title="Francie Larrieu Smith">Francie Larrieu Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvia_Wardlaw" title="Alvia Wardlaw">Alvia Wardlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Wong" title="Martha Wong">Martha Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Anne_Young" title="Eleanor Anne Young">Eleanor Anne Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebby_Halliday" title="Ebby Halliday">Ebby Halliday Acers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Crocker_Clements" title="Rita Crocker Clements">Rita Crocker Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina_Garrison" title="Zina Garrison">Zina Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_B._Harrington" title="Sybil B. Harrington">Sybil Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Bailey_Hutchison" title="Kay Bailey Hutchison">Kay Bailey Hutchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassar_Miller" title="Vassar Miller">Vassar Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Oujesky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Oujesky (page does not exist)">Helen Oujesky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Lee_Piester" title="Ruby Lee Piester">Ruby Lee Piester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Graves_Stai" title="Dian Graves Stai">Dian Graves Stai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Eva_Singletary" title="S. Eva Singletary">S. Eva Singletary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Lea_Beasley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norma Lea Beasley (page does not exist)">Norma Lea Beasley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Thompson_Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirley Thompson Carter (page does not exist)">Shirley Thompson Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Lyons_Ghrist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Lyons Ghrist (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Lyons Ghrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Granger" title="Kay Granger">Kay Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Melillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dixie Melillo (page does not exist)">Dixie Melillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Natalicio" title="Diana Natalicio">Diana Natalicio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Sharp" title="Marsha Sharp">Marsha Sharp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000s55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tillie_Burgin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tillie Burgin (page does not exist)">Tillie Burgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Dinkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Dinkins">Carol Dinkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Farias" title="Anna Maria Farias">Anna Maria Farias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_V._Garc%C3%ADa" title="Juliet V. García">Juliet V. García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenna_Goodacre" title="Glenna Goodacre">Glenna Goodacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendy_Harpham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendy Harpham (page does not exist)">Wendy Harpham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinger_L._Heath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinger L. Heath (page does not exist)">Jinger L. Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dealey_Decherd_Herndon" title="Dealey Decherd Herndon">Dealey Herndon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamie_L._McKnight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamie L. McKnight (page does not exist)">Mamie L. McKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo_Stewart_Randel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jo Stewart Randel (page does not exist)">Jo Stewart Randel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Rankin" title="Judy Rankin">Judy Rankin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Hughes" title="Karen Hughes">Karen Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Murdaugh" title="Angela Murdaugh">Angela Murdaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Williams_(choreographer)" title="Ann Williams (choreographer)">Ann Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Combs" title="Susan Combs">Susan Combs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Mendenhall" title="Trinidad Mendenhall">Trinidad Mendenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Meyers_Rosenfield" title="Mary Meyers Rosenfield">Mary Meyers Rosenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheryl_Swoopes" title="Sheryl Swoopes">Sheryl Swoopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Dunbar" title="Amanda Dunbar">Amanda Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Foster_(Houston,_Texas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathleen Foster (Houston, Texas) (page does not exist)">Kathleen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Neeley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirley Neeley (page does not exist)">Shirley Neeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Vitetta" title="Ellen Vitetta">Ellen Vitetta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Murano" title="Elsa Murano">Elsa Murano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Peterson" title="Carolyn Peterson">Carolyn Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Hopkins_Underwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise Hopkins Underwood (page does not exist)">Louise Hopkins Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huda_Zoghbi" title="Huda Zoghbi">Huda Zoghbi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010s55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_W._Dickey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy W. Dickey">Nancy W. Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erma_Johnson_Hadley" title="Erma Johnson Hadley">Erma Johnson Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Lozano_Long" title="Teresa Lozano Long">Teresa Lozano Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Castle_Scott" title="Judy Castle Scott">Judy Castle Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Willeford" title="Pamela Willeford">Pamela Willeford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Smith_Conrad" title="Barbara Smith Conrad">Barbara Smith Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Corn" title="Anne Corn">Anne Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Godiwalla" title="Nina Godiwalla">Nina Godiwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_O%27Neill" title="Harriet O'Neill">Harriet O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Saunders" title="Mary Saunders">Mary Saunders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nandita Berry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Herring" title="Joanne Herring">Joanne Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Olson" title="Kim Olson">Kim Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Thigpen_Perry" title="Anita Thigpen Perry">Anita Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Stuart" title="Ann Stuart">Ann Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senfronia_Thompson" title="Senfronia Thompson">Senfronia Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tucker_(executive)" title="Deborah Tucker (executive)">Deborah Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Wright_(Chief_Justice)" title="Carolyn Wright (Chief Justice)">Carolyn Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Carter_Browning" title="Emma Carter Browning">Emma Carter Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susie_Hitchcock-Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susie Hitchcock-Hall (page does not exist)">Susie Hitchcock-Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Kerrick" title="Ginger Kerrick">Ginger Kerrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renu_Khator" title="Renu Khator">Renu Khator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Biles" title="Simone Biles">Simone Biles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikki_Carr" title="Vikki Carr">Vikki Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Dell" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Dell">Susan Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammie_Jo_Shults" title="Tammie Jo Shults">Tammie Jo Shults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Anne_Sueltenfuss" title="Elizabeth Anne Sueltenfuss">Elizabeth Anne Sueltenfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Zaffirini" title="Judith Zaffirini">Judith Zaffirini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020s55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Anderson_(dancer)" title="Lauren Anderson (dancer)">Lauren Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlye_O._Farris" title="Charlye O. Farris">Charlye O. Farris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dawn_Ferrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dawn Ferrell (page does not exist)">Dawn Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ofelia_Vasquez-Philo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ofelia Vasquez-Philo (page does not exist)">Ofelia Vasquez-Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendra_Scott" title="Kendra Scott">Kendra Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaine_Stolte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaine Stolte (page does not exist)">Elaine Stolte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leta_Andrews" title="Leta Andrews">Leta Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Horn (page does not exist)">Mary Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_LaMantia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val LaMantia (page does not exist)">Val LaMantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal_Lee" title="Opal Lee">Opal Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavinia_Masters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lavinia Masters (page does not exist)">Lavinia Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonietta_Quigg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonietta Quigg (page does not exist)">Antonietta Quigg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Sharp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte Sharp (page does not exist)">Charlotte Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Suarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Suarez (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Suarez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States291" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States291" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield"><b>Garfield</b> (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft"><b>W. H. Taft</b> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover"><b>H. Hoover</b> (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower"><b>Eisenhower</b> (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson"><b>Johnson</b> (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan"><b>Reagan</b> (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford"><b>Ford</b> (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush"><b>Bush</b> (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter"><b>Carter</b> (2024–25,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase"><b>Chase</b> (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda52" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison"><b>Harrison</b> (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor"><b>Taylor</b> (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt"><b>Roosevelt</b> (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the<br />US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren"><b>Warren</b> (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger"><b>Burger</b> (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist"><b>Rehnquist</b> (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Bold</b>: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11132#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11132#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11132#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119502976">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81123693">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12432801s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12432801s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2005282426&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p287519562">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4078386">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000006110&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202274202">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007457642705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14239549">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14078152?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119502976">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/073270997">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569622">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tv5dz9">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&oldid=1274007906">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Day_O%27Connor&oldid=1274007906</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Category:Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra 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