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<span>Toggle Associations of different colours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Associations_of_different_colours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Black</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Blue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Brown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Buff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Grey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Green</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magenta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magenta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Magenta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magenta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Orange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Pink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Purple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Red</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saffron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saffron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Saffron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saffron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Teal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>White</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yellow_and_gold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yellow_and_gold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>Yellow and gold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yellow_and_gold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Political colour</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="لون سياسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لون سياسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_pol%C3%ADtic" title="Color polític – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Color polític" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Farbe" title="Politische Farbe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politische Farbe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colores_pol%C3%ADticos" title="Colores políticos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colores políticos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="رنگ سیاسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگ سیاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couleur_politique" title="Couleur politique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couleur politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna_politik" title="Warna politik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Warna politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colore_politico" title="Colore politico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colore politico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="צבעים בפוליטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבעים בפוליטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_kleur" title="Politieke kleur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politieke kleur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%99" title="राजनैतिक रङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राजनैतिक रङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiske_farger" title="Politiske farger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politiske farger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Cor política – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cor política" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Political colour" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_f%C3%A4rg" title="Politisk färg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politisk färg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Політичні кольори – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політичні кольори" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E9%A1%8F%E8%89%B2" title="政治顏色 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="政治顏色" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q686487#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Political+colour%22">"Political colour"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Political+colour%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Political+colour%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Political+colour%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Political+colour%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Political+colour%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Election_III,_The_Polling,_by_William_Hogarth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/An_Election_III%2C_The_Polling%2C_by_William_Hogarth.jpg/290px-An_Election_III%2C_The_Polling%2C_by_William_Hogarth.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/An_Election_III%2C_The_Polling%2C_by_William_Hogarth.jpg/435px-An_Election_III%2C_The_Polling%2C_by_William_Hogarth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/An_Election_III%2C_The_Polling%2C_by_William_Hogarth.jpg/580px-An_Election_III%2C_The_Polling%2C_by_William_Hogarth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Humours_of_an_Election#The_Polling" title="Humours of an Election">The Polling</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>, depicting a <a href="/wiki/1754_British_general_election" title="1754 British general election">1754 election</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British parliament</a>, includes a blue flag representing the conservative <a href="/wiki/Tory_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory (British political party)">Tories</a> and a buff flag representing the liberal <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whigs</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Political colours</b> are colours used to represent a political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">movement</a> or <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">party</a>, either officially or unofficially.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They represent the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Colour_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour symbolism">colour symbolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_symbolism" title="Political symbolism">political symbolism</a>. Politicians making public appearances will often identify themselves by wearing <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(politics)" title="Rosette (politics)">rosettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re" title="Boutonnière">flowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Necktie" title="Necktie">ties</a> or <a href="/wiki/Awareness_ribbon" title="Awareness ribbon">ribbons</a> in the colour of their political party. Parties in different countries with similar ideologies sometimes use similar colours. As an example the colour <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> symbolises <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> ideologies in many countries (leading to such terms as "<a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>"), while the colour <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> is often used for <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>, the colour <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a> is most commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a> is named after the ideology's political colour.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political associations of a given colour vary from country to country, and there are exceptions to the general trends,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example red has historically been associated with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, but over time gained association with leftist politics, while the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> differs from other countries in that conservatism is associated with red and <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberalism</a> with blue.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass media has driven a standardisation of colour by political party, to simplify messaging, while historically the colour a candidate chose to identify with could have been chosen based on other factors such as family or regional variations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associations_of_different_colours">Associations of different colours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Associations of different colours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black">Black</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Black"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Bloc_Hamburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Black_Bloc_Hamburg.jpg/250px-Black_Bloc_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Black_Bloc_Hamburg.jpg/375px-Black_Bloc_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Black_Bloc_Hamburg.jpg/500px-Black_Bloc_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Anarchists in Germany in <a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">black bloc</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H15390,_Berlin,_Kaserne_der_LSSAH,_Vergatterung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H15390%2C_Berlin%2C_Kaserne_der_LSSAH%2C_Vergatterung.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H15390%2C_Berlin%2C_Kaserne_der_LSSAH%2C_Vergatterung.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H15390%2C_Berlin%2C_Kaserne_der_LSSAH%2C_Vergatterung.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H15390%2C_Berlin%2C_Kaserne_der_LSSAH%2C_Vergatterung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H15390%2C_Berlin%2C_Kaserne_der_LSSAH%2C_Vergatterung.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H15390%2C_Berlin%2C_Kaserne_der_LSSAH%2C_Vergatterung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler</a> (LSSAH) in their black uniforms.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> is primarily associated with <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Evren,_2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evren,_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">anarchist symbolism</a>); black is a lack of colour, and anarchism is a lack of a state. It is used in contrast of <a href="/wiki/National_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="National flags">national flags</a>, to instead represent universal anarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-Evren,_2014_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evren,_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black is also used to a lesser extent to represent ideologies on the opposite end of the spectrum: <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">blackshirts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadism</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Black_Standard" title="Black Standard">Black Standard</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colours black and red have been used by anarchists since at least the late 1800s when they were used on <a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">cockades</a> by Italian anarchists in the 1874 <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy#Origins" title="Anarchism in Italy">Bologna insurrection</a>, and in 1877 when anarchists entered the Italian town <a href="/wiki/Letino" title="Letino">Letino</a> carrying red and black flags to promote the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a> used a diagonally half strip of black and red, with black representing anarchism and red representing the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> and the worker movement. The flag was quickly adopted by other anarchists, with the second colour used to distinguish specific <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_philosophies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist philosophies">anarchist philosophies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">anarcho pacifism</a> with white, <a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green anarchism</a> with green, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a> with red, <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a> with orange, and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a> with yellow, while black alone typically represents '<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">anarchism without adjectives</a>'. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_piracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age of piracy">golden age of piracy</a>, the black flags of pirates such as <a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a> became popular symbols of <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>. The flags represented <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> and <a href="/wiki/No_quarter" title="No quarter">no quarter</a> to those who did not <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">surrender</a>. The black flag of the <a href="/wiki/Jolly_roger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jolly roger">jolly roger</a>, used by Calico Jack, turned into a popular and recognisable symbol of pirates, particularly of pirates of the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skull and bones also became a hazardous symbol to display <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a> and other toxic substances. The black flag of piracy would later influence the symbols of anarchism, such as the symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a>. The rise of internet piracy led to the symbols of the golden age of piracy becoming widely adopted, becoming the symbols of pirate sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Pirate_bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate bay">Pirate bay</a>. Black becoming a colour to represent <a href="/wiki/Pirate_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate parties">pirate parties</a>. </p><p>Black was also used by some <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalist</a> parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a> in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_(Brazil)" title="Popular Unity (Brazil)">Popular Unity</a> in Brazil. