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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contemporary usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_vs_Urban_Zulu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_vs_Urban_Zulu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Standard vs Urban Zulu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_vs_Urban_Zulu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Phonotactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Prosody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depressor_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depressor_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Depressor consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depressor_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonological_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonological_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Phonological processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonological_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prenasalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prenasalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Prenasalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prenasalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Tone assimilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Tone displacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palatalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palatalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.4</span> <span>Palatalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palatalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology_of_root_Zulu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology_of_root_Zulu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Morphology of root <i>Zulu</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology_of_root_Zulu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_phrases_and_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_phrases_and_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sample phrases and text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_phrases_and_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counting_in_Zulu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counting_in_Zulu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Counting in Zulu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Counting_in_Zulu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Counting in Zulu subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Counting_in_Zulu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Counting_from_1_to_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counting_from_1_to_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Counting from 1 to 10</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counting_from_1_to_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Oral literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oral_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oral literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oral_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Proverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Tales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riddles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riddles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Riddles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riddles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zulu_words_in_South_African_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zulu_words_in_South_African_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Zulu words in South African English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zulu_words_in_South_African_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Courses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Courses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.3</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.5</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.6</span> <span>Literature and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zulu language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoeloe" title="Zoeloe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zoeloe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%99%E1%88%89%E1%8A%9B" title="ዙሉኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዙሉኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ज़ुलु भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ज़ुलु भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الزولوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الزولوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_zul%C3%BA" title="Idioma zulú – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma zulú" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_zul%C3%BA" title="Idioma zulú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma zulú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_dili" title="Zulu dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zulu dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জুলু ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জুলু ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu-g%C3%AD" title="Zulu-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Zulu-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Зулу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зулу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Зулуски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зулуски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiZulu" title="IsiZulu – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="IsiZulu" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཙོ་ལུའུའི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཙོ་ལུའུའི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouloueg" title="Zouloueg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zouloueg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu" title="Zulu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zulu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Зулу – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Зулу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu%C5%A1tina" title="Zuluština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zuluština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chizulu" title="Chizulu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chizulu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swl%C5%B5eg" title="Swlŵeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swlŵeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_(sprog)" title="Zulu (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zulu (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulugiella" title="Zulugiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Zulugiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiZulu" title="IsiZulu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="IsiZulu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suulu_keel" title="Suulu keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suulu keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ζουλού γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζουλού γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_zul%C3%BA" title="Idioma zulú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma zulú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulua_lingvo" title="Zulua lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zulua lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuluera" title="Zuluera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuluera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88" title="زبان زولو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان زولو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_bhasa" title="Zulu bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Zulu bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_m%C3%A1l" title="Zulu mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Zulu mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoulou" title="Zoulou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zoulou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBl%C3%BB_(taal)" title="Sûlû (taal) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sûlû (taal)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tS%C3%BAl%C3%BAis" title="An tSúlúis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSúlúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_(c%C3%A0nan)" title="Zulu (cànan) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Zulu (cànan)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_zul%C3%BA" title="Lingua zulú – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua zulú" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%84%EB%A3%A8%EC%96%B4" title="줄루어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="줄루어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Zulu" title="Harshen Zulu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Zulu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ज़ुलु भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़ुलु भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_jezik" title="Zulu jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zulu jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Zulu" title="Asụsụ Zulu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Zulu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Zulu" title="Pagsasao a Zulu – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Zulu" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Zulu" title="Bahasa Zulu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Zulu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu" title="Zulu – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Zulu" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiZulu" title="IsiZulu – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IsiZulu" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiZulu" title="IsiZulu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiZulu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAl%C3%BA" title="Súlú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súlú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_zulu" title="Lingua zulu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua zulu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94)" title="זולו (שפה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זולו (שפה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suluu_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Suluu kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Suluu kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoulou" title="Zoulou – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Zoulou" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizulu" title="Kizulu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kizulu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Зулу (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Зулу (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizulu" title="Kizulu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kizulu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Zuluana" title="Lingua Zuluana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Zuluana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_valoda" title="Zulu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zulu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zul%C5%B3_kalba" title="Zulų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zulų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isizulu" title="Isizulu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Isizulu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_nyelv" title="Zulu nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zulu nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Зулу – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зулу" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_zolo" title="Fiteny zolo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny zolo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="സുലു ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുലു ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="झुलू भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झुलू भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="ზულუ (ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზულუ (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الزولويه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الزولويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88" title="زولو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زولو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Zulu" title="Bahasa Zulu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Zulu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoeloe_(taal)" title="Zoeloe (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zoeloe (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जुलू भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जुलू भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ズールー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ズールー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_(Spriik)" title="Zulu (Spriik) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Zulu (Spriik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Zulu (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zulu (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu" title="Zulu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zulu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolo" title="Zolo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zolo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu" title="Zulu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zulu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜ਼ੁਲੂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ੁਲੂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زولو زبان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زولو زبان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="زولو ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زولو ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BC" title="ភាសាហ្ស៊ូលូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាហ្ស៊ូលូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Zulu" title="Lenga Zulu – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Zulu" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_zulu" title="Język zulu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język zulu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_zulu" title="Língua zulu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua zulu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_zulu" title="Limba zulu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba zulu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_simi" title="Zulu simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Zulu simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Зулу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зулу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱩᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱩᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezulu" title="Sezulu – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sezulu" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezulu" title="Sezulu – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sezulu" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezulu" title="Sezulu – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Sezulu" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_zulu" title="Gjuha zulu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha zulu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%96_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සූලූ භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සූලූ භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zulu language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADZulu" title="SíZulu – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="SíZulu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Zulu" title="Af-Zulu – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Zulu" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88" title="زمانی زوولوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی زوولوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Зулу (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зулу (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_jezik" title="Zulu jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zulu jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulun_kieli" title="Zulun kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zulun kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Zulu (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zulu (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Zulu" title="Wikang Zulu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Zulu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சுலு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுலு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Зулу теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зулу теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiZulu" title="IsiZulu – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="IsiZulu" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuluca" title="Zuluca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zuluca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Зулу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зулу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زولو زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زولو زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%87%D9%84%DB%87%DA%86%DB%95" title="زۇلۇچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زۇلۇچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulun_kel%27" title="Zulun kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Zulun kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Zulu" title="Tiếng Zulu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Zulu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%AD" title="祖鲁语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="祖鲁语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Zulu" title="Èdè Zulu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Zulu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%87" title="祖魯文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="祖魯文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%AD" title="祖鲁语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="祖鲁语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Zulu" title="Basa Zulu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Zulu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10179#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="View the content page [c]" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nguni language of eastern South Africa and neighbouring countries</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Zulu</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;"><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isiZulu</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="zu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">[isízṳːlu]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a>; scattered communities elsewhere</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 12 million (2013–2017)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 16 million (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Total: 28 million<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta-Congo languages">Volta-Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bantoid_languages" title="Bantoid languages">Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantoid_languages" title="Southern Bantoid languages">Southern Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Bantu">Southern Bantu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tswa-Ronga" class="mw-redirect" title="Tswa-Ronga">Tsonga</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Zunda_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Zunda languages">Zunda</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Zulu</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>KwaZulu Natal Zulu</li> <li>Transvaal Zulu</li> <li>Qwabe</li> <li>Cele</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zulu_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulu alphabet">Zulu alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulu Braille">Zulu Braille</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Signed_Zulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed Zulu">Signed Zulu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=zu">zu</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=502">zul</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/zul" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:zul">zul</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/zulu1248">zulu1248</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie code</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>S.42</code><sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=99-AUT-fg">99-AUT-fg</a> incl.<br />varieties 99-AUT-fga to 99-AUT-fge</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_proportion_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_proportion_map.svg/320px-South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_proportion_map.svg/480px-South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_proportion_map.svg/640px-South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_proportion_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Proportion of the South African population that speaks Zulu at home <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EDF8E9; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 0–20%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BAE4B3; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 20–40%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#74C476; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 40–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#31A354; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 60–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006D2C; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 80–100%</div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Zulu</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">umZulu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">amaZulu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">isiZulu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu" title="KwaZulu">kwaZulu</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Zulu</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ZOO</span>-loo</i></a>), or <b>isiZulu</b> as an <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages">Southern Bantu</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni branch</a> spoken in, and indigenous to, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. It is the language of the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu people</a>, with about 13.56 million native speakers, who primarily inhabit the province of <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "KwaZulu-Natal" translates into English as "Home of the Zulu Nation is Natal". Zulu is the most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Home_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Home language">home language</a> in South Africa (24% of the population), and it is understood by over 50% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became one of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">South Africa's 12 official languages</a> in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, it is the second-most widely spoken of the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many other Bantu languages, it is written with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a>, the language is often referred to in its native form, <i>isiZulu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_density_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_density_map.svg/260px-South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_density_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_density_map.svg/390px-South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_density_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_density_map.svg/520px-South_Africa_2011_Zulu_speakers_density_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of Zulu in South Africa: density, of Zulu home-language speakers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <1 /km<sup>2</sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffeda0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1–3 /km<sup>2</sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fed976; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 3–10 /km<sup>2</sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#feb24c; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 10–30 /km<sup>2</sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fd8d3c; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 30–100 /km<sup>2</sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fc4e2a; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 100–300 /km<sup>2</sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e31a1c; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 300–1000 /km<sup>2</sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bc0026; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1000–3000 /km<sup>2</sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800026; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> >3000 /km<sup>2</sup></div> </div></figcaption></figure> <p>Zulu migrant populations have taken it to adjacent regions, especially <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">isiNdebele</a>) is closely related to Zulu. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, the predominant language in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>, is often considered <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> with Zulu, as is <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NorthernNdebeleBlog_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NorthernNdebeleBlog-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maho (2009) lists four dialects: central KwaZulu-Natal Zulu, northern Transvaal Zulu, eastern coastal Qwabe, and western coastal Cele.<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Zulu, like <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni people</a>, have lived in South Africa for hundreds of years. The Zulu language possesses several <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_click" title="Alveolar click">click sounds</a> typical of Southern African languages, not found in the rest of Africa. The Nguni people have coexisted with other Southern tribes like the San and Khoi. </p><p>Zulu, like most indigenous Southern African languages, was not a <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> until the arrival of missionaries from Europe, who documented the language using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. The first grammar book of the Zulu language was published in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> in 1850 by the Norwegian missionary <a href="/wiki/Hans_Paludan_Smith_Schreuder" title="Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder">Hans Schreuder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first written document in Zulu was a Bible translation that appeared in 1883. In 1901, <a href="/wiki/John_Dube" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dube">John Dube</a> (1871–1946), a Zulu from Natal, created the Ohlange Institute, the first native educational institution in South Africa. He was also the author of <i>Insila kaShaka</i>, the first novel written in Zulu (1930). Another pioneering Zulu writer was <a href="/wiki/Rolfes_Robert_Reginald_Dhlomo" title="Rolfes Robert Reginald Dhlomo">Reginald Dhlomo</a>, author of several historical novels of the 19th-century leaders of the Zulu nation: <i>U-Dingane</i> (1936), <i>U-Shaka</i> (1937), <i>U-Mpande</i> (1938), <i>U-Cetshwayo</i> (1952) and <i>U-Dinizulu</i> (1968). Other notable contributors to Zulu literature include <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Wallet_Vilakazi" title="Benedict Wallet Vilakazi">Benedict Wallet Vilakazi</a> and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mbuyiseni_Mtshali" title="Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali">Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali</a>. </p><p>The written form of Zulu was controlled by the Zulu Language Board of <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>. This board has now been disbanded and superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which promotes the use of all eleven official languages of South Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_usage">Contemporary usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contemporary usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English, Dutch ( later <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> ) had been the only official languages used by all South African governments before 1994. However, in the <a href="/wiki/Kwazulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwazulu">Kwazulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">bantustan</a>, the Zulu language was widely used. All education in the country at the high school level was in English or Afrikaans. Since the fall of apartheid in 1994, Zulu has been enjoying a marked revival. Zulu-language television was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/SABC" title="SABC">SABC</a> in the early 1980s and it broadcasts news and many shows in Zulu. Zulu radio is very popular and newspapers such as <i>isoLezwe</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ilanga</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>UmAfrika</i> in the Zulu language are available in <a href="/wiki/Kwazulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwazulu-Natal">Kwazulu-Natal</a> province and <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>. In January 2005 the first full-length feature film in Zulu, <i><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(2004_film)" title="Yesterday (2004 film)">Yesterday</a></i>, was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1994 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a></i>, in the "<a href="/wiki/Circle_of_Life" title="Circle of Life">Circle of Life</a>" song, the phrases <i>Ingonyama nengw' enamabala</i> (English: <i>A lion and a leopard spots</i>), <i>Nans' ingonyama bakithi Baba</i> (English: <i>Here comes a lion, Father</i>) and <i>Siyonqoba</i> (English: <i>We will conquer</i>) was used. In some movie songs, like "This Land", the voice says <i>Busa leli zwe bo</i> (<i>Rule this land</i>) and <i>Busa ngothando bo</i> (<i>Rule with love</i>) were used too. </p><p>The song <i><a href="/wiki/Siyahamba" title="Siyahamba">Siyahamba</a></i> is a South African hymn originally written in the Zulu language that became popular in North American churches in the 1990s. </p><p>The remix of the 2019 worldwide hit <i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalema" title="Jerusalema">Jerusalema</a></i> contains lyrics in Zulu language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_vs_Urban_Zulu">Standard vs Urban Zulu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Standard vs Urban Zulu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard</a> Zulu as it is taught in schools, also called "deep Zulu" (<i>isiZulu esijulile</i>), differs in various respects from the language spoken by people living in cities (Urban Zulu, <i>isiZulu sasedolobheni</i>). Standard Zulu tends to be <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">purist</a>, using derivations from Zulu words for new concepts, whereas speakers of Urban Zulu use <a href="/wiki/Loan_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan words">loan words</a> abundantly, mainly from English. For example: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard Zulu </th> <th>Urban Zulu </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>umakhalekhukhwini</i> </td> <td><i>iselula</i> </td> <td>mobile(cell) phone </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ngiyezwa</i> </td> <td><i>Ngiya-andastenda</i> </td> <td>I understand </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This situation has led to problems in education because standard Zulu is often not understood by young people.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zulu_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Zulu_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Zulu_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Zulu_vowel_chart.svg/375px-Zulu_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Zulu_vowel_chart.svg/500px-Zulu_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Zulu vowel chart, from <a href="#CITEREFWade1996">Wade (1996)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The vowel system of Zulu consists of five vowels. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> are pronounced [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span>] and [<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>], respectively, if the following syllable contains the [+<a href="/wiki/Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root" title="Advanced and retracted tongue root">ATR</a>] vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> otherwise: </p> <ul><li><i>umgibeli</i> "passenger", phonetically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[úm̩̀ɡìɓé(ː)lì]</span></li> <li><i>ukupheka</i> "to cook", phonetically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ùɠúpʰɛ̀(ː)ɠà]</span></li></ul> <p>There is limited <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> in Zulu, as a result of the contraction of certain syllables. For example, the word <i>ithambo</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íːtʰámbó/</span> "bone", is a contraction of an earlier <i>ilithambo</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ílítʰámbó/</span>, which may still be used by some speakers. Likewise, <i>uphahla</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úːpʰaɬa/</span> "roof" is a contraction of the earlier <i>uluphahla</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ulúpʰaɬa/</span>. In addition, the vowel of the penultimate syllable is allophonically lengthened phrase- or sentence-finally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Zulu phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᵏǀʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᵏǁʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᵏǃʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">aspirated</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᵏǀʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᵏǁʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᵏǃʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">nasalised</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ᵑǀ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ᵑǁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ᵑǃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">slack-voiced oral</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᶢǀʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᶢǁʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᶢǃʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">slack-voiced nasal</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑǀʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑǁʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑǃʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">modally voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">slack-voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">m̤</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">n̤</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Centralized_vowels" title="Relative articulation">ŋ̈</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">aspirated</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">slack-voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">b̤</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d̤</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Centralized_vowels" title="Relative articulation">ɡ̈</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">implosive</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">k𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">slack-voiced</span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Centralized_vowels" title="Relative articulation">dʒ̈</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">slack-voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">v̤</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">z̤</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Centralized_vowels" title="Relative articulation">ɮ̈</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">ɦ̥</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">modally voiced</span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">slack-voiced</span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Centralized_vowels" title="Relative articulation">j̈</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">w̤</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>The plain voiceless plosives, affricates and clicks are realised phonetically as ejectives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a>]</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a>]</span>.</li> <li>When not preceded by a nasal, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɠ/</span> is almost in complementary distribution with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span>. The latter two phonemes occur almost exclusively root-initially, while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɠ/</span> appears exclusively medially. Recent loanwords contain <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> in other positions, e.g. <i>isekhondi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iːsekʰoːndi/</span> "second", <i>ibhayisikili</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iːbajisikiːli/</span> "bicycle".</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">slack-voiced</a> consonants are <a href="/wiki/Depressor_consonant" title="Depressor consonant">depressor consonants</a>. These have a lowering effect on the tone of their syllable.</li> <li>The consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> occurs in some dialects as a reduction of the cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nɡ/</span> when it is not in stem-initial position, and is therefore always slack-voiced.</li> <li>The trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is not native to Zulu and occurs only in expressive words and in recent borrowings from European languages.</li></ol> <p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">click consonants</a> is one of the most distinctive features of Zulu. This feature is shared with several other languages of Southern Africa, but it is very rare in other regions. There are three basic articulations of clicks in Zulu: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_click" title="Dental click">Denti-alveolar</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǀ/</span>, comparable to a sucking of teeth, as the sound one makes for 'tsk tsk'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar click">Postalveolar</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/!/</span>, comparable to a bottle top 'pop'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral click">Lateral</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǁ/</span>, comparable to a click that one may do for a walking horse.</li></ul> <p>Each articulation covers five click consonants, with differences such as being slack-voiced, <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nasalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalisation">nasalised</a>, for a total of 15. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zulu syllables are canonically (N)C(w)V<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="context gives examples where initial syllable consists of only V, cf. umpetshisi and impoko (August 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and words must always end in a vowel. Consonant clusters consist of any consonant, optionally preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Homorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic">homorganic</a> nasal consonant (so-called "prenasalisation", described in more detail below) and optionally followed by the consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>. </p><p>In addition, syllabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m̩/</span> occurs as a reduction of former <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mu/</span>, and acts like a true syllable: it can be syllabic even when not word-initial, and can also carry distinctive tones like a full syllable. It does not necessarily have to be homorganic with the following consonant, although the difference between homorganic nonsyllabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mC/</span> and syllabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m̩C/</span> is distinctive, e.g. <i>umpetshisi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/um̩pétʃiːsi/</span> "peach tree" (5 syllables) versus <i>impoko</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ímpoːɠo/</span> "grass flower" (3 syllables). Moreover, sequences of syllabic <i>m</i> and homorganic <i>m</i> can occur, e.g. <i>ummbila</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úm̩mbíːla/</span> "maize" (4 syllables). </p><p>Recent loanwords from languages such as English may violate these constraints, by including additional consonant clusters that are not native to Zulu, such as in <i>igremu</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iːgreːmu/</span> "<a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a>". There may be some variation between speakers as to whether clusters are broken up by an <a href="/wiki/Epenthetic_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Epenthetic vowel">epenthetic vowel</a> or not, e.g. <i>ikhompiyutha</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iːkʰompijuːtʰa/</span> or <i>ikhompyutha</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iːkʰompjuːtʰa/</span> "computer". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosody">Prosody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prosody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stress">Stress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stress in Zulu words is mostly predictable and normally falls on the penultimate syllable of a word. It is accompanied by an allophonic lengthening of the vowel. When the final vowel of a word is long due to contraction, it receives the stress instead of the preceding syllable. </p><p>Lengthening does not occur on all words in a sentence, however, but only those that are sentence- or phrase-final. Thus, for any word of at least two syllables, there are two different forms, one with penultimate length and one without it, occurring in complementary distribution. In some cases, there are morphemic alternations that occur as a result of word position as well. The remote demonstrative pronouns may appear with the suffix <i>-ana</i> when sentence-final, but only as <i>-ā</i> otherwise. Likewise, the recent past tense of verbs ends in <i>-ile</i> sentence-finally, but is reduced to <i>-ē</i> medially. Moreover, a falling tone can only occur on a long vowel, so the shortening has effects on tone as well. </p><p>Some words, such as ideophones or interjections, can have stress that deviates from the regular pattern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tone">Tone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like almost all other <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> and other <a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African languages</a>, Zulu is <a href="/wiki/Tonal_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal Languages">tonal</a>. There are three main <i>tonemes</i>: low, high and falling. Zulu is conventionally written without any indication of tone, but tone can be distinctive in Zulu. For example, the words "priest" and "teacher" are both spelt <i>umfundisi</i>, but they are pronounced with different tones: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úm̩fúndisi/</span> for the "priest" meaning, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úm̩fundísi/</span> for the "teacher" meaning. </p><p>In principle, every syllable can be pronounced with either a high or a low tone. However, low tone does not behave the same as the other two, as high tones can "spread" into low-toned syllables while the reverse does not occur. A low tone is therefore better described as the <i>absence</i> of any toneme; it is a kind of default tone that is overridden by high or falling tones. The falling tone is a sequence of high-low and occurs only on long vowels. The penultimate syllable can also bear a falling tone when it is long due to the word's position in the phrase. However, when it shortens, the falling tone becomes disallowed in that position.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What happens to it? (December 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In principle, every <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> has an inherent underlying tone pattern which does not change regardless of where it appears in a word. However, like most other Bantu languages, Zulu has <a href="/wiki/Word_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Word tone">word tone</a>, meaning that the pattern of tones acts more like a template to assign tones to individual syllables, rather than a direct representation of the pronounced tones themselves. Consequently, the relationship between underlying tone patterns and the tones that are pronounced can be quite complex. Underlying high tones tend to surface rightward from the syllables where they are underlyingly present, especially in longer words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Depressor_consonants">Depressor consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Depressor consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The breathy consonant phonemes in Zulu are <a href="/wiki/Depressor_consonant" title="Depressor consonant">depressor consonants</a> or depressors for short. Depressor consonants have a lowering effect on pitch, adding a non-phonemic low-tone onset to the normal tone of the syllable. Thus, in syllables with depressor consonants, high tones are realised as rising, and falling tones as rising-then-falling. In both cases, the pitch does not reach as high as in non-depressed syllables. The possible tones on a syllable with a voiceless consonant like <i>hla</i> are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɬá<span class="wrap"> </span>ɬâ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɬà]</span>, and the possible tones of a breathy consonant syllable, like <i>dla</i>, are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɮǎ̤<span class="wrap"> </span>ɮa̤᷈<span class="wrap"> </span>ɮà̤]</span>. A depressor does not affect a syllable that's already low, but it blocks assimilation to a preceding high tone so that the tone of the depressor syllable and any following low-tone syllables stays low. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_processes">Phonological processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonological processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prenasalisation">Prenasalisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prenasalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prenasalisation occurs whenever a consonant is preceded by a homorganic nasal, either lexically or as a consequence of prefixation. The most notable case of the latter is the class 9 noun prefix <i>in-</i>, which ends in a homorganic nasal. Prenasalisation triggers several changes in the following consonant, some of which are phonemic and others allophonic. The changes can be summed as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Normal </th> <th>Prenasalised </th> <th>Rule </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mp/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nt/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋk/</span> </td> <td>Aspiration is lost on obstruents. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǀʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǁʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǃʰ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǀ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǁ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǃ/</span> </td> <td>Aspiration is replaced by nasalisation of clicks. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǀ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǁ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǃ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǀʱ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǁʱ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǃʱ/</span> </td> <td>Plain clicks become breathy nasal. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɓ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mb/</span> </td> <td>Implosive becomes breathy. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬ/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɮ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɱp̪fʼ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ntsʼ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ntʃ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ntɬʼ]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɱb̪vʱ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ndzʱ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ndɮʱ]</span> </td> <td>Fricatives become affricates. Only phonemic, and thus reflected orthographically, for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ntʃ/</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wʱ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋx]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋɡʱ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋɡw]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋɡwʱ]</span> </td> <td>Approximants are <a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">fortified</a>. This change is allophonic, and not reflected in the orthography. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span> </td> <td>Palatal approximant becomes palatal nasal. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> or rarely <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nd/</span> </td> <td>The outcome <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nd/</span> is a fossilised outcome from the time when <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> were still one phoneme. See <a href="/wiki/Proto-Bantu_language" title="Proto-Bantu language">Proto-Bantu language</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span> </td> <td>No change when the following consonant is itself a nasal. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tone_assimilation">Tone assimilation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tone assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zulu has tonic <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a>: high tones tend to spread allophonically to following low-tone syllables, raising their pitch to a level just below that of adjacent high-tone syllables. A toneless syllable between a high-tone syllable and another tonic syllable assimilates to that high tone. That is, if the preceding syllable ends on a high tone and the following syllable begins with a high tone (because it is high or falling), the intermediate toneless syllable has its pitch raised as well. When the preceding syllable is high but the following is toneless, the medial toneless syllable adopts a high-tone onset from the preceding syllable, resulting in a falling tone contour. </p><p>For example, the English word <i>spoon</i> was borrowed into Zulu as <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isipunu</i></span>, phonemically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ísipúnu/</span>. The second syllable <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">si</i></span> assimilates to the surrounding high tones, raising its pitch, so that it is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ísípʼúːnù]</span> sentence-finally. If tone pitch is indicated with numbers, with 1 highest and 9 lowest pitch, then the pitches of each syllable can be denoted as 2-4-3-9.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second syllable is thus still lower in pitch than both of the adjacent syllables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tone_displacement">Tone displacement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tone displacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depressor consonants have an effect called <i>tone displacement</i>. Tone displacement occurs whenever a depressor occurs with a high tone, and causes the tone on the syllable to shift rightward onto the next syllable. If the next syllable is long, it gets a falling tone, otherwise a regular high tone. If the penultimate syllable becomes high (not falling), the final syllable <a href="/wiki/Dissimilation" title="Dissimilation">dissimilates</a> and becomes low if it was not already. Tone displacement is blocked under the following conditions: </p> <ul><li>When the syllable has a long vowel.</li> <li>When the following syllable also has a depressor consonant.</li> <li>When the following syllable is the final syllable and is short.</li></ul> <p>Whenever tone displacement is blocked, this results in a depressor syllable with a high tone, which will have the low-tone onset as described above. When the following syllable already has a high or falling tone, the tone disappears from the syllable as if it had been shifted away, but the following syllable's tone is not modified. </p><p>Some examples: </p> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">izipunu</i></span> "spoons", the plural of <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isipunu</i></span> from the previous section, is phonemically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ízipúnu/</span>. Because <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> is a depressor consonant, tone assimilation is prevented. Consequently, the word is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ízìpʼúːnù]</span> sentence-finally, with a low tone in the second syllable.</li> <li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">izintombi</i></span> "girls" is phonemically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/izíntombí/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> is a depressor, and is not blocked, so the tone shifts to the third syllable. This syllable can be either long or short depending on sentence position. When long, the pronunciation is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ìzìntômbí]</span>, with a falling tone. However, when the third syllable is short, the tone is high, and dissimilation of the final syllable occurs, resulting in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ìzìntómbì]</span>.</li> <li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">nendoda</i></span> "with a man" is phonemically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʱéndoda/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʱ/</span> is a depressor, but so is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, so tone displacement is blocked. Consequently, the pronunciation is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nʱěndɔ̀ːdà]</span>, with rising pitch in the first syllable due to the low-onset effect.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palatalization">Palatalization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Palatalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">Palatalization</a> is a change that affects labial and alveolar consonants whenever they are immediately followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>. While palatalization occurred historically, it is still productive and occurs as a result of the addition of suffixes beginning with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>. A frequent example is the diminutive suffix <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">-yana</i></span>. </p><p>Moreover, Zulu does not generally tolerate sequences of a labial consonant plus <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>. Whenever <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> follows a labial consonant, it changes to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, which then triggers palatalization of the consonant. This effect can be seen in the locative forms of nouns ending in <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">-o</i></span> or <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">-u</i></span>, which change to <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">-weni</i></span> and <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">-wini</i></span> respectively in the locative. If a labial consonant immediately precedes, palatalization is triggered. The change also occurs in nouns beginning in <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ubu-</i></span> with a stem beginning with a vowel. </p><p>The following changes occur as a result of palatalization: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Original<br />consonant </th> <th>Palatalized<br />consonant </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">impuphu</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">impushana</i></span> (diminutive)</li> <li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">izipho</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ezisheni</i></span> (locative)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">umuthi</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">umshana</i></span> (diminutive; also <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">umthana</i></span>)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʃʼ</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">umtapo</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">emtatsheni</i></span> (locative)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ikati</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ikatshana</i></span> (diminutive)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bʱ</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">intaba</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">intatshana</i></span> (diminutive)</li> <li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ingubo</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">engutsheni</i></span> (locative)</li> <li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ubu-</i></span> + <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">-ani</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">utshani</i></span> (<span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ubu-</i></span> + vowel)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʒ</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isigubhu</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isigujana</i></span> (diminutive)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">incwadi</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">incwajana</i></span> (diminutive; also <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">incwadana</i></span>)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">inkomo</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">inkonyana</i></span> (diminutive)</li> <li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">umlomo</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">emlonyeni</i></span> (locative)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">inyoni</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">inyonyana</i></span> (diminutive)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mp</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ntʃʼ</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">inswempe</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">inswentshana</i></span> (diminutive)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nt</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">umkhonto</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">umkhontshwana</i></span> (diminutive)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mb</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ndʒ</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ithambo</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ethanjeni</i></span> (locative)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nd</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isondo</i></span> → <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isonjwana</i></span> (diminutive; also <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isondwana</i></span>)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zulu employs the 26 letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a>. However, some of the letters have different pronunciations than in English. Additional phonemes are written using sequences of multiple letters. Tone, stress and vowel length are not indicated. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter(s) </th> <th>Phoneme(s) </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <th>a </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amanzi#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:amanzi">amanzi</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ámáːnzi/</span> "water" </td></tr> <tr> <th>b </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ubaba#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ubaba">ubaba</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úɓaːɓá/</span> "my/our father" </td></tr> <tr> <th>bh </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukubhala#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ukubhala">ukubhala</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úɠubâːla/</span> "to write" </td></tr> <tr> <th>c </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">ǀ</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/icici#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:icici">icici</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/îːǀíːǀi/</span> "earring" </td></tr> <tr> <th>ch </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǀʰ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukuchaza#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ukuchaza">ukuchaza</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uɠúǀʰaːza/</span> "to fascinate/explain" </td></tr> <tr> <th>d </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/idada#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:idada">idada</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íːdaːda/</span> "duck" </td></tr> <tr> <th>dl </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukudla#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ukudla">ukudla</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úɠuːɮá/</span> "to eat" </td></tr> <tr> <th>e </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ibele#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ibele">ibele</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/îːɓéːle/</span> "breast" </td></tr> <tr> <th>f </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ifu#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ifu">ifu</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íːfu/</span> "cloud" </td></tr> <tr> <th>g </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ugogo#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ugogo">ugogo</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úɡóːɡo/</span> "grandmother" </td></tr> <tr> <th>gc </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢǀʱ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isigcino#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:isigcino">isigcino</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/isíᶢǀʱiːno/</span> "end" </td></tr> <tr> <th>gq </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢǃʱ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/uMgqibelo#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:uMgqibelo">uMgqibelo</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/umúᶢǃʱiɓéːlo/</span> "Saturday" </td></tr> <tr> <th>gx </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢǁʱ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukugxoba#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ukugxoba">ukugxoba</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uɠúᶢǁʱoːɓa/</span> "to stamp" </td></tr> <tr> <th>h </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukuhamba#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ukuhamba">ukuhamba</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úɠuháːmba/</span> "to go" </td></tr> <tr> <th>hh </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ihhashi#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ihhashi">ihhashi</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/îːɦáːʃi/</span> "horse" </td></tr> <tr> <th>hl </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukuhlala#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ukuhlala">ukuhlala</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uɠúɬaːla/</span> "to sit" </td></tr> <tr> <th>i </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imini#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:imini">imini</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ímíːni/</span> "daytime" </td></tr> <tr> <th>j </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/uju#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:uju">uju</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úːdʒu/</span> "honey" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">k </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ikati#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ikati">ikati</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/îːkáːti/</span> "cat" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɠ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukuza#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ukuza">ukuza</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uɠúːza/</span> "to come" </td></tr> <tr> <th>kh </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ikhanda#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ikhanda">ikhanda</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/îːkʰâːnda/</span> "head" </td></tr> <tr> <th>kl </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/umklomelo#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:umklomelo">umklomelo</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/umukxómeːlo/</span> "prize" </td></tr> <tr> <th>l </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukulala#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ukulala">ukulala</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úɠuláːla/</span> "sleep" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">m </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imali#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:imali">imali</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ímaːlí/</span> "money" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mʱ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/umama#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:umama">umama</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úmʱáːma/</span> "my/our mother" </td></tr> <tr> <th>mb </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mb/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imbube#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:imbube">imbube</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ímbuːɓé/</span> "lion" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">n </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unina#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:unina">unina</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úniːna/</span> "his/her/their