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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle American languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-American_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chahta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chahta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Chahta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chahta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanienʼkéha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanienʼkéha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kanienʼkéha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanienʼkéha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Lakota </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapudungun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapudungun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Mapudungun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapudungun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Mayan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tupian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tupian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Tupian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tupian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yebamasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yebamasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Yebamasa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yebamasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austronesian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austronesian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Austronesian languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Austronesian_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Austronesian languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Austronesian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filipino_(Tagalog)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filipino_(Tagalog)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Filipino (Tagalog) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filipino_(Tagalog)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Javanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Javanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Javanese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Javanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dravidian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dravidian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Dravidian </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dravidian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dravidian subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dravidian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kannada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kannada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Kannada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kannada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Tamil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Telugu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malayalam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayalam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Malayalam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayalam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 East Asian languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-East_Asian_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle East Asian languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-East_Asian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Chinese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Japanese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Korean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibetan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Tibetan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibetan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnamese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Vietnamese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Mongolian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-European" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-European"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Indo-European </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indo-European-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indo-European subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indo-European-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Albanian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Baltic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Slavic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Celtic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Romance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Germanic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Greek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Iranian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Aryan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Aryan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Indo-Aryan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Aryan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niger-Congo_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niger-Congo_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Niger-Congo A </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niger-Congo_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niger-Congo_B_(Bantu)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niger-Congo_B_(Bantu)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Niger-Congo B (Bantu) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Niger-Congo_B_(Bantu)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Niger-Congo B (Bantu) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Niger-Congo_B_(Bantu)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-isiZulu_and_isiXhosa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#isiZulu_and_isiXhosa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 isiZulu and isiXhosa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-isiZulu_and_isiXhosa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiswahili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiswahili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Kiswahili </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiswahili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OtjiHimba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OtjiHimba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 OtjiHimba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OtjiHimba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setswana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setswana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Setswana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setswana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Caucasus_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Caucasus_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Northern Caucasus languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Caucasus_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pama–Nyungan_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pama–Nyungan_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Pama–Nyungan languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pama–Nyungan_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pama–Nyungan languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pama–Nyungan_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Arrernte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Arrernte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Eastern Arrernte </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Arrernte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_European_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_European_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Other European languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_European_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other European languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_European_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Basque </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uralic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uralic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Uralic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uralic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Turkic </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Turkic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Turkic subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Turkic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kazakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Kazakh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuvan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuvan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Tuvan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuvan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Turkish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Blue–green distinction in language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" > 11 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A2n-g%C3%AD_t%C3%B9i_l%C3%A2m-sek_kap_le%CC%8Dk-sek_%C3%AA_hun-piat" title="Giân-gí tùi lâm-sek kap le̍k-sek ê hun-piat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Giân-gí tùi lâm-sek kap le̍k-sek ê hun-piat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishe%C3%B1velout_gwer_diouzh_glas_er_yezho%C3%B9" title="Disheñvelout gwer diouzh glas er yezhoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Disheñvelout gwer diouzh glas er yezhoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCn_und_Blau_in_verschiedenen_Sprachen" title="Grün und Blau in verschiedenen Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grün und Blau in verschiedenen Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تمایز آبی-سبز در زبان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمایز آبی-سبز در زبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underskie_tusken_blau_en_grien" title="Underskie tusken blau en grien – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Underskie tusken blau en grien" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C%EC%9D%98_%ED%8C%8C%EB%9E%91%EA%B3%BC_%EB%85%B9%EC%83%89%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%AC%EB%B3%84" title="여러 언어에서의 파랑과 녹색의 구별 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여러 언어에서의 파랑과 녹색의 구별" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Blue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language%22">"Blue–green distinction in language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Blue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Blue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Blue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Blue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Blue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (November 2008) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>. (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linear_visible_spectrum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Linear_visible_spectrum.svg/350px-Linear_visible_spectrum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Linear_visible_spectrum.svg/525px-Linear_visible_spectrum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Linear_visible_spectrum.svg/700px-Linear_visible_spectrum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>The notion of "green" in modern European languages corresponds to light <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of about 520–570 nm, but many historical and non-European languages make other choices, e.g. using a term for the range of ca. 450–530 nm ("blue/green") and another for ca. 530–590 nm ("green/yellow").