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a> parties in the late 19th and early 20th centuries sometimes used the colour black in reference to the officials of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> because the <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a> is usually black.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, black is the colour historically associated with <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democratic</a> parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> (CDU), the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> (CSU) and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a> (ÖVP); however, this is only customary, as the official colours of the CDU are usually either one of or a mix of different shades of yellow, orange or blue, depending on the regional branch of the party, with the nationwide party also using the red, black and gold from the German flag as official colours. The CSU uses a medium dark shade of blue as their official colour, as seen in their logo. In 2017, the ÖVP changed their official colour from black to turquoise, with some regional branches switching to turquoise as well, while others continue to use black, often in a mix with another colour, such as red, yellow, green or blue.</li> <li>In Italy, black is the colour of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> because it was the official colour of the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>. As a result, modern Italian parties would not use black as their political colour; however, it has been customary to use black to identify the <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>, black flags (often with a white <a href="/wiki/Shahadah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahadah">shahadah</a>) are sometimes used by jihadist groups. Black was the colour of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasid caliphate</a>. It is also commonly used by <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shia Muslims</a>, as it is also associated with mourning the death of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now known as the flag colour of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>.</li> <li>In Malaysia, the People's Solidarity Secretariat (SSR), an umbrella youth organisation launched the Black Flag Movement (#BenderaHitam) in 2021 as a resistance-based protest against the then <a href="/wiki/Muhyiddin_cabinet" title="Muhyiddin cabinet">ruling Perikatan Nasional government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_United_Democratic_Alliance" title="Malaysian United Democratic Alliance">Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA)</a> also adapted the colour black as their official colour.</li> <li>In Russia, black was used for monarchism and nationalist movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a> before their defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In India, black represents protest. In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, black represents atheistic human rights rebels who follow <a href="/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyar E. V. Ramasamy">Periyar E. V. Ramasamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Brazil, the far-left, socialist and anti-racist party <a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_(Brazil)" title="Popular Unity (Brazil)">Popular Unity</a> has black as its official colour.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue">Blue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Blue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a> is usually associated with <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> parties,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originating from its use by the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a> (predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>) in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue is used by many international organisations of centre right and conservative parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Union_of_Africa" title="Democrat Union of Africa">Democrat Union of Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific Democrat Union">Asia Pacific Democrat Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Democrat_Union" title="Caribbean Democrat Union">Caribbean Democrat Union</a> (together with red), the <a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a>. </p> <ul><li>The field of the flag of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> is <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations blue">light blue</a>, chosen to represent peace and hope. It has given rise to the term "<a href="/wiki/Bluewash" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluewash">bluewashing</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:13_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The colour blue, normally of a lighter shade, is <a href="/wiki/Blue_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue in Judaism">of prime significance in Judaism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">flag of Israel</a> features two blue horizontal stripes and a blue <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a>. See also <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tekhelet" title="Tekhelet">tekhelet</a></i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>.</li> <li>Turquoise blue color was shown in Iran as a symbol of royalism and support of the Pahlavi dynasty, and the flag of this dynasty (Pahlavi) is of this color.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> the colour blue has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">conservatism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a> since pre-<a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federation</a>, taking influence from the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. The major centre-right, conservative <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">political party</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a>, uses blue,<sup id="cite_ref-:14_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did its predecessor party: <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, blue is heavily associated with the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing populist">right-wing populist</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Pan-germanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-germanism">pan-Germanism</a>. It is the Freedom Party's official colour, and its members are generally referred to as "blues" in the media and colloquial speech.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blue <a href="/wiki/Centaurea_cyanus" title="Centaurea cyanus">cornflower</a> was a national symbol of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in the 19th century, often associated with <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. It later became a symbol for <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-German</a> nationalists in Austria, such as <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ritter_von_Sch%C3%B6nerer" title="Georg Ritter von Schönerer">Georg Ritter von Schönerer's</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Alldeutsche Vereinigung</i></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">1930s Austria</a> the cornflower was also worn by members of the then illegal <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a>, as a secret symbol and identifier.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1945, MPs of the Freedom Party wore cornflowers on their <a href="/wiki/Lapel" title="Lapel">lapels</a> at the openings of the Austrian parliament, until they switched to the more "Austrian" <a href="/wiki/Leontopodium_nivale" title="Leontopodium nivale">Edelweiß</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, blue is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">syncretic</a> <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronist movement</a>. The left-wing populist <a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Todos" title="Frente de Todos">Frente de Todos</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Sky_blue" title="Sky blue">sky blue</a> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Justicialist Party</a>, the main party of the front. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a>, which represents the right-wing of the Peronist movement and the conservative <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Argentina)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Argentina)">Christian Democratic Party</a> current, uses <a href="/wiki/Dark_blue_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark blue (color)">dark blue</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, blue is associated with <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, used both by the <a href="/wiki/Open_Vlaamse_Liberalen_en_Democraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten">Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_R%C3%A9formateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement Réformateur">Reformist Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, blue is associated with mainstream <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">conservative</a> parties opposed to populism, often associated with the left but also opposed with the populist reactionary right, like <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Union_(Brazil)" title="National Democratic Union (Brazil)">National Democratic Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Renewal_Alliance" title="National Renewal Alliance">National Renewal Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (Brazil)">Progressive Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Social_Democracy_Party" title="Brazilian Social Democracy Party">Brazilian Social Democracy Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratas" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratas">Democratas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil_Union" title="Brazil Union">Brazil Union</a>. The first major party which used blue was the far-right <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a>, but their successors use Gold.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a> uses blue. Also, blue is often used to represent Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-:38_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:38-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>, a federal party centred around <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a>, uses blue, as do major provincial parties in Quebec like the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the far-right <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> uses a light blue as their primary colour.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, blue is used by the conservative <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Honduras" title="National Party of Honduras">National party</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, blue is used by <a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">pro-Beijing camp</a>, but also used by <a href="/wiki/Localist_camp" title="Localist camp">localists</a> (for symbolising <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Hong Kong independence</a>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, light blue is the colour associated with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, a national centre-left party. Meanwhile, dark blue is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Movement</a>, represented by multiple parties: <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_India" title="Republican Party of India">Republican Party of India</a> (and its <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_India_(Athawale)" title="Republican Party of India (Athawale)">Athawale</a> splinter), <a href="/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Party" title="Bahujan Samaj Party">Bahujan Samaj Party</a>, etc.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, blue is associated with the centre-right <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a> party, going back to the <a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a>, a quasi-fascist uniformed group that merged into the party in 1932. "Blueshirt" is a common derogatory term for Fine Gael, and they often use blue in party materials.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, blue is associated with liberal, centrist, and centre-left parties. Three centre-left parties in Japan with elected representatives use blue: the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_of_Japan" title="Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan">Constitutional Democratic Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_for_the_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party for the People">Democratic Party for the People</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Japan)">Social Democratic Party</a>. Historically, blue was used by <a href="/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party" title="Japan Socialist Party">Japan Socialist Party</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, blue was currently used to represent both <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> (royal blue) and <a href="/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional" title="Perikatan Nasional">Perikatan Nasional</a> (solid blue).