mother" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʱ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nendoda#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:nendoda">nendoda</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʱéndoːda/</span> "with a man" </td></tr> <tr> <th>nc </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǀ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/incwancwa#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:incwancwa">incwancwa</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íᵑǀwáːᵑǀwa/</span> "sour corn meal" </td></tr> <tr> <th>ng </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ(ɡ)/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ingane#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ingane">ingane</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ínɡáːne/</span> "child" </td></tr> <tr> <th>ngc </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǀʱ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ingcosi#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ingcosi">ingcosi</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íᵑǀʱoːsí/</span> "a bit" </td></tr> <tr> <th>ngq </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǃʱ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ingqondo#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ingqondo">ingqondo</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íᵑǃʱoːndo/</span> "brain" </td></tr> <tr> <th>ngx </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǁʱ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ingxenye#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ingxenye">ingxenye</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íᵑǁʱéːɲe/</span> "part" </td></tr> <tr> <th>nj </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲdʒ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inja#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:inja">inja</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/îːɲdʒá/</span> "dog" </td></tr> <tr> <th>nk </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋk/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inkomo#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:inkomo">inkomo</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íŋkoːmó/</span> "cow" </td></tr> <tr> <th>nq </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǃ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inqola#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:inqola">inqola</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íᵑǃóːla/</span> "cart" </td></tr> <tr> <th>ntsh </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲtʃ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intshe#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:intshe">intshe</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/îːɲtʃé/</span> "ostrich" </td></tr> <tr> <th>nx </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǁ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inxeba#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:inxeba">inxeba</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íːᵑǁeːɓa/</span> "wound" </td></tr> <tr> <th>ny </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inyoni#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:inyoni">inyoni</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íɲoːni/</span> "bird" </td></tr> <tr> <th>o </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/uphondo#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:uphondo">uphondo</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úːpʰoːndo/</span> "horn" </td></tr> <tr> <th>p </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ipipi#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ipipi">ipipi</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/îːpíːpi/</span> "pipe for smoking" </td></tr> <tr> <th>ph </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukupheka#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ukupheka">ukupheka</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uɠúpʰeːɠa/</span> "to cook" </td></tr> <tr> <th>q </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">ǃ</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iqaqa#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:iqaqa">iqaqa</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íːǃaːǃá/</span> "polecat" </td></tr> <tr> <th>qh </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǃʰ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iqhude#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:iqhude">iqhude</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/îːǃʰúːde/</span> "rooster" </td></tr> <tr> <th>r </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iresiphi#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:iresiphi">iresiphi</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iːrésiːpʰi/</span> "recipe" </td></tr> <tr> <th>s </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isisu#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:isisu">isisu</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/isíːsu/</span> "stomach" </td></tr> <tr> <th>sh </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ishumi#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ishumi">ishumi</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/îːʃûːmi/</span> "ten" </td></tr> <tr> <th>t </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/itiye#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:itiye">itiye</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/îːtíːje/</span> "tea" </td></tr> <tr> <th>th </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukuthatha#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ukuthatha">ukuthatha</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úɠutʰáːtʰa/</span> "to take" </td></tr> <tr> <th>ts </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/itswayi#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:itswayi">itswayi</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íːtswaːjí/</span> "salt" </td></tr> <tr> <th>tsh </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/utshani#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:utshani">utshani</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/útʃaːní/</span> "grass" </td></tr> <tr> <th>u </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ubusuku#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ubusuku">ubusuku</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úɓusûːɠu/</span> "night" </td></tr> <tr> <th>v </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukuvala#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ukuvala">ukuvala</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uɠúvaːla/</span> "to close" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">w </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukuwela#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ukuwela">ukuwela</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uɠúweːla/</span> "to cross" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wʱ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wuthando#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:wuthando">wuthando</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wʱúːtʰâːndo/</span> "It's love." </td></tr> <tr> <th>x </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">ǁ</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ixoxo#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ixoxo">ixoxo</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/íːǁoːǁo/</span> "frog" </td></tr> <tr> <th>xh </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǁʰ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukuxhasa#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ukuxhasa">ukuxhasa</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/úɠuǁʰáːsa/</span> "to support" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">y </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/uyise#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:uyise">uyise</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/újiːsé/</span> "his/her/their father" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jʱ/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yintombazane#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:yintombazane">yintombazane</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jʱintómbazâːne/</span> "It's a girl" </td></tr> <tr> <th>z </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td> <td><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/umzuzu#Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikt:umzuzu">umzuzu</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/umúzuːzú/</span> "moment" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Reference works and older texts may use additional letters. A common former practice was to indicate the implosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɓ/</span> using the special letter <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ɓ</i></span>, while the digraph <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">bh</i></span> would then be simply written as <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">b</i></span>. Some references may also write <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">h</i></span> after letters to indicate that they are of the depressor variety, e.g. <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">mh</i></span>, <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">nh</i></span>, <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">yh</i></span>, a practice that is standard in <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> orthography. </p><p>Very early texts, from the early 20th century or before, tend to omit the distinction between plain and aspirated voiceless consonants, writing the latter without the <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">h</i></span>. </p><p>Nouns are written with their prefixes as one orthographical word. If the prefix ends with a vowel (as most do) and the noun stem also begins with a vowel, a hyphen is inserted in between, e.g. <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">i-Afrika</i></span>. This occurs only with loanwords. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zulu_grammar" title="Zulu grammar">Zulu grammar</a></div> <p>Here are some of the main features of Zulu: </p> <ul><li>Word order is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>.</li> <li>Morphologically, it is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a>.</li> <li>As in other Bantu languages, Zulu nouns are classified into <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">morphological classes</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a></i> (16 in Zulu), with different prefixes for singular and plural. Various parts of speech that qualify a noun must agree with the noun according to its gender. Such agreements usually reflect part of the original class with which it is agreeing. An example is the use of the class "aba-":</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><b>B</b>onke <b>aba</b>ntu <b>aba</b>qatha <b>ba</b>sepulazini <b>ba</b>yagawula</i></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>All the strong people on the farm are felling (trees).</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>The various agreements that qualify the word "abantu" (people) can be seen in effect.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Its verbal system shows a combination of temporal and aspectual categories in their finite paradigm. Typically verbs have two stems, one for present-undefinite and another for perfect. Different prefixes can be attached to these verbal stems to specify subject agreement and various degrees of past or future tense. For example, in the word <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">uyathanda</i></span> ("he loves"), the present stem of the verb is <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">-thanda</i></span>, the prefix <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">u-</i></span> expresses the third-person singular subject and <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">-ya-</i></span> is a filler that is used in short sentences.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Suffixes are also put into common use to show the causative or reciprocal forms of a verb stem.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Most property words (words encoded as adjectives in English) are represented by relatives. In the sentence <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">umuntu ubomvu</i></span> ("the person is red"), the word <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ubomvu</i></span> (root <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">-bomvu</i></span>) behaves like a verb and uses the agreement prefix <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">u-</i></span>. however, there are subtle differences; for example, it does not use the prefix <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ya-</i></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology_of_root_Zulu">Morphology of root <i>Zulu</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Morphology of root Zulu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The root can be combined with several prefixes and thus create other words. For example, here is a table with some words constructed from the roots -<span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Zulu</i></span> and <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">-ntu</i></span> (the root for <i>person/people</i>): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Prefix</th> <th><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">-zulu</i></span></th> <th><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">-ntu</i></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><b>um(u)</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><span lang="zu" style="font-style: normal;">um</span></span><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Zulu</i></span> (a Zulu person)</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><span lang="zu" style="font-style: normal;">umu</span></span><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ntu</i></span> (a person) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><b>ama, aba</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><span lang="zu" style="font-style: normal;">ama</span></span><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Zulu</i></span> (Zulu people)</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><span lang="zu" style="font-style: normal;">aba</span></span><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ntu</i></span> (people) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><b>isi</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><span lang="zu" style="font-style: normal;">isi</span></span><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Zulu</i></span> (the Zulu language)</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><span lang="zu" style="font-style: normal;">isi</span></span><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ntu</i></span> (culture, heritage, mankind) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><b>ubu</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><span lang="zu" style="font-style: normal;">ubuZulu</span></span> (personification/Zulu-like tendencies)</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><span lang="zu" style="font-style: normal;">ubu</span></span><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">ntu</i></span> (humanity, compassion) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><b>kwa</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><span lang="zu" style="font-style: normal;">kwa</span></span><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Zulu</i></span> (place of the Zulu people)</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><b>i(li)</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><span lang="zu" style="font-style: normal;">i</span></span><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">zulu</i></span> (the weather/sky/heaven)</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><b>pha</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><span lang="zu" style="font-style: normal;">phe</span></span><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">zulu</i></span> (on top)</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><b>e</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><span lang="zu" style="font-style: normal;">e</span></span><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">zul</i></span><span title="Zulu-language text"><span lang="zu" style="font-style: normal;">wini</span></span> (in, at, to, from heaven)</td> <td>– </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_phrases_and_text">Sample phrases and text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sample phrases and text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of phrases that can be used when one visits a region whose primary language is Zulu: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Zulu </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Sawubona</i></span></td> <td><i>Hello</i>, to one person </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Sanibonani</i></span></td> <td><i>Hello</i>, to a group of people </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Unjani?