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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Standardization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Legal status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Modern developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Grammar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pitch_accent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pitch_accent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Pitch accent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitch_accent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Orthography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Writing systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Dialects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dialects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Division_by_jat_reflex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_by_jat_reflex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Division by jat reflex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_by_jat_reflex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_sociolinguistic_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_sociolinguistic_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Present sociolinguistic situation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Present_sociolinguistic_situation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Present sociolinguistic situation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Present_sociolinguistic_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_pluricentric_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_pluricentric_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Comparison with other pluricentric languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_pluricentric_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Contemporary names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_linguists_in_the_former_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_linguists_in_the_former_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Views of linguists in the former Yugoslavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_of_linguists_in_the_former_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serbian_linguists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbian_linguists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Serbian linguists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbian_linguists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatian_linguists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatian_linguists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Croatian linguists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatian_linguists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_connotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_connotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Political connotations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_connotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISO_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 ISO classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_of_Serbo-Croatian_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_of_Serbo-Croatian_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Words of Serbo-Croatian origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_of_Serbo-Croatian_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sample text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Serbo-Croatian</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" > 110 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serwo-Kroaties" title="Serwo-Kroaties – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Serwo-Kroaties" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الصربية الكرواتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الصربية الكرواتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_serbocroata" title="Idioma serbocroata – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma serbocroata" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_serbocroata" title="Idioma serbocroata – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma serbocroata" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb-xorvat_dili" title="Serb-xorvat dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Serb-xorvat dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A8-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="صرب-کرووات دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="صرب-کرووات دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সার্বো-ক্রোয়েশীয়-বসনীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সার্বো-ক্রোয়েশীয়-বসনীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1-%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Серб-хорват теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Серб-хорват теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сербскахарвацкая мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сербскахарвацкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сэрбскахарвацкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэрбскахарвацкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сърбохърватски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сърбохърватски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srpskohrvatski_jezik" title="Srpskohrvatski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Srpskohrvatski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbeg-ha-kroateg" title="Serbeg-ha-kroateg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Serbeg-ha-kroateg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbocroat" title="Serbocroat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Serbocroat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srbochorvat%C5%A1tina" title="Srbochorvatština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Srbochorvatština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croateg" title="Serbo-Croateg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Serbo-Croateg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbokroatisk" title="Serbokroatisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Serbokroatisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbokroatiagiella" title="Serbokroatiagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Serbokroatiagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbokroatische_Sprache" title="Serbokroatische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Serbokroatische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbisko-chorwatska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Serbisko-chorwatska rěc – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Serbisko-chorwatska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia-horvaadi_keel" title="Serbia-horvaadi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Serbia-horvaadi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σερβοκροατική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σερβοκροατική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8rb-Cru%C3%A0t" title="Sèrb-Cruàt – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sèrb-Cruàt" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbocroata" title="Serbocroata – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Serbocroata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbokroata_lingvo" title="Serbokroata lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Serbokroata lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbokroaziera" title="Serbokroaziera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Serbokroaziera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان صربی‌کرواتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان صربی‌کرواتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Serbo-Croatian" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-croate" title="Serbo-croate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Serbo-croate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeirbea-Chr%C3%B3itis" title="An tSeirbea-Chróitis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeirbea-Chróitis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_serbocroata" title="Lingua serbocroata – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua serbocroata" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia-Croatia-ng%C3%AE" title="Serbia-Croatia-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Serbia-Croatia-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%B3%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%95%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="세르보크로아트어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세르보크로아트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Սերբախորվաթերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սերբախորվաթերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सर्बी क्रोएशियन भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सर्बी क्रोएशियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbiskochorwat%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Serbiskochorwatšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Serbiskochorwatšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srpskohrvatski_jezik" title="Srpskohrvatski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srpskohrvatski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Serbo-Kroata" title="Pagsasao a Serbo-Kroata – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Serbo-Kroata" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Serbo-Kroasia" title="Bahasa Serbo-Kroasia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Serbo-Kroasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_serbocroate" title="Lingua serbocroate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua serbocroate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb%C3%B3kr%C3%B3at%C3%ADska" title="Serbókróatíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Serbókróatíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_serbo-croata" title="Lingua serbo-croata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua serbo-croata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95-%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סרבו-קרואטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרבו-קרואטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Sr%C3%AAbiyah_Khr%C3%AAvatskah" title="Basa Srêbiyah Khrêvatskah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Srêbiyah Khrêvatskah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სერბულ-ხორვატული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სერბულ-ხორვატული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb%C3%B2ch%C3%B2rwacczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Serbòchòrwacczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Serbòchòrwacczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiserbokroatia" title="Kiserbokroatia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiserbokroatia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1-%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Серб-хорват кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Серб-хорват кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1-%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Серб-хорват тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Серб-хорват тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Serbo-Kroatia" title="Lingua Serbo-Kroatia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua Serbo-Kroatia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Serbocroatica" title="Lingua Serbocroatica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Serbocroatica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbhorv%C4%81tu_valoda" title="Serbhorvātu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Serbhorvātu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb%C5%B3-kroat%C5%B3_kalba" title="Serbų-kroatų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Serbų-kroatų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo-Kroatisch" title="Servo-Kroatisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Servo-Kroatisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian,_corvatsce_e_serbsce" title="Bosnian, corvatsce e serbsce – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bosnian, corvatsce e serbsce" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_serbo-croatta" title="Lengua serbo-croatta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua serbo-croatta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szerbhorv%C3%A1t_nyelv" title="Szerbhorvát nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szerbhorvát nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Српскохрватски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Српскохрватски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_serb%C3%B4-kr%C3%B4atiana" title="Fiteny serbô-krôatiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny serbô-krôatiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सर्बो-क्रोएशियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सर्बो-क्रोएशियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89-_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89" title="صربى- كرواتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صربى- كرواتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Serbo-Croatia" title="Bahasa Serbo-Croatia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Serbo-Croatia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A3-%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁꯔꯕꯣ-ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯑꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯔꯕꯣ-ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯑꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo-Kroatisch" title="Servo-Kroatisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Servo-Kroatisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सर्बियन क्रोएशियन भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सर्बियन क्रोएशियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%83%81%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="セルビア・クロアチア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セルビア・クロアチア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbokroatisk_spriak" title="Serbokroatisk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Serbokroatisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbokroatisk" title="Serbokroatisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Serbokroatisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbokroatisk" title="Serbokroatisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Serbokroatisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8rbocroat" title="Sèrbocroat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sèrbocroat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb-xorvat_tili" title="Serb-xorvat tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Serb-xorvat tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B-%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88" title="ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਆਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਆਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="سرب کروشیائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سرب کروشیائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سربي کرواتي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سربي کرواتي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbokroaatsche_Spraak" title="Serbokroaatsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Serbokroaatsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_serbsko-chorwacki" title="Język serbsko-chorwacki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język serbsko-chorwacki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_servo-croata" title="Língua servo-croata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua servo-croata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_s%C3%A2rbocroat%C4%83" title="Limba sârbocroată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba sârbocroată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirpu-hurwat_simi" title="Sirpu-hurwat simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirpu-hurwat simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Сербохорватьскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сербохорватьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Сербохорватский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сербохорватский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B3-%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱳ-ᱠᱨᱳᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱳ-ᱠᱨᱳᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_serbocroata" title="Limba serbocroata – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba serbocroata" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatie" title="Serbo-Croatie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Serbo-Croatie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_serbokroate" title="Gjuha serbokroate – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha serbokroate" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Serbo-Croatian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srbochorv%C3%A1t%C4%8Dina" title="Srbochorvátčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Srbochorvátčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srbohrva%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Srbohrvaščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srbohrvaščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%A5" title="Срьбьскохръватьско ѩꙁꙑчьно събраниѥ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Срьбьскохръватьско ѩꙁꙑчьно събраниѥ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbskochorwack%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Serbskochorwackŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Serbskochorwackŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Српскохрватски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Српскохрватски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srpskohrvatski_jezik" title="Srpskohrvatski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Srpskohrvatski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbokroaatin_kieli" title="Serbokroaatin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Serbokroaatin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbokroatiska" title="Serbokroatiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Serbokroatiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="செருபோகுரோவாசிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செருபோகுரோவாசிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Сербохорват теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сербохорват теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาบอสเนีย-โครเอเชีย-มอนเตเนโกร-เซอร์เบีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาบอสเนีย-โครเอเชีย-มอนเตเนโกร-เซอร์เบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Забони сербу хорватӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони сербу хорватӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1rp-H%C4%B1rvat%C3%A7a" title="Sırp-Hırvatça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sırp-Hırvatça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Сербохорват кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сербохорват кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сербохорватська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сербохорватська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="سربی کرویئشائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سربی کرویئشائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88-%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="سېربو-كرودىيىلىكلەر تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سېربو-كرودىيىلىكلەر تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Serbia-Croatia" title="Tiếng Serbia-Croatia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Serbia-Croatia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the language. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Serbo-Croatian (disambiguation)">Serbo-Croatian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Serbo-Croatian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>srpskohrvatski / hrvatskosrpski</li> <li>српскохрватски / хрватскосрпски</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">18 million (2011–2021)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic languages">Western South Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Serbo-Croatian</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Serbo-Croatian" title="Dialects of Serbo-Croatian">Dialects of Serbo-Croatian</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> (standard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian">Torlakian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin Latin alphabet">Montenegrin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet">Montenegrin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav Braille</a></li> <li>Formerly:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Arebica</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (as Serbian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (as Croatian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (as Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (as Montenegrin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (as Serbian)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (as Croatian)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavomolisano">Molise</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Cara%C8%99ova" title="Carașova">Carașova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupac" title="Lupac">Lupac</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Croatian_Language_and_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics">Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics</a> (Croatian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Standardization_of_the_Serbian_Language" title="Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language">Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language</a> (Serbian)</li> <li>Language Institute at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sarajevo" title="University of Sarajevo">University of Sarajevo</a> (Bosnian)</li> <li>Faculty for Montenegrin language and literature (Montenegrin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=sh">sh</a></code> (deprecated)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hbs" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hbs">hbs</a></code> – inclusive code Individual codes: <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bos" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bos">bos</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cnr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cnr">cnr</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hrv" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hrv">hrv</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/srp" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:srp">srp</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> Related codes: <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/svm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:svm">svm</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavomolisano">Slavomolisano</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ckm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ckm">ckm</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kjv" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kjv">kjv</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sout1528">sout1528</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=53-AAA-g">53-AAA-g</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>sh</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbo_croatian_language2005.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Serbo_croatian_language2005.png/320px-Serbo_croatian_language2005.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Serbo_croatian_language2005.png/480px-Serbo_croatian_language2005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Serbo_croatian_language2005.png/640px-Serbo_croatian_language2005.png 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="1269" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Areas where Serbo-Croatian is spoken by a plurality of inhabitants (as of 2005)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a> and dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Western South Slavic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serbo-Croatian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li>Standard languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a>)</div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Serbo-Croatian" title="Dialects of Serbo-Croatian">Dialects</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Younger_Ikavian_dialect" title="Younger Ikavian dialect">Younger Ikavian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slavonian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavonian dialect">Slavonian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okac_dialect" title="Šokac dialect">Šokac</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_subdialect" title="Dubrovnik subdialect">Dubrovnik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEican_dialect" title="Užican dialect">Užice</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zeta%E2%80%93Ra%C5%A1ka_dialect" title="Zeta–Raška dialect">Zeta–Raška</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Resava_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosovo–Resava dialect (page does not exist)">Kosovo–Resava</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smederevo%E2%80%93Vr%C5%A1ac_dialect" title="Smederevo–Vršac dialect">Smederevo–Vršac</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umadija%E2%80%93Vojvodina_dialect" title="Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect">Šumadija–Vojvodina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prizren%E2%80%93Timok_dialect" title="Prizren–Timok dialect">Prizren–Timok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prizren%E2%80%93South_Morava_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prizren–South Morava dialect">Prizren–South Morava</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gorani</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janjevo%E2%80%93Letnica_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janjevo–Letnica dialect (page does not exist)">Janjevo–Letnica</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Svrljig%E2%80%93Zaplanje_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Svrljig–Zaplanje dialect">Svrljig–Zaplanje</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timok%E2%80%93Lu%C5%BEnica_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Timok–Lužnica dialect">Timok–Lužnica</a>))</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Molise</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Prizren%E2%80%93South_Morava_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prizren–South Morava dialect">Prizren–South Morava</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gorani</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janjevo%E2%80%93Letnica_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janjevo–Letnica dialect (page does not exist)">Janjevo–Letnica</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Svrljig%E2%80%93Zaplanje_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Svrljig–Zaplanje dialect">Svrljig–Zaplanje</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timok%E2%80%93Lu%C5%BEnica_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Timok–Lužnica dialect">Timok–Lužnica</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li>Accents</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekavian">Ekavian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ijekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijekavian">Ijekavian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ikavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikavian">Ikavian</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_standard_Bosnian,_Croatian,_Montenegrin_and_Serbian" title="Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian">Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_dialects" title="Slovene dialects">Dialects</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Eastern South Slavic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dialects" title="Bulgarian dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meshterski" title="Meshterski">Meshterski</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Macedonian" title="Dialects of Macedonian">Dialects</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonian_dialects" title="Western Macedonian dialects">Western</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Macedonian_dialects" title="Southeastern Macedonian dialects">Southeastern</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Macedonian_dialects" title="Northern Macedonian dialects">Northern</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_Macedonian" title="Spoken Macedonian">Spoken Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Macedonian" title="Standard Macedonian">Standard Macedonian</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Transitional dialects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li>Serbian–Bulgarian–Macedonian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Bulgarian_dialects" title="Transitional Bulgarian dialects">Transitional Bulgarian dialects</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gorani</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li>Croatian–Slovenian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li>Bulgarian–Macedonian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Alphabets</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li>Modern</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj's Latin</a>a</li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language#Alphabet" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li>Historical</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohori%C4%8D_alphabet" title="Bohorič alphabet">Bohoričica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dajnko_alphabet" title="Dajnko alphabet">Dajnčica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metelko_alphabet" title="Metelko alphabet">Metelčica</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Arebica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian Cyrillic</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid"> a Includes <a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_language#Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Banat Bulgarian language">Banat Bulgarian alphabet</a>.</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding:0 0.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Slavic_languages_sidebar" title="Template:South Slavic languages sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Slavic_languages_sidebar" title="Template talk:South Slavic languages sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Slavic_languages_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Slavic languages sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Serbo-Croatian (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsɜːrboʊkroʊˈeɪʃən/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/23\/En-us-Serbo-Croatian.ogg\/En-us-Serbo-Croatian.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Serbo-Croatian.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/En-us-Serbo-Croatian.ogg/En-us-Serbo-Croatian.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Serbo-Croatian.ogg" title="File:En-us-Serbo-Croatian.