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, blue is used by the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populist</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">PiS</a> party, and a darker version is also used by the far-right <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence" title="Confederation Liberty and Independence">Confederation</a> party.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, blue is an official colour of the ruling party, <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, blue is usually associated with the ruling <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a>, though it is also used for the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Singapore)" title="Workers' Party (Singapore)">Workers' Party</a> as its colour represents <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-collar workers">blue-collared</a> <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>, to keep up with the <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civic nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> ideologies.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, blue is usually associated with liberal political parties, the most popular being the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a>, the largest opposition party. The colour blue was also used by the <a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a>, from which the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party</a> (the most senior ancestor of the Democratic Alliance) split in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, traditionally blue was used by <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">conservative parties</a>. Since 2013, blue has adopted by the liberal <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">Democratic Party of Korea</a> (previously used green and yellow), while conservative party change its colour from blue to red. This makes South Korea an exception to the general rule that blue represents conservative parties, along with the United States.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, blue is the colour of the mainstream conservative <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a>, but regionally: <ul><li>Light blue is used by <a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician nationalism</a> as it appears in the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Galicia" title="Flag of Galicia">flag of Galicia</a>.</li> <li>Dark blue is used by non-<a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">separatist</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalism</a>, being the colour of <a href="/wiki/Convergence_and_Union" title="Convergence and Union">Convergence and Union</a>, which ruled Catalonia from 1980 to 2003 and from 2010 to 2015, and its successor <a href="/wiki/PDeCAT" class="mw-redirect" title="PDeCAT">PDeCAT</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and historically in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, it is used by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and the wider <a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Pan-Blue Coalition</a>, a coalition generally associated with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the colour blue has been associated with the <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> since around the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>, when most of the major television networks used the same colour scheme for the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Starkey_2007_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Starkey_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:25_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes the United States an exception to the general rule that blue represents conservative parties; the major conservative party in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, uses red. In 2010, the Democratic party unveiled a blue official logo<sup id="cite_ref-democrats.org_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democrats.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">red states and blue states</a>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, blue represents the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unity_Roundtable" title="Democratic Unity Roundtable">Democratic Unity Roundtable</a>, the large multi-ideological coalition of parties in opposition, probably as a counterpart to <a href="/wiki/PSUV" class="mw-redirect" title="PSUV">PSUV</a>'s red.</li> <li>In most of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, blue is used as a colour of anti-feminism and, more specifically, anti-abortion. This colour was used as a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">response</a> to the feminist/pro-abortion green. This originated in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brown">Brown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0503,_N%C3%BCrnberg,_Horst_Wessel_mit_SA-Sturm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0503%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Horst_Wessel_mit_SA-Sturm.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0503%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Horst_Wessel_mit_SA-Sturm.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0503%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Horst_Wessel_mit_SA-Sturm.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0503%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Horst_Wessel_mit_SA-Sturm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0503%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Horst_Wessel_mit_SA-Sturm.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_147-0503%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Horst_Wessel_mit_SA-Sturm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> of the Nazi Party, wearing their brown uniforms.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a> has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, and in particular the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> in Germany, because of the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA), whose members were called "brown shirts". They were modelled on <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">blackshirts</a>, and the colour of their shirts was chosen because many brown uniforms intended for the <a href="/wiki/Schutztruppe" title="Schutztruppe">colonial troops</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Germany's African colonies</a> were cheaply available after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In Europe and elsewhere, the colour brown is sometimes used to refer to fascists in general.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brown has also been used to refer to the general <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> rather than exlusively Nazism and/or fascism. The French political term "<a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">red–green–brown alliance</a>" denotes an alliance between <a href="/wiki/Leftists" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftists">leftists</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Red_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red (politics)">red</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Islamists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamists">Islamists</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Green_in_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Green in politics">green</a></i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Brown_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown (politics)">brown</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like its National Socialist context, the colour brown was chosen to refer to the far-right on account of its association with the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been slight variations of the red–green–brown alliance which have also used the colour brown to indicate the far-right. In Russia, for example, the metonym "red-brown" was coined to refer to a unification of communists (<i>red</i>) and the far-right (<i>brown</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Brown is sometimes used to describe the opposite of green parties, that is to describe parties that care little about pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buff">Buff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Buff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buff_(colour)" title="Buff (colour)">Buff</a> was the colour of the <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whig</a> faction in <a href="/wiki/British_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="British politics">British politics</a> from the early 18th century until the middle of the 19th century. As such, it is sometimes used to represent the current political left (in opposition to blue, which represented the <a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> and political right).<sup id="cite_ref-:29_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grey">Grey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Grey</a> is sometimes used by parties that represent the interests of pensioners and senior citizens, such as "<a href="/wiki/The_Grays_%E2%80%93_Gray_Panthers" title="The Grays – Gray Panthers">The Greys</a>" in Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Grey can also be used to refer to either <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confederate">neo-Confederate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secessionist</a> movements, due to its association with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grey is often used to represent <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent politicians</a>, however in the UK, white is used to represent independent politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green">Green</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Green"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_green_political_parties" title="List of green political parties">List of green political parties</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg/250px-Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg/375px-Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg/500px-Gr%C3%BCne_protests_against_nuclear_energy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Green banner and signs at an anti-nuclear protest by the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Green Party</a> in Germany in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a> is the colour for <a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">environmentalist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:33_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:37_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:37-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist political</a> parties and movements (see <a href="/wiki/Green_in_Islam" title="Green in Islam">green in Islam</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> movement makes wide use of green in <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_symbols" title="Esperanto symbols">its symbolism</a>, including the language's flag which is known as the <span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">Verda Flago</i></span> (literally <i>Green Flag</i>)</li> <li>Fern green is occasionally used by political organisations and groups who advocate the legalisation of medicinal use of marijuana.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_of_Green#Sea_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Variations of Green">Sea green</a> was used as a symbol by members of the <a href="/wiki/Levellers" title="Levellers">Levellers</a> in 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Britain">Britain</a> and for this reason, it is occasionally used to represent <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical liberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:35_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:35-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, a dark shade of green is used to represent right wing <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National Party of Australia</a>, while a light shade of green is used to represent the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Australian Greens</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, in addition to its use by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Brazil)" title="Green Party (Brazil)">Green Party</a>, green, as the main colour of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian flag">Brazilian flag</a>, is strongly associated with <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nationalism" title="Brazilian nationalism">Brazilian nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilian people</a>. The big tent, pro-democracy <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement" title="Brazilian Democratic Movement">Brazilian Democratic Movement</a> and the anti-corruption and pro-<a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> <a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Brazil)" title="Podemos (Brazil)">Podemos</a> use different <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">shades of green</a>. In the past, green was also the colour of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Brazil)" title="Conservative Party (Brazil)">Conservative Party</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, in addition to its use by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green Party of Canada</a>, green has also been frequently used by right-wing and populist parties that are unaffiliated with the Conservative Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:38_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:38-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildrose_Party" title="Wildrose Party">Wildrose Party</a> in Alberta and the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Party" title="Saskatchewan Party">Saskatchewan Party</a>. Green was also historically used as a secondary colour by the left-wing <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a>, whose primary colour is orange.