</i></span> / <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Ninjani?</i></span></td> <td><i>How are you (sing.)? / How are you (pl.)?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Ngiyaphila</i></span> / <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Siyaphila</i></span></td> <td><i>I'm okay / We're okay</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Ngiyabonga (kakhulu)</i></span></td> <td><i>Thanks (a lot)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Ngubani igama lakho?</i></span></td> <td><i>What is your name?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Igama lami ngu...</i></span></td> <td><i>My name is...</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Isikhathi sithini?</i></span></td> <td><i>What's the time?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Ngingakusiza?</i></span></td> <td><i>Can I help you?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Uhlala kuphi?</i></span></td> <td><i>Where do you stay?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Uphumaphi?</i></span></td> <td><i>Where are you from?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Hamba kahle</i></span> / <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Sala kahle</i></span></td> <td><i>Go well / Stay well</i>, used as goodbye. The person staying says "<span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Hamba kahle</i></span>", and the person leaving says "<span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Sala kahle</i></span>". Other translations include <i>Go gently</i> and <i>Walk in peace</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Hambani kahle</i></span> / <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Salani kahle</i></span></td> <td><i>Go well / Stay well</i>, to a group of people </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Eish!</i></span></td> <td><i>Wow!</i> (No real European equivalent, used in <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a>) (you could try a semi-expletive, such as <i>oh my gosh</i> or <i>what the heck</i>. It expresses a notion of shock and surprise) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Hhayibo</i></span></td> <td><i>No! / Stop! / No way!</i> (used in South African English too) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Yebo</i></span></td> <td><i>Yes</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Cha</i></span></td> <td><i>No</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Angazi</i></span></td> <td><i>I don't know</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Uyasikhuluma isiNgisi na?</i></span></td> <td><i>Do you speak English?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Ngisaqala ukufunda isiZulu</i></span></td> <td><i>I've just started learning Zulu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Uqonde ukuthini?</i></span></td> <td><i>What do you mean?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Ngiyakuthanda.</i></span></td> <td><i>I love you</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following is from the preamble to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a>: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Thina, bantu baseNingizimu Afrika, Siyakukhumbula ukucekelwa phansi kwamalungelo okwenzeka eminyakeni eyadlula; Sibungaza labo abahluphekela ubulungiswa nenkululeko kulo mhlaba wethu; Sihlonipha labo abasebenzela ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe lethu; futhi Sikholelwa ekutheni iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, sibumbene nakuba singafani.</i></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Translation:</b> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <p>We, the people of South Africa, Recognise the injustices of our past; Honour those who suffered for justice and freedom in our land; Respect those who have worked to build and develop our country; and Believe that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counting_in_Zulu">Counting in Zulu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Counting in Zulu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counting_from_1_to_10">Counting from 1 to 10</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Counting from 1 to 10"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The digital numerical counting etiquette on the fingers begins with the little finger of the left hand to the left thumb and then continues with the right-hand thumb towards the right little finger. Starting with a closed left hand, each finger is extended with each subsequent number from one to five. Once the left hand is open, then counting continues on the right hand with each finger opening in turn. It is noteworthy that in Zulu, the names for the numbers six to nine reflect either the anatomical name of the digit (six, <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isithupha</i></span>, means "thumb"), action (seven, <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isikhombisa</i></span>, means "the one that points out"), or position/placement (eight or <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isishiyagalombili</i></span>, means "two remaining", and nine or <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isishiyagalolunye</i></span>, indicating "one remaining").<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>IsiZulu </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Kunye</i></span> </td> <td>One </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Kubili</i></span> </td> <td>Two </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Kuthathu</i></span> </td> <td>Three </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Kune</i></span> </td> <td>Four </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Isihlanu</i></span> </td> <td>Five </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Isithupha</i></span> </td> <td>Six </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Isikhombisa</i></span> </td> <td>Seven </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Isishiyagalombili</i></span> </td> <td>Eight </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Isishiyagalolunye</i></span> </td> <td>Nine </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">Ishumi</i></span> </td> <td>Ten </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Months">Months</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Months in Zulu</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Zulu </th></tr> <tr> <td>January</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">uMasingana</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">uNhlolanja</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">uNdasa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">uMbasa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">uNhlaba</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">uNhlangulana</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">uNtulikazi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">uNcwaba</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">uMandulo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">uMfumfu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">uLwezi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December</td> <td><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">uZibandlela</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oral_literature">Oral literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Oral literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proverbs">Proverbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Proverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1912, Franz Mayr, an Austrian missionary in southern Africa from 1890 until his death in 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published a collection of 150 proverbs in Zulu with an English translation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proverbs include: </p> <ul><li>"<i>Inhlwa aibanjwa ngekanda isavela</i>." "The winged termite is not caught by its head as soon as it appears (i.e. wait till you have heard the whole story before you judge or even answer)."</li> <li>"<i>Aku 'qaqa lazizwa ukunuka</i>." "No polecat ever smelt its own stink (i.e. nobody recognises his own faults)."</li> <li>"<i>Aku'nkwali epandela enya</i>." "There is no partridge that scratches for another (i.e. everyone looks after his own interests)."</li> <li>"<i>Ikot'eyikotayo</i>." "The cow licks the one that licks her (said of people who help one another)."</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Colenso" title="John Colenso">John Colenso</a> also included a selection of Zulu proverbs with English translations in his <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colenso-zulu-english-dictionary-1884/Colenso%2C%20Zulu-English%20Dictionary%20%281884%29%20-%20copy%20A/page/n13/mode/2up?view=theater">Zulu-English Dictionary</a>,</i> first published in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here are some of those proverbs: </p> <ul><li>"<i>Iqina lipum'embizeni.</i>" "The buck has jumped out of the pot (i.e. it has escaped the hunter just when he thought he had it)."</li> <li>"<i>Izubela ladhl'indhlovu.</i>" "The wood-shaving killed the elephant (by striking it in the eye; used of a small matter producing a very serious result)."</li> <li>"<i>Aku'mmango ungena'liba.</i>" "There is no hill without a grave (i.e. death is everywhere)."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tales">Tales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1868, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Callaway" title="Henry Callaway">Henry Callaway</a> published a collection of traditional Zulu tales told by storytellers in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Colony of Natal</a>; the book includes the Zulu text accompanied by an English translation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stories include the Tale of Uhlakanyana, a long cycle narrating the adventures of the famous <a href="/wiki/Uhlakanyana" title="Uhlakanyana">Zulu trickster figure</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the story of the Zulu hero Usikulumi and his family;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the story of Usitungusohenthle who was carried away by pigeons;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the legend of the mythical bird that gave milk,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with an account of the very real <a href="/wiki/Honeyguide" title="Honeyguide">honeyguide</a> bird, called <i>inhlamvu</i> in Zulu.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many cannibal stories, including <i>Itshe Likantunjambili</i>, "The Cannibal's Cave;" <i>Intombi Namazimu</i>, "The Girl and the Cannibals;" "Umbadhlanyana and the Cannibal;" and <i>Amazimu,</i> "Cannibals," along with an appendix on cannibalism.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women are the main characters in many of the stories, such as <i>Ugungqu-Kubantwana,</i> the popular folktale of the old woman who must seek a pond of clear water;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tale of Princess Umkxakaza-Wakogingqwayo;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tale of Princess Umdhlubu;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the tale of Princess Untombi-Yapansi,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the story of <i>Ununana-Bosele</i>, the woman who defeated a swallowing monster in the form of an elephant.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some stories, like <i>Ubongopa-Kamagadhlela</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> feature numerous songs in Zulu, for which Callaway provides the lyrics but not the music. </p><p>In 1870, Callaway published <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/relamazulu00calluoft/">The Religious System of the Amazulu</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also contains Zulu texts and English translations, including <i>Unkulunkulu</i>, "The Tradition of Creation,"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with lengthy Zulu testimony regarding ancestor worship, dream interpretation, divination, and medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riddles">Riddles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Riddles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Callaway's 1868 collection of Zulu texts also contains 12 riddles in Zulu with an English translation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The riddles include: </p> <ul><li>"<i>Kqandela ni inkomo e hlatshelwa 'zibayeni zibili (intwala, ngokuba umuntu u ya i tata engutsheni, ka namandhla oku i bulala ngesitupa si sinye; uma e nga hlanganisi izitupa zozibili, a i kcindezele, i fe</i>." "Guess ye an ox which is slaughtered in two cattle-pens (a louse, for a man takes it out of his blanket, but he cannot kill it with one thumb; but only by bringing the two thumbs together, and squeezing it between them that it may die)."</li> <li>"<i>Kqandela ni indoba e nga lali; ku ze ku se i mi, i nga lele (insika a i lali, ngokuba i y' ema njalo, i linde indhlu)</i>." "Guess ye a man who does not lie down; even when it is morning he is standing, he not having lain down (a pillar does not lie down, for it stands constantly and watches the house)."</li></ul> <p>There are six Zulu riddles reported in the <i>Folklore Journal</i> of the South African Folklore Society in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here are two of them: </p> <ul><li>"<i>Ngi tshele ibizo le'nyoka ende e dhlula izinyoka ezinye? (indhlela).</i>" "Tell me the name of the longest snake? (a road)."</li> <li>"<i>Ngu bani oma njalo a ngez'a hlala pansi? (ishilahla).</i>" "Who is it that stands always and never sits? (a tree)."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs">Songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Madikane_%C4%8Cele.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Photograph_of_Madikane_%C4%8Cele.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Madikane_%C4%8Cele.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Photograph_of_Madikane_%C4%8Cele.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_Madikane_%C4%8Cele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Photograph_of_Madikane_%C4%8Cele.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_Madikane_%C4%8Cele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1862" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Madikane Čele in Zulu clothing, holding a spear (assegai)</figcaption></figure><p>In 1920, Madikane Čele contributed Zulu song lyrics and music to <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Curtis" title="Natalie Curtis">Natalie Curtis Burlin's</a> book <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songstalesfromda00burl/view=theater">Songs and Tales from the Dark Continent</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zulu texts and English translations, plus commentary, are provided for "<i>Iga'ma Le 'Mpi,</i>" "A Song of War;"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>Iga'ma La Bantwa'na,</i>" "A Song of Children" (lullaby);<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>Iga'ma Lo Kusi'na,</i>" "A Dance-Song;"<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>Iga'ma Lo Ta'ndo,</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A Love-Song," along with the music for the songs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zulu_words_in_South_African_English">Zulu words in South African English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Zulu words in South African English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a> has absorbed many words from the Zulu language. Others, such as the names of local animals (<span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">impala</a></i></span> and <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><a href="/wiki/Mamba" title="Mamba">mamba</a></i></span> are both Zulu names) have made their way into standard English. A few examples of Zulu words used in South African English: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muti" title="Muti">muti</a> (from <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">umuthi</i></span>) – medicine</li> <li>donga (from <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">udonga</i></span>) – ditch (<span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">udonga</i></span> means "wall" in Zulu and is also the name for ditches caused by soil erosion)</li> <li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><a href="/wiki/Indaba" title="Indaba">indaba</a></i></span> – conference (it means "an item of news"' in Zulu)</li> <li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><a href="/wiki/Induna" class="mw-redirect" title="Induna">induna</a></i></span> – chief right handman or leader</li> <li>songololo (from <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">isongololo</i></span>) – millipede</li> <li><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(ideology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (ideology)">ubuntu</a></i></span> – compassion/humanity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">South Africa portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impi" title="Impi">Impi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka kaSenzangakhona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsotsitaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsotsitaal">Tsotsitaal</a> – a Zulu-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnologue estimates (calculated between 2000 and 2015): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>: 98 million (L1: 16 million, L2: 80 million)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Zulu: 27 million (L1: 11 million, L2: 16 million)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> 9 million (L1: 7 million, L2: 2 million)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/zul">Zulu</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guthrie-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf">New Updated Guthrie List Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worlddata.info/languages/zulu.php">"Zulu speaking countries"</a>. <i>www.worlddata.