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SUR-boh-kroh-AY-shən</a>)<a href="#cite_note-lpd-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-jones2003-11">[11]</a> – also called Serbo-Croat (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsɜːrboʊˈkroʊæt/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SUR-boh-KROH-at</a>),<a href="#cite_note-lpd-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-jones2003-11">[11]</a> Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB),<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006XVII-13">[13]</a> and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS)<a href="#cite_note-ThomasOsipov-14">[14]</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Slavic language">South Slavic language</a> and the primary language of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Econ-15">[15]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a> with four<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard varieties</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Econ-15">[15]</a> South Slavic languages historically formed a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. The turbulent history of the area, particularly due to the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> became the most widespread <a href="/wiki/Supradialect" title="Supradialect">supradialect</a> in the western Balkans, intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by <a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles, although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords. During that period, the language was referred to under a variety of names, such as "Slavic" in general or "Serbian", "Croatian" or "Bosnian" in particular. In a classicizing manner, it was also referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Illyrian_(South_Slavic)" title="Illyrian (South Slavic)">Illyrian</a>". The process of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic standardization">linguistic standardization</a> of Serbo-Croatian was originally initiated in the mid-19th-century <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Literary_Agreement" title="Vienna Literary Agreement">Vienna Literary Agreement</a> by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2002130–132-18">[18]</a> From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same dialect of Shtokavian, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian</a>. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the country of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, being the sole official language in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> (when it was called "Serbo-Croato-Slovenian"),<a href="#cite_note-Busch2004-19">[19]</a> and afterwards the official language of four out of six republics of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a> affected language attitudes, so that <a href="/wiki/Language_secessionism#In_Serbo-Croatian" title="Language secessionism">social conceptions of the language separated</a> along ethnic and political lines. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to <a href="/wiki/Codification_(linguistics)" title="Codification (linguistics)">codify</a> a separate Montenegrin standard. Like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">phonology</a>, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">grammar</a> evolved from <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">Common Slavic</a>, with complex <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>, preserving seven <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a> in nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs exhibit <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective aspect</a>, with a moderately complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a <a href="/wiki/Pro-drop_language" title="Pro-drop language">pro-drop language</a> with flexible word order, <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> being the default. It can be written in either localized variants of <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj's Latin alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin Latin</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin Cyrillic">Montenegrin Cyrillic</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> is highly <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic</a> in all standards. Despite many linguistical similarities, the traits that separate all standardized varieties are clearly identifiable,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006379-20">[20]</a> although these differences are considered minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆalić2021In_contrast_with_the_prevalence_of_language-external_criteria_that_determine_attitudes_about_the_status_of_Serbo-Croatian_as_well_as_about_its_description,_attitudes_to_language-internal_criteria_show_there_is_almost_unanimous_agreement_that_differences_between_the_standards_are_minimal._Overall,_96.3_%_of_respondents_considered_Serbo-Croatian_varieties_to_be_mutually_intelligible_[...]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆalić2021In_contrast_with_the_prevalence_of_language-external_criteria_that_determine_attitudes_about_the_status_of_Serbo-Croatian_as_well_as_about_its_description,_attitudes_to_language-internal_criteria_show_there_is_almost_unanimous_agreement_that_differences_between_the_standards_are_minimal._Overall,_96.3_%_of_respondents_considered_Serbo-Croatian_varieties_to_be_mutually_intelligible_[...]-21">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> Serbo-Croatian is typically referred to by names of its standardized varieties: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin; it is rarely referred to by names of its sub-dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In the language itself, it is typically known as srpskohrvatski/српскохрватски "Serbo-Croatian", hrvatskosrpski/хрватскoсрпски "Croato-Serbian", or informally naški/нашки "ours".<a href="#cite_note-Econ-15">[15]</a> Throughout the history of the South Slavs, the vernacular, literary, and written languages (e.g. Chakavian, Kajkavian, Shtokavian) of the various regions and ethnicities developed and diverged independently. Prior to the 19th century, they were collectively called "Illyria", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Since the nineteenth century, the term Illyrian or Illyric was used quite often (thus creating confusion with the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian language</a>). Although <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_(South_Slavic)" title="Illyrian (South Slavic)">the word Illyrian was used on a few occasions before</a>, its widespread usage began after <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Gaj" title="Ljudevit Gaj">Ljudevit Gaj</a> and several other prominent linguists met at <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Vukotinovi%C4%87" title="Ljudevit Vukotinović">Ljudevit Vukotinović</a>'s house to discuss the issue in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The term Serbo-Croatian was first used by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> in 1824,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELencek197646-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1996209–210-26">[26]</a> popularized by the Viennese philologist <a href="/wiki/Jernej_Kopitar" title="Jernej Kopitar">Jernej Kopitar</a> in the following decades, and accepted by Croatian <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> grammarians in 1854 and 1859.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELencek197649-27">[27]</a> At that time, Serb and Croat lands were still part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empires</a>. Officially, the language was called variously Serbo-Croat, Croato-Serbian, Serbian and Croatian, Croatian and Serbian, Serbian or Croatian, Croatian or Serbian.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] Unofficially, Serbs and Croats typically called the language "Serbian" or "Croatian", respectively, without implying a distinction between the two,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownAnderson2006259-28">[28]</a> and again in independent <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, "Bosnian", "Croatian", and "Serbian" were considered to be three names of a single official language.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Croatian linguist <a href="/wiki/Dalibor_Brozovi%C4%87" title="Dalibor Brozović">Dalibor Brozović</a> advocated the term Serbo-Croatian as late as 1988, claiming that in an analogy with Indo-European, Serbo-Croatian does not only name the two components of the same language, but simply charts the limits of the region in which it is spoken and includes everything between the limits ('Bosnian' and 'Montenegrin').<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Today, use of the term "Serbo-Croatian" is controversial due to the prejudice that nation and language must match.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMappes-Niediek200530-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> It is still used for lack of a succinct alternative,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> though alternative names have emerged, such as Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS),<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> which is often seen in political contexts such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hvalov_zbornik1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hvalov_zbornik1.jpg/220px-Hvalov_zbornik1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hvalov_zbornik1.jpg/330px-Hvalov_zbornik1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hvalov_zbornik1.jpg/440px-Hvalov_zbornik1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hval%27s_Codex" title="Hval's Codex">Hval's Codex</a>, 1404</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> was adopted as the language of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> in churches serving various <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> nations. This language was gradually adapted to non-liturgical purposes and became known as the Croatian version of Old Slavonic. The two variants of the language, liturgical and non-liturgical, continued to be a part of the <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> service as late as the middle of the 19th century. The earliest known Croatian Church Slavonic Glagolitic manuscripts are the Glagolita Clozianus and the Vienna Folia from the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-36">[36]</a> The beginning of written Serbo-Croatian can be traced from the tenth century and on when Serbo-Croatian medieval texts were written in four scripts: <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Cyrillic">Early Cyrillic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian Cyrillic</a> (bosančica/bosanica).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Serbo-Croatian competed with the more established literary languages of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and Old Slavonic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Old Slavonic developed into the Serbo-Croatian variant of <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> between the 12th and 16th centuries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet.wav" title="File:Baška tablet.wav">Speech example</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="67" data-mwtitle="Baška_tablet.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet.wav/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet.wav/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">An example of Old Croatian used in Baška tablet.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Among the earliest attestations of Serbo-Croatian are: the <a href="/wiki/Humac_tablet" title="Humac tablet">Humac tablet</a>, dating from the 10th or 11th century, written in Bosnian Cyrillic and Glagolitic; the <a href="/wiki/Plomin_tablet" title="Plomin tablet">Plomin tablet</a>, dating from the same era, written in Glagolitic; the <a href="/wiki/Valun_tablet" title="Valun tablet">Valun tablet</a>, dated to the 11th century, written in Glagolitic and Latin; and the <a href="/wiki/Inscription_of_%C5%BDupa_Dubrova%C4%8Dka" title="Inscription of Župa Dubrovačka">Inscription of Župa Dubrovačka</a>, a Glagolitic tablet dated to the 11th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet" title="Baška tablet">Baška tablet</a> from the late 11th century was written in Glagolitic.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> It is a large stone tablet found in the small <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Lucy,_Jurandvor" title="Church of St. Lucy, Jurandvor">Church of St. Lucy, Jurandvor</a> on the Croatian island of <a href="/wiki/Krk" title="Krk">Krk</a> that contains text written mostly in <a href="/wiki/Chakavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakavian dialect">Chakavian</a> in the Croatian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angular_Glagolitic_letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angular Glagolitic letters (page does not exist)">angular Glagolitic</a> script.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Ban_Kulin" title="Charter of Ban Kulin">Charter of Ban Kulin</a> of 1189, written by <a href="/wiki/Ban_Kulin" title="Ban Kulin">Ban Kulin</a> of Bosnia, was an early Shtokavian text, written in Bosnian Cyrillic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The luxurious and ornate representative texts of Serbo-Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Serbo-Croatian vernacular literature. The most notable are the "<a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a> of Duke Novak" from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia (1368), "Evangel from Reims" (1395, named after the town of its final destination), <a href="/wiki/Hrvoje%27s_Missal" title="Hrvoje's Missal">Hrvoje's Missal</a> from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia (1404),<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and the first printed book in Serbo-Croatian, the Glagolitic <a href="/wiki/Missale_Romanum_Glagolitice" title="Missale Romanum Glagolitice">Missale Romanum Glagolitice</a> (1483).<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-36">[36]</a> During the 13th century Serbo-Croatian vernacular texts began to appear, the most important among them being the "Istrian land survey" of 1275 and the "<a href="/wiki/Vinodol_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinodol Codex">Vinodol Codex</a>" of 1288, both written in the Chakavian dialect.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Shtokavian dialect</a> literature, based almost exclusively[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] on Chakavian original texts of religious provenance (<a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">missals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">breviaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">prayer books</a>) appeared almost a century later. The most important purely Shtokavian vernacular text is the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Croatian_Prayer_Book" title="Vatican Croatian Prayer Book">Vatican Croatian Prayer Book</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Both the language used in legal texts and that used in Glagolitic literature gradually came under the influence of the vernacular, which considerably affected its <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexicology" title="Lexicology">lexical</a> systems. From the 14th and the 15th centuries, both secular and religious songs at church festivals were composed in the vernacular.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Writers of early Serbo-Croatian <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> (začinjavci) gradually introduced the vernacular into their works. These začinjavci were the forerunners of the rich literary production of the 16th-century literature, which, depending on the area, was Chakavian-, Kajkavian-, or Shtokavian-based.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-36">[36]</a> The language of religious poems, translations, <a href="/wiki/Miracle_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle play">miracle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">morality plays</a> contributed to the popular character of medieval Serbo-Croatian literature.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One of the earliest dictionaries, also in the Slavic languages as a whole, was the Bosnian–Turkish Dictionary of 1631 authored by <a href="/wiki/Muhamed_Hevaji_Uskufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi">Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi</a> and was written in the <a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Arebica</a> script.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardization">Standardization</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%90uro_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87_-_Rje%C4%8Dnik_hrvatskog_ili_srpskog_jezika_(1882,_po%C4%8Detna_stranica).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%C4%90uro_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87_-_Rje%C4%8Dnik_hrvatskog_ili_srpskog_jezika_%281882%2C_po%C4%8Detna_stranica%29.jpg/170px-%C4%90uro_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87_-_Rje%C4%8Dnik_hrvatskog_ili_srpskog_jezika_%281882%2C_po%C4%8Detna_stranica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%C4%90uro_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87_-_Rje%C4%8Dnik_hrvatskog_ili_srpskog_jezika_%281882%2C_po%C4%8Detna_stranica%29.jpg/255px-%C4%90uro_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87_-_Rje%C4%8Dnik_hrvatskog_ili_srpskog_jezika_%281882%2C_po%C4%8Detna_stranica%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%C4%90uro_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87_-_Rje%C4%8Dnik_hrvatskog_ili_srpskog_jezika_%281882%2C_po%C4%8Detna_stranica%29.jpg/340px-%C4%90uro_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87_-_Rje%C4%8Dnik_hrvatskog_ili_srpskog_jezika_%281882%2C_po%C4%8Detna_stranica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%90uro_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Đuro Daničić">Đuro Daničić</a>, Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (Croatian or Serbian Dictionary), 1882</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gramatika_bosanskog_jezika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gramatika_bosanskog_jezika.jpg/170px-Gramatika_bosanskog_jezika.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gramatika_bosanskog_jezika.jpg/255px-Gramatika_bosanskog_jezika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gramatika_bosanskog_jezika.jpg/340px-Gramatika_bosanskog_jezika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Gramatika bosanskoga jezika (Grammar of the Bosnian Language), 1890</figcaption></figure> In the mid-19th century, Serbian (led by self-taught writer and folklorist <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Stefanovi%C4%87_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Vuk Stefanović Karadžić">Vuk Stefanović Karadžić</a>) and most Croatian writers and linguists (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_movement" title="Illyrian movement">Illyrian movement</a> and led by <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Gaj" title="Ljudevit Gaj">Ljudevit Gaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90uro_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Đuro Daničić">Đuro Daničić</a>), proposed the use of the most widespread dialect, <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Shtokavian</a>, as the base for their common standard language. Karadžić standardised the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic alphabet</a>, and Gaj and Daničić standardized the <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaj's Latin Alphabet">Croatian Latin alphabet</a>, on the basis of vernacular speech phonemes and the principle of phonological spelling. In 1850 Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists signed the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Literary_Agreement" title="Vienna Literary Agreement">Vienna Literary Agreement</a>, declaring their intention to create a unified standard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200424-45">[45]</a> Thus a complex bi-variant language appeared, which the Serbs officially called "Serbo-Croatian" or "Serbian or Croatian" and the Croats "Croato-Serbian", or "Croatian or Serbian". Yet, in practice, the variants of the conceived common literary language served as different literary variants, chiefly differing in lexical inventory and stylistic devices. The common phrase describing this situation was that Serbo-Croatian or "Croatian or Serbian" was a single language. In 1861, after a long debate, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatian Sabor</a> put up several proposed names to a vote of the members of the parliament; "Yugoslavian" was opted for by the majority and legislated as the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Triune_Kingdom" title="Triune Kingdom">Triune Kingdom</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, suppressing Pan-Slavism at the time, did not confirm this decision and legally rejected the legislation, but in 1867 finally settled on "Croatian or Serbian" instead.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, the language of all three nations in this territory was declared "Bosnian" until the death of administrator <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_von_K%C3%A1llay" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin von Kállay">von Kállay</a> in 1907, at which point the name was changed to "Serbo-Croatian".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-velikonja-49">[49]</a> With unification of the first the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Serbs,_Croats,_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes">Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes</a> – the approach of Karadžić and the Illyrians became dominant. The official language was called "Serbo-Croato-Slovenian" (srpsko-hrvatsko-slovenački) in the 1921 constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Busch2004-19">[19]</a> In 1929, the constitution was suspended,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and the country was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, while the official language of Serbo-Croato-Slovene was reinstated in the 1931 constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Busch2004-19">[19]</a> In June 1941, the Nazi puppet <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> began to rid the language of "Eastern" (Serbian) words, and shut down Serbian schools.<a href="#cite_note-Crowe2013-51">[51]</a> The totalitarian dictatorship introduced a language law that promulgated <a href="/wiki/Croatian_linguistic_purism" title="Croatian linguistic purism">Croatian linguistic purism</a> as a policy that tried to implement a complete elimination of Serbisms and internationalisms.<a href="#cite_note-Busch2004_Sprachen_im_Disput-52">[52]</a> On January 15, 1944, the Anti-Fascist Council of the People's Liberation of Yugoslavia (<a href="/wiki/AVNOJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AVNOJ">AVNOJ</a>) declared Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, and Macedonian to be equal in the entire territory of Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2004115-53">[53]</a> In 1945 the decision to recognize Croatian and Serbian as separate languages was reversed in favor of a single Serbo-Croatian or Croato-Serbian language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2004115-53">[53]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Communist</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">second Yugoslavia</a>, ethnic issues eased to an extent, but the matter of language remained blurred and unresolved. In 1954, major Serbian and Croatian writers, linguists and literary critics, backed by <a href="/wiki/Matica_srpska" title="Matica srpska">Matica srpska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matica_hrvatska" title="Matica hrvatska">Matica hrvatska</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad_Agreement" title="Novi Sad Agreement">Novi Sad Agreement</a>, which in its <a href="/wiki/The_Novi_Sad_Agreement#The_text_of_the_Novi_Sad_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="The Novi Sad Agreement">first conclusion</a> stated: "Serbs, Croats and Montenegrins share a single language with two equal variants that have developed around Zagreb (western) and Belgrade (eastern)". The agreement insisted on the <a href="/wiki/The_Novi_Sad_Agreement#The_text_of_the_Novi_Sad_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="The Novi Sad Agreement">equal status</a> of Cyrillic and Latin scripts, and of Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations.<a href="#cite_note-JonkeRazvoj-54">[54]</a> It also specified that Serbo-Croatian should be the name of the language in official contexts, while in unofficial use the traditional Serbian and Croatian were to be retained.<a href="#cite_note-JonkeRazvoj-54">[54]</a> Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska were to work together on a dictionary, and a committee of Serbian and Croatian linguists was asked to prepare a pravopis. During the sixties both books were published simultaneously in Ijekavian Latin in Zagreb and Ekavian Cyrillic in Novi Sad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić2010303–304-55">[55]</a> Yet Croatian linguists claim that it was an act of unitarianism. The evidence supporting this claim is patchy: Croatian linguist Stjepan Babić complained that the television transmission from Belgrade always used the Latin alphabet<a href="#cite_note-BabHh-56">[56]</a>— which was true, but was not proof of unequal rights, but of frequency of use and prestige. Babić further complained that the Novi Sad Dictionary (1967) listed side by side words from both the Croatian and Serbian variants wherever they differed,<a href="#cite_note-BabHh-56">[56]</a> which one can view as proof of careful respect for both variants, and not of unitarism. Moreover, Croatian linguists criticized those parts of the Dictionary for being unitaristic that were written by Croatian linguists.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> And finally, Croatian linguists ignored the fact that the material for the Pravopisni rječnik came from the Croatian Philological Society.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Regardless of these facts, Croatian intellectuals brought the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Status_and_Name_of_the_Croatian_Literary_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language">Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language</a> in 1967. On occasion of the publication's 45th anniversary, the Croatian weekly journal Forum published the Declaration again in 2012, accompanied by a critical analysis.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> West European scientists judge the Yugoslav language policy as an exemplary one:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröschel200972-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMappes-Niediek200518,_64-62">[62]</a> although three-quarters of the population spoke one language, no single language was official on a federal level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200241–42-63">[63]</a> Official languages were declared only at the level of constituent republics and provinces,<a href="#cite_note-Gak-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200247–48-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröschel2003160–161-66">[66]</a> and very generously: Vojvodina had five (among them Slovak and Romanian, spoken by 0.5 per cent of the population), and Kosovo four (Albanian, Turkish, Romany and Serbo-Croatian).<a href="#cite_note-Gak-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200265-67">[67]</a> Newspapers, radio and television studios used sixteen languages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200281-68">[68]</a> fourteen were used as languages of tuition in schools, and nine at universities.<a href="#cite_note-Gak-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200273–79-69">[69]</a> Only the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> used Serbo-Croatian as the sole language of command, with all other languages represented in the army's other activities—however, this is not different from other armies of multilingual states,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum200269–80-70">[70]</a> or in other specific institutions, such as international air traffic control where English is used worldwide. All variants of Serbo-Croatian were used in state administration and republican and federal institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Gak-64">[64]</a> Both Serbian and Croatian variants were represented in respectively different grammar books, dictionaries, school textbooks and in books known as pravopis (which detail spelling rules).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić2010291–292-71">[71]</a> Serbo-Croatian was a kind of soft standardisation.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> However, legal equality could not dampen the prestige Serbo-Croatian had: since it was the language of three quarters of the population, it functioned as an unofficial lingua franca.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić2010294–295-73">[73]</a> And within Serbo-Croatian, the Serbian variant, with twice as many speakers as the Croatian,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröschel200938-74">[74]</a> enjoyed greater prestige, reinforced by the fact that Slovene and Macedonian speakers preferred it to the Croatian variant because their languages are also Ekavian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić2010299-75">[75]</a> This is a common situation in other pluricentric languages, e.g. the variants of German differ according to their prestige, the variants of Portuguese too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon1995484,_494–497-76">[76]</a> Moreover, all languages differ in terms of prestige: "the fact is that languages (in terms of prestige, learnability etc.) are not equal, and the law cannot make them equal".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h4></div> <ul><li>1921 constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Serbs,_Croats,_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes">Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes</a>, Article 3: "The official language of the Kingdom is Serbo-Croato-Slovene." (Latin script: Službeni jezik Kraljevine je srpsko-hrvatski-slovenački.; Cyrillic script: Службени језик Краљевине је српско-хрватски-словеначки.).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Busch2004-19">[19]</a></li> <li>1931 constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, Article 3: "The official language of the Kingdom is Serbo-Croato-Slovene".<a href="#cite_note-Busch2004-19">[19]</a></li> <li>1963 constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>: <ul><li>Article 42: "The languages of the peoples of Yugoslavia and their scripts shall be equal. Members of the peoples of Yugoslavia on the territories of republics other than their own shall have the right to school instruction in their own languages, in conformity with republican law. As an exception, in the Yugoslav People's Army, commands, military drill and administration shall be in the Serbo-Croatian language."<a href="#cite_note-1963_constitution-79">[79]</a></li> <li>Article 131: "The federal laws and other general acts of the federal organs shall be made public in the official gazette of the Federation, in the authentic texts in the languages of the peoples of Yugoslavia: in Serbo-Croatian and Croato-Serbian, Slovene and Macedonian. In official communication the organs of the Federation shall abide by the principle of equality of languages of the peoples of Yugoslavia."<a href="#cite_note-1963_constitution-79">[79]</a></li></ul></li> <li>1974 constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo</a>, Article 5: "In the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, the equality of the Albanian, Serbo-Croatian and Turkish languages and their scripts is guaranteed."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>1990 constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">(Socialist) Republic of Serbia</a>, Article 8: "In the Republic of Serbia, the Serbo-Croatian language and the Cyrillic alphabet are in official use, while the Latin alphabet is in official use in the manner established by law."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li>1993 constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, Article 4: "In the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbo-Croatian or Croatian-Serbian language with the Ijekavian pronunciation is in official use. Both scripts — Latin and Cyrillic, are equal."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li></ul> The 1946, 1953, and 1974 constitutions of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia did not name specific official languages at the federal level. The 1992 constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, in 2003 renamed <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a>, stated in Article 15: "In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Serbian language in its ekavian and ijekavian dialects and the Cyrillic script shall be official, while the Latin script shall be in official use as provided for by the Constitution and law."