</figcaption></figure> In many languages, the colors described in English as "blue" and "green" are <a href="/wiki/Colexification" title="Colexification">colexified</a>, i.e., expressed using a single <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a>. To render this ambiguous notion in English, linguists use the <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blend word</a> grue, from green and blue,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> a term coined by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman#Induction_and_"grue"" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a>—with an unrelated meaning—in his 1955 <a href="/wiki/Fact,_Fiction,_and_Forecast" title="Fact, Fiction, and Forecast">Fact, Fiction, and Forecast</a> to illustrate his "<a href="/wiki/New_riddle_of_induction" title="New riddle of induction">new riddle of induction</a>". The exact definition of "blue" and "green" may be complicated by the speakers not primarily distinguishing the hue, but using terms that describe other color components such as saturation and luminosity, or other properties of the object being described. For example, "blue" and "green" might be distinguished, but a single term might be used for both if the color is dark. Furthermore, green might be associated with yellow, and blue with either black or gray. According to <a href="/wiki/Brent_Berlin" title="Brent Berlin">Brent Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kay" title="Paul Kay">Paul Kay</a>'s 1969 study <a href="/wiki/Basic_Color_Terms:_Their_Universality_and_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution">Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution</a>, distinct terms for <a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">purple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">pink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gray" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray">gray</a> will not emerge in a language until the language has made a distinction between green and blue. In their account of the development of color terms the first terms to emerge are those for <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a>/<a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dark" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark">dark</a>), <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afro-Asiatic">Afro-Asiatic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Afro-Asiatic">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amazigh">Amazigh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Amazigh">edit</a>]</div> The word for blue in the <a href="/wiki/Amazigh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh language">Amazigh</a> (Berber) language is azerwal. In some dialects of <a href="/wiki/Amazigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh">Amazigh</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Shilha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a>, the word azegzaw is used for both green and blue. It is likely cognate with the English word azure, which represents the colour between blue and cyan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic">Arabic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arabic">edit</a>]</div> The color of the sky is sometimes referred to as "the green" in some dialects of Classical Arabic poetry, in which it is al-khaḍrā' (الخضراء). In <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> the word for blue is azraq (أزرق). The Arabic word for green is akhḍar (أخضر). In <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a>, the word for light blue is šíbi, whereas zraq (زرق) stands for blue and khḍar (خضر) for green. The word zrag (زرڭ) is used to describe the color of <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">a suffocated person</a>, and is also used pejoratively as a synonym to "dumb, stupid".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian">Egyptian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Egyptian">edit</a>]</div> The ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> word <a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">wadjet</a> covered the range of <a href="/wiki/Wadjet#blue_and_green" title="Wadjet">blue, blue-green, and green</a>. It was the name of a goddess, the patroness of Lower Egypt, represented as a cobra called <a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a>, "the green one", or as the <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a>, also called by the same name. At the same time, wedjet was the word used for <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a> in faience ceramics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew">Hebrew</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hebrew">edit</a>]</div> In Hebrew, the word כחול (pronounced /kaˈχol/) means blue, while ירוק (pronounced /jaˈʁok/) means green and has the same <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">root</a>, י־ר־ק (j-r-q), as the word for "vegetables" (ירקות, jeʁaˈkot). However, in classical Hebrew, ירוק can mean both green and yellow, giving rise to such expressions as ירוק כרישה "leek green" (<a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian Hebrew</a> /jɔːˈroːq kəriː'ʃɔː/) to specify green to the exclusion of yellow. Like Russian and Italian, Hebrew has a separate name for light blue (תכלת, <a href="/wiki/Tekhelet" title="Tekhelet">tekhelet</a>)—the color of the sky and of <a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">tzitzit</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">tallit</a>, a ritual garment. This color has <a href="/wiki/Blue_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue in Judaism">special symbolic significance</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and Jewish culture.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_languages">American languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chahta">Chahta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chahta">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw language</a> has two words, okchʋko and okchʋmali, which have different meanings depending on the source. In 1852 okchakko is translated variously as pale blue or pale green, okchakko chohmi 'somewhat okchakko' is given as swarthy, and okchamali is defined as deep blue, gray, green, or sky blue.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In 1880, okchakko and okchʋmali are both given as blue, and green is not specifically listed as a color.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In an 1892 dictionary, okchamali is deep blue or green, okchakko is pale blue or bright green, and a third word kili̱koba is bright green (resembling a kili̱kki, a species of parrot).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> By 1915, the authoritative Byington dictionary gives okchako as blue and okchamali as green, blue, gray, verdant.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> A coursebook from 2001 differentiates based on brightness, giving okchʋko as bright blue/green and okchʋmali as pale or dull blue/green.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Modern usage in the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma</a> language school is to use okchʋko for blue and okchʋmali for green, with no distinction for brightness.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kanienʼkéha">Kanienʼkéha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kanienʼkéha">edit</a>]</div> The language of the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk Nation">Kanien'kehá:ka Nation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Akwesasne" title="Akwesasne">Akwesasne</a> is at Stage VII on the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Color_Terms:_Their_Universality_and_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution">Berlin–Kay Scale</a>, and possesses distinct terms for a broad range of <a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">spectral</a> and nonspectral colors such as oruía 'blue', óhute 'green', kahúji 'black', karákA 'white', and atakArókwa 'gray'. According to one researcher, the Kanien'kehá:ka term for purple arihwawakunéha, which translates to 'bishop['s color]', a recent, post-Christianization coinage.<a href="#cite_note-Frisch_Mohawk-9">[9]</a> The way in which purple was categorized and referenced prior to the addition of the latter term is not clear. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakota">Lakota</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lakota">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota language</a>, the word tȟó is used for both blue and green, though the word tȟózi (a mixture of the words tȟó 'blue (green)', and zí 'yellow') has become common (zítȟo can also be used). This is in line with common practice of using zíša/šázi for orange (šá meaning 'red'), and šátȟo/tȟóša for 'purple/violet'.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mapudungun">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a>, spoken by indigenous peoples of Chile and Argentina, distinguishes between kurü 'black', kallfü 'blue' and karü 'green, raw, immature'. The word payne was formerly used to refer to a sky blue, and also refers to the bluish color of stones.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayan">Mayan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mayan">edit</a>]</div> Single words for blue/green are also found in <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a>; for example, in the <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya language</a>, yax is 'blue/green'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tupian">Tupian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tupian">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian languages</a> did not originally differ between the two colors, though they may now as a result of interference of Spanish (in the case of <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraní language">Guaraní</a>) or Portuguese (in the case of <a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Old_Tupi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tupi language">Tupi</a> word oby /ɔˈβɨ/ meant both, as does the <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraní language">Guaraní</a> hovy /hɔʋɨ/. In modern Tupi (<a href="/wiki/Nheengatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nheengatu">Nheengatu</a>) the word suikiri can be used for green and iakira/akira for blue. However, iakira/akira also means immature, as in pakua akira 'green banana/immature banana', and suikiri can also mean blue. In modern <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a>, the word hovy is used for blue and hovy'û (which literally means "dark green/blue") is used for green. The word aky, which is cognate with Nheengatu akira, also means 'green/immature'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yebamasa">Yebamasa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Yebamasa">edit</a>]</div> The Yebamasa of the Rio Piraparana region in <a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés Department</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, use the term sumese for both blue and green in the <a href="/wiki/Barasana-Eduria_language" title="Barasana-Eduria language">Barasana-Eduria language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Austronesian_languages">Austronesian languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Austronesian languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filipino_(Tagalog)">Filipino (Tagalog)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Filipino (Tagalog)">edit</a>]</div> Speakers of <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> most commonly use the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">loanwords</a> for blue and green—asul (from Spanish azul) and berde (from Spanish verde), respectively. Although these words are much more common in spoken use, Tagalog has native terms: bugháw for blue and lunti(án) for green, which are seen as archaic and more flowery. These are mostly confined to formal and academic writings, alongside artistic fields such literature, music, and poetry. In <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>, another major <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippine language</a>, the native words for "blue" and "green" end in the same syllable: pughaw and lunhaw, respectively. Pughaw means sky blue, while lunhaw is fresh leaf green (i.e., neither brownish nor yellowish). Humor and jokes of a sexual or derogatory nature that would otherwise be described as "blue" in English (e.g., "<a href="/wiki/Blue_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue comedy">blue comedy</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Dirty_joke" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty joke">blue joke</a>") are called "green" in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a>. This is a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanic</a> term chiste verde. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Javanese">Javanese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Javanese">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Modern Javanese</a> has distinct words for blue biru and green ijo.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> These words are derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Javanese language">Old Javanese</a> birū and hijo.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> However, in Old Javanese birū could mean pale blue, grayish blue, greenish blue, or even turquoise, while hijo which means green, could also mean the blue-green color of clear water. Biru and ijo in Modern Javanese are cognates of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> biru and hijau which both have the same meaning. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dravidian">Dravidian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dravidian">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kannada">Kannada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Kannada">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> language distinguishes between blue (neeli ನೀಲಿ), green (hasiru ಹಸಿರು) and yellow (haladi ಹಳದಿ). The prefix kadu- (ಕಡು-) would indicate darker colors while the prefix tili- (ತಿಳಿ-) would indicate light colors. Thus kaduneeli (ಕಡುನೀಲಿ) would mean dark/deep blue, while tilineeli (ತಿಳಿನೀಲಿ) would mean light blue. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil">Tamil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tamil">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> distinguishes between the colors பச்சை paccai 'green', நீலம் nīlam 'blue', and கருப்பு karuppu 'black'. The prefix karu- would indicate dark colors while the suffix -iḷam would indicate light colors. Thus, கரும்பச்சை karumpaccai would be dark green. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telugu">Telugu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Telugu">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a> uses a single word, పచ్చ pacca, for green and yellow. To differentiate between the two shades, another word is prefixed in some cases. For example, green will be called ఆకుపచ్చ ākupacca 'leaf-pacca' and yellow పసుపుపచ్చ pasupupacca '<a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>-pacca'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malayalam">Malayalam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Malayalam">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> there are distinct words for blue (nīla നീല), green (pacca പച്ച) and yellow (mañña മഞ്ഞ). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_Asian_languages">East Asian languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: East Asian languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Chinese">edit</a>]</div> The modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Chinese language">Standard Chinese language</a> has the blue–green distinction (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%97%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:藍">藍</a> lán for blue and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B6%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:綠">綠</a> lǜ for green); however, another word that predates the modern vernacular, qīng (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:青">青</a>),<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> is also used in many contexts. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">character</a> depicts the budding of a young plant and it could be understood as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verdant" class="extiw" title="wikt:verdant">verdant</a>", but the word is used to describe colors ranging from light and yellowish green through deep blue all the way to black, as in xuánqīng (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E9%9D%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:玄青">玄青</a>). For example, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">flag of the Republic of China</a> is referred to as qīng tiān, bái rì, mǎn dì hóng (青天，白日，滿地紅, 'A Blue Sky, White Sun, and Wholly Red Earth') whereas qīngcài (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E8%8F%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:青菜">青菜</a>) is the Chinese word for "green vegetable", referring to <a href="/wiki/Bok_choy" title="Bok choy">bok choy</a>, and the opposing sides of the game <a href="/wiki/Liubo" title="Liubo">liubo</a> were known as qīng and white in antiquity<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> despite using black and white pieces. Qīng was the traditional designation of both blue and green for much of the history of the Chinese language, while lán originally referred to the <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">dye</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indigo_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigo plant">indigo plant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> However, lǜ as a particular 'shade' of qīng applied to cloth and clothing<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> has been attested since the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Book of Odes</a> (1000–600 BC), as in the title of Ode 27 (《邶風·綠衣》, "Green Upper Garment") in the Airs of Bei section. After the discarding of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> in favor of modern <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular Chinese">vernacular Chinese</a>, the modern terms for blue and green are now more commonly used than qīng as standalone color terms, although qīng is still part of many common noun phrases. The two forms can also be encountered combined as 青藍 and 青綠, with qīng being used as an <a href="/wiki/Intensifier" title="Intensifier">intensifier</a>. In modern scientific contexts,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] qīng refers to cyan as a narrow range of color in between blue and green, and the modern color names are used when referring to other shades of blue or of green. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Japanese">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#5B8930; font:smaller monospaced">#5B8930</td> <td>萌黄 Moegi 'Fresh Onion', listed with yellow </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#6B9362; font:smaller monospaced">#6B9362</td> <td>若竹色 Wakatake-iro 'Young bamboo color', listed with blue </td></tr></tbody></table> The Japanese words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:青">青</a> (ao, <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">n.</a>) and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E3%81%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:青い">青い</a> (aoi, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adj.</a>), the same <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> character as the Chinese qīng, can refer to either blue or green depending on the situation. Modern <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> has a word for green (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B7%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:緑">緑</a>, midori), but it is a relatively recent usage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Ancient Japanese did not have this distinction: the word midori came into use only in the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> and, at that time and for a long time thereafter, midori was still considered a shade of ao.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Educational materials distinguishing green and blue came into use only after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>;<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> thus, even though most Japanese consider them to be green, the word ao is still used to describe certain <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">vegetation</a>. Ao is also the word used to refer to the color on a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic light</a> that signals drivers to "go". However, most other objects—a green <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">car</a>, a green <a href="/wiki/Sweater" title="Sweater">sweater</a>, etc.—will generally be called midori. Japanese people also sometimes use the word gurīn (グリーン), based on the English word "green", for colors. The language also has several other words meaning specific shades of green and blue. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean">Korean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Korean">edit</a>]</div> The native <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> word 푸르다 (pureu-da) may mean either blue or green, or bluish green. These adjectives 푸르다 are used for blue as in 푸른 하늘 (pureu-n haneul 'blue sky'), or for green as in 푸른 숲 (pureu-n sup 'green forest'). 푸른 (pureu-n) is a noun-modifying form. Another word 파랗다 (para-ta) usually means blue, but sometimes it also means green, as in 파란 불 (para-n bul 'green light of a traffic light'). There are Sino-Korean expressions that refer to green and blue. 초록/草綠 (chorok <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adj.</a>/<a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">n.</a>), 초록색/草綠色 (choroksaek <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">n.</a> or for short, 녹색/綠色 noksaek <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">n.</a>) is used for green. Cheong 청/靑, another expression borrowed from Chinese (靑), is mostly used for blue, as in 청바지/靑-- (cheong-baji 'blue jeans') and Cheong Wa Dae (청와대/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:靑">靑</a>瓦臺), the <a href="/wiki/Blue_House" title="Blue House">Blue House</a>, which is the former executive office and official residence of the President of the Republic of Korea, but is also used for green as well, as in 청과물/靑果物 (cheong-gwamul 'fruits and vegetables') and 청포도/靑葡萄 (cheong-podo 'green grape'). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan">Tibetan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tibetan">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, སྔོན་པོ། (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a> sngon po) is the term traditionally given for the color of the sky and of grass.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> This term also falls into the general pattern of naming colors by appending the suffix po, as in mar po 'red', ser po 'yellow', nag po 'black', and dkar po 'white'. Conspicuously, the term for 'green' is ljang khu, likely related to ljang bu, and defined as—"the grue (sngon po) sprout of wheat or barley".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnamese">Vietnamese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Vietnamese">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> used to colexify green and blue with the word xanh. This is a colloquial rendering of thanh 靑, as with Chinese and Japanese. In modern usage, blue and green are <a href="/wiki/Colexification#Definition" title="Colexification">dislexified</a>. Shades of blue are specifically described as xanh da trời 'blue skin of sky', or xanh dương, xanh nước biển, 'blue of ocean'. Green is described as xanh lá cây 'green of leaves'. Vietnamese occasionally employs the terms xanh lam 'blue' and xanh lục 'green' in which the second syllables is derived from the Chinese: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%97%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:藍">藍</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B6%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:綠">綠</a> respectively, sometimes skipping the syllable xanh, for blue and green, respectively, in formal or scientific speech. Xanh can also be used singularly for any color that is the shade in between blue and green inclusively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolian">Mongolian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mongolian">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Modern Mongolian</a> makes a distinction between green (ногоон, nogoon) and blue, which has separate categories for light blue (цэнхэр, tsenher) and dark blue (хөх, höh). Historically, Mongolian included greens such as fresh grass in the höh category,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and nogoon became a more common term in the modern era. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indo-European">Indo-European</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Indo-European">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albanian">Albanian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Albanian">edit</a>]</div> Albanian has two major words for "blue": kaltër refers to a light blue, such as that of the sky, but it is derived from Vulgar Latin calthinus, itself derived from caltha, a loan from Ancient Greek that meant "marigold" a small and in fact yellow flower.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The other word, blu, refers to a darker shade of blue, and like many similar words across many European languages, derives ultimately from Germanic (see also: Italian blu). There is a separate word for green, gjelbër, which derives from the Latin galbinus, which originally meant "yellow" (cf. German gelb); the original Latin word for green on the other hand, viridis is the source of the Albanian word for "yellow", verdhë.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Albanian also has a borrowed word for green, jeshil, from Turkish yeşil; it tends to be used for non-natural greens (such as traffic signals) in contrast to gjelbër. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baltic">Baltic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Baltic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Special:EditPage/Blue–green distinction in language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (September 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> has separate words for green zaļš and blue zils. Both zils and zaļš stem from the same Proto-Indo-European word for yellow (*ghel). Several other words in Latvian have been derived from these colors, namely grass is called zāle (from zaļš), while the name for iris is zīlīte (from zils). The now archaic word mēļš was used to describe both dark blue and black (probably indicating that previously zils was used only for lighter shades of blue). For instance, blueberries are called mellenes. In Latvian black is melns (in some local dialects mells). In Lithuanian žalias is green, mėlynas is blue, and žilas is gray (hair) or grizzled. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic">Slavic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Slavic">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Slavic language">South Slavic language</a>, makes a clear distinction between blue (синьо, sinyo), green (зелено, zeleno), and black (черно, cherno). In the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a>, blue (niebieski, from niebo 'sky') and green (zielony) are treated as separate colors. The word for <a href="/wiki/Sky_blue" title="Sky blue">sky blue</a> or <a href="/wiki/Azure_(color)" title="Azure (color)">azure</a>—błękitny—might be considered either a basic color or a <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">shade of blue</a> by different speakers. Similarly dark blue or <a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">navy blue</a> (granatowy—deriving from the name of <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> (granat), some <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> of which are dark purplish blue in color) can be considered by some speakers as a separate basic color. Black (czarny) is completely distinguished from blue. As in English, Polish distinguishes pink (różowy) from red (czerwony). The word siwy means blue-gray in Polish (literally: "color of gray hair"). The word siny refers to violet-blue and is used to describe the color of bruises (siniaki), <a href="/wiki/Hematoma" title="Hematoma">hematoma</a>, and the blue skin discoloration that can result from moderate <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> does not have a single word referring to the whole range of colors denoted by the English term "blue". Instead, it traditionally treats light blue (голубой, goluboy) as a separate color independent from plain or dark blue (синий, siniy), with all seven "basic" colors of the spectrum (red–orange–yellow–green–<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:голубой">голубой</a>/goluboy (sky blue, light azure, but does not equal <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>)–<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:синий">синий</a>/siniy ("true" deep <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>, like synthetic <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a>)–violet) while in English the light blues like azure and cyan are considered mere shades of "blue" and not different colors. The Russian word for "green" is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:зелёный">зелёный</a> zielioniy. To better understand this, consider that English makes a similar distinction between "<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>" and light red (<a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">pink</a>, which is considered a different color and not merely a kind of red), but such a distinction is unknown in several other languages; for example, both "red" ( 紅 hóng, traditionally called 赤), and "pink" (粉紅 fěn hóng, lit. "powder red") have traditionally been considered varieties of a single color in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>. The Russian language also distinguishes between red (красный krasniy) and pink (розовый rozoviy). Similarly, English language descriptions of rainbows have often distinguished between blue or <a href="/wiki/Turquoise_(color)" title="Turquoise (color)">turquoise</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> the latter of which is often described as dark blue or <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> color system makes a distinction between blue, green and black: <ul><li>Blue: plava (indicates any blue) and modra; in the eastern speaking areas modra indicates dark blue, in some of the western areas it may indicate any blue <ul><li>Navy blue: teget (mainly in the eastern speaking areas)</li> <li>Ash blue: sinje (especially in Dalmatia to describe sea in stormy weather: sinje more)</li></ul></li> <li>Green: zelena</li> <li>Black: crna</li></ul> Modra may also mean dark blue and dark purple that are used to describe colours of a bruise, modrica. Native speakers cannot pinpoint a color on the spectrum which would correspond to modra.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sinje, cognate to Bulgarian синьо sinyo and Russian синий siniy, is archaic, and denotes blue-gray, usually used to describe dark seas. Turquoise is usually described as tirkizna, and similarly, azure will use a loan word azurna. There is no specific word for cyan. Blond hair is called plava 'blue', reflecting likely the archaic use of plav for any bright white/blue colors (like the sky). Mrko 'dusky' can refer either dark brown, less often dark gray, or even black. It is etymologically derived from the word for 'darkness' (mrak), but is distinct from 'dark' (tamna). For instance, it is used to describe the <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> (mrki medved/medvjed). Smeđe and kestenjasto refer to brown, crveno means red, ružičasto is for pink and narančasto designates orange. Shades are defined with a prefix (e.g., tamno- for dark, or svetlo-/svijetlo- for light), for example, dark blue is tamnoplavo. The <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene language</a> distinguishes among blue, green and black <ul><li>Blue: moder (officially) or plav (vernacular) is used for any blue. Sometimes sinj (adj. sinje) is also used to describe <a href="/wiki/Azure_(color)" title="Azure (color)">azure</a>. The word akvamarin is sometimes used for <a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">navy-blue</a>.</li> <li>Green: zelen is related to the word zel, which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> word *зель<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> for "herb" – which in turn is believed to be derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> word for "to shine", which also described light shades of colors (gold, yellow and green).</li> <li>Black: Črn</li></ul> Although the blue and green color are not strictly defined, so Slovene speakers cannot point to a certain shade of blue or green, but rather the whole spectrum of blue and green shades, there is a distinction between light and dark hues of these colors, which is described with prefixes svetlo- (light) and temno- (dark). Transient hues between blue and green are mostly described as zeleno moder or modro zelen, sometimes as turkizen (<a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a>). Transient hues between green and yellow (rumena) are described as rumeno zelen or zeleno rumen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic">Celtic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Celtic">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, Cornish, and Breton word glas is usually translated as 'blue'; however, it can also refer, variously, to the color of the sea, of grass, or of silver (cf. Ancient Greek γλαυκός). The word gwyrdd (a borrowing from Latin viridis) is the standard translation for 'green'. In traditional <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> (and related languages), glas could refer to certain shades of green and gray as well as blue, and llwyd could refer to various shades of gray and brown. Perhaps under the influence of English, Modern Welsh is trending toward the <a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">11-color Western scheme</a>, restricting glas to 'blue' and using gwyrdd for 'green', llwyd for 'gray' and brown for 'brown', respectively. However, the more traditional usage is still heard today in the Welsh word for 'grass' (glaswellt or gwelltglas), and in fossilized expressions such as caseg las 'gray mare', tir glas 'green land', papur llwyd 'brown paper' and even red for 'brown' in siwgwr coch 'brown sugar'. In <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Modern Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>, the word for 'blue' is gorm (whence the name <a href="/wiki/Cairngorm_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairngorm mountains">Cairngorm mountains</a> derives) – a borrowing from the now obsolete Early Welsh word gwrm 'dark blue, dusky'. A relic of the original meaning 'dusky, dark brown' survives in the Irish term daoine gorma '<a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a>'. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colours_in_Irish.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Colours_in_Irish.png/300px-Colours_in_Irish.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Colours_in_Irish.png/450px-Colours_in_Irish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Colours_in_Irish.png/600px-Colours_in_Irish.