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worlddata.info&rft.atitle=Zulu+speaking+countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddata.info%2Flanguages%2Fzulu.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZulu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnologue 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2016" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Phillip M. (2016). <i>Languages In The World: How History, Culture, and Politics Shape Language</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phoible.org&rft.atitle=PHOIBLE+2.0+-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphoible.org%2Finventories%2Fview%2F147%23tipa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZulu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rycroft & Ngcobo (1979) <i>Say it in Zulu</i>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zulu-English dictionary</i>, C.M. Doke & B.W. Vilakazi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zulu-English Dictionary</i>, Doke, 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/zuluenglishdict01colegoog/zuluenglishdict01colegoog_djvu.txt">Zulu English Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyonrindeStefatosMillerRicher2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ayonrinde, Oyedeji A.; Stefatos, Anthi; Miller, Shadé; Richer, Amanda; Nadkarni, Pallavi; She, Jennifer; Alghofaily, Ahmad; Mngoma, Nomusa (12 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289">"The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice"</a>. <i>International Review of Psychiatry</i>. <b>33</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">179–</span>188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09540261.2020.1769289">10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-0261">0954-0261</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32527165">32527165</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219605482">219605482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+salience+and+symbolism+of+numbers+across+cultural+beliefs+and+practice&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft.issn=0954-0261&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219605482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32527165&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09540261.2020.1769289&rft.aulast=Ayonrinde&rft.aufirst=Oyedeji+A.&rft.au=Stefatos%2C+Anthi&rft.au=Miller%2C+Shad%C3%A9&rft.au=Richer%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Nadkarni%2C+Pallavi&rft.au=She%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Alghofaily%2C+Ahmad&rft.au=Mngoma%2C+Nomusa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09540261.2020.1769289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZulu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fhya.uct.ac.za/reverend-father-franz-mayr">Reverend Father Franz Mayr</a> <i>Five Hundred Year Archive (FHYA)</i>. Retrieved July 14, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayr, Fr. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthropos_1912_7/page/956/mode/2up">"Zulu Proverbs"</a>. <i>Anthropos</i>. 7: 957-963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colenso, John W. (1884). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colenso-zulu-english-dictionary-1884/Colenso%2C%20Zulu-English%20Dictionary%20%281884%29%20-%20copy%20A/page/n13/mode/2up?view=theater">Zulu-English Dictionary</a></i>. Natal. pp. i-xv. See also the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zuluenglishdict01colegoog/page/725/mode/2up?view=theater">1905 edition</a>, pp. 725-728.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callaway, Henry (1868). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/">Nursery Tales, Traditions, and Histories of the Zulus</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/page/n25/mode/2up?view=theater">Callaway 1868</a>, pp. 3-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/page/n64/mode/2up?view=theater">Callaway 1868</a>, pp. 41-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/page/n101/mode/1up?view=theater">Callaway 1868</a>, pp. 78-85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/page/n122/mode/1up?view=theater">Callaway 1868</a>, pp. 99-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/page/n158/mode/1up?view=theater">Callaway 1868</a>, pp. 135-140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/page/n181/mode/1up?view=theater&q=cannibal">Callaway 1868</a>, pp. 140-141, 142-152, 154-155, 155-158, and 158-164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/page/n187/mode/1up?view=theater">Callaway 1868</a>, pp. 164-176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/page/n204/mode/1up?view=theater">Callaway 1868</a>, pp. 181-217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/page/n260/mode/1up?view=theater">Callaway 1868</a>, pp. 237-253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/page/n319/mode/1up?view=theater">Callaway 1868</a>, pp. 296-317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/page/n354/mode/1up?view=theater">Callaway 1868</a>, pp. 331-335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/page/n244/mode/1up?view=theater">Callaway 1868</a>, pp. 221-237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callaway, Henry (1870). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/relamazulu00calluoft/">The Religious System of the Amazulu</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/relamazulu00calluoft/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater">Callaway 1870</a>, pp. 1-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026950968/page/n387/mode/2up?view=theater">Callaway 1868</a>, pp. 364-374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carbutt, Mrs Hugh Lancaster. (1880). "Six Zulu Riddles". <i>Folklore Journal of the South African Folklore Society</i>. 2: 60-61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burlin, Natalie Curtis; Simango, C. Kamba; Čele, Madikane (1920). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songstalesfromda00burl/page/n99/mode/2up?view=theater">Songs and Tales from the Dark Continent</a></i>. pp. 57-76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songstalesfromda00burl/page/62/mode/2up?view=theater">Burlin 1920</a>, pp. 63-66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songstalesfromda00burl/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater">Burlin 1920</a>, pp. 66-68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songstalesfromda00burl/page/68/mode/2up?view=theater">Burlin 1920</a>, pp. 68-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songstalesfromda00burl/page/70/mode/2up?view=theater">Burlin 1920</a>, pp. 71-76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songstalesfromda00burl/page/132/mode/2up?view=theater">Burlin 1920</a>, pp. 133-149.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720065425/http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/odpor/index.html">UCLA Language Materials Project</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=23&menu=004">Zulu</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703223945/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=23&menu=004">Archived</a> 3 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Canonici, Noverino, 1996, <i>Imisindo YesiZulu: An Introduction to Zulu Phonology</i>, University of Natal</li> <li>Canonici, Noverino, 1996, <i>Zulu Grammatical Structure</i>, University of Natal</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade1996" class="citation thesis cs1">Wade, Rodrik D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013143757/http://www.und.ac.za/und/ling/archive/wade_pre.html">"Structural characteristics of Zulu English"</a>. <i>An Investigation of the Putative Restandardisation of South African English in the Direction of a 'New' English, Black South African English</i> (Thesis). Durban: University of Natal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.und.ac.za/und/ling/archive/wade_pre.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=An+Investigation+of+the+Putative+Restandardisation+of+South+African+English+in+the+Direction+of+a+%27New%27+English%2C+Black+South+African+English&rft.inst=University+of+Natal&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Rodrik+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.und.ac.za%2Fund%2Fling%2Farchive%2Fwade_pre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZulu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColenso1882" class="citation book cs1">Colenso, John William (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firststepsinzulu00coleuoft"><i>First steps in Zulu: being an elementary grammar of the Zulu language</i></a> (Third ed.). Martizburg, Durban: Davis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+steps+in+Zulu%3A+being+an+elementary+grammar+of+the+Zulu+language&rft.place=Martizburg%2C+Durban&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Davis&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Colenso&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirststepsinzulu00coleuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZulu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dent, G.R. and <a href="/wiki/Sibusiso_Nyembezi" title="Sibusiso Nyembezi">Nyembezi, C.L.S.</a> (1959) <i>Compact Zulu Dictionary</i>. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7960-0760-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7960-0760-8">0-7960-0760-8</a></li> <li>Dent, G.R. and <a href="/wiki/Sibusiso_Nyembezi" title="Sibusiso Nyembezi">Nyembezi, C.L.S.</a> (1969) <i>Scholar's Zulu Dictionary</i>. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7960-0718-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7960-0718-7">0-7960-0718-7</a></li> <li>Doke, C.M. (1947) <i>Text-book of Zulu grammar</i>. London: Longmans, Green and Co.</li> <li>Doke, C.M. (1953) <i>Zulu–English Dictionary</i>. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86814-160-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-86814-160-8">1-86814-160-8</a></li> <li>Doke, C.M. (1958) <i>Zulu–English Vocabulary</i>. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85494-009-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85494-009-X">0-85494-009-X</a></li> <li>Doke, C.M. (2014) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://witspress.co.za/catalogue/english-isizulu-isizulu-english-dictionary/">English-Zulu/Zulu-English Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813131220/https://witspress.co.za/catalogue/english-isizulu-isizulu-english-dictionary/">Archived</a> 13 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86814-738-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86814-738-0">978-1-86814-738-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibusiso_Nyembezi" title="Sibusiso Nyembezi">Nyembezi, C.L.S.</a> (1957) <i>Learn Zulu</i>. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7960-0237-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7960-0237-1">0-7960-0237-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibusiso_Nyembezi" title="Sibusiso Nyembezi">Nyembezi, C.L.S.</a> (1970) <i>Learn More Zulu</i>. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7960-0278-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7960-0278-9">0-7960-0278-9</a></li> <li>Wilkes, Arnett, <i>Teach Yourself Zulu</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-143442-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-143442-9">0-07-143442-9</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zu:"> Zulu edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Zulu" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Zulu">Zulu</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zulu_phrasebook#Q10179" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Zulu phrasebook">Zulu</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zulu_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zulu language">Zulu language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryer,_Matthew_S.Haspelmath,_Martin2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dryer" title="Matthew Dryer">Dryer, Matthew S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_zul">"Zulu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures" title="World Atlas of Language Structures">World Atlas of Language Structures</a> Online</i>. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+Online&rft.atitle=Zulu&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Flanguoid%2Flect%2Fwals_code_zul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZulu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=zuu">The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Zulu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://salanguages.com/isizulu/">South African Languages: IsiZulu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zipangz.homestead.com/untitled4.html">A short English–isiZulu–Japanese phraselist</a> incl. sound file</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Zulu_Swadesh_list">Zulu Swadesh list of basic vocabulary wordРЬs</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-zulu/en/zul/">Counting in Zulu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courses">Courses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Courses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linguashop.com/learn-zulu/">TeachMe! Zulu – PDF Zulu workbook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memrise.com/course/82/zulu-with-dingani/">Zulu With Dingani – Online beginner's course</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728025632/http://www.memrise.com/course/82/zulu-with-dingani/">Archived</a> 28 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unisa.ac.za/Free_online_course/Zulu/Zulu.html">University Of South Africa, free online course</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050306060945/http://www.newt.clara.co.uk/isizulu/">Sifunda isiZulu!</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn101.org/zulu.php">Zulu Grammar with Audio!