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_developments">Modern developments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_secessionism#In_Serbo-Croatian" title="Language secessionism">Language secessionism § In Serbo-Croatian</a></div> In 2017, the "<a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Common_Language" title="Declaration on the Common Language">Declaration on the Common Language</a>" (Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku) was signed by a group of NGOs and linguists from <a href="/wiki/Yugosphere" title="Yugosphere">former Yugoslavia</a>. It states that all standardized variants belong to a common polycentric language with equal status.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Serbo-Croatian_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Map_of_Serbo-Croatian_language.png/300px-Map_of_Serbo-Croatian_language.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Map_of_Serbo-Croatian_language.png/450px-Map_of_Serbo-Croatian_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Map_of_Serbo-Croatian_language.png/600px-Map_of_Serbo-Croatian_language.png 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries where a standard form of Serbo-Croatian is an official language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries where one or more forms are designated as minority languages</div></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Serbo-Croatian" title="Special:EditPage/Serbo-Croatian">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> About 18 million people declare their native language as either 'Bosnian', 'Croatian', 'Serbian', 'Montenegrin', or 'Serbo-Croatian'.<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a> Serbian is spoken by 10 million people around the world, mostly in Serbia (7.8 million), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1.2 million), and Montenegro (300,000). Besides these, Serbian minorities are found in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-e25srp-86">[86]</a> In Serbia, there are about 760,000 second-language speakers of Serbian, including Hungarians in <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and the 400,000 estimated Roma. In <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, Serbian is spoken by the members of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Serbian minority</a> which approximates between 70,000 and 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Familiarity of <a href="/wiki/Kosovar_Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovar Albanians">Kosovar Albanians</a> with Serbian varies depending on age and education, and exact numbers are not available. Croatian is spoken by 6.8 million people in the world, including 4.1 million in Croatia and 600,000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-e25hrv-89">[89]</a> A small Croatian minority that lives in Italy, known as <a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a>, have somewhat preserved traces of Croatian. In Croatia, 170,000, mostly <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, use it as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>. Bosnian is spoken by 2.7 million people worldwide, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, including 2.0 million in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 200,000 in Serbia and 40,000 in Montenegro.<a href="#cite_note-e25bos-90">[90]</a> Montenegrin is spoken by 300,000 people globally.<a href="#cite_note-e25cnr-91">[91]</a> The notion of Montenegrin as a separate standard from Serbian is relatively recent. In the 2011 census, around 229,251 Montenegrins, of the country's 620,000, declared Montenegrin as their native language. That figure is likely to increase, due to the country's independence and strong institutional backing of the Montenegrin language. Serbo-Croatian is also a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Slovenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenians">Slovenians</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, especially those born during the time of Yugoslavia. According to the 2002 census, Serbo-Croatian and its variants have the largest number of speakers of the minority languages in Slovenia.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Outside the Balkans, there are over two million native speakers of the language(s), especially in countries which are frequent targets of immigration, such as Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, and the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gramatika_i_stilistika_hrvatskoga_ili_srpskoga_knjizevnoga_jezika.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gramatika_i_stilistika_hrvatskoga_ili_srpskoga_knjizevnoga_jezika.JPG/220px-Gramatika_i_stilistika_hrvatskoga_ili_srpskoga_knjizevnoga_jezika.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gramatika_i_stilistika_hrvatskoga_ili_srpskoga_knjizevnoga_jezika.JPG/330px-Gramatika_i_stilistika_hrvatskoga_ili_srpskoga_knjizevnoga_jezika.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Gramatika_i_stilistika_hrvatskoga_ili_srpskoga_knjizevnoga_jezika.JPG 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tomislav_Mareti%C4%87" title="Tomislav Maretić">Tomislav Maretić</a>'s 1899 Grammar of Croatian or Serbian</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian grammar</a></div> Serbo-Croatian is a highly <a href="/wiki/Inflected_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected language">inflected language</a>. Traditional grammars list seven <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> for <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>, reflecting the original seven cases of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a>, and indeed older forms of Serbo-Croatian itself. However, in modern <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Shtokavian</a> the locative has almost merged into dative (the only difference is based on accent in some cases), and the other cases can be shown declining; namely: <ul><li>For all nouns and adjectives, the instrumental, dative, and locative forms are identical (at least orthographically) in the plural: ženama, ženama, ženama; očima, očima, očima; riječima, riječima, riječima.</li> <li>There is an accentual difference between the genitive <a href="/wiki/Singular_(grammatical_number)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular (grammatical number)">singular</a> and genitive <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> of masculine and neuter nouns, which are otherwise homonyms (seljáka, seljaka) except that on occasion an <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology#Fleeting_a" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">"a"</a> (which might or might not appear in the singular) is filled between the last letter of the root and the genitive plural ending (kapitalizma, kapitalizama).</li> <li>The old instrumental ending "ju" of the feminine consonant stems and in some cases the "a" of the genitive plural of certain other sorts of feminine nouns is fast yielding to "i": noći instead of noćju, borbi instead of boraba and so forth.</li> <li>Almost every Shtokavian number is indeclinable, and numbers after prepositions have not been declined for a long time.</li></ul> Like most Slavic languages, there are mostly three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> for nouns: masculine, feminine, and neuter, a distinction which is still present even in the plural (unlike <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and, in part, the <a href="/wiki/Chakavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakavian dialect">Čakavian dialect</a>). They also have two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>: singular and plural. However, some consider there to be three numbers (<a href="/wiki/Paucal" class="mw-redirect" title="Paucal">paucal</a> or dual, too), since (still preserved in closely related <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>) after two (dva, dvije/dve), three (tri) and four (četiri), and all numbers ending in them (e.g. twenty-two, ninety-three, one hundred four, but not twelve through fourteen) the genitive singular is used, and after all other numbers five (pet) and up, the genitive plural is used. (The number one [jedan] is treated as an adjective.) Adjectives are placed in front of the noun they modify and must agree in both case and number with it. There are seven <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a> for verbs: <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a>, <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a>, exact future, <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">aorist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a>; and three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>. However, the latter three tenses are typically used only in Shtokavian writing, and the time sequence of the exact future is more commonly formed through an alternative construction. In addition, like most Slavic languages, the Shtokavian verb also has one of two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspects</a>: <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a> or <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a>. Most verbs come in pairs, with the perfective verb being created out of the imperfective by adding a <a href="/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefix</a> or making a stem change. The imperfective aspect typically indicates that the action is unfinished, in progress, or repetitive; while the perfective aspect typically denotes that the action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration. Some Štokavian tenses (namely, aorist and imperfect) favor a particular aspect (but they are rarer or absent in Čakavian and Kajkavian). Actually, aspects "compensate" for the relative lack of tenses, because verbal aspect determines whether the act is completed or in progress in the referred time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian phonology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> The Serbo-Croatian <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> system is simple, with only five vowels in Shtokavian. All vowels are <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a>. The oral vowels are as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin script </th> <th>Cyrillic script </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th>Description </th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">a </td> <td style="text-align:center;">а </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/a/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">open central unrounded</a> </td> <td>father </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">e </td> <td style="text-align:center;">е </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/e/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">mid front unrounded</a> </td> <td>den </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">i </td> <td style="text-align:center;">и </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/i/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">close front unrounded</a> </td> <td>seek </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">o </td> <td style="text-align:center;">о </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/o/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">mid back rounded</a> </td> <td>lord </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">u </td> <td style="text-align:center;">у </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/u/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">close back rounded</a> </td> <td>pool </td></tr></tbody></table> The vowels can be short or long, but the phonetic quality does not change depending on the length. In a word, vowels can be long in the stressed syllable and the syllables following it, never in the ones preceding it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> system is more complicated, and its characteristic features are series of <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> consonants. As in English, <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voice</a> is <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspiration</a> is not. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin script </th> <th>Cyrillic script </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th>Description<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić20065-94">[94]</a> </th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trill</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">r </td> <td style="text-align:center;">р </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/r/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> </td> <td>rolled (vibrating) r as in carramba </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Approximants" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximants">approximants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">v </td> <td style="text-align:center;">в </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/ʋ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental approximant">labiodental approximant</a> </td> <td>roughly between vortex and war </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">j </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ј </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/j/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">palatal approximant</a> </td> <td>year </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">laterals</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">l </td> <td style="text-align:center;">л </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/l/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">alveolar lateral approximant</a> </td> <td>light </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">lj </td> <td style="text-align:center;">љ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/ʎ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal lateral approximant">palatal lateral approximant</a> </td> <td>roughly battalion </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasals</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">m </td> <td style="text-align:center;">м </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/m/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal">bilabial nasal</a> </td> <td>man </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">n </td> <td style="text-align:center;">н </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/n/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal">alveolar nasal</a> </td> <td>not </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">nj </td> <td style="text-align:center;">њ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/ɲ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal">palatal nasal</a> </td> <td>British news or American canyon </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Fricatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricatives">fricatives</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">f </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ф </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/f/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">voiceless labiodental fricative</a> </td> <td>five </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">z </td> <td style="text-align:center;">з </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/z/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant">voiced dental sibilant</a> </td> <td>zero </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">s </td> <td style="text-align:center;">с </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/s/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant">voiceless dental sibilant</a> </td> <td>some </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">ž </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ж </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/ʒ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">voiced postalveolar fricative</a> </td> <td>television </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">š </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ш </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/ʃ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a> </td> <td>sharp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">h </td> <td style="text-align:center;">х </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/x/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> </td> <td>loch </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Affricates" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricates">affricates</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">c </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ц </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/t͡s/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">voiceless dental affricate</a> </td> <td>pots </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">dž </td> <td style="text-align:center;">џ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/d͡ʒ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">voiced postalveolar affricate</a> </td> <td>as English jam </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">č </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ч </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/t͡ʃ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">voiceless postalveolar affricate</a> </td> <td>as English check </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">đ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ђ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/d͡ʑ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">voiced alveolo-palatal affricate</a> </td> <td>roughly jeans </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">ć </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ћ </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/t͡ɕ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate</a> </td> <td>roughly cheese </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Plosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosives">plosives</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">b </td> <td style="text-align:center;">б </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/b/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">voiced bilabial plosive</a> </td> <td>book </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">p </td> <td style="text-align:center;">п </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/p/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">voiceless bilabial plosive</a> </td> <td>top </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">d </td> <td style="text-align:center;">д </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/d/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">voiced dental plosive</a> </td> <td>dog </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">t </td> <td style="text-align:center;">т </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/t/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">voiceless dental plosive</a> </td> <td>stop </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">g </td> <td style="text-align:center;">г </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/ɡ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced velar plosive</a> </td> <td>good </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">k </td> <td style="text-align:center;">к </td> <td style="text-align:center;">/k/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">voiceless velar plosive</a> </td> <td>duck </td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> all consonants are either voiced or voiceless. All the consonants are voiced if the last consonant is normally voiced or voiceless if the last consonant is normally voiceless. This rule does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximants</a> – a consonant cluster may contain voiced approximants and voiceless consonants; as well as to foreign words (Washington would be transcribed as VašinGton), personal names and when consonants are not inside of one syllable. /r/ can be syllabic, playing the role of the syllable nucleus in certain words (occasionally, it can even have a long accent). For example, the <a href="/wiki/Tongue-twister" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongue-twister">tongue-twister</a> navrh brda vrba mrda involves four words with syllabic /r/. A similar feature exists in <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>. Very rarely other sonorants can be syllabic, like /l/ (in bicikl), /ʎ/ (surname Štarklj), /n/ (unit njutn), as well as /m/ and /ɲ/ in <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pitch_accent">Pitch accent</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent#Serbo-Croatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">Pitch accent § Serbo-Croatian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology#Pitch_accent" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian phonology § Pitch accent</a></div> Apart from <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, Serbo-Croatian is the only Slavic language with a <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> (simple <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>) system. This feature is present in some other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>. Neo-Shtokavian Serbo-Croatian, which is used as the basis for standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian, has four "accents", which involve either a <a href="/wiki/Tone_contour" title="Tone contour">rising or falling tone</a> on either long or short vowels, with optional post-tonic lengths: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Serbo-Croatian accent system </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Slavicist symbol</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbol</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>e</td> <td>[e]</td> <td align="left">non-tonic short vowel </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>ē</td> <td>[eː]</td> <td align="left">non-tonic long vowel </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>è</td> <td>[ě]</td> <td align="left">short vowel with rising tone </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>é</td> <td>[ěː]</td> <td align="left">long vowel with rising tone </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>ȅ</td> <td>[ê]</td> <td align="left">short vowel with falling tone </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>ȇ</td> <td>[êː]</td> <td align="left">long vowel with falling tone </td></tr></tbody></table> The tone stressed vowels can be approximated in English with set vs. setting? said in isolation for a short tonic e, or leave vs. leaving? for a long tonic i, due to the <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a> of final stressed syllables in English. General accent rules in the standard language: <ol><li>Monosyllabic words may have only a falling tone (or no accent at all – <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitics</a>);</li> <li>Falling tone may occur only on the first syllable of polysyllabic words;</li> <li>Accent can never occur on the last syllable of polysyllabic words.</li></ol> There are no other rules for accent placement, thus the accent of every word must be learned individually; furthermore, in inflection, accent shifts are common, both in type and position (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Mobile_paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile paradigm">mobile paradigms</a>"). The second rule is not strictly obeyed, especially in borrowed words. Comparative and historical linguistics offers some clues for memorising the accent position: If one compares many standard Serbo-Croatian words to e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> Russian words, the accent in the Serbo-Croatian word will be one syllable before the one in the Russian word, with the rising tone. Historically, the rising tone appeared when the place of the accent shifted to the preceding syllable (the so-called "Neo-Shtokavian retraction"), but the quality of this new accent was different – its melody still "gravitated" towards the original syllable. Most Shtokavian (Neo-Shtokavian) dialects underwent this shift, but Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old-Shtokavian dialects did not. Accent diacritics are not used in the ordinary orthography, but only in the linguistic or language-learning literature (e.g. dictionaries, orthography and grammar books). However, there are very few <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> where an error in accent can lead to misunderstanding. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Serbo-Croatian" title="Special:EditPage/Serbo-Croatian">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (December 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Serbo-Croatian orthography is almost entirely phonetic. Thus, most words should be spelled as they are pronounced. In practice, the writing system does not take into account <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> which occur as a result of interaction between words: <ul><li>bit će – pronounced biće (and only written separately in Bosnian and Croatian)</li> <li>od toga – pronounced otoga (in many vernaculars)</li> <li>iz čega – pronounced iščega (in many vernaculars)</li></ul> Also, there are some exceptions, mostly applied to foreign words and compounds, that favor morphological/etymological over phonetic spelling: <ul><li>postdiplomski (postgraduate) – pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[pôzdiploːmskiː]</a></li></ul> One systemic exception is that the consonant clusters ds and dš are not respelled as ts and tš (although d tends to be unvoiced in normal speech in such clusters): <ul><li>predstava <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[prětstaʋa]</a> (show)</li> <li>odšteta <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[ôtʃteta]</a> (damages)</li></ul> Only a few words are intentionally "misspelled", mostly in order to resolve ambiguity: <ul><li>šeststo <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[ʃêːsto]</a> (six hundred) – pronounced šesto (to avoid confusion with "šesto" [sixth], pronounced the same)</li> <li>prstni <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[př̩sniː]</a> (adj., finger) – pronounced prsni (to avoid confusion with "prsni" <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[pr̩̂sniː]</a> [adj., chest]), differentiated by tone in some areas (where the short rising tone contrasts with the short falling tone).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj's Latin alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic alphabet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav Braille</a></div> Through history, this language has been written in a number of writing systems: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a>, chiefly in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosan%C4%8Dica" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosančica">Bosančica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Arebica</a> (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>.</li> <li>various modifications of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> alphabets.</li></ul> The oldest texts since the 11th century are in <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a>, and the oldest preserved text written completely in the Latin alphabet is Red i zakon sestara reda Svetog Dominika, from 1345. The Arabic alphabet had been used by <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>; Greek writing is out of use there, and Arabic and Glagolitic persisted so far partly in religious liturgies. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was revised by <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Stefanovi%C4%87_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Vuk Stefanović Karadžić">Vuk Stefanović Karadžić</a> in the 19th century. The Croatian Latin alphabet (<a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gajica</a>) followed suit shortly afterwards, when <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Gaj" title="Ljudevit Gaj">Ljudevit Gaj</a> defined it as standard <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> with five extra letters that had <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>, apparently borrowing much from <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, but also from <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, and inventing the unique <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> ⟨lj⟩, ⟨nj⟩ and ⟨dž⟩. These digraphs are represented as ⟨<a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">ļ</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%83" title="Ń">ń</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C7%B4" title="Ǵ">ǵ</a>⟩ respectively in the Rječnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika, published by the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts">Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The latter digraphs, however, are unused in the literary standard of the language. All in all, this makes Serbo-Croatian the only Slavic language to officially use both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, albeit the Latin version is more commonly used. In both cases, spelling is phonetic and spellings in the two alphabets map to each other one-to-one: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Latin to Cyrillic </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>A</td> <td>a</td> <td>B</td> <td>b</td> <td>C</td> <td>c</td> <td>Č</td> <td>č</td> <td>Ć</td> <td>ć</td> <td>D</td> <td>d</td> <td>Dž</td> <td>dž</td> <td>Đ</td> <td>đ</td> <td>E</td> <td>e</td> <td>F</td> <td>f</td> <td>G</td> <td>g</td> <td>H</td> <td>h</td> <td>I</td> <td>i</td> <td>J</td> <td>j</td> <td>K</td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <td>А</td> <td>а</td> <td>Б</td> <td>б</td> <td>Ц</td> <td>ц</td> <td>Ч</td> <td>ч</td> <td>Ћ</td> <td>ћ</td> <td>Д</td> <td>д</td> <td>Џ</td> <td>џ</td> <td>Ђ</td> <td>ђ</td> <td>Е</td> <td>е</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>ф</td> <td>Г</td> <td>г</td> <td>Х</td> <td>х</td> <td>И</td> <td>и</td> <td>Ј</td> <td>ј</td> <td>К</td> <td>к </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="30" style="height: 2px;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>L</td> <td>l</td> <td>Lj</td> <td>lj</td> <td>M</td> <td>m</td> <td>N</td> <td>n</td> <td>Nj</td> <td>nj</td> <td>O</td> <td>o</td> <td>P</td> <td>p</td> <td>R</td> <td>r</td> <td>S</td> <td>s</td> <td>Š</td> <td>š</td> <td>T</td> <td>t</td> <td>U</td> <td>u</td> <td>V</td> <td>v</td> <td>Z</td> <td>z</td> <td>Ž</td> <td>ž </td></tr> <tr> <td>Л</td> <td>л</td> <td>Љ</td> <td>љ</td> <td>М</td> <td>м</td> <td>Н</td> <td>н</td> <td>Њ</td> <td>њ</td> <td>О</td> <td>о</td> <td>П</td> <td>п</td> <td>Р</td> <td>р</td> <td>С</td> <td>с</td> <td>Ш</td> <td>ш</td> <td>Т</td> <td>т</td> <td>У</td> <td>у</td> <td>В</td> <td>в</td> <td>З</td> <td>з</td> <td>Ж</td> <td>ж </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cyrillic to Latin </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А</td> <td>а</td> <td>Б</td> <td>б</td> <td>В</td> <td>в</td> <td>Г</td> <td>г</td> <td>Д</td> <td>д</td> <td>Ђ</td> <td>ђ</td> <td>Е</td> <td>е</td> <td>Ж</td> <td>ж</td> <td>З</td> <td>з</td> <td>И</td> <td>и</td> <td>Ј</td> <td>ј</td> <td>К</td> <td>к</td> <td>Л</td> <td>л</td> <td>Љ</td> <td>љ</td> <td>М</td> <td>м </td></tr> <tr> <td>A</td> <td>a</td> <td>B</td> <td>b</td> <td>V</td> <td>v</td> <td>G</td> <td>g</td> <td>D</td> <td>d</td> <td>Đ</td> <td>đ</td> <td>E</td> <td>e</td> <td>Ž</td> <td>ž</td> <td>Z</td> <td>z</td> <td>I</td> <td>i</td> <td>J</td> <td>j</td> <td>K</td> <td>k</td> <td>L</td> <td>l</td> <td>Lj</td> <td>lj</td> <td>M</td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="30" style="height: 2px;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Н</td> <td>н</td> <td>Њ</td> <td>њ</td> <td>О</td> <td>о</td> <td>П</td> <td>п</td> <td>Р</td> <td>р</td> <td>С</td> <td>с</td> <td>Т</td> <td>т</td> <td>Ћ</td> <td>ћ</td> <td>У</td> <td>у</td> <td>Ф</td> <td>ф</td> <td>Х</td> <td>х</td> <td>Ц</td> <td>ц</td> <td>Ч</td> <td>ч</td> <td>Џ</td> <td>џ</td> <td>Ш</td> <td>ш </td></tr> <tr> <td>N</td> <td>n</td> <td>Nj</td> <td>nj</td> <td>O</td> <td>o</td> <td>P</td> <td>p</td> <td>R</td> <td>r</td> <td>S</td> <td>s</td> <td>T</td> <td>t</td> <td>Ć</td> <td>ć</td> <td>U</td> <td>u</td> <td>F</td> <td>f</td> <td>H</td> <td>h</td> <td>C</td> <td>c</td> <td>Č</td> <td>č</td> <td>Dž</td> <td>dž</td> <td>Š</td> <td>š </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>Sample collation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Latin collation order </th> <th rowspan="2">Cyrillic collation order </th></tr> <tr> <th>Latin </th> <th>Cyrillic equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ina </td> <td>Ина </td> <td>Ина </td></tr> <tr> <td>Injekcija </td> <td>Инјекција </td> <td>Инјекција </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inverzija </td> <td>Инверзија </td> <td>Инверзија </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inje </td> <td>Иње </td> <td>Иње </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> Lj, Nj and Dž represent distinct <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> and are considered to be single letters. In crosswords, they are put into a single square, and in <a href="/wiki/Sorting" title="Sorting">sorting</a>, lj follows l and nj follows n, except in a few words where the individual letters are pronounced separately. For instance, nadživ(j)eti "to outlive" is composed of the prefix nad- "out, over" and the verb živ(j)eti "to live". The Cyrillic alphabet avoids such ambiguity by providing a single letter for each phoneme: наджив(ј)ети. Đ used to be commonly written as Dj on typewriters, but that practice led to too many ambiguities. It is also used on car <a href="/wiki/License_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="License plate">license plates</a>. Today Dj is often used again in place of Đ on the Internet as a replacement due to the lack of installed Serbo-Croat keyboard layouts. Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin standards officially use both alphabets, while Croatian uses the Latin only. Latin script has been <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">rising in popularity</a> in Serbia with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital age">digital age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Serbia" title="Internet in Serbia">Internet in Serbia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-martinovic-96">[96]</a> whether due to restraints (Cyrillic letters use up twice the space and therefore cost on <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>), accessibility (intention to be readable internationally, as Latin is taught in all four countries speaking the language) or ease of use. This has been perceived by Serbian government officials as a suppression and threat for existence of the national script that is Cyrillic, with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Information_(Serbia)" title="Ministry of Culture and Information (Serbia)">Ministry of Culture and Information</a> of Serbia pushing for more tight language laws on top of those stipulated by the existing <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-martinovic-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a>, adopted in 2009, provides replacements of sj and zj with an addition of <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> on s and z, forming ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%9A" title="Ś">ś</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%B9" title="Ź">ź</a>⟩ in both Latin and Cyrillic, but they remain largely unused, even by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Montenegro" title="Parliament of Montenegro">Parliament of Montenegro</a> which introduced them.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> An experimental alphabet called '<a href="/wiki/Slavica_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavica alphabet">Slavica</a> [<a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavica_(pismo)" class="extiw" title="sh:Slavica (pismo)">sh</a>]' fusing Latin and Cyrillic was devised by linguistic amateur <a href="/wiki/Rajko_Igi%C4%87" title="Rajko Igić">Rajko Igić</a> in 1986 and published in his 1987 book Nova slovarica in a quixotic attempt to mend the linguistic differences and ambiguities between the two alphabets, carefully avoiding <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> that look alike and following the principle of 'one <a href="/wiki/Phone_(phonetics)" title="Phone (phonetics)">sound</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letter</a>' already accomplished by the Cyrillic alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> has separate characters for the digraphs lj (Ǉ, ǈ, ǉ), nj (Ǌ, ǋ, ǌ) and dž (Ǆ, ǅ, ǆ). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Serbo-Croatian" title="Dialects of Serbo-Croatian">Dialects of Serbo-Croatian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum#South_Slavic_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">South Slavic dialect continuum</a></div> South Slavic historically formed a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum#South_Slavic_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>, i.e. each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance. However, migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> on the Balkans have caused large-scale population displacement that broke the dialect continuum into many geographical pockets. Migrations in the 20th century, primarily caused by <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> and wars, also contributed to the reduction of dialectal differences. The primary dialects are named after the most common question word for what: <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Shtokavian</a> uses the pronoun što or šta, <a href="/wiki/Chakavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakavian dialect">Chakavian</a> uses ča or ca, <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kajkavian dialect">Kajkavian (kajkavski)</a>, kaj or kej. In native terminology they are referred to as nar(j)ečje, which would be equivalent of "group of dialects", whereas their many subdialects are referred to as dijalekti "dialects" or govori "speeches". The pluricentric Serbo-Croatian standard language and all four contemporary standard variants <a href="/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages#Distance_between_ausbau_languages" title="Abstand and ausbau languages">are based</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian</a> subdialect of Neo-Shtokavian. Other dialects are not taught in schools or used by the state media. The <a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian dialect</a> is often added to the list, though sources usually note that it is a transitional dialect between Shtokavian and the Bulgaro-Macedonian dialects. <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbo_croatian_dialects_historical_distribution_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Serbo_croatian_dialects_historical_distribution_2.png/220px-Serbo_croatian_dialects_historical_distribution_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Serbo_croatian_dialects_historical_distribution_2.png/330px-Serbo_croatian_dialects_historical_distribution_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Serbo_croatian_dialects_historical_distribution_2.png/440px-Serbo_croatian_dialects_historical_distribution_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>Likely distribution of major dialects prior to the 16th-century migrations</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shtokavian_subdialects1988_incl_Slovenia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Shtokavian_subdialects1988_incl_Slovenia.png/220px-Shtokavian_subdialects1988_incl_Slovenia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Shtokavian_subdialects1988_incl_Slovenia.png/330px-Shtokavian_subdialects1988_incl_Slovenia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Shtokavian_subdialects1988_incl_Slovenia.png/440px-Shtokavian_subdialects1988_incl_Slovenia.png 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>Shtokavian subdialects (Pavle Ivić, 1988). Yellow is the widespread Eastern Herzegovinian subdialect that forms the basis of all national standards, though it is not spoken natively in any of the capital cities.</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croatian_dialects.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Croatian_dialects.PNG/220px-Croatian_dialects.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Croatian_dialects.PNG/330px-Croatian_dialects.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Croatian_dialects.PNG/440px-Croatian_dialects.PNG 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mid-20th-century distribution of dialects in Croatia</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Serbo-Croatian dialects differ not only in the question word they are named after, but also heavily in phonology, accentuation and intonation, case endings and tense system (morphology) and basic vocabulary. In the past, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects were spoken on a much larger territory, but have been replaced by Štokavian during the period of migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans in the 15th and the 16th centuries. These migrations caused the koinéisation of the Shtokavian dialects, that used to form the West Shtokavian (more closer and transitional towards the neighbouring Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects) and East Shtokavian (transitional towards the Torlakian and the whole Bulgaro-Macedonian area) dialect bundles, and their subsequent spread at the expense of Chakavian and Kajkavian. As a result, Štokavian now covers an area larger than all the other dialects combined, and continues to make its progress in the enclaves where non-literary dialects are still being spoken.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The differences among the dialects can be illustrated on the example of <a href="/wiki/Schleicher%27s_fable" title="Schleicher's fable">Schleicher's fable</a>. Diacritic signs are used to show the difference in accents and prosody, which are often quite significant, but which are not reflected in the usual orthography. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-5"> <dl><dd>Neo-Štokavian Ijekavian/Ekavian</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Óvca i kònji</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Óvca koja níje ìmala vȕnē vȉd(j)ela je kònje na br(ij)égu. Jèdan je òd njīh vȗkao téška kȍla, drȕgī je nòsio vèliku vrȅću, a trȅćī je nòsio čòv(j)eka.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Óvca rȅče kònjima: «Sȑce me bòlī glȅdajūći čòv(j)eka kako jȁšē na kònju».</dd></dl> <dl><dd>A kònji rȅkoše: «Slȕšāj, ȏvco, nȃs sȑca bòlē kada vȉdīmo da čòv(j)ek, gospòdār, rȃdī vȕnu od ovácā i prȁvī òd(j)eću zá se. I ȍndā óvca nȇmā vȉše vȕnē.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Čȗvši tō, óvca pȍb(j)eže ȕ polje.</dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-5"> <dl><dd>Old Štokavian (<a href="/wiki/Orubica" title="Orubica">Orubica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posavina" title="Posavina">Posavina</a>):</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Óvca i kònji</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Óvca kòjā nî ìmala vȕnē vȉdla kònje na brîgu. Jèdān od njȉjū vũkō tȇška kȍla, drȕgī nosȉjo vȅlikū vrȅću, a trȅćī nosȉjo čovȉka.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Óvca kȃza kȍnjima: «Svȅ me bolĩ kad glȅdām kako čòvik na kònju jȁšī».</dd></dl> <dl><dd>A kònji kāzȁše: «Slȕšāj, ȏvco, nãs sȑca bolũ kad vȉdīmo da čòvik, gȁzda, prȁvī vȕnu od ovãc i prȁvī rȍbu zá se od njẽ. I ȍndā ōvcȁ néma vȉšē vȕnē.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Kad tȏ čȕ ōvcȁ, ȕteče ȕ polje.</dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-5"> <dl><dd>Čakavian (<a href="/wiki/Matulji" title="Matulji">Matulji</a> near Rijeka):</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Ovcȁ i konjı̏</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Ovcȁ kȃ ni imȅla vȕni vȉdela je konjȉ na brȇge. Jedȃn je vȗkal tȇški vȏz, drȕgi je nosîl vȅlu vrȅt'u, a trȅt'i je nosîl čovȅka.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Ovcȁ je reklȁ konjȇn: «Sȑce me bolĩ dok glȅdan čovȅka kako jȁše na konjȅ».</dd></dl> <dl><dd>A konjȉ su reklȉ: «Poslȕšaj, ovcȁ, nȃs sȑca bolẽ kad vȉdimo da čovȅk, gospodãr dȅla vȕnu od ovãc i dȅla rȍbu zȃ se. I ȍnda ovcȁ nĩma vȉše vȕni.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Kad je tȏ čȕla, ovcȁ je pobȅgla va pȍje.</dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-5"> <dl><dd>Kajkavian (<a href="/wiki/Marija_Bistrica" title="Marija Bistrica">Marija Bistrica</a>):</dd></dl> <dl><dd>õfca i kȍjni</dd></dl> <dl><dd>õfca tera nı̃je imȅ̩la vȕne vȉdla je kȍjne na briẽgu. Jȇn od nîh je vlẽ̩ke̩l tẽška kȍla, drȕgi je nȍsil vȅliku vrȅ̩ču, a trẽjti je nȍsil čovȅ̩ka.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>õfca je rȇkla kȍjnem: «Sȑce me bolĩ kad vîdim čovȅka kak jȃše na kȍjnu».</dd></dl> <dl><dd>A kȍjni su rȇkli: «Poslȕhni, õfca, nȃs sȑca bolĩju kad vîdime da čȍve̩k, gospodãr, dȇ̩la vȕnu ot õfci i dȇ̩la oblȅ̩ku zȃ se. I ȏnda õfca nȇma vȉše vȕne.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Kad je to čȗla, õfca je pobȇ̩gla f pȍlje.</dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-5"> <dl><dd>English language</dd></dl> <dl><dd>The Sheep and the Horses</dd></dl> <dl><dd>[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses".</dd></dl> <dl><dd>The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool".</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.</dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-5"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_by_jat_reflex">Division by jat reflex</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yat" title="Yat">yat</a></div> A series of <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a> crosscuts the main dialects. The modern reflexes of the long <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Common Slavic</a> vowel <a href="/wiki/Yat" title="Yat">jat</a>, usually transcribed *ě, vary by location as /i/, /e/, and /ije/ or /je/. Local varieties of the dialects are labeled Ikavian, Ekavian, and Ijekavian, respectively, depending on the reflex. The long and short jat is reflected as long or short */i/ and /e/ in Ikavian and Ekavian, but Ijekavian dialects introduce a ije/je alternation to retain a distinction. Standard Croatian and Bosnian are based on Ijekavian, whereas Serbian uses both Ekavian and Ijekavian forms (Ijekavian for Bosnian Serbs, Ekavian for most of Serbia). Influence of standard language through state media and education has caused non-standard varieties to lose ground to the literary forms. The jat-reflex rules are not without exception. For example, when short jat is preceded by r, in most Ijekavian dialects developed into /re/ or, occasionally, /ri/. The prefix prě- ("trans-, over-") when long became pre- in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije- in western dialects; in Ikavian pronunciation, it also evolved into pre- or prije- due to potential ambiguity with pri- ("approach, come close to"). For verbs that had -ěti in their infinitive, the past participle ending -ěl evolved into -io in Ijekavian Neo-Štokavian. The following are some examples: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Predecessor </th> <th>Ekavian </th> <th>Ikavian </th> <th>Ijekavian </th> <th>Ijekavian development </th></tr> <tr> <td>beautiful </td> <td>*lěp </td> <td>lep </td> <td>lip </td> <td>lijep </td> <td rowspan="2">long ě → ije </td></tr> <tr> <td>time </td> <td>*vrěme </td> <td>vreme </td> <td>vrime </td> <td>vrijeme </td></tr> <tr> <td>faith </td> <td>*věra </td> <td>vera </td> <td>vira </td> <td>vjera </td> <td>short ě → je </td></tr> <tr> <td>crossing </td> <td>*prělaz </td> <td>prelaz </td> <td>prеlaz or prijelaz </td> <td>prеlaz or prijelaz </td> <td>pr + long ě → prije </td></tr> <tr> <td>times </td> <td>*vrěmena </td> <td>vremena </td> <td>vrimena </td> <td>vremena </td> <td rowspan="2">r + short ě → re </td></tr> <tr> <td>need </td> <td>*trěbati </td> <td>trebati </td> <td>tribat(i) </td> <td>trebati </td></tr> <tr> <td>heat </td> <td>*grějati </td> <td>grejati </td> <td>grijati </td> <td>grijati </td> <td>r + short ě → ri </td></tr> <tr> <td>saw </td> <td>*viděl </td> <td>video </td> <td>vidio </td> <td>vidio </td> <td>ěl → io </td></tr> <tr> <td>village </td> <td>*selo </td> <td>selo </td> <td>selo </td> <td>selo </td> <td>e in root, not ě </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_sociolinguistic_situation">Present sociolinguistic situation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drina_Sa_Denifine_cigar_pack_wt_Serb_Cro_Bos_lg_warn_label.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Drina_Sa_Denifine_cigar_pack_wt_Serb_Cro_Bos_lg_warn_label.png/200px-Drina_Sa_Denifine_cigar_pack_wt_Serb_Cro_Bos_lg_warn_label.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Drina_Sa_Denifine_cigar_pack_wt_Serb_Cro_Bos_lg_warn_label.png/300px-Drina_Sa_Denifine_cigar_pack_wt_Serb_Cro_Bos_lg_warn_label.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Drina_Sa_Denifine_cigar_pack_wt_Serb_Cro_Bos_lg_warn_label.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>A "trilingual" warning sign in Latin and Cyrillic script on the pack of Drina cigarettes: all three inscriptions are identical.</figcaption></figure> The nature and classification of Serbo-Croatian has been the subject of long-standing sociolinguistic debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆalić2021The_debate_about_the_status_of_the_Serbo-Croatian_language_and_its_varieties_has_recently_shifted_(again)_towards_a_position_which_looks_at_the_internal_variation_within_Serbo-Croatian_through_the_prism_of_linguistic_pluricentricity_[...]_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆalić2021The_debate_about_the_status_of_the_Serbo-Croatian_language_and_its_varieties_has_recently_shifted_(again)_towards_a_position_which_looks_at_the_internal_variation_within_Serbo-Croatian_through_the_prism_of_linguistic_pluricentricity_[...]-102">[102]</a> The question is whether Serbo-Croatian should be called a single language or a cluster of closely related languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200413-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006XVII-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2013341-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_other_pluricentric_languages">Comparison with other pluricentric languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Common_Language" title="Declaration on the Common Language">Declaration on the Common Language</a></div> Linguist Enisa Kafadar argues that there is only one Serbo-Croatian language with several varieties.<a href="#cite_note-Kafadar-106">[106]</a> This has made it possible to include all four varieties in new grammars of the language.<a href="#cite_note-ThomasOsipov-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Daniel Bunčić concludes that it is a pluricentric language, with four standard variants spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, and Bosnia-Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-Buncic-108">[108]</a> The mutual intelligibility between their speakers "exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German, or Spanish".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2003325-109">[109]</a> "There is no doubt of the near 100% mutual intelligibility of (standard) Croatian and (standard) Serbian, as is obvious from the ability of all groups to enjoy each others' films, TV and sports broadcasts, newspapers, rock lyrics etc."<a href="#cite_note-Bailyn-110">[110]</a> Other linguists have argued that the differences between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant than those between the variants of English,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> German,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1996219-112">[112]</a> Dutch,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröschel2003180–181-113">[113]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2002125–126-114">[114]</a> Among pluricentric languages,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Serbo-Croatian was the only one with a pluricentric standardisation within one state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon199546-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The dissolution of Yugoslavia has made Serbo-Croatian even more of a typical pluricentric language, since the variants of other pluricentric languages are also spoken in different states.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> As in other pluricentric languages, all Serbo-Croatian standard varieties are based on the same dialect (the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian subdialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> dialect) and consequently, according to the sociolinguistic definitions, constitute a single pluricentric language (and not, for example, several <a href="/wiki/Ausbau_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausbau languages">Ausbau languages</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> According to linguist John Bailyn, "An examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system."<a href="#cite_note-Bailyn-110">[110]</a> In 2017, numerous prominent writers, scientists, journalists, activists and other public figures from Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia signed the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Common_Language" title="Declaration on the Common Language">Declaration on the Common Language</a>, which states that in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro a common <a href="/wiki/Polycentric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycentric language">polycentric standard language</a> is used, consisting of several standard varieties, such as German, English or Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_names">Contemporary names</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbo_croatian_languages2006_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Serbo_croatian_languages2006_02.png/220px-Serbo_croatian_languages2006_02.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Serbo_croatian_languages2006_02.png/330px-Serbo_croatian_languages2006_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Serbo_croatian_languages2006_02.png/440px-Serbo_croatian_languages2006_02.png 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="1542" /></a><figcaption>Ethno-political variants of Serbo-Croatian as of 2006</figcaption></figure> The use of Serbo-Croatian as a linguistic label has been the subject of long-standing controversy. Linguist <a href="/wiki/Wayles_Browne" title="Wayles Browne">Wayles Browne</a> calls it a "term of convenience" and notes the difference of opinion as to whether it comprises a single language or a cluster of languages.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-105">[105]</a> Ronelle Alexander refers to the national standards as three separate languages, but also notes that the reasons for this are complex and generally non-linguistic. She calls BCS (her term for Serbo-Croatian) a single language for communicative linguistic purposes, but three separate languages for symbolic non-linguistic purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006424–426-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2013341-104">[104]</a> The current Serbian constitution of 2006 refers to the official language as Serbian,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> while the Montenegrin constitution of 2007 proclaimed Montenegrin as the primary official language, but also grants other languages and dialects the right of official use.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <ul><li>Most <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> refer to their language as <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>.</li> <li>Most <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> refer to their language as <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>.</li> <li>Most <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> refer to their language as <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrins</a> refer to their language either as <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a>.</li> <li>Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a> refer to their language as <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a>, or as a sub-dialect of Serbo-Croatian.</li></ul> The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has specified different <a href="/wiki/Universal_Decimal_Classification" title="Universal Decimal Classification">Universal Decimal Classification</a> (UDC) numbers for Croatian (UDC 862, abbreviation hr) and Serbian (UDC 861, abbreviation sr), while the cover term Serbo-Croatian is used to refer to the combination of original signs (UDC 861/862, abbreviation sh). Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a> standard designates the Bosnian language with the abbreviations bos and bs. While it operated, the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a>, which had English and French as official languages, translated court proceedings and documents into what it referred to as "Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian", usually abbreviated as BCS. Translators were employed from all regions of the former Yugoslavia and all national and regional variations were accepted, regardless of the nationality of the person on trial (sometimes against a defendant's objections), on the grounds of mutual intelligibility.<a href="#cite_note-Prosecutor-130">[130]</a> For utilitarian purposes, Serbo-Croatian is often called "naš jezik" ("our language") or "naški" (sic. "ourish" or "ourian") by native speakers. This term is frequently used to describe Serbo-Croatian by those who wish to avoid nationalistic and linguistic discussions.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Native speakers traditionally describe their language as "jedan ali ne jedinstven"—"one but not uniform".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006425-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_of_linguists_in_the_former_Yugoslavia">Views of linguists in the former Yugoslavia</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbian_linguists">Serbian linguists</h4></div> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Board_for_Standardization_of_the_Serbian_Language" title="Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language">Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language</a> issued an opinion that Serbo-Croatian is one language, and that it should be referred to as "Serbian language", while "Croatian", "Bosnian" and "Montenegrin" are to be considered merely local names for Serbian language. This opinion was widely criticized by <a href="/wiki/Croatian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian government">Croatian government</a> and representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Serbia" title="Croats of Serbia">Croatian minority in Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Serbian linguist <a href="/wiki/Ranko_Bugarski" title="Ranko Bugarski">Ranko Bugarski</a> called this opinion "absurd" and "legacy of the 19th century linguistics". He said that Serbo-Croatian should be considered one language in a scientific sense under the "Serbo-Croatian" label, but four different languages in an administrative sense.<a href="#cite_note-Bugarski_o_jezicima-135">[135]</a> Legally, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are all officially recognized minority languages in Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-Bugarski_o_jezicima-135">[135]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Government">Serbian Government</a> also officially recognized <a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunjevac speech">Bunjevac language</a> as a standard minority language in 2018<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Serbia)" title="Ministry of Education (Serbia)">Serbian Ministry of Education</a> for learning in schools.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croatian_linguists">Croatian linguists</h4></div> The opinion of the majority of Croatian linguists[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] is that there has never been a Serbo-Croatian language, but two different standard languages that overlapped sometime in the course of history. However, Croatian linguist <a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Snježana Kordić</a> has been leading an academic discussion on this issue in the Croatian journal Književna republika<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> from 2001 to 2010.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In the discussion, she shows that linguistic criteria such as mutual intelligibility, the huge overlap in the linguistic system, and the same dialect basis of the standard language are evidence that Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are four national variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Igor Mandić states: "During the last ten years, it has been the longest, the most serious and most acrid discussion (…) in 21st-century Croatian culture".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Inspired by that discussion, a <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language_and_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian language and nationalism">monograph on language and nationalism</a> has been published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić2010-144">[144]</a> The view of the majority of Croatian linguists that there is no single Serbo-Croatian language but several different standard languages has been sharply criticized by German linguist <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Gr%C3%B6schel" title="Bernhard Gröschel">Bernhard Gröschel</a> in his monograph<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröschel2009-145">[145]</a> Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> A more detailed overview, incorporating arguments from Croatian philology and contemporary linguistics, would be as follows: <dl><dd>Serbo-Croatian is a language</dd> <dd>One still finds many references to Serbo-Croatian, and proponents of Serbo-Croatian who deny that Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins speak different languages. The usual argument generally goes along the following lines: <ul><li>Standard Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin are completely mutually intelligible.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In addition, they use two alphabets that perfectly match each other (<a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a>), thanks to Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadžić. Croats exclusively use Latin script and Serbs equally use both Cyrillic and Latin. Although Cyrillic is taught in Bosnia, most <a href="/wiki/Bosnians" title="Bosnians">Bosnians</a>, especially non-<a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Serbs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Croats</a>), favor Latin.</li> <li>The list of 100 words of the basic Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin vocabulary, as set out by Morris Swadesh, shows that all 100 words are identical.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> According to Swadesh, 81 per cent are sufficient to be considered as a single language.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li>Typologically and structurally, these standard variants have virtually the same grammar, i.e. morphology and syntax.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1996214-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian was standardised in the mid-19th century, and all subsequent attempts to dissolve its basic unity have not succeeded.</li> <li>The affirmation of distinct <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a> languages is politically motivated.</li> <li>According to <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, these standard variants are essentially one language because they are based on the same, <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Štokavian dialect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2002134-153">[153]</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Serbo-Croatian is not a language</dd> <dd>Similar arguments are made for other official standards which are drawn from identical or nearly identical material bases and which therefore constitute pluricentric languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a> (Malaysian Malay), and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> (together called <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>),<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Standard_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Hindi">Standard Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (together called <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu</a>).