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, a dark shade of green is used by the right-centre <a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Conservative People's Party (Denmark)">Conservative People's Party</a> (<span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Det Konservative Folkeparti</i></span>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, green has been used by the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Green_Movement" title="Iranian Green Movement">Iranian Green Movement</a>, a political movement that arose after the 2009 Iranian presidential election, in which protesters demanded the removal of <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> from office.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, green is used mainly by <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left parties</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a>, and by Islamic political parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">Indian Union Muslim League</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Nationalism">Irish Nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republicanism">Irish Republican</a> movements have used the colour green.<sup id="cite_ref-:39_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sinn_Fein" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinn Fein">Sinn Fein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SDLP" class="mw-redirect" title="SDLP">SDLP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fianna_Fail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fianna Fail">Fianna Fail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aont%C3%BA" title="Aontú">Aontú</a> all use green as colour. Though the official colour of Ireland is blue, green is the colour of St. Patrick and thus took on a particular significance for Irish nationalists in the 19th century.</li> <li>Green, considered the holy colour of Islam, it is used to represent <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Islamist parties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:40_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:40-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:41_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:41-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, green is used by the Islamists, especially the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a> and several Malay nationalists as part of the Malay Tricolour (the other being yellow and red).</li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern</a> <a href="/wiki/Secessionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Secessionism">secessionist</a> movements such as <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a> chose green as their political colour, advocating their <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> origin.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the dominant <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> (LDP) uses green as one of its official colours. Although the party has used the colour red more prominently in recent years. Other examples of right wing parties adopting the colour green in its branding include the <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Ishin_no_Kai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon Ishin no Kai">Japan Innovation Party</a> and the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Kib%C5%8D_no_T%C5%8D" title="Kibō no Tō">Party of Hope</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, it is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a> of 1975.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, two centre-left social democratic parties use green: the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Febrerista_Party" title="Revolutionary Febrerista Party">Revolutionary Febrerista Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democratic_Party_(Paraguay)" title="Progressive Democratic Party (Paraguay)">Progressive Democratic Party</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, green is used by the agrarian <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">PSL</a> party, and is sometimes associated with the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Poland)" title="Third Way (Poland)">Third Way</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">coalition party</a>.</li> <li>In most of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, green is associated with pro-choice movements, the colour started being used in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Third_wave_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave feminism">third wave feminism</a> and abortion rights, with a <a href="/wiki/Green_scarf" title="Green scarf">green scarf</a> as a symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, green is also the colour of many <a href="/wiki/Christian_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian democratic">christian democratic</a> parties in the region which opposes abortion, like in <a href="/wiki/Aruban_People%27s_Party" title="Aruban People's Party">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Bolivia)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Bolivia)">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_People%27s_Party_(Peru)" title="Christian People's Party (Peru)">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Christian_Party_(Brazil)" title="Social Christian Party (Brazil)">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Honduras)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Party (Honduras)">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(El_Salvador)" title="Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador)">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/COPEI" class="mw-redirect" title="COPEI">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Panama)" title="People's Party (Panama)">Panama</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, green was used by various <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">liberal parties</a> for much of post-war history. When the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">Democratic Party of Korea</a> was founded in 2014, it used blue instead.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, green is used by <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchists</a>, as the initials of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">"Viva el Rey de España"</i></span> ("Hail the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a>") spell out the word <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">verde</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: green).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, green is used by monarchist and <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> party <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a>. In order to avoid clash of colours, <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green parties</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1s_Madrid" title="Más Madrid">Más Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1s_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Más País">Más País</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equo" class="mw-redirect" title="Equo">Equo</a> use <a href="/wiki/Teal" title="Teal">teal</a>. Also, regionwide: <ul><li>Green is the standard colour of <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque</a> <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basque_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque independence">separatism</a>; with dark green used by centre-right <a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">Basque Nationalist Party</a>, and light green used by <a href="/wiki/Abertzale_left" title="Abertzale left">abertzale left</a> <a href="/wiki/EH_Bildu" title="EH Bildu">EH Bildu</a>.</li> <li>Green is the colour of <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian nationalism</a> as it appears in the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Andalusia" title="Flag of Andalusia">flag of Andalusia</a>, itself based on the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, it is used by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a> and the wider <a href="/wiki/Pan-Green_Coalition" title="Pan-Green Coalition">Pan-Green Coalition</a>, a coalition generally associated with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Progressive_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive liberalism">progressive liberalism</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, it is used by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green Party</a>, which promotes <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green politics</a>, specifically things like <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, green is often used by minority parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Vojvodina_Hungarians" title="Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians">Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Reconciliation_Party" title="Justice and Reconciliation Party">Justice and Reconciliation Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Action_of_Sand%C5%BEak" title="Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak">Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak" title="Sandžak">Sandžak</a>'s Bosniaks). The <a href="/wiki/Green%E2%80%93Left_Front" title="Green–Left Front">Green–Left Front</a> also uses green alongside red.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magenta">Magenta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Magenta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">Magenta</a> is a colour that started being used in the 21st century to replace yellow for some liberal and <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> parties and organisations in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not to be confused with the socialist or social democratic use of the colour pink. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Germany</a> although the official colour of the left-wing party <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Die Linke</a> is red, mass media uses magenta as the party colour to prevent confusion with the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> whose party colour is also red.</li> <li>In Poland, magenta is used by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic-socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Left_Together" title="Left Together">Razem (Together)</a> party.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orange">Orange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Orange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a> is the traditional colour of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian democratic">Christian democratic</a> political ideology and most Christian democratic political parties, which are based on <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Calvinist">neo-Calvinist</a> theology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Christian democratic political parties came to prominence in Europe and <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Witte1993_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witte1993-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuchamps2014_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuchamps2014-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orange less frequently represents various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> parties. Such is the case in Austria, Germany, France, Portugal, Switzerland, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Since 2004, orange has represented Post-Communist Democratic Revolutions in Eastern Europe such as the "<a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave the colour orange a certain association with radical anti-authoritarian politics in some countries and it has been used as such by groups and organisations in the Middle East, for example in <a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Lebanon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Palestine">Palestinian Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kifaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kifaya">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Action_Society" title="National Democratic Action Society">Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> the colour is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> party, which has been in office for several years. Probably because of the country's history, that <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">anti-immigrationism</a> has become popular (see <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Trianon</a>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the colour orange has become the dominant colour of the right-wing, with an emphasis on the religious-right. This is when, from 2004, the colour became the leader of a protest against the disengagement plan, and became identified with the right-wing camp.</li> <li>Orange is often used to represent the mutualist current in anarchist politics, as a middle ground between pro-market currents such as anarcho-capitalism (associated with the colour yellow of liberalism) and anti-capitalist currents such as anarcho-syndicalism and anarcho-communism (associated with the colour red of communism and socialism).