</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isizulu.net/">isiZulu.net Zulu–English Online Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040413044749/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Zulu-english/">Zulu–English Dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isolezwe.co.za/">Isolezwe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilanganews.co.za/">Ilanga</a></li> <li>UmAfrika</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206125747/http://isizulu.news24.com/">Izindaba News24</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070114015602/http://translate.org.za/content/view/1610/54/">Spell checker for OpenOffice.org and Mozilla</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324112647/http://translate.org.za/content/view/17/32/">OpenOffice.org</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210160756/http://translate.org.za/content/view/1611/54/">Mozilla Firefox web-browser</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324203655/http://translate.org.za/content/view/1612/54/">Mozilla Thunderbird email program</a> in Zulu</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://translate.org.za/">Translate.org.za</a> Project to translate Free and Open Source Software into all the official languages of South Africa including Zulu</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Zulu">PanAfrican L10n wiki page on Zulu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_culture">Literature and culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulu_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Literature and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051027002008/http://literature.kzn.org.za/lit/index.html">KwaZulu-Natal Literary Map</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho_Sign_Language" title="Lesotho Sign Language">Lesotho Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_South_Africa452" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_South_Africa452" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Cultural,_Religious_and_Linguistic_Communities" title="Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities">Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Arts_and_Culture_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Arts and Culture (South Africa)">Department of Arts and Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages">Southern Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana_languages" title="Sotho–Tswana languages">Sotho–Tswana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho <i>(Sesotho sa Leboa)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho <i>(Sesotho)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana <i>(Setswana)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele <i>(isiNdebele)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi <i>(siSwati)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa <i>(isiXhosa)</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zulu <i>(isiZulu)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tswa%E2%80%93Ronga_languages" title="Tswa–Ronga languages">Tswa–Ronga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga <i>(Xitsonga)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda <i>(Tshivenḓa)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised<br />unofficial languages<br />mentioned in the<br /><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">1996 constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaca_language" title="Bhaca language">Bhaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_language_(South_Africa)" title="Lala language (South Africa)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhlangwini_language" title="Nhlangwini language">Nhlangwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">LGBTQ slang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_language" title="Gayle language">Gayle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IsiNgqumo" title="IsiNgqumo">IsiNgqumo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsotsitaal_and_Camtho" title="Tsotsitaal and Camtho">Tsotsitaal and Camtho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlams_Creole" title="Oorlams Creole">Oorlams Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanagalo" title="Fanagalo">Fanagalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Sotho" title="Pretoria Sotho">Pretoria Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamto" title="Scamto">Scamto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">SA Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Eswatini103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Eswatini" title="Template:Languages of Eswatini"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Eswatini" title="Template talk:Languages of Eswatini"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Eswatini" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Eswatini"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Eswatini103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Eswatini" title="Languages of Eswatini">Languages of Eswatini</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi (Swati)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chewa (Nyanja)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimaore_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimaore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho (Sesotho)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Mozambique97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Template:Languages of Mozambique"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Template talk:Languages of Mozambique"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Mozambique"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Mozambique97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Languages of Mozambique">Languages of Mozambique</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese" title="Mozambican Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barwe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Barwe language">Barwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopi_language" title="Chopi language">Chichopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga language (Zambia)">Chitonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuwabu_language" title="Chuwabu language">Chuwabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dema_language" title="Dema language">Dema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Mozambique)" title="Tonga language (Mozambique)">Gitonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwani_language" title="Mwani language">Kimwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koti_language" title="Koti language">Koti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_language" title="Kunda language">Kunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomwe_language" title="Lomwe language">Lomwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maindo language">Maindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhuwa_language" title="Makhuwa language">Makhuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makonde_language" title="Makonde language">Makonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makwe_language" title="Makwe language">Makwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyika language">Manyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathembo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathembo language">Nathembo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndau_dialect" title="Ndau dialect">Ndau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoni_language" title="Ngoni language">Ngoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsenga_language" title="Nsenga language">Nsenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyungwe_language" title="Nyungwe language">Nyungwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phimbi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phimbi language">Phimbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronga_language" title="Ronga language">Ronga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_language" title="Sena language">Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawara language">Tawara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyika_dialect" title="Manyika dialect">Tewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswa_language" title="Tswa language">Tswa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_language" title="Yao language">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Sign_Language" title="Mozambican Sign Language">Mozambican Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N–S)_(by_Guthrie_classification)799" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Template talk:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N–S)_(by_Guthrie_classification)799" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Narrow <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> (Zones N–S) (by <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N11 <a href="/wiki/Manda-Matumba_language" title="Manda-Matumba language">Manda</a></li> <li>N12 <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_language" title="Ngoni language">Ngoni</a></li> <li>N13 <a href="/wiki/Matengo_language" title="Matengo language">Matengo</a></li> <li>N14 <a href="/wiki/Mpoto_language" title="Mpoto language">Mpoto</a></li> <li>N15 <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Malawi)" title="Tonga language (Malawi)">Tonga</a></li> <li>[N101 <a href="/wiki/Ndendeule_language" title="Ndendeule language">Ndendeule</a></li> <li>N102 <a href="/wiki/Nindi_language" title="Nindi language">Nindi</a></li> <li>N121 <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_language" title="Ngoni language">Ngoni of Malawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N21 <a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_language" title="Tumbuka language">Tumbuka</a></li> <li>[N201 <a href="/wiki/Mbamba_Bay_language" title="Mbamba Bay language">Mwera of Mbamba Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N31a <a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Nyanja</a></li> <li>N31b <a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Cewa</a></li> <li>N31c <a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Manganja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N41 <a href="/wiki/Nsenga_language" title="Nsenga language">Nsenga</a></li> <li>N42 <a href="/wiki/Kunda_language" title="Kunda language">Kunda</a></li> <li>N43 <a href="/wiki/Nyungwe_language" title="Nyungwe language">Nyungwe</a></li> <li>N44 <a href="/wiki/Sena_language" title="Sena language">Sena</a></li> <li>N45[44] <a href="/wiki/Sena_language" title="Sena language">Rue</a></li> <li>N46[44] <a href="/wiki/Sena_language" title="Sena language">Podzo</a></li> <li>[N441 <a href="/wiki/Sena_language" title="Sena language">Sena-Malawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">P10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>P11 <a href="/wiki/Ndengereko_language" title="Ndengereko language">Ndengereko</a></li> <li>P12 <a href="/wiki/Ndengereko_language" title="Ndengereko language">Ruihi</a></li> <li>P13 <a href="/wiki/Matumbi_language" title="Matumbi language">Matumbi</a></li> <li>P14 <a href="/wiki/Ngindo_language" title="Ngindo language">Ngindo</a></li> <li>P15 <a href="/wiki/Mbunga_language" title="Mbunga language">Mbunga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">P20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>P21 <a href="/wiki/Yao_language" title="Yao language">Yao</a></li> <li>P22 <a href="/wiki/Mwera_language" title="Mwera language">Mwera</a></li> <li>P23 <a href="/wiki/Makonde_language" title="Makonde language">Makonde</a></li> <li>P24 <a href="/wiki/Makonde_language" title="Makonde language">Ndonde</a></li> <li>P25 <a href="/wiki/Makonde_language" title="Makonde language">Mabiha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">P30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>P31 <a href="/wiki/Makhuwa_language" title="Makhuwa language">Makua</a></li> <li>P32 <a href="/wiki/Lomwe_language" title="Lomwe language">Lomwe</a></li> <li>P33 <a href="/wiki/Lomwe_language" title="Lomwe language">Ngulu</a></li> <li>P34 <a href="/wiki/Chuwabu_language" title="Chuwabu language">Cuabo</a></li> <li>[P311 <a href="/wiki/Koti_language" title="Koti language">Koti</a></li> <li>P312 <a href="/wiki/Nathembo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathembo language">Sakati</a></li> <li>P331 <a href="/wiki/Malawi_Lomwe_language" title="Malawi Lomwe language">Lomwe of Malawi</a></li> <li>P341 <a href="/wiki/Moniga_language" title="Moniga language">Moniga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone R</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>R11 <a href="/wiki/Umbundu" title="Umbundu">Umbundu</a></li> <li>R12 <a href="/wiki/Ndombe_language" title="Ndombe language">Ndombe</a></li> <li>R13 <a href="/wiki/Nyaneka_language" title="Nyaneka language">Nyaneka</a></li> <li>R14 <a href="/wiki/Nkumbi_language" title="Nkumbi language">Khumbi</a></li> <li>[R101 <a href="/wiki/Kuvale_language" title="Kuvale language">Kuvale</a></li> <li>R102 <a href="/wiki/Kwisi_people" title="Kwisi people">Kwisi</a></li> <li>R103 <a href="/wiki/Mbali_language" title="Mbali language">Mbali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>R21 <a href="/wiki/Kwanyama_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwanyama dialect">Kwanyama</a></li> <li>R22 <a href="/wiki/Ndonga_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndonga dialect">Ndonga</a></li> <li>R23 <a href="/wiki/Kwambi_dialect" title="Kwambi dialect">Kwambi</a></li> <li>R24 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Ngandyera</a></li> <li>[R211 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Kafima</a></li> <li>R212 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Evale</a></li> <li>R213 <a href="/wiki/Mbandja_language" title="Mbandja language">Mbandja</a></li> <li>R214 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Mbalanhu</a></li> <li>R215 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Ndongwena</a></li> <li>R216 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Kwankwa</a></li> <li>R217 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Dombondola</a></li> <li>R218 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Esinga</a></li> <li>R241 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Kwaluudhi</a></li> <li>R242 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Kolonkadhi-Eunda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>R31 <a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Herero</a></li> <li>[R311 <a href="/wiki/Zemba_language" title="Zemba language">North-West Herero</a></li> <li>R312 <a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Botswana Herero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>R41 <a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>S11 <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Korekore</a></li> <li>S12 <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Zezuru</a></li> <li>S13a <a href="/wiki/Manyika_dialect" title="Manyika dialect">Manyika</a></li> <li>S13b <a href="/wiki/Manyika_dialect" title="Manyika dialect">Tebe</a></li> <li>S14 <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Karanga</a></li> <li>S15 <a href="/wiki/Ndau_dialect" title="Ndau dialect">Ndau</a></li> <li>S16 <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Kalanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>S21 <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>S31a <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a></li> <li>S31b <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Kgatla</a></li> <li>S31c <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Ngwatu</a></li> <li>S31d[311] <a href="/wiki/Kgalagadi_language" title="Kgalagadi language">Khalaxadi</a></li> <li>S32a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Pedi</a></li> <li>S32b <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Lobedu</a></li> <li>S33 <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a></li> <li>[S301 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho#Other_varieties_of_Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Phalaborwa</a></li> <li>S302 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho#Other_varieties_of_Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Kutswe</a></li> <li>S303 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho#Other_varieties_of_Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Pai</a></li> <li>S304 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho#Other_varieties_of_Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Pulana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>S41 <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a></li> <li>S42 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zulu</a></li> <li>S43 <a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swati</a></li> <li>S44 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">(Northern) Ndebele</a></li> <li>[S401 <a href="/wiki/Fengu_people" title="Fengu people">Old Mfengu</a></li> <li>S402 <a href="/wiki/Bhaca_language" title="Bhaca language">Bhaca</a></li> <li>S403 <a href="/wiki/Hlubi_language" title="Hlubi language">Hlubi</a></li> <li>S404 <a href="/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a></li> <li>S405 <a href="/wiki/Nhlangwini_language" title="Nhlangwini language">Nhlangwini</a></li> <li>S406 <a href="/wiki/Lala_language_(South_Africa)" title="Lala language (South Africa)">Lala</a></li> <li>S407 <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">South Ndebele</a></li> <li>S408 <a href="/wiki/Sumayela_Ndebele_language" title="Sumayela Ndebele language">Sumayela Ndebele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>S51 <a href="/wiki/Tswa_language" title="Tswa language">Tswa</a></li> <li>S52[53] <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Gwamba</a></li> <li>S53 <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a></li> <li>S54 <a href="/wiki/Ronga_language" title="Ronga language">Ronga</a></li> <li>[S511 <a href="/wiki/Tswa_language" title="Tswa language">Hlengwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>S61 <a href="/wiki/Chopi_language" title="Chopi language">Copi</a></li> <li>S62 <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Mozambique)" title="Tonga language (Mozambique)">Tonga</a></li> <li>[S611 <a href="/wiki/Chopi_language" title="Chopi language">Lenge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a> is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_A%E2%80%93B)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_J%E2%80%93M)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10179#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1184918/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120405-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85150044">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121255923">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121255923">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="zuluština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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