<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> However, some argue that these arguments have flaws:</dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>Phonology, morphology, and syntax are not the only dimensions of a language: other fields (semantics, pragmatics, stylistics, <a href="/wiki/Lexicology" title="Lexicology">lexicology</a>, etc.) also differ slightly. However, it is the case with other pluricentric languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon1995154–174-156">[156]</a> A comparison is made to the closely related <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a> (or dialects, if one prefers), though these are not fully mutually intelligible<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> as the Serbo-Croatian standards are. A closer comparison may be <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> in English, which are closer to each other than the latter is to other dialects which are subsumed under "<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>".</li> <li>Since the Croatian as recorded in <a href="/wiki/Marin_Dr%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Marin Držić">Držić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Gunduli%C4%87" title="Ivan Gundulić">Gundulić</a>'s works (16th and 17th centuries) is virtually the same as the contemporary standard Croatian (understandable archaisms apart), it is evident that the 19th-century formal standardization was just the final touch in the process that, as far as Croatian is concerned, had lasted more than three centuries. The radical break with the past, characteristic of modern Serbian (whose vernacular was likely not as similar to Croatian as it is today), is a trait completely at variance with Croatian linguistic history. In short, formal standardization processes for Croatian and Serbian had coincided chronologically (and, one could add, ideologically), but they have not produced a unified standard language. Gundulić did not write in "Serbo-Croatian", nor did <a href="/wiki/August_%C5%A0enoa" title="August Šenoa">August Šenoa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marko_Maruli%C4%87" title="Marko Marulić">Marko Marulić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marin_Dr%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Marin Držić">Marin Držić</a> wrote in a sophisticated idiom of Croatian some 300–350 years before "Serbo-Croatian ideology" appeared. Marulić explicitly called his Čakavian-written <a href="/wiki/Judita" title="Judita">Judita</a> as u uerish haruacchi slosena ("arranged in Croatian stanzas") in 1501, and the Štokavian grammar and dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Bartol_Ka%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Bartol Kašić">Bartol Kašić</a> written in 1604 unambiguously identifies the ethnonyms Slavic and Illyrian with Croatian.</li></ul></dd></dl> The linguistic debate in this region is more about politics than about linguistics per se. The topic of language for writers from <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> prior to the 19th century made a distinction only between speakers of <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_(South_Slavic)" title="Illyrian (South Slavic)">Slavic</a>, since those were the two main groups that inhabited Dalmatian city-states at that time. Whether someone spoke Croatian or Serbian was not an important distinction then, as the two languages were not distinguished by most speakers. However, most intellectuals and writers from Dalmatia who used the Štokavian dialect and practiced the Catholic faith saw themselves as part of a Croatian nation as far back as the mid-16th to 17th centuries, some 300 years before Serbo-Croatian ideology appeared. Their loyalty was first and foremost to Catholic Christendom, but when they professed an ethnic identity, they referred to themselves as "Slovin" and "Illyrian" (a sort of forerunner of Catholic baroque <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">pan-Slavism</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croat</a> – these 30-odd writers over the span of c. 350 years always saw themselves as Croats first and never as part of a Serbian nation. In the pre-national era, Catholic religious orientation did not necessarily equate with Croat ethnic identity in Dalmatia. A Croatian follower of Vuk Karadžić, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Broz" title="Ivan Broz">Ivan Broz</a>, noted that for a Dalmatian to identify oneself as a Serb was seen as foreign as identifying oneself as Macedonian or Greek. <a href="/wiki/Vatroslav_Jagi%C4%87" title="Vatroslav Jagić">Vatroslav Jagić</a> pointed out in 1864: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> As I have mentioned in the preface, history knows only two national names in these parts—Croatian and Serbian. As far as Dubrovnik is concerned, the Serbian name was never in use; on the contrary, the Croatian name was frequently used and gladly referred to ... At the end of the 15th century [in Dubrovnik and Dalmatia], sermons and poems were exquisitely crafted in Croatian by those men whose names are widely renowned by deep learning and piety. </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The History of the Croatian Language, <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, 1864.</cite></div></blockquote> On the other hand, the opinion of Jagić from 1864 is argued not to have firm grounds. When Jagić says "Croatian", he refers to a few cases referring to the Dubrovnik vernacular as ilirski (Illyrian). This was a common name for all Slavic vernaculars in Dalmatian cities among the Roman inhabitants. In the meantime, other written monuments are found that mention srpski, lingua serviana (= Serbian), and some that mention Croatian.<a href="#cite_note-Mladenovic_2004-158">[158]</a> By far the most competent Serbian scientist[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING">editorializing</a>] on the Dubrovnik language issue, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Re%C5%A1etar" title="Milan Rešetar">Milan Rešetar</a>, who was born in Dubrovnik himself, wrote behalf of language characteristics: "The one who thinks that Croatian and Serbian are two separate languages must confess that Dubrovnik always (linguistically) used to be Serbian."<a href="#cite_note-Mladenovic_2004-158">[158]</a> Finally, the former medieval texts from Dubrovnik and Montenegro dating before the 16th century were neither true Štokavian nor Serbian, but mostly specific a Jekavian-<a href="/wiki/Chakavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakavian dialect">Čakavian</a> that was nearer to actual <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> islanders in Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_connotations">Political connotations</h3></div> Nationalists have conflicting views. The nationalists among the Croats conflictingly claim either that they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosniaks or that these two peoples have, due to the longer lexicographic tradition among Croats, somehow "borrowed" their standard languages from them.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Bosniak nationalists claim that both Croats and Serbs have "appropriated" the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian language</a>, since <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Gaj" title="Ljudevit Gaj">Ljudevit Gaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Vuk Karadžić">Vuk Karadžić</a> preferred the Neo-Štokavian Ijekavian dialect, widely spoken in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, as the basis for language standardization, whereas the nationalists among the Serbs claim either that any divergence in the language is artificial, or claim that the <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Štokavian dialect</a> is theirs and the <a href="/wiki/Chakavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakavian dialect">Čakavian</a> Croats'— in more extreme formulations Croats have "taken" or "stolen" their language from the Serbs. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Proponents of unity among Southern Slavs claim that there is a single language with normal dialectal variations. The term "Serbo-Croatian" (or synonyms) is not officially used in any of the successor countries of former Yugoslavia. In Serbia, the Serbian standard has an official status countrywide, while both Serbian and Croatian are official in the province of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>. A large Bosniak minority is present in the southwest region of <a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak" title="Sandžak">Sandžak</a>, but the "official recognition" of Bosnian is moot.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Bosnian is an optional course in first and second grade of the elementary school, while it is also in official use in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Novi_Pazar" title="Novi Pazar">Novi Pazar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> However, its nomenclature is controversial, as there is incentive that it is referred to as "Bosniak" (bošnjački) rather than "Bosnian" (bosanski) (see <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language#Controversy_and_recognition" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian language#Controversy and recognition</a> for details). Croatian is the official language of Croatia, while Serbian is also official in municipalities with significant Serb population. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, all three standard languages are recorded as official. Confrontations have on occasion been absurd. The academic <a href="/wiki/Muhamed_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Muhamed Filipović">Muhamed Filipović</a>, in an interview to Slovenian television, told of a local court in a Croatian district requesting a paid translator to translate from Bosnian to Croatian before the trial could proceed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> referred to the language as "Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian", usually abbreviated as BCS. Translators were employed from all regions of the former Yugoslavia and all national and regional variations were accepted, regardless of the nationality of the person on trial (sometimes against a defendant's objections), on the grounds of mutual intelligibility.<a href="#cite_note-Prosecutor-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISO_classification">ISO classification</h3></div> Since the year 2000, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a> classification recognizes Serbo-Croatian only as a '<a href="/wiki/Macrolanguage" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrolanguage">macrolanguage</a>', having removed its original codes from <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> standards.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> That left the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> 'macrolanguage' (a book-keeping device in the ISO 639-3 standard to keep track of which ISO 639-3 codes correspond with which ISO 639-2 codes)<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> stranded without a corresponding ISO 639-2 code. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Words_of_Serbo-Croatian_origin">Words of Serbo-Croatian origin</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a category on <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_terms_derived_from_Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:English terms derived from Serbo-Croatian">English terms derived from Serbo-Croatian</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cravat_(early)" title="Cravat (early)">Cravat</a>, from French cravate "Croat", by analogy with Flemish Krawaat and German Krabate, from Serbo-Croatian Hrvat,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> as cravats were characteristic of Croatian dress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polje" title="Polje">Polje</a>, from Serbo-Croatian polje "field"<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a>, from German Slibowitz, from Bulgarian slivovitza or Serbo-Croatian šljivovica "plum brandy", from Old Slavic *sliva "plum" (cognate with English <a href="/wiki/Sloe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sloe">sloe</a>)<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamburitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamburitza">Tamburitza</a>, Serbo-Croatian diminutive of tambura, from Turkish, from Persian ṭambūr "<a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">tanbur</a>"<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvala_(landform)" title="Uvala (landform)">Uvala</a>, from Serbo-Croatian uvala "hollow"<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampire</a>, from Serbo-Croatian vampir via German Vampir or French Vampire<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2></div> Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Serbo-Croatian, written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ije-170">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sv(ij)ešću i treba jedni prema drugima da postupaju u duhu bratstva.</blockquote> Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbo-Croatian, written in the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ije-170">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и св(иј)ешћу и треба једни према другима да поступају у духу братства.</blockquote> Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-linguistics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/25px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/38px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/51px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/48px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/64px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Portal:Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Croatia" title="Portal:Croatia">Croatia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Serbia" title="Portal:Serbia">Serbia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_standard_Bosnian,_Croatian,_Montenegrin_and_Serbian" title="Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian">Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause#Serbo-Croatian" title="Relative clause">Relative clause § Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_kinship" title="Serbo-Croatian kinship">Serbo-Croatian kinship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ije-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ije_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ije_170-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Ijekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijekavian">Ijekavian</a> spelling differences included within parentheses: 'sv(ij)ešću' → Ekavian 'svešću' or Ijekavian 'sviješću'. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hbs">Serbo-Croatian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 2018-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legge+Regionale+n.15+del+14+maggio+1997+%E2%80%93+Tutela+e+valorizzazione+del+patrimonio+culturale+delle+minoranze+linguistiche+nel+Molise+%E2%80%93+Bollettino+Ufficiale+n.+10+del+16.5.1997&rft.pub=Sardegna+Cultura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnacultura.it%2Fdocumenti%2F7_93_20061218095702.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> 2007, National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110174015/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=09&nav_id=65083">"Serbs in Slovakia granted minority status"</a>. B92. February 9, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=09&nav_id=65083">the original</a> on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2013-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B92&rft.atitle=Serbs+in+Slovakia+granted+minority+status&rft.date=2010-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.b92.net%2Feng%2Fnews%2Fsociety-article.php%3Fyyyy%3D2010%26mm%3D02%26dd%3D09%26nav_id%3D65083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1834">"Minority Rights Group International : Czech Republic : Czech Republic Overview"</a>. Minorityrights.org. Retrieved 2012-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minorityrights.org&rft.atitle=Minority+Rights+Group+International+%3A+Czech+Republic+%3A+Czech+Republic+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorityrights.org%2F%3Flid%3D1834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4021">"Minority Rights Group International : Macedonia : Macedonia Overview"</a>. Minorityrights.org. Retrieved 2012-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minorityrights.org&rft.atitle=Minority+Rights+Group+International+%3A+Macedonia+%3A+Macedonia+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorityrights.org%2F%3Flid%3D4021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lpd-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lpd_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpd_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones2003-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones2003_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones2003_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-12-539683-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-12-539683-8"><bdi>978-3-12-539683-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-12-539683-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČamdžićHudson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Čamdžić, Amela; Hudson, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/PUB/WPL/02papers/camdzic_hudson.pdf">"Serbo-Croat-Bosnian clitics and Word Grammar"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 11 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Language&rft.atitle=Serbo-Croat-Bosnian+clitics+and+Word+Grammar&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11089%2F9540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54645947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fv10015-007-0001-7&rft.aulast=%C4%8Camd%C5%BEi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Amela&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2FPUB%2FWPL%2F02papers%2Fcamdzic_hudson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006XVII-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006XVII_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006XVII_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander2006">Alexander 2006</a>, p. XVII. </li> <li id="cite_note-ThomasOsipov-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ThomasOsipov_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThomasOsipov_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasOsipov2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomas, Paul-Louis; Osipov, Vladimir (2012). Grammaire du bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe [Grammar of Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian]. Collection de grammaires de l'Institut d'études slaves (in French). Vol. 8. Paris: Institut d'études slaves. p. 624. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782720404900" title="Special:BookSources/9782720404900"><bdi>9782720404900</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/805026664">805026664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammaire+du+bosniaque%2C+croate%2C+mont%C3%A9n%C3%A9grin%2C+serbe&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Collection+de+grammaires+de+l%27Institut+d%27%C3%A9tudes+slaves&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=Institut+d%27%C3%A9tudes+slaves&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F805026664&rft.isbn=9782720404900&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Paul-Louis&rft.au=Osipov%2C+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Econ-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/04/10/is-serbo-croatian-a-language">"Is Serbo-Croatian a language?"</a>. The Economist. 10 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Is+Serbo-Croatian+a+language%3F&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2017%2F04%2F10%2Fis-serbo-croatian-a-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMørk2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mørk, Henning (2002). Serbokroatisk grammatik: substantivets morfologi [Serbo-Croatian Grammar: Noun Morphology]. Arbejdspapirer (in Danish). Vol. 1. Århus: Slavisk Institut, Århus Universitet. p. unpaginated (Preface). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/471591123">471591123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbokroatisk+grammatik%3A+substantivets+morfologi&rft.place=%C3%85rhus&rft.series=Arbejdspapirer&rft.pages=unpaginated+%28Preface%29&rft.pub=Slavisk+Institut%2C+%C3%85rhus+Universitet&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F471591123&rft.aulast=M%C3%B8rk&rft.aufirst=Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠipka2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Danko_Sipka" class="mw-redirect" title="Danko Sipka">Šipka, Danko</a> (2019). Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 206, 166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108685795">10.1017/9781108685795</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-313-086-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-313-086-6"><bdi>978-953-313-086-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018048005">2018048005</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1061308790">1061308790</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150383965">150383965</a>. <q>Serbo-Croatian, which features four ethnic variants: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexical+layers+of+identity%3A+words%2C+meaning%2C+and+culture+in+the+Slavic+languages&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=206%2C+166&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150383965%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108685795&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1061308790&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2018048005&rft.isbn=978-953-313-086-6&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ipka&rft.aufirst=Danko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2002130–132-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2002130–132_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlum2002">Blum 2002</a>, pp. 130–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-Busch2004-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Busch2004_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Busch2004_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Busch2004_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Busch2004_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Busch2004_19-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuschKelly-Holmes2004" class="citation book cs1">Busch, Birgitta; Kelly-Holmes, Helen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MlXQ5zKb_VQC&pg=PA26">Language, Discourse and Borders in the Yugoslav Successor States</a>. Multilingual Matters. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-732-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-732-9"><bdi>978-1-85359-732-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Discourse+and+Borders+in+the+Yugoslav+Successor+States&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-732-9&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Birgitta&rft.au=Kelly-Holmes%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMlXQ5zKb_VQC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006379-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006379_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander2006">Alexander 2006</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆalić2021In_contrast_with_the_prevalence_of_language-external_criteria_that_determine_attitudes_about_the_status_of_Serbo-Croatian_as_well_as_about_its_description,_attitudes_to_language-internal_criteria_show_there_is_almost_unanimous_agreement_that_differences_between_the_standards_are_minimal._Overall,_96.3_%_of_respondents_considered_Serbo-Croatian_varieties_to_be_mutually_intelligible_[...]-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆalić2021In_contrast_with_the_prevalence_of_language-external_criteria_that_determine_attitudes_about_the_status_of_Serbo-Croatian_as_well_as_about_its_description,_attitudes_to_language-internal_criteria_show_there_is_almost_unanimous_agreement_that_differences_between_the_standards_are_minimal._Overall,_96.3_%_of_respondents_considered_Serbo-Croatian_varieties_to_be_mutually_intelligible_[...]_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFĆalić2021">Ćalić 2021</a>, In contrast with the prevalence of language-external criteria that determine attitudes about the status of Serbo-Croatian as well as about its description, attitudes to language-internal criteria show there is almost unanimous agreement that differences between the standards are minimal. Overall, 96.3 % of respondents considered Serbo-Croatian varieties to be mutually intelligible [...]. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> "The same language [Croatian] is referred to by different names, Serbian (srpski), Serbo-Croat (in Croatia: hrvatsko-srpski), Bosnian (bosanski), based on political and ethnic grounds. […] the names Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are politically determined and refer to the same language with possible slight variations." (<a href="#CITEREFBrownAnderson2006">Brown & Anderson 2006</a>, p. 294) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić,_Snježana2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeitschrift-fuer-balkanologie.de/index.php/zfb/article/view/222/222">"Moderne Nationalbezeichnungen und Texte aus vergangenen Jahrhunderten"</a> [Modern nation names and texts in the past]. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie (in German). 46 (1): 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2356">0044-2356</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3440016">3440016</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=495349">CROSBI 495349</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/201058-6">201058-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601175024/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/495349.MODERNE_NATIONALBEZEICHNUNGEN.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Balkanologie&rft.atitle=Moderne+Nationalbezeichnungen+und+Texte+aus+vergangenen+Jahrhunderten&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-41&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3440016%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.issn=0044-2356&rft.au=Kordi%C4%87%2C+Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeitschrift-fuer-balkanologie.de%2Findex.php%2Fzfb%2Farticle%2Fview%2F222%2F222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDespalatović1975" class="citation book cs1">Despalatović, Elinor Murray (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ljudevitgajillyr0000desp/page/64">Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement</a>. New York and London: East European Quarterly; <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ljudevitgajillyr0000desp/page/64">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-914710-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-914710-05-9"><bdi>978-0-914710-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ljudevit+Gaj+and+the+Illyrian+Movement&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=East+European+Quarterly%3B+Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-914710-05-9&rft.aulast=Despalatovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Elinor+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fljudevitgajillyr0000desp%2Fpage%2F64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELencek197646-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELencek197646_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLencek1976">Lencek 1976</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1996209–210-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1996209–210_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl1996">Pohl 1996</a>, pp. 209–210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELencek197649-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELencek197649_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLencek1976">Lencek 1976</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownAnderson2006259-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownAnderson2006259_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownAnderson2006">Brown & Anderson 2006</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> "In 1993 the authorities in Sarajevo adopted a new language law (Službeni list Republike Bosne i Hercegovine, 18/93): In the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Ijekavian standard literary language of the three constitutive nations is officially used, designated by one of the three terms: Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian." (<a href="#CITEREFBugarskiHawkesworth2006">Bugarski & Hawkesworth 2006</a>, p. 142) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrozović1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dalibor_Brozovi%C4%87" title="Dalibor Brozović">Brozović, Dalibor</a> (1988). "Jezik, srpskohrvatski/hrvatskosrpski, hrvatski ili srpski" [Language, Serbo-Croatian/Croato-Serbian, Croatian or Serbian : Extract From the Second Edition of the Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia]. Jezik, srpskohrvatski/hrvatskosrpski, hrvatski ili srpski : izvadak iz II izdanja Enciklopedije Jugoslavije (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Jugoslavenski Leksikografski zavod "Miroslav Krleža". p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7053-014-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7053-014-0"><bdi>978-86-7053-014-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645757653">645757653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jezik%2C+srpskohrvatski%2Fhrvatskosrpski%2C+hrvatski+ili+srpski&rft.btitle=Jezik%2C+srpskohrvatski%2Fhrvatskosrpski%2C+hrvatski+ili+srpski+%3A+izvadak+iz+II+izdanja+Enciklopedije+Jugoslavije&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Jugoslavenski+Leksikografski+zavod+%22Miroslav+Krle%C5%BEa%22&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F645757653&rft.isbn=978-86-7053-014-0&rft.aulast=Brozovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dalibor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter_Malabotta2004" class="citation book cs1">Richter Malabotta, Melita (2004). "Semantics of War in Former Yugoslavia". In Busch, Brigitta; Kelly-Holmes, Helen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagediscours00busc">Language, Discourse and Borders in the Yugoslav Successor States</a>. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagediscours00busc/page/n86">81</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/803615012">803615012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Semantics+of+War+in+Former+Yugoslavia&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Discourse+and+Borders+in+the+Yugoslav+Successor+States&rft.place=Clevedon&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F803615012&rft.aulast=Richter+Malabotta&rft.aufirst=Melita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguagediscours00busc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMappes-Niediek200530-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMappes-Niediek200530_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMappes-Niediek2005">Mappes-Niediek 2005</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/522531.Ideologija_nacionalnog.PDF">"Ideologija nacionalnog identiteta i nacionalne kulture"</a> [The ideology of national identity and culture] (PDF). In Ajdačić, Dejan; Lazarević Di Đakomo, Persida (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/522531.Ideologija_nacionalnog.PDF">U čast Pera Jakobsena: zbornik radova</a> (PDF). Studia in honorem Per Jakobsen; vol. 1 (in Serbo-Croatian). Beograd: SlovoSlavia. pp. 225–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-87807-02-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-87807-02-0"><bdi>978-86-87807-02-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/723062357">723062357</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132883650">132883650</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3439190">3439190</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=522531">CROSBI 522531</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601175039/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/522531.Ideologija_nacionalnog.