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2828" /></a><figcaption>Irish language <a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">color wheel</a>, with notes on their usage</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a>, like in Welsh, glas was a blanket term for colors ranging from green to blue to various shades of gray (e.g., the glas of a sword, the glas of stone). In Modern Irish, it has come to mean both various shades of green, with specific reference to plant hues, and gray (like the sea), respectively; shades of green not related to plants would be referred to in Modern Irish as uaine or uaithne, while liath is gray proper (like a stone). Scottish Gaelic uses the term uaine for 'green'. However, the dividing line between it and gorm is somewhat different than between the English "green" and "blue", with uaine signifying a light green or yellow-green, and gorm extending from dark blue (what in English might be navy blue) to include the dark green or blue-green of vegetation. Grass, for instance, is gorm, rather than uaine. In addition, liath covers a range from light blue to light gray. However, the term for a green apple, such as a Granny Smith, would be ubhal glas. The boundary between colors varies much more than the "focal point": e.g. an island known in <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> as Enez c'hlas 'the blue island' is l'Île Verte 'the green island' in French, in both cases referring to the grayish-green color of its bushes, even though both languages distinguish green from blue. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance">Romance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Romance">edit</a>]</div> The Romance terms for "green" (Catalan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verd#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:verd">verd</a>, French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vert#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:vert">vert</a>, Galician, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verde" class="extiw" title="wikt:verde">verde</a>) are all from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/viridis#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:viridis">viridis</a>. The terms for "blue", on the other hand, vary: Catalan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blau#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:blau">blau</a>, Occitan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blau#Occitan" class="extiw" title="wikt:blau">blau</a>, French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bleu#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:bleu">bleu</a> and Italian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blu#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:blu">blu</a> come from a Germanic root, whereas the Spanish, Galician and Portuguese azul is likely to come from Arabic. French bleu was in turn loaned into many other languages, including English. Latin itself did not have a word covering all shades of blue, which may help explain these borrowings. It did, however, recognise <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caeruleus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:caeruleus">caeruleus</a> (dark blue, sometimes greenish), and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lividus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:lividus">lividus</a> (grayish blue, like lead). <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, as most Romance languages, makes roughly the same distinctions as English and has a specific term for each of blue ("<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bleu#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:bleu">bleu</a>"), green ("<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vert#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:vert">vert</a>") and gray ("<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gris#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:gris">gris</a>"). For all three, different shades can be indicated with different (compound) terms, none of them being considered as basic color terms: "bleu <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clair#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:clair">clair</a>" (light blue), "bleu <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ciel#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:ciel">ciel</a>" (sky blue), "bleu <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/marine#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:marine">marine</a>" (Navy blue), "bleu <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/roi#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:roi">roi</a>" (royal blue); "vert clair" (light green), "vert <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pomme#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pomme">pomme</a>" (literally: apple green); "gris <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthracite#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:anthracite">anthracite</a>" (deep gray), "gris <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/souris#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:souris">souris</a>" (literally: "mouse gray"). French also uses "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/azur#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:azur">azur</a>" for the lighter shade of blue of the sunny sky, that was in turn loaned to English as "azure". <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> distinguishes blue (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blau#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:blau">blau</a>) from green (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verd#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:verd">verd</a>) and gray (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gris#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:gris">gris</a>). Other basic or common colors by its own right are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/porpra#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:porpra">porpra</a> "purple", <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/groc#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:groc">groc</a> "yellow", <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carbassa#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:carbassa">carbassa</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taronja#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:taronja">taronja</a> "orange", <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vermell#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:vermell">vermell</a> "red", <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rosa#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:rosa">rosa</a> "pink", <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/marr%C3%B3#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:marró">marró</a> "brown", <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gris#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:gris">gris</a> "gray", <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/negre#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:negre">negre</a> "black" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blanc#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:blanc">blanc</a> "white". For all these colors except black and white it is possible to indicate different shades using <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clar#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:clar">clar</a> "light" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fosc#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:fosc">fosc</a> "dark"; for blue, though, it generally is blau cel "sky blue" and blau marí "sea blue". Other words and compounds are common to indicate more elaborated shades (verd llimona "lemon green", rosa pàl·lid "pale pink", lila "lilac", granat "carmine", ocre "ocher", verd oliva "olive green", etc.). Catalan actually distinguishes two reds with different and common words: while <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vermell#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:vermell">vermell</a> refers to the color of blood, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/roig#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:roig">roig</a> is a red tending towards yellow or the color of clay.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> distinguishes blue (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blu#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:blu">blu</a>), green (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verde#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:verde">verde</a>) and gray (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grigio#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:grigio">grigio</a>). There are also common words for light blue (e.g. the color of the cloudless sky): <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/azzurro#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:azzurro">azzurro</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/celeste#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:celeste">celeste</a>, and other for darker shades, e.g. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/indaco#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:indaco">indaco</a>, indigo. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/azzurro#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:azzurro">Azzurro</a>, the equivalent of the English <a href="/wiki/Azure_(color)" title="Azure (color)">azure</a>, is usually considered a separate basic color rather than a shade of blu (similar to the distinction in English between red and pink). Some sources even go to the point of defining blu as a darker shade of azzurro.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Celeste literally means '(the color) of the sky' and can be used as synonym of azzurro, although it will more often be considered a less saturated hue.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acquamarina#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:acquamarina">acquamarina</a> (aquamarine) literally "sea water", indicates an even lighter, almost transparent, shade of blue. To indicate a mix of green and blue, Italians might say verde <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acqua#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:acqua">acqua</a>, literally water green. The term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glauco#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:glauco">glauco</a>, not common in standard Italian and perceived as a literary term, is used in scientific contexts (esp. botany) to indicate a mix of blue, green and gray.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Other similar terms are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ceruleo#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ceruleo">ceruleo</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/turchese#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:turchese">turchese</a> (turquoise/teal); they are more saturated hues (especially turchese) and differ in context of use: the first is a literary or bureaucratic term (used for example to indicate light green eyes in identity cards); the second is more common in any informal speech, along with the variant turchino (for instance, the fairy of <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio" title="The Adventures of Pinocchio">The Adventures of Pinocchio</a> is called fata turchina). In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, the word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/azul#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:azul">azul</a>" means blue and the word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verde#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:verde">verde</a>" means green. Furthermore, "azul-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/claro#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:claro">claro</a>" means light-blue, and "azul-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/escuro#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:escuro">escuro</a>" means dark-blue. More distinctions can be made between several hues of blue. For instance, "azul-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/celeste#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:celeste">celeste</a>" means sky blue, "azul-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/marinho#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:marinho">marinho</a>" means navy-blue and "azul-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/turquesa#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:turquesa">turquesa</a>" means