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> frequently uses orange for representation. It is the colour of the <a href="/wiki/Humanist_International" title="Humanist International">Humanist International</a>, as well as the humanist parties in <a href="/wiki/Humanist_Party_(Argentina)" title="Humanist Party (Argentina)">Argentina</a>, Costa Rica and <a href="/wiki/Humanist_Party_(Chile)" title="Humanist Party (Chile)">Chile</a>, and other humanist organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, orange is used to represent the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a> party, a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populist</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national-conservative</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson" title="Pauline Hanson">Pauline Hanson</a>. It is also used to represent other populist parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Alliance" title="Centre Alliance">Centre Alliance</a> party.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, orange is the colour of the liberal <a href="/wiki/Partido_Novo" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido Novo">New Party</a> and also is the colour of two parties associated with a socially conservative social democracy: <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Party of Brazil">Forward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Brazil)" title="Solidarity (Brazil)">Solidarity</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, Orange is the official colour of the social-democratic <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a>'s leadership green was used as their accent colour; The logo was a green maple leaf with orange "NDP" lettering. Currently light blue is used as their accent colour although it seldom appears and is not included in the logo (the current logo is an orange maple leaf with orange "NDP" lettering).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, since its adoption by the fans of <a href="/wiki/APOEL_FC" title="APOEL FC">APOEL FC</a>, orange has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalist</a> politics.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Czech_Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Social Democratic Party">Czech Social Democratic Party</a> uses orange alongside the more traditional red.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, orange is associated with liberal and centrist parties, like <a href="/wiki/Center_Union_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Center Union (Greece)">Center Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drassi" title="Drassi">Drassi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recreate_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreate Greece">Recreate Greece</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (July 2020)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> of 1642, orange was associated with parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Roundheads</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, orange is not linked to Christian democratic movements (the Christian democratic party <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">Partido Acción Nacional</a> uses blue). Instead, it is linked to the centre-left secular party <a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Ciudadano" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimiento Ciudadano">Movimiento Ciudadano</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the Electoral Commission rejected a proposed orange logo<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for being likely to confuse or mislead voters by being too similar to the colour used by the country's electoral agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, it is associated and was formerly used by the liberal <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a> party.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> orange is associated with <a href="/wiki/Unionism_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionism (Ireland)">Unionism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, orange is often associated with conservative <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> political movements. Orange was the official colour of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> which was the country's governing party from 1948 to 1994. Additionally, its successor, the <a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party</a>, used the colour orange. It is the used by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalist</a> party <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus" title="Freedom Front Plus">Freedom Front Plus</a>. Orange red is the official colour of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">Independent Democrats</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> political party in the Northern and Western Cape Provinces.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, orange is used by <a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">Citizens</a>, a liberal party that opposes <a href="/wiki/Catalan_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan separatism">Catalan separatism</a>. This is in contrast to the yellow used by Catalan separatism (see below).</li> <li>In Thailand, orange is used by the banned <a href="/wiki/Future_Forward_Party" title="Future Forward Party">Future Forward Party</a>, and currently used by the <a href="/wiki/Move_Forward_Party" title="Move Forward Party">Move Forward Party</a>, being associated with social democracy and progressivism.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, orange is associated with <a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a> and Fujimorist parties such as <a href="/wiki/Popular_Force" title="Popular Force">Popular Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Majority_(Peru)" title="New Majority (Peru)">New Majority (Peru)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pink">Pink</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a> is sometimes used by <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> parties, such as in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Portugal)" title="Socialist Party (Portugal)">Portugal</a>. The more traditional colour of social democracy is red (because social democracy is descended from the democratic socialist movement), but some countries have large social democratic parties alongside large socialist or communist parties, so that it would be confusing for them all to use red.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such cases, social democrats are usually the ones who give up red in favour of a different colour. Pink is often chosen because it is seen as a softer, less aggressive version of red, in the same way that social democracy is more centrist and capitalistic than socialism. </p> <ul><li>In some European nations and the United States, pink is associated with homosexuality and the pink flag is used as a symbol in support of civil rights for <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> people;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is commonly used to represent <a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">queer anarchism</a>. This use originates in Nazi German policy of appending <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badges" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp badges">pink triangles</a> to the clothing of homosexual prisoners.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> liberal party <a href="/wiki/NEOS_%E2%80%93_The_New_Austria_and_Liberal_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum">NEOS</a> uses pink as its main colour.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purple">Purple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Purple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reivindicaciones_8M_(49638766962).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Reivindicaciones_8M_%2849638766962%29.jpg/250px-Reivindicaciones_8M_%2849638766962%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Reivindicaciones_8M_%2849638766962%29.jpg/375px-Reivindicaciones_8M_%2849638766962%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Reivindicaciones_8M_%2849638766962%29.jpg/500px-Reivindicaciones_8M_%2849638766962%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Purple placards and clothing at an <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> event in Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">purple</a> has some older associations with <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchism</a>, it is the most prominent colour that is not traditionally connected to any major contemporary ideology. As such, it is sometimes used to represent a mix of different ideologies, or new protest movements that are critical of all previously existing large parties and <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">minor parties</a>. </p> <ul><li>Purple has been the colour of the international <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a> movement since the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_(Sweden)" title="Pirate Party (Sweden)">Swedish Pirate Party</a> in 2006.</li> <li>Purple is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> and when combined with black, is often used to represent <a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">anarcha-feminism</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, purple is the colour of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Albania" title="Socialist Party of Albania">Socialist Party of Albania</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, purple is used by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Electoral_Commission" title="Australian Electoral Commission">Australian Electoral Commission</a>, the independent statutory authority responsible for the management of federal elections. While use of the colour purple by political parties is not prohibited in itself, it is strongly discouraged owing to the possibility of confusion and the risk of contravening laws against misleadingly branded election signage.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, purple is the colour associated with some <a href="/wiki/Progressive_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive liberalism">progressive liberal</a> movements such as <a href="/wiki/Cidadania" title="Cidadania">Cidadania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livres_(movement)" title="Livres (movement)">Livres</a>. This colour is chosen because those movements consider themselves to be mixing the best ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> (associated with red) and the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a> (associated with blue)</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada" title="People's Party of Canada">People's Party of Canada</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populist</a> party whose colour has been purple since its founding and have changed their logo in 2021 to reflect that. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_of_New_Brunswick" title="People's Alliance of New Brunswick">People's Alliance of New Brunswick</a> are another right-wing party that uses purple in Canada. Previously, purple was used by several municipal politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Naheed_Nenshi" title="Naheed Nenshi">Naheed Nenshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Helps" title="Lisa Helps">Lisa Helps</a>, as a "<a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">nonpartisan</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Postpartisan" title="Postpartisan">postpartisan</a>" colour, due to its lack of association with any major party or ideological viewpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1980s and 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_New_Democratic_Party" title="Alberta New Democratic Party">Alberta NDP</a> used purple as their main colour instead of orange – their current colour and the standard colour of <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">NDP</a> parties across Canada. This was because orange was being used as the secondary colour by the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Alberta Progressive Conservatives</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Liberation_Party" title="Dominican Liberation Party">Dominican Liberation Party</a> logo is a yellow five-pointed star on a purple background. It was originally a leftist party but today the party is seen gravitating towards a more centrist platform.</li> <li>In Europe, purple tends to be used for movements, parties and governments that are neither clearly right nor left.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colour is also used by the <a href="/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union" title="Federalisation of the European Union">European federalist</a> party <a href="/wiki/Volt_Europa" title="Volt Europa">Volt</a>. <ul><li>It has been used to represent the <a href="/wiki/Purple_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple (government)">Purple governments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, formed by an alliance of red social-democratic and blue liberal parties.</li></ul></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, purple is the colour of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Ireland)" title="Social Democrats (Ireland)">Social Democrats</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in most other countries, <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a> use pink or red, but the use of purple has allowed the party to stand out visually from other left-wing parties (such as <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Ireland)" title="Solidarity (Ireland)">Solidarity</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_Before_Profit" title="People Before Profit">People Before Profit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Workers' Party (Ireland)">Workers' Party</a>, who all use shades of red and pink). Co-leader <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Murphy_(politician)" title="Catherine Murphy (politician)">Catherine Murphy</a> used purple as her personal colour when she was an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent politician</a>, prior to the party's foundation in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, purple has been adopted by anti-<a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> protesters (see <a href="/wiki/Purple_People" title="Purple People">Purple People</a>) as an alternative from other colours and political parties.