turquoise-blue. One can also make the distinction between "verde-claro" and "verde-escuro", meaning light and dark-green respectively, and more distinctions between several qualities of green: for instance, "verde-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oliva#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:oliva">oliva</a>" means olive-green and "verde-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/esmeralda#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:esmeralda">esmeralda</a>" means emerald-green. <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a> is usually called "azul-celeste" (sky blue) and "verde-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A1gua#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:água">água</a>", meaning water green. <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> clearly distinguishes between the colors green (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verde#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:verde">verde</a>) and blue (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/albastru#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:albastru">albastru</a>). It also uses separate words for different hues of the same color, e.g. light blue (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bleu#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:bleu">bleu</a>), blue (albastru), dark-blue (bleu-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/marin#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:marin">marin</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bleomarin#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:bleomarin">bleomarin</a>), along with a word for turquoise (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/turcoaz#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:turcoaz">turcoaz</a>) and azure (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/azur#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:azur">azur</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/azuriu#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:azuriu">azuriu</a>). Similarly to French, Romanian, Italian and Portuguese, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> distinguishes blue (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/azul#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:azul">azul</a>) and green (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verde#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:verde">verde</a>) and has an additional term for the tone of blue visible in the sky, namely "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/celeste#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:celeste">celeste</a>", which is nonetheless considered a shade of blue. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic">Germanic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Germanic">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bl%C3%A1r" class="extiw" title="wikt:blár">blár</a> 'blue' (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">proto-Germanic</a> *<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bl%C4%93waz" class="extiw" title="wikt:blēwaz">blēwaz</a>) was also used to describe <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a> (and the common word for people of African descent was thus <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bl%C3%A1menn" class="extiw" title="wikt:blámenn">blámenn</a> 'blue/black men'). In <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bl%C3%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:blå">blå</a>, the modern word for blue, was used this way until the early 20th century, and it still is to a limited extent in modern <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>. German and Dutch distinguish blue (respectively <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blau" class="extiw" title="wikt:blau">blau</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blauw" class="extiw" title="wikt:blauw">blauw</a>) and green (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gr%C3%BCn" class="extiw" title="wikt:grün">grün</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/groen" class="extiw" title="wikt:groen">groen</a>), very similarly to English. There are (compound) terms for light blue (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hellblau" class="extiw" title="wikt:hellblau">hellblau</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lichtblauw" class="extiw" title="wikt:lichtblauw">lichtblauw</a>) and darker shades of blue (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dunkelblau" class="extiw" title="wikt:dunkelblau">dunkelblau</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/donkerblauw" class="extiw" title="wikt:donkerblauw">donkerblauw</a>). In addition, adjective forms of most traditional color names are inflected to match the corresponding noun's case and gender. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Greek">edit</a>]</div> The words for "blue" and "green" completely changed in the transition from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> to <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>. Ancient Greek had γλαυκός (glaukós) "clear light blue" contrasting with χλωρός (khlōrós) "bright green"; for darker shades of both colors, γλαυκός and χλωρός were replaced by κυανός (kuanós), meaning either a "dark blue or green". The words had more than one modern meaning: in addition to "clear light blue", γλαυκός also meant "turquoise" and "teal-green" – it was the typical description of the color of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>'s eyes, portrayed as either gray or light blue. As well as "bright green", χλωρός was also used for "acid yellow" (compare "<a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>"). Furthermore, κυανός not only meant "turquoise" and "teal-green", but could mean either a "dark blue" or "dark green" or just "blue" (adopted into English as "<a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>" for light sky-blue). Those terms changed in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> as seen from the insignia colors of two of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>'s rival popular factions: Πράσινοι (Prasinoi, "the Greens") and Bένετοι (Venetoi, "the Blues"). It is not known if those groups' names influenced the word change or if they were named using the new color terms, but whichever way it went, πράσινος (prásinos) is a Modern Greek word for "green". The ancient term for blue (γλαυκός) has become an archaic term in Modern Greek, replaced by γαλάζιος (galázios) or θαλασσής (thalassís, "sea colored") for light blue / sea blue, and the recent indeclinable loan-word μπλε (ble, from French bleu; μπ = b) is used for blue. In the Modern Greek language, there are names for light and dark blues and greens in addition to those discussed above: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:left"> <th>Modern Greek</th> <th>Transliteration</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>τυρκουάζ</td> <td>tyrkouáz</td> <td>turquoise </td></tr> <tr> <td>κυανός</td> <td>kyanós</td> <td>azure (old κυανός; see above) </td></tr> <tr> <td>λαχανί</td> <td>lachaní ("cabbage colored")</td> <td>lime green </td></tr> <tr> <td>λαδής</td> <td>ladís</td> <td>olive green </td></tr> <tr> <td>χακί</td> <td>chakí</td> <td>dark <a href="/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>κυπαρισσί</td> <td>kyparissí ("cypress colored")</td> <td>brownish green[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> As a rule, the first two words of the list are accepted as shades of blue, and the rest as shades of green. Also βιολέ (violé) / βιολετί (violetí) for violet blue (which is, however, usually considered as a shade of purple, rather than blue). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian">Iranian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Iranian">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> has only one word for blue, light blue and green—цъæх tsəh, which also means "gray" and "glaucous"—but it also has a separate word for green, кæрдæгхуыз kərdəghuɨz, literally "grassy" (from кæрдæг 'grass'). The latter derives from кæрдын kərdɨn 'to mow' (like in German Heu (hau) < hauen 'to mow'). Ossetian also has separate words for the following colors: <ul><li>light blue: æрвхуыз ərvhuɨz from æрвон 'sky'</li> <li>glaucous: бæлонхуыз bəlonhuɨz from бæлон 'pigeon' (a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> from Russian, cf. голубой 'light blue' < голубь 'pigeon'); also фæздæгхуыз fəzdəghuɨz from fazdag 'smoke', from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> *pazdaka-, cognate of Latin pedis 'louse'</li> <li>blue: копрадзхуыз kopradzhuɨz, from копрадз kopradz - bluing for laundering, transliteration of Russian купорос kuporos 'vitriol' from Latin cuprum 'copper'</li> <li>gray: фæныкхуыз fənykhuɨz, from фæнык fənyk 'ashes', originating from Persian *pa(s)nu-ka, or Russian cognate песок pesok 'sand'</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> uses the word shīn to denote blue as well as green. Shinkay, a word derived from shīn, means 'greenery' but shīn āsmān means 'blue sky'. One way to disambiguate is to ask "Shīn like the sky? Or shīn like plants?" (Blue and green are however distinguished using different words in the eastern parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan, due to contact with other languages.) <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> words for blue include آبی ābi (literally the color of water, from āb 'water'), for blue generally; نیلی nili (from nil, '<a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dye</a>'), for deeper shades of blue such as the color of rain clouds; فیروزه fayruzeh '<a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a> stone', used to describe the color of blue eyes; لاجوردی lājvardi or لاژوردی lāzhvardi '<a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> color', source of the words lazuli and azure; نیلوفری nilufari '<a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">water lily</a> color'; and کبود kabud, an old literary word for 'blue'. The Persian word for green is سبز sabz. As in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, dark-skinned people may be described as "green". The color of the sky is variously described in <a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian poetry</a> using the words sabz, fayruzeh, nil, lājvardi, or nilufari— literally "green", "indigo", "turquoise", "azure" or "the color of water lilies". For example, sabz-ākhor "green stable", sabz-āshyāneh "green ceiling", sabz-ayvān "green balcony", and sabz-tā'us "green peacock" are poetic epithets for the sky—in addition to similar compounds using the words for blue, e.g., lājvardi-saqf "lapis lazuli-colored roof" or fayruzeh-tasht "turquoise bowl". Moreover, the words for green of Arabic origin اخضر akhzar and خضرا khazrā are used for epithets of the sky or heaven, such as charkh-e akhzar "green wheel".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Aryan">Indo-Aryan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Indo-Aryan">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinalbashe</a> (an unclassified Indo-Aryan language) & <a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambyali</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western Pahari</a> language) have the same term for blue & green, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a>: 𑚝𑚯𑚥𑚭 ISO: nīlā.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> distinguish blue from green. In Urdu, blue is نیلا nīlā and green is سبز sabz. There are some names of shades of blue as well, like فیروزی ferozī '<a href="/wiki/Turquoise_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turquoise (colour)">turquoise</a>'. In <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>, blue is नीला nīlā and green is हरा harā. In <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, blue is निळा niḽā and green is हिरवा hiravā. In <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, blue is নীল nīl and green is সবুজ sabuj. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Niger-Congo_A">Niger-Congo A</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Niger-Congo A">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, there are only three fundamental terms for colors, one of them, the word dúdú, is used for the word black and colors such as blue, green, purple, and grey. In modern times, unique terms for the colors are formed based on descriptive markers or English loan words, àwọ̀ ewé 'color of the leaves' is used for green, while búlùú (from English "blue") or àwọ̀ aró 'color of dye', is used for blue. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Niger-Congo_B_(Bantu)">Niger-Congo B (Bantu)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Niger-Congo B (Bantu)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="isiZulu_and_isiXhosa">isiZulu and isiXhosa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: isiZulu and isiXhosa">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> use the word -luhlaza (the prefix changes according to the class of the noun) for blue/green. Speakers of the two mutually intelligible languages can add a descriptive word after the colour term to differentiate between the two colours i.e. "(lu)hlaza okwesibhakabhaka" meaning – 'like the sky' or (lu)hlaza okwotshani meaning -'like grass'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kiswahili">Kiswahili</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Kiswahili">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> word for blue is buluu, which is derived directly from English and has been in the language for a relatively short time. For other colors, Swahili uses either rangi ya ___ 'the color of ___' or a shortened version, -a ___. For example, green is rangi ya kijani or rangi ya majani 'the color of grass/leaves'. Sky blue is rangi ya samawati 'the color of the sky' from the Arabic word for sky سَمَاء samāʔ (plural: سَمَاوَات samāwāt). These examples can be written as -a kijani, -a majani, -a samwati<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OtjiHimba">OtjiHimba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: OtjiHimba">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Himba_people" title="Himba people">Himba people</a> use a single word for shades of green and blue: buru. They curiously have only three other color names; thus, their limited color perception has both aroused interest in anthropologists, who have studied this phenomenon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setswana">Setswana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Setswana">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a> uses the same word tala to refer to both blue and green. One has to deduce from the context and prior knowledge, of what is being talked about, to be able to pinpoint exactly the color in question. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_Caucasus_languages">Northern Caucasus languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Northern Caucasus languages">edit</a>]</div> In the language <a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a>, not only are blue and green distinguished, but also turquoise.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pama–Nyungan_languages">Pama–Nyungan languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Pama–Nyungan languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Arrernte">Eastern Arrernte</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Eastern Arrernte">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arrernte" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Arrernte">Eastern Arrernte</a>, the words atherrke and atherrke-atherrke both can be used to refer to the colour green, including some shades of blue and yellow. Additionally, atherrke can also be used as a noun to refer to <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a> and other small plants.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_European_languages">Other European languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Other European languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basque">Basque</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Basque">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque language</a> has three native color words derived from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ur#Basque" class="extiw" title="wikt:ur">ur</a> 'water'. Urdin, is nowadays used in most cases for blue. Ubel originally meant "<a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash flood</a>" and, with respect to colors, refers to bruises. Begi ubela would be translated into English by "a black and blue eye". But in Basque, unlike English, ubel remains in use after the hit skin has lost its purple color and become pale, why this word is used for both "purple" in particular and "pale hue" in general. Uher originally meant "dirty", "still water", or "rusty"; it is used for gray or sienna tones, and more generally for dark colors. Green is usually expressed with the loan-word berde from Spanish verde/French vert. The authenticity of the less common Basque terms for green (h)orlegi and musker is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uralic">Uralic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Uralic">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> makes a distinction between vihreä 'green' and sininen 'blue'. <a href="/wiki/Turquoise_(color)" title="Turquoise (color)">Turquoise</a> or <a href="/wiki/Teal" title="Teal">teal</a> (turkoosi or sinivihreä) is considered to be a separate, intermediate color between green and blue, and musta 'black' is also differentiated from blue. The name for blue, sininen, is shared with other <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a>. Cognates of the root are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic languages</a> and it is thus dated even beyond the era of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" title="Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic language</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 years old). It appears similar to a word found in the Slavic languages (Russian синий siniy), but there is no consensus that there would be a relationship (see <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/sini" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/sini">Proto-Finnic *sini</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/si%C5%88%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/siňь">Proto-Slavic *siňь</a>). The word vihreä (viher-, archaic viheriä, viheriäinen) is related to vehreä 'verdant' and vihanta 'green', and viha 'hate', originally 'poison'. It is not shared with Estonian, in which it is roheline, probably related with the Estonian word rohi 'grass'. However, the form viha does have correspondences in related languages as far as <a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic languages</a>, where it means not only "poison" but "bile" or "green or yellow". It has been originally loaned from an Indo-Iranian protolanguage and is related to Latin virus 'poison'. Furthermore, the word musta 'black' is also of Finnic origin. The differentiation of several colors by <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a> is at least <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a> (a major subgroup of Uralic) in origin. Before this, only red (punainen) was clearly distinguished by hue, with other colors described in terms of brightness (valkea vs. musta), using non-color adjectives for further specificity. Alternatively, it appears that the distinction between valkea and musta was in fact "clean, shining" vs. "dirty, murky". The original meaning of sini was possibly either "black/dark" or "green". Mauno Koski's theory is that dark colors of high saturation—both blue and green—would be sini, while shades of color with low saturation, such as dark brown or black, would be musta. Although it is theorized that originally vihreä was not a true color name and was used to describe plants only, the occurrence of vihreä or viha as a name of a color in several related languages shows that it was probably <a href="/wiki/Polysemy" title="Polysemy">polysemic</a> (meaning both "green" and "verdant") already in early Baltic-Finnic. However, whatever the case with these theories, differentiation of blue and green must be at least as old as the Baltic-Finnic languages.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> makes the distinction between green (zöld) and blue (kék), and also distinguishes black (fekete). Intermediate colors between green and blue are commonly referred to as zöldeskék (literally greenish-blue) or kékeszöld (bluish-green), but names for specific colors in this continuum—like turquoise (türkiz)—also exist. Particular shades of a color can also have separate names, such as azure (azúr). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkic">Turkic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Turkic">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazakh">Kazakh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Kazakh">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh language</a>, like many <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, distinguishes between kök for blue and jasyl for green. In Kazakh, many adjectival variations can be found referring to perceived gradations in saturation level of "blue", such as kögildir, kökshil, and kökboz, which respectively denominate the gradual decrease in the intensity, kökboz being often used as a color referent in its own right. Kök is occasionally used to denote green plants (e.g. kök shöp), but such usage is mostly confined to poetic utterances or certain localized dialects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuvan">Tuvan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Tuvan">edit</a>]</div> Before the standardization and mongolization of the <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan language</a>, many centuries ago, <a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> used the word kök (from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic</a> kök – "blue/celestial") for both blue and green. To distinguish the color green from blue, they used to name it sug-kök – "water-blue", no matter how strange it may sound. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although note that kök was used for green primarily, they used sug-kök only if they needed to. Thus, blue was kök, and green was kök, sug-kök. However, the dark hues of both colors can be named similarly as kök even nowadays. Over time, due to the diversity of the country (Tuva being at the border of different major tribes, both Turkic and Mongol), the green color was named differently from one area to another. In some parts, Tuvans used chazhyl ("green" in the majority of the Turkic languages), other parts used the Mongol nogoon, the rest used the traditional kök/sug-kok. Under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> and due to the need to standardize the language at the beginning of the 20th century, the word green became nogoon (from the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> "green"). The linguists who were responsible for the standardization had to take into account two factors: the Mongolization of the language, and the lack of the word for green. They decided to use the Mongolian word for green because they wanted to implicate the Mongol legacy in the lexicon. Hence today, in the standardized Tuvan language, blue and green are named differently, but it led to the following controversies: <ul><li>The problem with nogoon is that it is purely symbolic, and not a natural thing.</li> <li>The color was named after a foreign non-Turkic word.</li> <li>Not choosing the obvious Turkic chazhyl, which was already used in Western parts of Tuva.</li> <li>The new naming of the green color was done in the 20th century, which was subjectively recent. Also, the realization of the innovation was performed forcibly, also touching the previous point, by making the people to switch from chazhyl to nogoon.</li></ul> Nowadays, the "Blue-green distinction" topic is quite forgotten, people are used to the usage of nogoon. In general, Mongolisms in the lexicon of the Tuvan language are not considered unusual. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish">Turkish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Turkish">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> treats dark or navy blue (lacivert, from the same Persian root as English "azure" and "<a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>") as a separate color from plain or light blue (mavi). Mavi is derived from the Arabic word مائي māʼī 'like water' (ماء māʼ being the Arabic word for water) and lacivert is derived from Persian لاجورد lājvard '<a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>', a semiprecious stone with the color of navy blue. In the <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">pre-Islamic religion of the Turks</a>, blue is the color that represented the east, as well as the zodiac sign Aquarius (the Water Bearer). A characteristic tone of blue, <a href="/wiki/Turquoise_(color)" title="Turquoise (color)">turquoise</a>, was much used by the Turks for their traditional decorations and jewelry. In traditional pre-Islamic Turkic culture, both blue and green were represented by the same name, gök 'sky'[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The name is still in use in many rural areas. For instance, in many regions of Turkey, when mold is formed on cheese, the phenomenon is called göğermek 'turning into the color of sky (gök)'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azure_(color)" title="Azure (color)">Azure (color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Color_Terms:_Their_Universality_and_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution">Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a> / <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a> / <a href="/wiki/Teal" title="Teal">Teal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-green" title="Blue-green">Blue-green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors">List of colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingniao" title="Qingniao">Qingniao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_field" title="Semantic field">Semantic field</a> for the concept of the range of words</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_green" title="Spring green">Spring green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_of_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Variations of blue">Variations of blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_of_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Variations of green">Variations of green</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Brooklyn, NY: Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center. Retrieved May 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chabad.org&rft.atitle=Techelet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F530127%2Fjewish%2FTechelet-Blue-Thread.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByington1852" class="citation book cs1">Byington, Cyrus (1852). An English and Choctaw Definer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+English+and+Choctaw+Definer&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Byington&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1880" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Allen (1880). Choctaw in English Definition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choctaw+in+English+Definition&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1892" class="citation book cs1">Watkins, Ben (1892). Complete Choctaw Definer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Choctaw+Definer&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByington1915" class="citation book cs1">Byington, Cyrus (1915). A Dictionary of the Choctaw Language.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Choctaw+Language&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Byington&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaagWillis2001" class="citation book cs1">Haag, Marcia; Willis, Henry (2001). Choctaw language and culture : Chahta Anumpa. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3339-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3339-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3339-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choctaw+language+and+culture+%3A+Chahta+Anumpa&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3339-3&rft.aulast=Haag&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft.au=Willis%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Frisch_Mohawk-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Frisch_Mohawk_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrisch1972" class="citation journal cs1">Frisch, Jack A. (1972). "Mohawk Color Terms". Anthropological Linguistics. 14 (8): 306–310.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Mohawk+Color+Terms&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=306-310&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Frisch&rft.aufirst=Jack+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllrich2008" class="citation book cs1">Ullrich, Jan (2008). New Lakota Dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9761082-9-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9761082-9-0"><bdi>978-0-9761082-9-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Lakota+Dictionary&rft.pub=Lakota+Language+Consortium&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9761082-9-0&rft.aulast=Ullrich&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZúñiga2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Fernando Zúñiga">Zúñiga, Fernando</a> (2006). Mapudungun. El habla mapuche. Santiago: Centro de Estudios Públicos. pp. 43–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/956-7015-40-6" title="Special:BookSources/956-7015-40-6"><bdi>956-7015-40-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapudungun.+El+habla+mapuche&rft.place=Santiago&rft.pages=43-47&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudios+P%C3%BAblicos&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=956-7015-40-6&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Fieldword Deltgen/Scheffer in 1977[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobsonWibisono2002" class="citation book cs1">Robson, Stuart; Wibisono, Singgih (2002). Javanese English Dictionary. Hong Kong: Periplus. pp. 97, 278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javanese+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=97%2C+278&rft.pub=Periplus&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Wibisono%2C+Singgih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoetmulder1982" class="citation book cs1">Zoetmulder, P.J. (1982). Old Javanese-English Dictionary. With the collaboration of S.O. Robson. Leiden: KITLV. pp. 246, 624.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Javanese-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=246%2C+624&rft.pub=KITLV&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Zoetmulder&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Bogushevskaya, V. (2015) “GRUE in Chinese”. In<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Thinking colours: perception, translation and representation. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publications. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7529-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7529-5"><bdi>978-1-4438-7529-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+colours%3A+perception%2C+translation+and+representation&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-7529-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> The manuscript Rules of Liubo (《六博棋谱》), discovered 2011 in the tomb of the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Haihun" title="Marquis of Haihun">Marquis of Haihun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The Shuowen Jiezi defines lán as 'grass for qīng dye': 藍，染青艸也。 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The Shuowen Jiezi defines lǜ as 'cloth of yellowish qīng color': 綠，帛青黃色也。 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia2012" class="citation news cs1">Bhatia, Aatish (June 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.empiricalzeal.com/2012/06/05/the-crayola-fication-of-the-world-how-we-gave-colors-names-and-it-messed-with-our-brains-part-i/">"The Crayola-fication of the World: How We Gave Colors Names and It Messed with our Brains"</a>. Empirical Zeal. Retrieved July 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Empirical+Zeal&rft.atitle=The+Crayola-fication+of+the+World%3A+How+We+Gave+Colors+Names+and+It+Messed+with+our+Brains&rft.date=2012-06-05&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Aatish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.empiricalzeal.com%2F2012%2F06%2F05%2Fthe-crayola-fication-of-the-world-how-we-gave-colors-names-and-it-messed-with-our-brains-part-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Yisun Zhang. "Bod rgya tshig mdzod chen mo". University of Virginia: Mi rigs dpe skrun khaṅ. (1993: 718) </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Yisun Zhang. "Bod rgya tshig mdzod chen mo". University of Virginia: Mi rigs dpe skrun khaṅ. (1993: 921) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurevTsendBazarjavKhishigsuren2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Purev, Enkhjargal; Tsend, Oyunsuren; Bazarjav, Purevsuren; Khishigsuren, Temuulen (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/122532/1/vopon_2023_1_08.pdf">"Color Terms in Mongolian Place Names: A Typological Perspective"</a> (PDF). Вопросы Ономастики <bdi lang="ru">Вопросы Ономастики</bdi> [Problems of Onomastics]. 20 (1). 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Retrieved April 17, 2015 – via Euskara.euskadi.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euskarak+erakutsi+koloreak+ikusten&rft.isbn=978-84-457-3034-8&rft.aulast=Preciado&rft.aufirst=Txema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euskara.euskadi.net%2Fr59-738%2Fes%2Fcontenidos%2Finformacion%2Feu_mintzagai_bilduma_aurkezpen%2Fes_aurkezp%2Fadjuntos%2F06-Eusk_koloreak.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKivinen2007" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kivinen, Ilona (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306131349/http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/6067/varinnim.pdf?sequence=2">Värinnimitysten synty suomalais-ugrilaisissa kielissä, lähtökohtana 'musta'</a> (PDF) (Thesis) (in Finnish). University of Helsinki. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10024%2F6067">10024/6067</a>. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=V%C3%A4rinnimitysten+synty+suomalais-ugrilaisissa+kieliss%C3%A4%2C+l%C3%A4ht%C3%B6kohtana+%27musta%27&rft.inst=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10024%2F6067&rft.aulast=Kivinen&rft.aufirst=Ilona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doria.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10024%2F6067%2Fvarinnim.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">cite thesis</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/english/documents/lxwp23-08-edb.pdf">Etymological Dictionary of Basque</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirayama1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hirayama, Hitomi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060610085822/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/columns/0002/pdf/ppp032.pdf">"Green... midori? ao?"</a> (PDF). Pera Pera Penguin. 32. <a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/columns/0002/pdf/ppp032.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 10, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pera+Pera+Penguin&rft.atitle=Green...+midori%3F+ao%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hirayama&rft.aufirst=Hitomi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yomiuri.co.jp%2Fdy%2Fcolumns%2F0002%2Fpdf%2Fppp032.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue%E2%80%93green+distinction+in+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ismy.blue">ismy.blue</a>, a website that tests one's personal boundary between green and blue</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>  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