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Peru</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Purple_Party" title="Purple Party">Purple Party</a> is a liberal party which chose purple as its colour to represent centrism, between the blue of the right and red of the left.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, purple is associated with <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a> <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">republicanism</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>. The left-wing to far-left and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Unidas_Podemos" title="Unidas Podemos">Unidas Podemos</a> coalition uses purple.</li> <li>In the United Kingdom, purple is most commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UKIP</a>, a formerly prominent eurosceptic party which has since become extremely minor. Purple is also the official colour of two other British <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Eurosceptic</a> parties, <a href="/wiki/Veritas_(political_party)" title="Veritas (political party)">Veritas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a>. From these associations, among others, the colour purple has been linked with <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right politics</a> in the UK. However, it is also the colour of the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">pro-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a>, a little-known party with an electoral pact with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>.</li> <li>Purple is also unofficially used in the United States to denote a "<a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing state</a>", swing district, or county. (i.e. one contested frequently between the Republican Party, whose unofficial colour is red; and the Democratic Party, whose unofficial colour is blue). Purple is also used by <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrists</a> to represent a combination of beliefs belonging to the Republicans and the Democrats. It has also been used to reference <a href="/wiki/Purple_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple America">Purple America</a>, noting that electoral differences nationwide are observed more on discrepancies instead of unity (see <a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">red states and blue states</a>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> is often represented with the colour purple. Considered on the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> of the political spectrum and a merger of various <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">pro-Kurdish</a> movements, the party places a strong emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">radical democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">youth rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families Party</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third party</a>, uses purple as one of its primary party colors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red">Red</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Red"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wpi_france.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Wpi_france.jpg/250px-Wpi_france.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Wpi_france.jpg/375px-Wpi_france.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Wpi_france.jpg/500px-Wpi_france.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Red flags and a banner at a socialist rally in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France, on <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a> is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">the left</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest symbol of socialism (and by extension communism) is the <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">red flag</a>, which dates back to the French Revolution in the 18th century and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a>. Before this nascence, the colour red was generally associated with Christianity due to the symbolism and association of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Christ</a>'s blood. The colour red was chosen to represent the blood of the workers who died in the struggle against capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All major socialist and communist alliances and organisations—including the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Third</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth</a> Internationals—used red as their official colour. The association between the colour red and communism is particularly strong. Communists use red much more often and more extensively than other ideologies use their respective traditional colours. </p> <ul><li>In Europe and Latin America, red is also associated with parties of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> and often their allies within the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>, a symbol of common <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> among leftists.</li> <li>Additionally, in parts of Latin America, red is also the traditional colour of liberal parties. It was the colour used, for example, in Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Uruguay for liberal parties.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, red is used by the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">Workers' Party</a>, supporters of <a href="/wiki/Lula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula">Lula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist parties</a>. The association of red with <a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a> and communism has become so prevalent in recent years that other parties that had red as a primary or secondary colour switched colours so as not to be associated with or confused with Lula, PT and the communist parties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, red is the colour of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist Party of Canada</a> and is also used by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, red is the colour used by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and Macau, red is used by the <a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">pro-Beijing camp</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, red was currently used to represent <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> and also the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Malaysia" title="Socialist Party of Malaysia">Socialist Party of Malaysia</a>. Meanwhile, red is also used <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_United_Indigenous_Party" title="Malaysian United Indigenous Party">Malaysian United Indigenous Party</a> as part of the Malay Tricolour (the other being yellow and green).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, it is used by the social-democratic <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Poland)" title="The Left (Poland)">Lewica</a> party.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, red is used by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, red was the colour used by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, red is used as the official colours for both the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Democratic_Party" title="Singapore Democratic Party">Singapore Democratic Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Progress_Singapore_Party" title="Progress Singapore Party">Progress Singapore Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both parties had <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a> ideologies.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, red is the official colour of both the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Communist Party of Spain</a>. Because the Socialists are a major party, and in order to avoid a clash of colours, the Communist <a href="/wiki/United_Left_(Spain)" title="United Left (Spain)">United Left</a> voluntarily uses <a href="/wiki/Dark_red" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark red">dark red</a> as its customary colour.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, it is used by the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_People%27s_Communist_Party" title="Taiwan People's Communist Party">Taiwan People's Communist Party</a> and the wider <a href="/wiki/United_front_in_Taiwan" title="United front in Taiwan">united front in Taiwan</a>, associated with <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Chinese communism</a> and allegiance to the CCP.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, red is used by <a href="/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" title="Pheu Thai Party">Pheu Thai Party</a> and supporters of <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>, hence the umbrella term "<a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Thailand)" title="Red Shirts (Thailand)">Red Shirts</a>".</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, red is also the colour of the labour movement and the Labour parties in those countries (spelled '<a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor Party</a>' in Australia). The use of red as a symbol is referenced in the British Labour Party's anthem, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Flag" title="The Red Flag">The Red Flag</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchens2010_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchens2010-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the heyday of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> before 1960, maps, globes, and atlases typically used red or pink to designate the Empire or its Commonwealth;<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the practice inspired the <a href="/wiki/All-Red_Route" title="All-Red Route">All-Red Route</a> and the <a href="/wiki/All_Red_Line" title="All Red Line">All Red Line</a>. This derived from the <a href="/wiki/Red_coat_(military_uniform)" title="Red coat (military uniform)">Redcoats</a> traditionally worn by the British Army. As soon as a colony became independent, it needed its own distinctive colour and the practice died out.</li> <li>A key exception to the convention of red to mean the left-wing of politics is the United States. Since about the year 2000, the mass media have associated red with the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, even though the Republican Party is a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> party (see <a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">red states and blue states</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-David_Starkey_2007_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Starkey_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use is possibly entrenched, as many political organisations (for example, the website <a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a>) now use the term.</li> <li>Since the 2010s, some conservative parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> have also adopted red as their political colour.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saffron">Saffron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Saffron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Saffron_(color)" title="Saffron (color)">Saffron</a> is traditionally associated with <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalist movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saffron_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saffron-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saffron was chosen because in Hinduism, the deep saffron colour is associated with sacrifice, religious abstinence, quest for light and salvation. Saffron or "Bhagwa" is the most sacred colour for the Hindus and is often worn by Sanyasis who have left their home in search of the ultimate truth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teal">Teal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Teal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In Australia, the colour teal, and the term "<a href="/wiki/Teal_independents" title="Teal independents">teal independents</a>", have become associated with some of the <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates supported by the <a href="/wiki/Voices_groups_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Voices groups in Australia">Voices groups in Australia</a> and campaigning on a platform emphasising <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> action, tackling <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> in politics, and <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six such candidates won seats at the <a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">2022 Australian federal election</a>, ousting incumbent MPs from the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One theory about the colour teal in this context is that it symbolises a mixture of blue (the Liberal Party's colour) with green (representing environmental concerns).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Spain, because the colour green is connected to monarchism, environmental parties use teal in order to avoid clash of colours. They include the parties; <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1s_Madrid" title="Más Madrid">Más Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1s_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Más País">Más País</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equo" class="mw-redirect" title="Equo">Equo</a>.</li> <li>In the United Kingdom, teal is used by right-wing populist <a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a>, because it is seen as a version of the conservative blue.</li> <li>In Canada, teal is used by the French-Canadian nationalist <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>.</li> <li>In Austria, teal is the main colour of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a>. The colour was changed from black to teal as a part of the party's rebranding campaign after the <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Sebastian Kurz</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurz_corruption_probe" title="Kurz corruption probe">corruption scandal</a> and subsequent drop in the party's popularity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White">White</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: White"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a> is today mainly linked to <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> (as in the <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">surrender flag</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Historically, it was associated with support for <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>, starting with the supporters of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon dynasty</a> of France because it was the dynasty's colour. Partly due to this association, white also came to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a>, itself allied with the Bourbons. White cockades, white ladies' gloves, and <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_pimpinellifolia" title="Rosa pimpinellifolia">Rosa pimpinellifolia</a></i> (the 'burnet' or 'Stuart' rose) symbolised support for the exiled <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a>. Later it was used by the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">Whites</a> who fought against the communist "Reds" in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, because some of the Russian "Whites" had similar goals to the French "Whites" of a century earlier (although the Whites included many different people with many ideologies, such as monarchists, liberals, anticommunist social democrats and others). <ul><li>Because of its use by anti-communist forces in Russia, the colour white came to be associated in the 20th century with many different <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> and counter-revolutionary groups,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even those that did not support absolute monarchy (for example, the Finnish "<a href="/wiki/Whites_(Finland)" title="Whites (Finland)">Whites</a>" who fought against the socialist "<a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)" title="Red Guards (Finland)">Reds</a>" in the civil war following the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Finland" title="Independence of Finland">independence of Finland</a>). In some revolutions, red is used to represent the revolutionaries and white is used to represent the supporters of the old order, regardless of the ideologies or goals of the two sides.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li> <li>In Italy, a red cross on a white shield (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">scudo crociato</i></span>) is the emblem of Catholic parties from the historical <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The white uniforms for the <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>'s political party, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a>, represents its <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>, and to promote unity and pure political ideologies.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the politics of the United Kingdom, white represents independent politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bell" title="Martin Bell">Martin Bell</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Party" title="Yorkshire Party">Yorkshire Party</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolutionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political Party</a> with elected representatives in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, uses a stylised <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a> as its emblem.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yellow_and_gold">Yellow and gold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Yellow and gold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">gold</a> are the colours most strongly associated with <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In Latin America, it is not unusual for left-wing <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> parties to use yellow, as red was the traditional colour of liberals, especially in countries with prominent red-using liberal parties like Uruguay, Honduras, Mexico, Colombia and Costa Rica.</li> <li>Yellow is also associated with Judaism and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a>, although this may be seen negatively (see also <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a>) and since 1945 the blue <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a> is preferred.</li> <li>In East and Southeast Asia, yellow is used to represent <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchies</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> yellow represents <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhumibol">Bhumibol</a> and King Vajiralongkorn, apart from the colour of the royalists, known as the "yellowshirts". It was also the colour of the pro-monarchy <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a> system in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a>.</li> <li>It is also a common colour to represent <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>; monks in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> used it in the <a href="/wiki/Saffron_Revolution" title="Saffron Revolution">anti-government protests in 2007–2008</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow socialism</a> was a political movement in France from 1902 until World War I, opposed to the "red socialism" of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, yellow is used to represent the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)" title="United Australia Party (2013)">United Australia Party</a> established in 2013.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, yellow, combined with green, is associated with <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing populist">right-wing populists</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="National conservative">national conservatives</a> movements <a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">against corruption</a>, anti-<a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers Party (Brazil)">Workers Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communists</a>, supportive of <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">impeachment of Dilma Rousseff</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later, with support of <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro_presidential_campaign,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Jair Bolsonaro presidential campaign, 2018">Jair Bolsonaro</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Social_Liberal_Party_(Brazil)" title="Social Liberal Party (Brazil)">PSL</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Brazil" title="Alliance for Brazil">Alliance for Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association came because many of the protesters against Dilma wore the jersey of <a href="/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team" title="Brazil national football team">Brazil national football team</a>, which is yellow with the numbers and some details in green, and because the protesters chanted that the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian flag">Brazilian flag</a> "will never be red" (in reference to the colours of the communism and Workers' Party) and "will always be green and yellow".</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, yellow does not have any dominant political connotation, and so is commonly used by <a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a> as a politically neutral colour and as a high-visibility colour to mark polling stations.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, yellow represents the <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">pro-democracy</a> supporters.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, yellow represents the <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Macau)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Macau)">pro-democracy</a> supporters.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, yellow was formerly used by <a href="/wiki/Bersih" title="Bersih">Bersih</a> (The Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections).</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, yellow is commonly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centre</a> to <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a> although other colours such as red and blue are used.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, yellow is used by the liberal centrist party <a href="/wiki/Poland_2050" title="Poland 2050">Poland 2050</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, yellow associated with historically <a href="/wiki/Uri_Party" title="Uri Party">Uri Party</a> and former <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a> supporters. Since 2015, <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Justice Party (South Korea)">Justice Party</a> adopted the colour.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, regionally: <ul><li>Yellow is the colour used by supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a>. Since 2017, separatists adopted the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_ribbon#Since_2017" title="Yellow ribbon">yellow ribbon</a> as one of their symbols along with the <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Estelada" title="Estelada">estelada</a></i></span> (pro-independence flag).</li> <li>Yellow is the customary colour of <a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian nationalism</a>, with blue and white, the other colours in the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Flag of the Canary Islands">flag of the Canary Islands</a>, also being used.</li></ul></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the colour yellow was the official colour of the suffrage movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>'s official branding colours are <a href="/wiki/Gold-yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold-yellow">gold-yellow</a>, grey, and black.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gold-yellow colour is prominent because of the historical association with classical liberalism and in reference to a gold-backed currency and free markets.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the colour yellow is predominantly used by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a>. The use of political yellow dates back to David Lloyd George's publication of "<a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Industrial_Future" title="Britain's Industrial Future">Britain's Industrial Future</a>" in the early to mid-1920s. Yellow denotes freedom, advancement, and novelty, with special importance on the freedom representing the desire of independence for the SNP.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, colours are commonly used by media and politicians as signals of political affiliation; this public practice helps them reach the increasing number of unaffiliated voters. <sup id="cite_ref-bpb-farben_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpb-farben-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colour schemes used by major political parties in Germany include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party (SPD)</a>: red</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union (CDU)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union (CSU)</a>: black (in federal elections)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a>: green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party (FDP)</a>: yellow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany (AfD)</a>: blue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left (Die Linke)</a>: red or magenta</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unionism_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionism (Ireland)">Unionist</a> parties in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> are called the "orange block" and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Nationalism">Nationalist</a> parties are the "green block".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Some of the established political parties use or have used different colour variations in certain localities. This was common in British politics up to the 1970s. The traditional colour of the <a href="/wiki/Penrith_and_The_Border_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Penrith and The Border (UK Parliament constituency)">Penrith and the Border</a> Conservatives was yellow, rather than dark blue, even in the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 election</a> Conservative candidates in Penrith and the neighbouring constituency of <a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Lonsdale_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westmorland and Lonsdale (UK Parliament constituency)">Westmorland and Lonsdale</a> wore blue and yellow rosettes. In <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a>, the Conservatives traditionally used red, Labour green and the Liberals blue and orange. In parts of <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, the Conservatives used pink and blue, while in <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a> their colours were orange and purple. The Liberals and Conservatives used blue and red respectively in <a href="/wiki/West_Wales" title="West Wales">West Wales</a>, while in parts of <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> the Liberals were red and Labour yellow. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Tories used orange in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, pink in <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a> and red in <a href="/wiki/East_Worcestershire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="East Worcestershire (UK Parliament constituency)">East Worcestershire</a>, while the Whigs were blue in <a href="/wiki/Kendal" title="Kendal">Kendal</a>, purple in <a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Wiltshire" title="Marlborough, Wiltshire">Marlborough</a> and orange in <a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional colour of the <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a> Liberals was green, rather than orange.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_of_America">United States of America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States of America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ElectoralCollege2012.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>In this map of the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> results, the states are colour-coded by the political colour of the party whose candidate won their electoral college votes, but the political meanings of red and blue in the United States are the opposite of their meanings in the rest of the world.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">United States</a> the two major political parties use the <a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">national colours</a>, i.e. red, white and blue. Historically, the only common situation in which it has been necessary to assign a single colour to a party has been in the production of political maps in graphical displays of election results. In such cases, there had been no consistent association of particular parties with particular colours. Between the early 1970s and 1992, most television networks used blue to denote states carried by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> and red to denote states carried by the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> in presidential elections. A unified colour scheme (blue for Democrats, red for Republicans) began to be implemented with the 1996 presidential election; in the weeks following the 2000 election, there arose the terminology of <a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">red states and blue states</a>. Political observers latched on to this association, which resulted from the use of red for Republican victories and blue for Democratic victories on the display map of a television network. As of November 2012, maps for presidential elections produced by the U.S. government also use blue for Democrats and red for Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-US-NARA-map_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-NARA-map-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2010, the Democratic Party officially adopted an all-blue logo.<sup id="cite_ref-democrats.org_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democrats.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, the official Republican website began using a red logo. <ul><li>This association has potential to confuse foreign observers in that, as described above, red is traditionally a left-wing colour (as used with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a>), while blue is typically associated with right-wing politics.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is further complicated by the diversity of <a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">factions in the Democratic Party</a> ranging from conservatives to right-libertarians to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialists</a> alongside the dominant centrist and social liberal elements of the party that outside the United States often each use different political colours.</li> <li>The conservative <a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a> within the Democratic Party adopted the colour blue at its founding, before the 2000 election solidified the red-blue convention.</li> <li>There is some historical use of blue for Democrats and red for Republicans: in the late 19th century and early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> county election boards used colour-coding to help Spanish speakers and illiterates identify the parties,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this system was not applied consistently in Texas and was not picked up on a national level. For instance in <a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> used maps that coded blue for the Republicans, the colour Harrison perceived to represent the Union and "<a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>'s Party" and red for the Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="blog source (January 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Politics of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, the main party, the pro-statehood <a href="/wiki/New_Progressive_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)">New Progressive Party</a> uses blue, while the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Popular Democratic Party</a> uses red, and the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Independence_Party" title="Puerto Rican Independence Party">Puerto Rican Independence Party</a> uses green.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In state elections and parliaments, CDU and CSU are sometimes depicted in blue or grey.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_uniform" title="Political uniform">Political uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">List of political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_party_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political party symbols">List of political party symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Military_Symbols_for_Land_Based_Systems#Affiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Military Symbols for Land Based Systems">NATO Military Symbols for Land Based Systems#Affiliation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSawer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sawer, Marian (1 May 2007). "Wearing your Politics on your Sleeve: The Role of Political Colours in Social Movements". <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Movement_Studies" title="Social Movement Studies">Social Movement Studies</a></i>. <b>6</b> (1): 39–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14742830701251294">10.1080/14742830701251294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-2837">1474-2837</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145495971">145495971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Movement+Studies&rft.atitle=Wearing+your+Politics+on+your+Sleeve%3A+The+Role+of+Political+Colours+in+Social+Movements&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-56&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145495971%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1474-2837&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14742830701251294&rft.aulast=Sawer&rft.aufirst=Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+colour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsMoriokaStone2006" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colordesignworkb0000ston/page/86"><i>Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.org.nz/news-media/family-party-registered-logo-declined-act-party-abbreviation-registered">the original</a> on 27 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Election+Results&rft.pub=The+U.S.+National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffederal-register%2Felectoral-college%2Fmap%2Fhistoric.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+colour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pqrsu">"Reds and Blues – The Handbook of Texas Online"</a>. Tshaonline.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reds+and+Blues+%E2%80%93+The+Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.pub=Tshaonline.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fpqrsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+colour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2005" class="citation web cs1">Rowe, Tara A. (13 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgame.blogspot.com/2005/01/red-and-blue-state-phenomenon.html">"The Political Game: The Red and Blue State Phenomenon"</a>. <i>Politicalgame.blogspot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politicalgame.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=The+Political+Game%3A+The+Red+and+Blue+State+Phenomenon&rft.date=2005-01-13&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Tara+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalgame.blogspot.com%2F2005%2F01%2Fred-and-blue-state-phenomenon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+colour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Colour perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour blindness">Colour blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_calibration" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour calibration">Colour calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_constancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour constancy">Colour constancy</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour psychology">Colour psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour symbolism">Colour symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour preferences">Colour preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_colour_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüscher colour test">Lüscher colour test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour reproduction">Colour reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour photography">Colour photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour balance">Colour balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Colour cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour management">Colour management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour printing">Colour printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_colour_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-primary colour display">Multi-primary colour display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour model">Colour model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour space">Colour space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour mapping">Colour mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Colour<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour scheme">Colour scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Colour tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colours">Monochromatic colours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary colours">Complementary colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogous colours">Analogous colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colours (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Web colours">Web colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour theory">Colour theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_mixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour mixing">Colour mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary colour">Primary colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary colour">Secondary colour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour solid">Colour solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour wheel">Colour wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour triangle">Colour triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour analysis">Colour analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_realism_(art_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour realism (art style)">Colour realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour term">Colour terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_colour_naming_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Colour history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_in_Chinese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour in Chinese culture">Colour in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colours_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional colours of Japan">Traditional colours of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skin colour">Human skin colour</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colourfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colourfulness">Colourfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Colour Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_A%E2%80%93F" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: A–F">List of colours: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_G%E2%80%93M" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: G–M">List of colours: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_N%E2%80%93Z" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: N–Z">List of colours: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours (compact)">List of colours (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours_by_shade" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours by shade">List of colours by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colour_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colour palettes">List of colour palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of colour spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crayola crayon colours">List of Crayola crayon colours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour chart">Colour chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colours" title="List of RAL colours">List of RAL colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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