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ideologija+nacionalnog+identiteta+i+nacionalne+kulture&rft.btitle=U+%C4%8Dast+Pera+Jakobsena%3A+zbornik+radova&rft.place=Beograd&rft.series=Studia+in+honorem+Per+Jakobsen%3B+vol.+1&rft.pages=225-239&rft.pub=SlovoSlavia&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F723062357&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132883650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3439190%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-86-87807-02-0&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F522531.Ideologija_nacionalnog.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObst2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Obst, Ulrich (2004). 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LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 74–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03735-912-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03735-912-9"><bdi>978-3-03735-912-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism+and+the+%27Idiocy%27+of+the+Countryside%3A+The+Case+of+Serbia&rft.btitle=Serbia%2C+Croatia+and+Slovenia+at+Peace+and+at+War%3A+Selected+Writings%2C+1983%E2%80%932007&rft.pages=74-76&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-03735-912-9&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-velikonja-49"><a href="#cite_ref-velikonja_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelikonja1992" class="citation book cs1">Velikonja, Mitja (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli">Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-226-3"><bdi>978-1-58544-226-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Separation+and+Political+Intolerance+in+Bosnia-Herzegovina&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-226-3&rft.aulast=Velikonja&rft.aufirst=Mitja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousseparat0000veli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich1969" class="citation book cs1">Tomasevich, Jozo (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a--6hauBIb4C&pg=PA8">Contemporary Yugoslavia</a>. University of California Press. pp. 8–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da--6hauBIb4C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowe2013-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Crowe2013_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowe2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Crowe" title="David M. Crowe">Crowe, David M.</a> (13 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRTdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">Crimes of State Past and Present: Government-Sponsored Atrocities and International Legal Responses</a>. Routledge. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-98682-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-98682-9"><bdi>978-1-317-98682-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimes+of+State+Past+and+Present%3A+Government-Sponsored+Atrocities+and+International+Legal+Responses&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-317-98682-9&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGRTdAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Busch2004_Sprachen_im_Disput-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Busch2004_Sprachen_im_Disput_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Busch, Brigitta (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heteroglossia.net/fileadmin/user_upload/publication/sprachen_disput.pdf">Sprachen im Disput</a> (PDF) (in German). Klagenfurt: Drava. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85435-428-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-85435-428-2"><bdi>3-85435-428-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sprachen+im+Disput&rft.place=Klagenfurt&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Drava&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-85435-428-2&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Brigitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheteroglossia.net%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fpublication%2Fsprachen_disput.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2004115-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2004115_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2004115_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2004">Greenberg 2004</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-JonkeRazvoj-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JonkeRazvoj_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonkeRazvoj_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonke,_Ljudevit1968" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Jonke" title="Ljudevit Jonke">Jonke, Ljudevit</a> (1968). "Razvoj hrvatskoga književnog jezika u 20. stoljeću" [The Development of the Croatian language in the 20th century]. <a href="/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik">Jezik</a> (in Serbo-Croatian). 16 (1): 18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-6925">0021-6925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jezik&rft.atitle=Razvoj+hrvatskoga+knji%C5%BEevnog+jezika+u+20.+stolje%C4%87u&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1968&rft.issn=0021-6925&rft.au=Jonke%2C+Ljudevit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić2010303–304-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić2010303–304_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKordić2010">Kordić 2010</a>, pp. 303–304. </li> <li id="cite_note-BabHh-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BabHh_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BabHh_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabić2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Babi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Babić">Babić, Stjepan</a> (2004). Hrvanja hrvatskoga [Croatian Language Quarrels] (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Školska knjiga. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-0-61428-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-0-61428-4"><bdi>978-953-0-61428-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hrvanja+hrvatskoga&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=%C5%A0kolska+knjiga&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-953-0-61428-4&rft.aulast=Babi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Stjepan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilutinović,_Zoran2011" class="citation journal cs1">Milutinović, Zoran (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004024736/http://www.snjezana-kordic.de/Rec_SEER.pdf">"Review of the Book Jezik i nacionalizam"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Slavonic_and_East_European_Review" title="The Slavonic and East European Review">The Slavonic and East European Review</a>. 89 (3): 522–523. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6795">0037-6795</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/744233642">744233642</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/209925-1">209925-1</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snjezana-kordic.de/Rec_SEER.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-10-04. Retrieved 25 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+the+Book+Jezik+i+nacionalizam&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=522-523&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F744233642&rft.issn=0037-6795&rft.au=Milutinovi%C4%87%2C+Zoran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snjezana-kordic.de%2FRec_SEER.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonke,_Ljudevit1955" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Jonke" title="Ljudevit Jonke">Jonke, Ljudevit</a> (1955). "Drugi i treći sastanak Pravopisne komisije" [The second and third meeting of The Orthographic Commission]. Jezik (in Serbo-Croatian). 4 (2): 59. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-6925">0021-6925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jezik&rft.atitle=Drugi+i+tre%C4%87i+sastanak+Pravopisne+komisije&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1955&rft.issn=0021-6925&rft.au=Jonke%2C+Ljudevit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonke,_Ljudevit1961" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Jonke" title="Ljudevit Jonke">Jonke, Ljudevit</a> (1961). "Pravopis hrvatskosrpskoga književnog jezika" [Serbo-Croatian Spelling-Book]. Jezik (in Serbo-Croatian). 9 (2): 57–59. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-6925">0021-6925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jezik&rft.atitle=Pravopis+hrvatskosrpskoga+knji%C5%BEevnog+jezika&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=57-59&rft.date=1961&rft.issn=0021-6925&rft.au=Jonke%2C+Ljudevit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (16 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/578565.O_Deklaraciji_Forum.jpg">"SOS ili tek alibi za nasilje nad jezikom"</a> [SOS, or nothing but an alibi for violence against language] (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Forum. pp. 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1848-204X">1848-204X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=578565">CROSBI 578565</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221223957/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/578565.O_Deklaraciji_Forum.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2012. 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Lund, Sweden: Nordic Academic Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789187121708" title="Special:BookSources/9789187121708"><bdi>9789187121708</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/802047788">802047788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+in+Focus%3A+Cultural+Boundaries+in+Europe&rft.place=Lund%2C+Sweden&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Nordic+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F802047788&rft.isbn=9789187121708&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6rnquist-Plewa&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YuBEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Od%2520Vardara%2520pa%2520do%2520Triglava%2522%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007115553/http://www.inv.si/DocDir/Publikacije-PDF/Raziskovalna%20porocila/Raziskava_Polozaj_in_status_pripadnikov_narodov_nekdanje_Jugoslavije_v_RS.pdf">"Raziskava Položaj in status pripadnikov narodov nekdanje Jugoslavije vRS.pdf"</a> (PDF) (in Slovenian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inv.si/DocDir/Publikacije-PDF/Raziskovalna%20porocila/Raziskava_Polozaj_in_status_pripadnikov_narodov_nekdanje_Jugoslavije_v_RS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2010-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raziskava+Polo%C5%BEaj+in+status+pripadnikov+narodov+nekdanje+Jugoslavije+vRS.pdf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inv.si%2FDocDir%2FPublikacije-PDF%2FRaziskovalna%2520porocila%2FRaziskava_Polozaj_in_status_pripadnikov_narodov_nekdanje_Jugoslavije_v_RS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić20065-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić20065_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKordić2006">Kordić 2006</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> (in Serbo-Croatian) Gramatika hrvatskosrpskoga jezika, Group of Authors (Ivan Brabec, Mate Hraste and Sreten Živković), Zagreb, 1968. </li> <li id="cite_note-martinovic-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martinovic_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martinovic_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosbyMartinović2018" class="citation news cs1">Crosby, Alan; Martinović, Iva (August 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/in-the-age-of-the-internet-serbia-aims-to-keep-its-cyrillic-alive/29458055.html">"In The Age Of The Internet, Serbia Aims To Keep Its Cyrillic Alive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+The+Age+Of+The+Internet%2C+Serbia+Aims+To+Keep+Its+Cyrillic+Alive&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Martinovi%C4%87%2C+Iva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fin-the-age-of-the-internet-serbia-aims-to-keep-its-cyrillic-alive%2F29458055.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.021.rs/story/Info/Srbija/36720/SMS-poruke-na-cirilici-skuplje.html">"SMS poruke na ćirilici skuplje"</a> [SMS messages in Cyrillic are more expensive] (in Serbo-Croatian). 021.rs. 29 December 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SMS+poruke+na+%C4%87irilici+skuplje&rft.pub=021.rs&rft.date=2011-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.021.rs%2Fstory%2FInfo%2FSrbija%2F36720%2FSMS-poruke-na-cirilici-skuplje.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠćepanović2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Šćepanović, Lela (2 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/crna-gora-crnogorski-jezik/28275483.html">"Crnogorski se govori i bez ś"</a> [Montenegrin is also spoken without ś]. Radio Slobodna Evropa (in Serbo-Croatian). <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. Retrieved 29 October 2022. <q>Slova ś i ź odnedavno ne koristi ni Skupština Crne Gore, prva i jedina državna institucija koja ih je nakon reforme crnogorskog jezika koristila u zvaničnoj komunikaciji.</q> [The letters ś and ź have recently not been used even by the Parliament of Montenegro, the first and only state institution that used them in official communication after the reform of the Montenegrin language.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Slobodna+Evropa&rft.atitle=Crnogorski+se+govori+i+bez+%C5%9B&rft.date=2017-02-02&rft.aulast=%C5%A0%C4%87epanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Lela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slobodnaevropa.org%2Fa%2Fcrna-gora-crnogorski-jezik%2F28275483.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen-Löve2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aage_A._Hansen-L%C3%B6ve" class="extiw" title="de:Aage A. Hansen-Löve">Hansen-Löve, Aage Ansgar</a> [in German] (2000). "Slavica". Wiener Slawistischer Almanach [Vienna Slavic Almanac]. 46. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>: 265. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-6819">0258-6819</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4668662">4668662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiener+Slawistischer+Almanach&rft.atitle=Slavica&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=265&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4668662&rft.issn=0258-6819&rft.aulast=Hansen-L%C3%B6ve&rft.aufirst=Aage+Ansgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgić2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Igić, Rajko (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pregled.unsa.ba/index.php/pregled/article/view/105">"Dva susreta sa Stipom Šuvarom"</a> [Two meetings with <a href="/wiki/Stipe_%C5%A0uvar" title="Stipe Šuvar">Stipe Šuvar</a>]. Pregled: časopis za društvena pitanja [Pregled: periodical for social issues]. No. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sarajevo" title="University of Sarajevo">University of Sarajevo</a>. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-7271">0032-7271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pregled%3A+%C4%8Dasopis+za+dru%C5%A1tvena+pitanja&rft.atitle=Dva+susreta+sa+Stipom+%C5%A0uvarom&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=138&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0032-7271&rft.aulast=Igi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Rajko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpregled.unsa.ba%2Findex.php%2Fpregled%2Farticle%2Fview%2F105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> E.g., big coastal Croatian cities <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Split_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split (city)">Split</a> together with their hinterland become basically completely Štokavianised during the 20th century, which had been Čakavian-speaking urban centres. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆalić2021The_debate_about_the_status_of_the_Serbo-Croatian_language_and_its_varieties_has_recently_shifted_(again)_towards_a_position_which_looks_at_the_internal_variation_within_Serbo-Croatian_through_the_prism_of_linguistic_pluricentricity_[...]-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆalić2021The_debate_about_the_status_of_the_Serbo-Croatian_language_and_its_varieties_has_recently_shifted_(again)_towards_a_position_which_looks_at_the_internal_variation_within_Serbo-Croatian_through_the_prism_of_linguistic_pluricentricity_[...]_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFĆalić2021">Ćalić 2021</a>, The debate about the status of the Serbo-Croatian language and its varieties has recently shifted (again) towards a position which looks at the internal variation within Serbo-Croatian through the prism of linguistic pluricentricity [...]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200413-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200413_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2004">Greenberg 2004</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2013341-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander2013341_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander2013341_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander2013">Alexander 2013</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Serbo-Croatian-language">"Serbo-Croatian language"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Serbo-Croatian+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSerbo-Croatian-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kafadar-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Kafadar_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafadar2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kafadar, Enisa (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63hKaFGtTDAC&pg=PA95">"Bosnisch, Kroatisch, Serbisch – Wie spricht man eigentlich in Bosnien-Herzegowina?"</a> [Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian – How do people really speak in Bosnia-Herzegovina?]. In Henn-Memmesheimer, Beate; Franz, Joachim (eds.). Die Ordnung des Standard und die Differenzierung der Diskurse; Teil 1 (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631599174" title="Special:BookSources/9783631599174"><bdi>9783631599174</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/699514676">699514676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bosnisch%2C+Kroatisch%2C+Serbisch+%E2%80%93+Wie+spricht+man+eigentlich+in+Bosnien-Herzegowina%3F&rft.btitle=Die+Ordnung+des+Standard+und+die+Differenzierung+der+Diskurse%3B+Teil+1&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F699514676&rft.isbn=9783631599174&rft.aulast=Kafadar&rft.aufirst=Enisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D63hKaFGtTDAC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Ronelle Alexander, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian: A Grammar with Sociolinguistic Commentary (2006, The University of Wisconsin Press) </li> <li id="cite_note-Buncic-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Buncic_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunčić2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bunčić, Daniel (2008). "Die (Re-)Nationalisierung der serbokroatischen Standards" [The (Re-)Nationalisation of Serbo-Croatian Standards]. In Kempgen, Sebastian (ed.). Deutsche Beiträge zum 14. Internationalen Slavistenkongress, Ohrid, 2008. Welt der Slaven (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/238795822">238795822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+%28Re-%29Nationalisierung+der+serbokroatischen+Standards&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zum+14.+Internationalen+Slavistenkongress%2C+Ohrid%2C+2008&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Welt+der+Slaven&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Otto+Sagner&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F238795822&rft.aulast=Bun%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2003325-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2003325_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2003">Thomas 2003</a>, p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailyn-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailyn_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailyn_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailyn2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bailyn, John Frederick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009113158/https://linguistics.stonybrook.edu/people/_bios/_linguistics-faculty/_faculty-files/bailyn/publications/JSLBCS2.pdf">"To what degree are Croatian and Serbian the same language? Evidence from a Translation Study"</a> (PDF). Journal of Slavic Linguistics. 18 (2): 181–219. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1068-2090">1068-2090</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.stonybrook.edu/people/_bios/_linguistics-faculty/_faculty-files/bailyn/publications/JSLBCS2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Slavic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=To+what+degree+are+Croatian+and+Serbian+the+same+language%3F+Evidence+from+a+Translation+Study&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-219&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1068-2090&rft.aulast=Bailyn&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.stonybrook.edu%2Fpeople%2F_bios%2F_linguistics-faculty%2F_faculty-files%2Fbailyn%2Fpublications%2FJSLBCS2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLennan,_Sean1996" class="citation journal cs1">McLennan, Sean (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shaav.com/professional/linguistics/serbocroation.pdf">"Sociolinguistic Analysis of "Serbo-Croatian""</a> [Sociolinguistic Analysis of 'Serbo-Croatian'] (PDF). Calgary Working Papers in Linguistics. 18: 107. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0823-0579">0823-0579</a>. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calgary+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Sociolinguistic+Analysis+of+%22Serbo-Croatian%22&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=107&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0823-0579&rft.au=McLennan%2C+Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shaav.com%2Fprofessional%2Flinguistics%2Fserbocroation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1996219-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1996219_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl1996">Pohl 1996</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröschel2003180–181-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröschel2003180–181_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGröschel2003">Gröschel 2003</a>, pp. 180–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2002125–126-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2002125–126_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlum2002">Blum 2002</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrozović1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dalibor_Brozovi%C4%87" title="Dalibor Brozović">Brozović, Dalibor</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wawGFWNuHiwC&q=serbo-croatian+pluricentric&pg=PA347">"Serbo-Croatian as a pluricentric language"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Clyne" title="Michael Clyne">Clyne, Michael G.</a> (ed.). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Contributions to the sociology of language. Vol. 62. Berlin & New York: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">Mouton de Gruyter</a>. pp. 347–380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110128550" title="Special:BookSources/9783110128550"><bdi>9783110128550</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24668375">24668375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serbo-Croatian+as+a+pluricentric+language&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.place=Berlin+%26+New+York&rft.series=Contributions+to+the+sociology+of+language&rft.pages=347-380&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24668375&rft.isbn=9783110128550&rft.aulast=Brozovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dalibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwawGFWNuHiwC%26q%3Dserbo-croatian%2Bpluricentric%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/426269.POLICENTRICNI_STANDARDNI.PDF">"Policentrični standardni jezik"</a> [Polycentric Standard Language] (PDF). In Badurina, Lada; <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Pranjkovi%C4%87" title="Ivo Pranjković">Pranjković, Ivo</a>; Silić, Josip (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/426269.POLICENTRICNI_STANDARDNI.PDF">Jezični varijeteti i nacionalni identiteti</a> (PDF) (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Disput. pp. 85–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-260-054-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-260-054-4"><bdi>978-953-260-054-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/437306433">437306433</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3438216">3438216</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=426269">CROSBI 426269</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529002544/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/426269.POLICENTRICNI_STANDARDNI.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Policentri%C4%8Dni+standardni+jezik&rft.btitle=Jezi%C4%8Dni+varijeteti+i+nacionalni+identiteti&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pages=85-89&rft.pub=Disput&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F437306433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3438216%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-953-260-054-4&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F426269.POLICENTRICNI_STANDARDNI.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC07252152">(ÖNB)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon199546-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon199546_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmmon1995">Ammon 1995</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430499.PRO_UND_KONTRA_SERBOKROATISCH.PDF">"Pro und kontra: "Serbokroatisch" heute"</a> [Pro and con: "Serbo-Croatian" nowadays] (PDF). In Krause, Marion; Sappok, Christian (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430499.PRO_UND_KONTRA_SERBOKROATISCH.PDF">Slavistische Linguistik 2002: Referate des XXVIII. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Bochum 10.-12. September 2002</a> (PDF). Slavistishe Beiträge (in German). Vol. 434. Munich: Otto Sagner. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87690-885-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87690-885-4"><bdi>978-3-87690-885-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56198470">56198470</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3434516">3434516</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=430499">CROSBI 430499</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601174051/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430499.PRO_UND_KONTRA_SERBOKROATISCH.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pro+und+kontra%3A+%22Serbokroatisch%22+heute&rft.btitle=Slavistische+Linguistik+2002%3A+Referate+des+XXVIII.+Konstanzer+Slavistischen+Arbeitstreffens%2C+Bochum+10.-12.+September+2002&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Slavistishe+Beitr%C3%A4ge&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Otto+Sagner&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56198470&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3434516%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-3-87690-885-4&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F430499.PRO_UND_KONTRA_SERBOKROATISCH.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC05094207">(ÖNB)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/426566.NATIONALE_VARIETATEN_DER.PDF">"Nationale Varietäten der serbokroatischen Sprache"</a> [National Varieties of Serbo-Croatian] (PDF). In Golubović, Biljana; Raecke, Jochen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/426566.NATIONALE_VARIETATEN_DER.PDF">Bosnisch – Kroatisch – Serbisch als Fremdsprachen an den Universitäten der Welt</a> (PDF). Die Welt der Slaven, Sammelbände – Sborniki; vol. 31 (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86688-032-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86688-032-0"><bdi>978-3-86688-032-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/244788988">244788988</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3434432">3434432</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=426566">CROSBI 426566</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919045407/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/426566.NATIONALE_VARIETATEN_DER.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationale+Variet%C3%A4ten+der+serbokroatischen+Sprache&rft.btitle=Bosnisch+%E2%80%93+Kroatisch+%E2%80%93+Serbisch+als+Fremdsprachen+an+den+Universit%C3%A4ten+der+Welt&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Die+Welt+der+Slaven%2C+Sammelb%C3%A4nde+%E2%80%93+Sborniki%3B+vol.+31&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Otto+Sagner&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244788988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3434432%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-3-86688-032-0&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F426566.NATIONALE_VARIETATEN_DER.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC07155292">(ÖNB)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić,_Snježana2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeitschrift-fuer-balkanologie.de/index.php/zfb/article/view/203/203">"Plurizentrische Sprachen, Ausbausprachen, Abstandsprachen und die Serbokroatistik"</a> [Pluricentric languages, Ausbau languages, Abstand languages and Serbo-Croatian studies]. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie (in German). 45 (2): 213–214. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2356">0044-2356</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/680567046">680567046</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3439240">3439240</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=436361">CROSBI 436361</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/201058-6">201058-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529002037/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/436361.AUSBAU-ABSTAND-PLURIZENTRISCH.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Balkanologie&rft.atitle=Plurizentrische+Sprachen%2C+Ausbausprachen%2C+Abstandsprachen+und+die+Serbokroatistik&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-214&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F680567046&rft.issn=0044-2356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3439240%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Kordi%C4%87%2C+Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeitschrift-fuer-balkanologie.de%2Findex.php%2Fzfb%2Farticle%2Fview%2F203%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMader_Skender2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mader Skender, Mia (2022). "Schlussbemerkung" [Summary]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/215815/">Die kroatische Standardsprache auf dem Weg zur Ausbausprache</a> [The Croatian standard language on the way to ausbau language] (PDF) (Dissertation). UZH Dissertations (in German). Zurich: University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Slavonic Studies. pp. 196–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5167%2Fuzh-215815">10.5167/uzh-215815</a>. Retrieved 8 June 2022. <q>Obwohl das Kroatische sich in den letzten Jahren in einigen Gebieten, vor allem jedoch auf lexikalischer Ebene, verändert hat, sind diese Änderungen noch nicht bedeutend genug, dass der Terminus Ausbausprache gerechtfertigt wäre. Ausserdem können sich Serben, Kroaten, Bosnier und Montenegriner immer noch auf ihren jeweiligen Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verständigen. Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt, dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietäten handelt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schlussbemerkung&rft.btitle=Die+kroatische+Standardsprache+auf+dem+Weg+zur+Ausbausprache&rft.place=Zurich&rft.series=UZH+Dissertations&rft.pages=196-197&rft.pub=University+of+Zurich%2C+Faculty+of+Arts%2C+Institute+of+Slavonic+Studies&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5167%2Fuzh-215815&rft.aulast=Mader+Skender&rft.aufirst=Mia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F215815%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanelli2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zanelli, Aldo (2018). 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Hamburg: Kovač. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8300-9773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8300-9773-0"><bdi>978-3-8300-9773-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1023608613">1023608613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eine+Analyse+der+Metaphern+in+der+kroatischen+Linguistikfachzeitschrift+Jezik+von+1991+bis+1997&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.series=Studien+zur+Slavistik%3B+41&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Kova%C4%8D&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1023608613&rft.isbn=978-3-8300-9773-0&rft.aulast=Zanelli&rft.aufirst=Aldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=001013945">(NSK)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koha.ffzg.hr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=385977">(FFZG)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Trudgill, Peter</a> (30 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PeterTrudgillTimeToMakeFourIntoOne2017">"Time to Make Four Into One"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_European" title="The New European">The New European</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PeterTrudgillTimeToMakeFourIntoOne2017/page/n0">46</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+to+Make+Four+Into+One&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=The+New+European&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPeterTrudgillTimeToMakeFourIntoOne2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNosovitz2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Nosovitz, Dan (11 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-language-is-spoken-in-the-balkans">"What Language Do People Speak in the Balkans, Anyway?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Obscura" title="Atlas Obscura">Atlas Obscura</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190211191959/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-language-is-spoken-in-the-balkans">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=What+Language+Do+People+Speak+in+the+Balkans%2C+Anyway%3F&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft.aulast=Nosovitz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-language-is-spoken-in-the-balkans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilekić2017" class="citation web cs1">Milekić, Sven (30 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/post-yugoslav-common-language-declaration-challenges-nationalism-03-29-2017">"Post-Yugoslav 'Common Language' Declaration Challenges Nationalism"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Insight" title="Balkan Insight">Balkan Insight</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330075725/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/post-yugoslav-common-language-declaration-challenges-nationalism-03-29-2017">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Post-Yugoslav+%27Common+Language%27+Declaration+Challenges+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Balkan+Insight&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.aulast=Mileki%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpost-yugoslav-common-language-declaration-challenges-nationalism-03-29-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.2017" class="citation news cs1">J., T. (10 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/04/economist-explains-4">"Is Serbo-Croatian a Language?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410083158/http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/04/economist-explains-4">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Is+Serbo-Croatian+a+Language%3F&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft.aulast=J.&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feconomist-explains%2F2017%2F04%2Feconomist-explains-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2017&mm=04&dd=10&nav_category=12&nav_id=1248942">Alt URL</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006424–426-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006424–426_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander2006">Alexander 2006</a>, p. 424–426. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"10", <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia#Language_and_script">2006 Constitution of Serbia</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10&rft.btitle=2006+Constitution+of+Serbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_Serbia%23Language_and_script&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro#Article_13_.28Language_and_alphabet.29">Constitution of Montenegro</a>, 2007, <q>The official language in Montenegro shall be Montenegrin.[…]Serbian, Bosniac, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Montenegro&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_Montenegro%23Article_13_.28Language_and_alphabet.29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prosecutor-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prosecutor_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prosecutor_130-1">b</a> Decision of 23 June 1997, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icty.org/x/cases/mucic/tord/en/70623MS2.htm">Prosecutor v. Delalic and Delic</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠtiks2015" class="citation book cs1">Štiks, Igor (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=642971">Brothers United: The Making of Yugoslavs</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474221542" title="Special:BookSources/9781474221542"><bdi>9781474221542</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 18 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mrsko+zrcalo+pred+licima+jezikoslovaca&rft.pages=7+in+the+arts+section+%27%27Mediteran%27%27&rft.date=2010-09-05&rft.issn=1334-1545&rft.aulast=Petkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snjezana-kordic.de%2FPrikaz_Petkovic_tekst.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠnajder2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_%C5%A0najder" title="Slobodan Šnajder">Šnajder, Slobodan</a> (10 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313145554/http://www.snjezana-kordic.de/Prikaz_Snajder.doc">"Lingvistička bojna"</a> [Linguistic battle] (in Serbo-Croatian). Rijeka: <a href="/wiki/Novi_list" title="Novi list">Novi list</a>. p. 6 in the arts section Mediteran. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1334-1545">1334-1545</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snjezana-kordic.de/Prikaz_Snajder.doc">the original</a> on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lingvisti%C4%8Dka+bojna&rft.pages=6+in+the+arts+section+%27%27Mediteran%27%27&rft.date=2010-10-10&rft.issn=1334-1545&rft.aulast=%C5%A0najder&rft.aufirst=Slobodan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snjezana-kordic.de%2FPrikaz_Snajder.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430252.DEMAGOGIJA_UMJESTO_ZNANOSTI.PDF">"Demagogija umjesto znanosti (odgovor Daliboru Brozoviću)"</a> [Demagogy instead of science (response to Dalibor Brozović)] (PDF). Književna Republika (in Serbo-Croatian). 1 (7–8): 176–202. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1334-1057">1334-1057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171739712">171739712</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3433060">3433060</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=430252">CROSBI 430252</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/2122129-7">2122129-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601173923/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430252.DEMAGOGIJA_UMJESTO_ZNANOSTI.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knji%C5%BEevna+Republika&rft.atitle=Demagogija+umjesto+znanosti+%28odgovor+Daliboru+Brozovi%C4%87u%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=176-202&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171739712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3433060%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.issn=1334-1057&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F430252.DEMAGOGIJA_UMJESTO_ZNANOSTI.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opak.crolib.hr/cgi-bin/unicat.cgi?form=D1440910057">(CROLIB)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430121.AUTIZAM_HRVATSKE_FILOLOGIJE.PDF">"Autizam hrvatske filologije (odgovor Ivi Pranjkoviću)"</a> [The autism of Croatian philology (response to Ivo Pranjković)] (PDF). Književna Republika (in Serbo-Croatian). 2 (7–8): 254–280. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1334-1057">1334-1057</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3433015">3433015</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=430121">CROSBI 430121</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/2122129-7">2122129-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529002217/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430121.AUTIZAM_HRVATSKE_FILOLOGIJE.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knji%C5%BEevna+Republika&rft.atitle=Autizam+hrvatske+filologije+%28odgovor+Ivi+Pranjkovi%C4%87u%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=254-280&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3433015%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.issn=1334-1057&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F430121.AUTIZAM_HRVATSKE_FILOLOGIJE.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000572375">(NSK)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandić2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Mandi%C4%87" title="Igor Mandić">Mandić, Igor</a> (21 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jutarnji.hr/igor-mandic--svojom-polemikom-mozda-pokusava-izbrisati-nas-identitet---sto--zapravo--hoce-ta-zena-/905607/">"Svojom polemikom možda pokušava izbrisati naš identitet... Što, zapravo, hoće ta žena?"</a> [She is perhaps trying to destroy our identity by polemicising... What does that woman really want?]. <a href="/wiki/Jutarnji_list" title="Jutarnji list">Jutarnji list</a> (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1331-5692">1331-5692</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929042255/http://www.jutarnji.hr/igor-mandic--svojom-polemikom-mozda-pokusava-izbrisati-nas-identitet---sto--zapravo--hoce-ta-zena-/905607/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jutarnji+list&rft.atitle=Svojom+polemikom+mo%C5%BEda+poku%C5%A1ava+izbrisati+na%C5%A1+identitet...+%C5%A0to%2C+zapravo%2C+ho%C4%87e+ta+%C5%BEena%3F&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2010-11-21&rft.issn=1331-5692&rft.aulast=Mandi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jutarnji.hr%2Figor-mandic--svojom-polemikom-mozda-pokusava-izbrisati-nas-identitet---sto--zapravo--hoce-ta-zena-%2F905607%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić2010-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić2010_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKordić2010">Kordić 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröschel2009-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröschel2009_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGröschel2009">Gröschel 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/445818.rec_GROSCHEL_u_KR.PDF">"Svijet o nama: Bernhard Gröschel, Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik"</a> [About us – World point of view: Bernhard Gröschel, Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics] (PDF). Književna Republika (in Serbo-Croatian). 7 (10–12): 316–330. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1334-1057">1334-1057</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3441854">3441854</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=445818">CROSBI 445818</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_European_Online_Library" title="Central and Eastern European Online Library">CEEOL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=29944">29944</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/2122129-7">2122129-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601175459/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/445818.rec_GROSCHEL_u_KR.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knji%C5%BEevna+Republika&rft.atitle=Svijet+o+nama%3A+Bernhard+Gr%C3%B6schel%2C+Das+Serbokroatische+zwischen+Linguistik+und+Politik&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=316-330&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3441854%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.issn=1334-1057&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F445818.rec_GROSCHEL_u_KR.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000742298">(NSK)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill2003" class="citation book cs1">Trudgill, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glossarysociolin00trud">A glossary of sociolinguistics</a>. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glossarysociolin00trud/page/n125">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748616237" title="Special:BookSources/9780748616237"><bdi>9780748616237</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50768041">50768041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+glossary+of+sociolinguistics&rft.place=Oxford+%26+New+York&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50768041&rft.isbn=9780748616237&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglossarysociolin00trud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/429734.LA_LANGUE_CROATE_SERBE.PDF">"La langue croate, serbe, bosniaque et monténégrine"</a> [The Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin Language] (PDF). In Madelain, Anne (ed.). Les langues des Balkans. Au sud de l'Est (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Non Lieu. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35270-036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35270-036-4"><bdi>978-2-35270-036-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182916790">182916790</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3439662">3439662</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=429734">CROSBI 429734</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601174651/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/429734.LA_LANGUE_CROATE_SERBE.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+langue+croate%2C+serbe%2C+bosniaque+et+mont%C3%A9n%C3%A9grine&rft.btitle=Les+langues+des+Balkans&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Au+sud+de+l%27Est&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Non+Lieu&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182916790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3439662%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-2-35270-036-4&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F429734.LA_LANGUE_CROATE_SERBE.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrozović2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dalibor_Brozovi%C4%87" title="Dalibor Brozović">Brozović, Dalibor</a> (2002). 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In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Clyne" title="Michael Clyne">Clyne, Michael G.</a> (ed.). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">Mouton de Gruyter</a>. pp. 401–419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012855-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012855-0"><bdi>978-3-11-012855-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24668375">24668375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malay+as+a+pluricentric+language&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.place=Berlin+%26+New+York&rft.series=Contributions+to+the+sociology+of+language+62&rft.pages=401-419&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24668375&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012855-0&rft.aulast=Haji+Omar&rft.aufirst=Asmah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwawGFWNuHiwC%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDua1992" class="citation book cs1">Dua, Hans Raj (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wawGFWNuHiwC&q=hindi+urdu+pluricentric&pg=PA381">"Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Clyne" title="Michael Clyne">Clyne, Michael G.</a> (ed.). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">Mouton de Gruyter</a>. pp. 381–400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012855-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012855-0"><bdi>978-3-11-012855-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24668375">24668375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindi-Urdu+as+a+pluricentric+language&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.place=Berlin+%26+New+York&rft.series=Contributions+to+the+sociology+of+language+62&rft.pages=381-400&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24668375&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012855-0&rft.aulast=Dua&rft.aufirst=Hans+Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwawGFWNuHiwC%26q%3Dhindi%2Burdu%2Bpluricentric%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon1995154–174-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon1995154–174_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmmon1995">Ammon 1995</a>, pp. 154–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372202077">"Ideology Against Language: The Current Situation in South Slavic Countries"</a> (PDF). In <a href="/wiki/Motoki_Nomachi" title="Motoki Nomachi">Nomachi, Motoki</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Kamusella" title="Tomasz Kamusella">Kamusella, Tomasz</a> (eds.). Languages and Nationalism Instead of Empires. Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 167–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003034025-11">10.4324/9781003034025-11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-47191-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-47191-0"><bdi>978-0-367-47191-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1390118985">1390118985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259576119">259576119</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4680766">4680766</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/COBISS.SR" class="mw-redirect" title="COBISS.SR">COBISS.SR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/sr/sr/bib/search?q=125229577&db=cobib&mat=allmaterials">125229577</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/COBISS_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="COBISS (identifier)">COBISS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/bib/171014403">171014403</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kordic-ideology-against-language">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024. p. 168–169: <q>the mutual intelligibility between the standard varieties spoken in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia is at the highest level, meaning that it is significantly higher than between spoken standard Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Research conducted by the Nordic Culture Fund (Nordiska kulturfonden) and the Nordic Council of Ministers (Nordiska ministerrådet) from 2002 to 2005 with native speakers of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish under the age of twenty-five showed that Copenhagen's youth understand only 36 percent of spoken Swedish and 41 percent of spoken Norwegian; Oslo's youth understand 71 percent of spoken Swedish and 65 percent of spoken Danish; Stockholm's youth understand 55 percent of spoken Norwegian and 34 percent of spoken Danish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ideology+Against+Language%3A+The+Current+Situation+in+South+Slavic+Countries&rft.btitle=Languages+and+Nationalism+Instead+of+Empires&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Histories+of+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=167-179&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259576119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003034025-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1390118985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4680766%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-0-367-47191-0&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F372202077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mladenovic_2004-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mladenovic_2004_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mladenovic_2004_158-1">b</a> Mladenovic. 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CIP, Zagreb 1991 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Official communique, 27 December 2004, Serbian Ministry of Education (in Serbian) </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novipazar.org.rs/sl/gl_06_2002.pdf">"Opštinski službeni glasnik opštine Novi Pazar"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Op%C5%A1tinski+slu%C5%BEbeni+glasnik+op%C5%A1tine+Novi+Pazar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novipazar.org.rs%2Fsl%2Fgl_06_2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] (65.8 KB), 30 April 2002, page 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_changes_bycode.php?code_ID=513">"Codes for the representation of names of languages"</a>. 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href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-polje" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=polje">"polje"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=polje&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dpolje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-slovovitz" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=slovovitz">"slovovitz"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved 2022-01-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+%E2%80%93+Serbian+%28Latin%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fudhr%2Fd%2Fudhr_srp_latn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124060930/https://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_hrv.html">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Croatian"</a>. unicode.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_hrv.html">the original</a> on 2022-01-24. Retrieved 2022-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+%E2%80%93+Croatian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fudhr%2Fd%2Fudhr_hrv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521041511/http://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_srp_cyrl.html">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Serbian (Cyrillic)"</a>. unicode.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_srp_cyrl.html">the original</a> on 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2022-01-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+%E2%80%93+Serbian+%28Cyrillic%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fudhr%2Fd%2Fudhr_srp_cyrl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. un.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2006" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Ronelle (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6HTdZ5rxJ-cC">Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, a Grammar: With Sociolinguistic Commentary</a>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299211936" title="Special:BookSources/9780299211936"><bdi>9780299211936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnian%2C+Croatian%2C+Serbian%2C+a+Grammar%3A+With+Sociolinguistic+Commentary&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780299211936&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Ronelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6HTdZ5rxJ-cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2013" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Ronelle (2013). 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Leiden, South Holland; Boston, MA: Brill. pp. 341–417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004250765" title="Special:BookSources/9789004250765"><bdi>9789004250765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+Identity%3A+The+Fate+of+Serbo-Croatian&rft.btitle=Entangled+Histories+of+the+Balkans&rft.place=Leiden%2C+South+Holland%3B+Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=341-417&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004250765&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Ronelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFGmJqMflYgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmon1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ammon, Ulrich (1995). Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten [German Language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: The Problem of National Varieties] (in German). Berlin & New York: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. p. 575. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33981055">33981055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+deutsche+Sprache+in+Deutschland%2C+%C3%96sterreich+und+der+Schweiz%3A+das+Problem+der+nationalen+Variet%C3%A4ten&rft.place=Berlin+%26+New+York&rft.pages=575&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33981055&rft.aulast=Ammon&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blum, Daniel (2002). Sprache und Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945–1991) [Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung (in German). Vol. 192. Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89913-253-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89913-253-3"><bdi>978-3-89913-253-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51961066">51961066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sprache+und+Politik+%3A+Sprachpolitik+und+Sprachnationalismus+in+der+Republik+Indien+und+dem+sozialistischen+Jugoslawien+%281945%E2%80%931991%29&rft.place=W%C3%BCrzburg&rft.series=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+S%C3%BCdasienforschung&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Ergon&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51961066&rft.isbn=978-3-89913-253-3&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownAnderson2006" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Edward Keith; Anderson, Anne, eds. 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Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0"><bdi>978-0-08-044299-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3945869">3945869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3945869&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044299-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugarskiHawkesworth2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ranko_Bugarski" title="Ranko Bugarski">Bugarski, Ranko</a>; Hawkesworth, Celia, eds. 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Bloomington: Slavica Publishers. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89357-298-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89357-298-3"><bdi>978-0-89357-298-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52858529">52858529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+the+Former+Yugoslav+Lands&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Slavica+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52858529&rft.isbn=978-0-89357-298-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆalić2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ćalić, Jelena (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fsoci-2021-0007">"Pluricentricity in the classroom: the Serbo-Croatian language issue for foreign language teaching at higher education institutions worldwide"</a>. Sociolinguistica: European Journal of Sociolinguistics. 35 (1). <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>: 113–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fsoci-2021-0007">10.1515/soci-2021-0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0933-1883">0933-1883</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244134335">244134335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociolinguistica%3A+European+Journal+of+Sociolinguistics&rft.atitle=Pluricentricity+in+the+classroom%3A+the+Serbo-Croatian+language+issue+for+foreign+language+teaching+at+higher+education+institutions+worldwide&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-140&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244134335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0933-1883&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fsoci-2021-0007&rft.aulast=%C4%86ali%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Jelena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fsoci-2021-0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2004" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Robert D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC">Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its Disintegration</a> (1st ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191514555" title="Special:BookSources/9780191514555"><bdi>9780191514555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Identity+in+the+Balkans%3A+Serbo-Croatian+and+its+Disintegration&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780191514555&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lNjHgr3QioC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Robert D. 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New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199208753" title="Special:BookSources/9780199208753"><bdi>9780199208753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Identity+in+the+Balkans%3A+Serbo-Croatian+and+its+Disintegration&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd+updated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780199208753&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D31ELAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGröschel2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Gr%C3%B6schel" title="Bernhard Gröschel">Gröschel, Bernhard</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Postjugoslavische_Amtssprachenregelungen_Bernhard_Groeschel_2003">"Postjugoslavische Amtssprachenregelungen – Soziolinguistische Argumente gegen die Einheitlichkeit des Serbokroatischen?"</a> [Post-Yugoslav Official Languages Regulations – Sociolinguistic Arguments Against Consistency of Serbo-Croatian?]. Srpski Jezik (in German). 8 (1–2): 135–196. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0354-9259">0354-9259</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Srpski+Jezik&rft.atitle=Postjugoslavische+Amtssprachenregelungen+%E2%80%93+Soziolinguistische+Argumente+gegen+die+Einheitlichkeit+des+Serbokroatischen%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=135-196&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0354-9259&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B6schel&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPostjugoslavische_Amtssprachenregelungen_Bernhard_Groeschel_2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vbs.rs/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=99999&rid=121971724&fmt=11&lani=sr">(COBISS-Sr)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928211826/http://www.vbs.rs/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=99999&rid=121971724&fmt=11&lani=sr">Archived</a> 2018-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGröschel2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gröschel, Bernhard (2009). Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit [Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics (in German). Vol. 34. Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-929075-79-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-929075-79-3"><bdi>978-3-929075-79-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009473660">2009473660</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/428012015">428012015</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15295665W">15295665W</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/COBISS_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="COBISS (identifier)">COBISS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/bib/43144034">43144034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Serbokroatische+zwischen+Linguistik+und+Politik%3A+mit+einer+Bibliographie+zum+postjugoslavischen+Sprachenstreit&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Lincom+Studies+in+Slavic+Linguistics&rft.pages=451&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F428012015&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009473660&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL15295665W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-3-929075-79-3&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B6schel&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/994941226/04">Contents</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2006), Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials, vol. 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-161-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-161-1"><bdi>978-3-89586-161-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37959860">37959860</a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2863538W">2863538W</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=426503">CROSBI 426503</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbo-Croatian&rft.place=Munich+%26+Newcastle&rft.series=Languages+of+the+World%2FMaterials&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37959860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL2863538W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-3-89586-161-1&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kordić, Snježana (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf">Jezik i nacionalizam</a> [Language and Nationalism] (PDF). Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. p. 430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3467646">10.2139/ssrn.3467646</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-188-311-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-188-311-5"><bdi>978-953-188-311-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011520778">2011520778</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/729837512">729837512</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15270636W">15270636W</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220918333">220918333</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=475567">CROSBI 475567</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601175359/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jezik+i+nacionalizam&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.series=Rotulus+Universitas&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=Durieux&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220918333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.3467646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL15270636W%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011520778&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F729837512&rft.isbn=978-953-188-311-5&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLencek1976" class="citation journal cs1">Lencek, Rado (1976). "A few remarks for the history of the term 'Serbocroatian' language". Zbornik Za Filologiju I Lingvistiku. 19 (1): 45–53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0514-6143">0514-6143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zbornik+Za+Filologiju+I+Lingvistiku&rft.atitle=A+few+remarks+for+the+history+of+the+term+%27Serbocroatian%27+language&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-53&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0514-6143&rft.aulast=Lencek&rft.aufirst=Rado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMappes-Niediek2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mappes-Niediek, Norbert (2005). Die Ethno-Falle: der Balkan-Konflikt und was Europa daraus lernen kann [The Ethnic Trap: the Balkan conflict and what Europe can learn from it] (in German). Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-367-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-367-2"><bdi>978-3-86153-367-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61665869">61665869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Ethno-Falle%3A+der+Balkan-Konflikt+und+was+Europa+daraus+lernen+kann&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Christoph+Links+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61665869&rft.isbn=978-3-86153-367-2&rft.aulast=Mappes-Niediek&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pohl, Hans-Dieter (1996). "Serbokroatisch – Rückblick und Ausblick" [Serbo-Croatian – Looking backward and forward]. In Ohnheiser, Ingeborg (ed.). Wechselbeziehungen zwischen slawischen Sprachen, Literaturen und Kulturen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart : Akten der Tagung aus Anlaß des 25jährigen Bestehens des Instituts für Slawistik an der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 25. – 27. Mai 1995. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Slavica aenipontan (in German). Vol. 4. Innsbruck: Non Lieu. pp. 205–219. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/243829127">243829127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serbokroatisch+%E2%80%93+R%C3%BCckblick+und+Ausblick&rft.btitle=Wechselbeziehungen+zwischen+slawischen+Sprachen%2C+Literaturen+und+Kulturen+in+Vergangenheit+und+Gegenwart+%3A+Akten+der+Tagung+aus+Anla%C3%9F+des+25j%C3%A4hrigen+Bestehens+des+Instituts+f%C3%BCr+Slawistik+an+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Innsbruck%2C+Innsbruck%2C+25.+%E2%80%93+27.+Mai+1995&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.series=Innsbrucker+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Kulturwissenschaft%2C+Slavica+aenipontan&rft.pages=205-219&rft.pub=Non+Lieu&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F243829127&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Hans-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomas, Paul-Louis (2003). "Le serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe): de l'étude d'une langue à l'identité des langues" [Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian): from the study of a language to the identity of languages]. Revue des études slaves (in French). 74 (2–3): 311–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fslave.2002.6801">10.3406/slave.2002.6801</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-2557">0080-2557</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/754204160">754204160</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/208723-6">208723-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%A9tudes+slaves&rft.atitle=Le+serbo-croate+%28bosniaque%2C+croate%2C+mont%C3%A9n%C3%A9grin%2C+serbe%29%3A+de+l%27%C3%A9tude+d%27une+langue+%C3%A0+l%27identit%C3%A9+des+langues&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=311-325&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F754204160&rft.issn=0080-2557&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fslave.2002.6801&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Paul-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Banac, Ivo: Main Trends in the Croatian Language Question. Yale University Press, 1984.</li> <li>Bunčić, D., 2016. Serbo-Croatian/Serbian: Cyrillic and Latin. Biscriptality: A Sociolinguistic Typology, pp. 231–246.</li> <li>Franolić, Branko: A Historical Survey of Literary Croatian. Nouvelles éditions Latines, Paris, 1984.</li> <li>Franolić, B., 1983. The development of literary Croatian and Serbian. Buske Verlag.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranolić1988" class="citation book cs1">Franolić, Branko (1988). Language Policy in Yugoslavia with special reference to Croatian. Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+in+Yugoslavia+with+special+reference+to+Croatian&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Nouvelles+Editions+Latines&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Franoli%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Branko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranolićŽagar2008" class="citation book cs1">Franolić, Branko; Žagar, Mateo (2008). A Historical Outline of Literary Croatian & The Glagolitic Heritage of Croatian Culture. London & Zagreb: Erasmus & CSYPN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-6132-80-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-6132-80-5"><bdi>978-953-6132-80-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Outline+of+Literary+Croatian+%26+The+Glagolitic+Heritage+of+Croatian+Culture&rft.place=London+%26+Zagreb&rft.pub=Erasmus+%26+CSYPN&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-953-6132-80-5&rft.aulast=Franoli%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Branko&rft.au=%C5%BDagar%2C+Mateo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1999" class="citation journal cs1">Greenberg, Robert D. (1999). "In the Aftermath of Yugoslavia's Collapse: The Politics of Language Death and Language Birth". International Politics. 36 (2): 141–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Politics&rft.atitle=In+the+Aftermath+of+Yugoslavia%27s+Collapse%3A+The+Politics+of+Language+Death+and+Language+Birth&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-158&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Robert D. (2013). "Language, Religion, and Nationalism: The Case of the Former Serbo-Croatian". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGUFngEACAAJ">Typen slavischer Standardsprachen: Theoretische, methodische und empirische Zugaenge</a>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 217–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447100281" title="Special:BookSources/9783447100281"><bdi>9783447100281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language%2C+Religion%2C+and+Nationalism%3A+The+Case+of+the+Former+Serbo-Croatian&rft.btitle=Typen+slavischer+Standardsprachen%3A+Theoretische%2C+methodische+und+empirische+Zugaenge&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=217-231&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783447100281&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGUFngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ivić, Pavle: Die serbokroatischen Dialekte. the Hague, 1958.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakobsen2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jakobsen, Per (2008). "O strukturalno-lingvističkim konstantama srpskohrvatskog jezika (inventar fonema i fonotaktička struktura)" [Serbocroatian structural-linguistic constants (inventory of phonemes and phonotactic structure)]. In Ostojić, Branislav (ed.). Jezička situacija u Crnoj Gori – norma i standardizacija (in Serbo-Croatian). Podgorica: Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. pp. 25–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7215-207-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7215-207-4"><bdi>978-86-7215-207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=O+strukturalno-lingvisti%C4%8Dkim+konstantama+srpskohrvatskog+jezika+%28inventar+fonema+i+fonotakti%C4%8Dka+struktura%29&rft.btitle=Jezi%C4%8Dka+situacija+u+Crnoj+Gori+%E2%80%93+norma+i+standardizacija&rft.place=Podgorica&rft.pages=25-34&rft.pub=Crnogorska+akademija+nauka+i+umjetnosti&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-86-7215-207-4&rft.aulast=Jakobsen&rft.aufirst=Per&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vbcg.vbcg.me/scripts/cobiss?ukaz=DISP&id=0446469545391868&rec=8&sid=9">(COBISS-CG)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005181043/http://vbcg.vbcg.me/scripts/cobiss?ukaz=DISP&id=0446469545391868&rec=8&sid=9">Archived</a> 2018-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristophson2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kristophson, Jürgen (2000). "Vom Widersinn der Dialektologie: Gedanken zum Štokavischen" [Dialectological Nonsense: Thoughts on Shtokavian]. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie (in German). 36 (2): 178–186. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2356">0044-2356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Balkanologie&rft.atitle=Vom+Widersinn+der+Dialektologie%3A+Gedanken+zum+%C5%A0tokavischen&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=178-186&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0044-2356&rft.aulast=Kristophson&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/201058-6">201058-6</a>.</li> <li>Magner, Thomas F.: Zagreb Kajkavian dialect. Pennsylvania State University, 1966.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagner1991" class="citation book cs1">Magner, Thomas F. (1991). Introduction to the Croatian and Serbian Language (Revised ed.). Pennsylvania State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Croatian+and+Serbian+Language&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Magner&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerk2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Merk, Hening (2008). "Neka pragmatična zapažanja o postojanju srpskohrvatskog jezika". In Ostojić, Branislav (ed.). Jezička situacija u Crnoj Gori – norma i standardizacija (in Serbo-Croatian). Podgorica: Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. pp. 295–299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7215-207-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7215-207-4"><bdi>978-86-7215-207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neka+pragmati%C4%8Dna+zapa%C5%BEanja+o+postojanju+srpskohrvatskog+jezika&rft.btitle=Jezi%C4%8Dka+situacija+u+Crnoj+Gori+%E2%80%93+norma+i+standardizacija&rft.place=Podgorica&rft.pages=295-299&rft.pub=Crnogorska+akademija+nauka+i+umjetnosti&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-86-7215-207-4&rft.aulast=Merk&rft.aufirst=Hening&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vbcg.vbcg.me/scripts/cobiss?ukaz=DISP&id=0446469545391868&rec=2&sid=8">(COBISS-CG)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005181049/http://vbcg.vbcg.me/scripts/cobiss?ukaz=DISP&id=0446469545391868&rec=2&sid=8">Archived</a> 2018-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Murray Despalatović, Elinor: Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement. Columbia University Press, 1975.</li> <li>Spalatin, C., 1966. Serbo-Croatian or Serbian and Croatian?: Considerations on the Croatian Declaration and Serbian Proposal of March 1967. Journal of Croatian Studies, 7, pp. 3–13.</li> <li>Scando-Slavica, Volume 68, 2022 - Issue 1. 2022. Scando-Slavica, Volume 68, 2022 - Issue 1</li> <li>Vergunova, Ludmila: The geographic distribution of Proto-Slavic dialectisms and the genesis of the South Slavic languages. 1996. (UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARY)</li> <li>Vukotić, Vuk: On the Discursive Construction of Dialectal Varieties: The Case of Central South Slavic ‘Supradialects’. Scando-Slavica, Volume 68, 2022 - Issue 1</li> <li>Zekovic, Sreten & Cimeša, Boro: Elementa montenegrina, Chrestomatia 1/90. CIP, Zagreb 1991.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sh:"> Serbo-Croatian edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Serbo-Croatian" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Serbo-Croatian_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian language</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> – the 15th edition of Ethnologue (released 2005) shows changes in this area: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004814/http://archive.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=SRC">Previous Ethnologue entry for Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010950/http://archive.ethnologue.com/15/show_family.asp?subid=90675">Ethnologue 15th Edition report on western South Slavic languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/serbo-croat.htm">Serbian and Croatian alphabets</a> at Omniglot.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/Serbian_Croatian_Bosnian_or_Montenegrin_Many_In_Balkans_Just_Call_It_Our_Language_/1497105.html">"Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'?"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>, February 21, 2009</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowneAlt2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wayles_Browne" title="Wayles Browne">Browne, Wayles</a>; Alt, Theresa (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/compgrammar_bcs.pdf">A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian</a> (PDF), SEELRC</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Bosnian%2C+Serbian%2C+and+Croatian&rft.pub=SEELRC&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Wayles&rft.au=Alt%2C+Theresa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seelrc.org%3A8080%2Fgrammar%2Fpdf%2Fcompgrammar_bcs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbo-Croatian" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Serbo-Croatian_language" title="Template talk:Serbo-Croatian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serbo-Croatian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Serbo-Croatian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Serbo-Croatian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serbo-Croatian</a> language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literary languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Microlanguages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Molise Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_standard_Bosnian,_Croatian,_Montenegrin_and_Serbian" title="Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian">Comparison of literary languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Serbo-Croatian" title="Dialects of Serbo-Croatian">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old-Shtokavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-Shtokavian">Old-Shtokavian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Bosnian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Bosnian dialect (page does not exist)">Eastern Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Resava_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosovo–Resava dialect (page does not exist)">Kosovo–Resava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smederevo%E2%80%93Vr%C5%A1ac_dialect" title="Smederevo–Vršac dialect">Smederevo–Vršac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavonian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavonian dialect">Slavonian (or Eastern Slavonian)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okac_dialect" title="Šokac dialect">Šokac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta%E2%80%93Ra%C5%A1ka_dialect" title="Zeta–Raška dialect">Zeta–Raška</a> (also known as Zeta–South Sandžak) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetinje%E2%80%93Bar_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetinje–Bar dialect (page does not exist)">Cetinje–Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjelopavli%C4%87i%E2%80%93Vasojevi%C4%87i_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bjelopavlići–Vasojevići dialect (page does not exist)">Bjelopavlići–Vasojevići</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozrini%C4%87i%E2%80%93Bro%C4%87anac_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ozrinići–Broćanac dialect (page does not exist)">Ozrinići–Broćanac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjenica%E2%80%93Novi_Pazar_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjenica–Novi Pazar dialect (page does not exist)">Sjenica–Novi Pazar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Shtokavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Shtokavian">Neo-Shtokavian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Ikavian_dialect" title="Younger Ikavian dialect">Younger Ikavian (or Bosnian–Dalmatian)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_subdialect" title="Dubrovnik subdialect">Dubrovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Herzegovinian_dialect" title="Eastern Herzegovinian dialect">Eastern Herzegovinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEican_dialect" title="Užican dialect">Užice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umadija%E2%80%93Vojvodina_dialect" title="Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect">Šumadija–Vojvodina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buzet_dialect" title="Buzet dialect">Buzet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Chakavian" title="Central Chakavian">Central Chakavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chakavian" title="Northern Chakavian">Northern Chakavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Chakavian" title="Southeastern Chakavian">Southeastern Chakavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Chakavian" title="Southern Chakavian">Southern Chakavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Istrian" title="Southwestern Istrian">Southwestern Istrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gora_dialect_(Kajkavian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gora dialect (Kajkavian) (page does not exist)">Gora</a> [<a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goranski_dijalekt" class="extiw" title="hr:Goranski dijalekt">hr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kri%C5%BEevci%E2%80%93Podravina_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Križevci–Podravina dialect (page does not exist)">Križevci–Podravina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Sutlan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Sutlan dialect (page does not exist)">Lower Sutlan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prigorje_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prigorje dialect (page does not exist)">Prigorje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turopolje%E2%80%93Posavina_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turopolje–Posavina dialect (page does not exist)">Turopolje–Posavina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagor%E2%80%93Me%C4%91imurje_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zagor–Međimurje dialect (page does not exist)">Zagor–Međimurje</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialects" title="Torlakian dialects">Torlakian</a>1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prizren%E2%80%93Timok_dialect" title="Prizren–Timok dialect">Prizren–Timok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prizren%E2%80%93South_Morava_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prizren–South Morava dialect">Prizren–South Morava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gora</a>2</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janjevo%E2%80%93Letnica_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janjevo–Letnica dialect (page does not exist)">Janjevo–Letnica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svrljig%E2%80%93Zaplanje_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Svrljig–Zaplanje dialect">Svrljig–Zaplanje (or Western Torlakian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timok%E2%80%93Lu%C5%BEnica_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Timok–Lužnica dialect">Timok–Lužnica (or Eastern Torlakian)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reflexes of <a href="/wiki/Yat" title="Yat">*ě</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekavian">Ekavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijekavian">Ijekavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikavian">Ikavian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Gaj's Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic alphabet (or Vuk's Cyrillic alphabet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loanwords_in_Serbian" title="Loanwords in Serbian">Loanwords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbo-Croatian_words_of_Greek_origin" title="List of Serbo-Croatian words of Greek origin">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbo-Croatian_words_of_Turkish_origin" title="List of Serbo-Croatian words of Turkish origin">Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause#Serbo-Croatian" title="Relative clause">Relative clauses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_(South_Slavic)" title="Illyrian (South Slavic)">Illyrian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_movement" title="Illyrian movement">Illyrian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Literary_Agreement" title="Vienna Literary Agreement">Vienna Literary Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad_Agreement" title="Novi Sad Agreement">Novi Sad Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Common_Language" title="Declaration on the Common Language">Declaration on the Common Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian literature">Bosnian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Vukovians" title="Croatian Vukovians">Vukovians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language#Literature" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Serbian literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Serbian_literature" title="Medieval Serbian literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_poetry" title="Serbian poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1ka_tablet" title="Baška tablet">Baška tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Marianus" title="Codex Marianus">Codex Marianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humac_tablet" title="Humac tablet">Humac tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_manuscripts" title="List of Serbian manuscripts">Serbian manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Croatian_Prayer_Book" title="Vatican Croatian Prayer Book">Vatican Croatian Prayer Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1also considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> dialect (as the <a href="/wiki/Prizren%E2%80%93Timok_dialect" title="Prizren–Timok dialect">Prizren–Timok dialect</a>)</li> <li>2also considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Macedonian_dialects" title="Northern Macedonian dialects">Northern Macedonian dialects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Template:Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Template talk:Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani_language" title="Vlax Romani language">Vlax Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Croatia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Croatia" title="Template:Languages of Croatia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Croatia" title="Template talk:Languages of Croatia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Croatia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Croatia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Croatia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Croatia">Languages of Croatia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See Also: <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Croatia" title="Minority languages of Croatia">Minority languages of Croatia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Montenegro&#124;link=Montenegro_Languages_of_Montenegro" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Template:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Template talk:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Montenegro&#124;link=Montenegro_Languages_of_Montenegro" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Languages of Montenegro</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See Also: <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Montenegro">Minority languages of Montenegro</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Serbia&#124;link=Serbia_Languages_of_Serbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Template:Languages of Serbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Template talk:Languages of Serbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Serbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Serbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Serbia&#124;link=Serbia_Languages_of_Serbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Languages of Serbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Serbia" title="Romanian language in Serbia">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_languages" title="Template talk:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">Up to Proto-Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_accent" title="Proto-Slavic accent">Accent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">Modern languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorodian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#Transitional_South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">Transitional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carantanians#Language" title="Carantanians">Alpine Slavic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech-Slovak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Czech_language" title="Biblical Czech language">Biblical Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">White Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese_Slovak" title="Camaldolese Slovak">Camaldolese Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>East Lechitic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Polish language">Middle Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lechitic_dialects" title="West Lechitic dialects">West Lechitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcho-Magdeburgian_dialect" title="Marcho-Magdeburgian dialect">Marcho-Magdeburgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_dialect" title="Rani dialect">Rani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleifer_dialect" title="Schleifer dialect">Schleifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Microlanguages</a> and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos#Language" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachian_language" title="Podlachian language">Podlachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian" title="West Polesian">West Polesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li>20th century <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponaschemu" title="Ponaschemu">Ponaschemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Quelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taimyr_Pidgin_Russian" title="Taimyr Pidgin Russian">Taimyr Pidgin Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Slavic" title="Army Slavic">Army Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">Slavic first palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization_of_diphthongs_in_Proto-Slavic" title="Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dybo%27s_law" title="Dybo's law">Dybo's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">Havlík's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirt%27s_law" title="Hirt's law">Hirt's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illi%C4%8D-Svity%C4%8D%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Illič-Svityč's law">Illič-Svityč's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C5%A1i%C4%87%27s_law" title="Ivšić's law">Ivšić's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meillet%27s_law" title="Meillet's law">Meillet's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedersen%27s_law" title="Pedersen's law">Pedersen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki sound law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijk%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Wijk's law">Van Wijk's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter%27s_law" title="Winter's law">Winter's law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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[\"CITEREFDua1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranolić1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranolićŽagar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFučić1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGak,_Vladimir_G.1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGröschel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGröschel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaji_Omar1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen-Löve2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgić2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakobsen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonke,_Ljudevit1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonke,_Ljudevit1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonke,_Ljudevit1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKafadar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapetanovic2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKloss1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKordić,_Snježana2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKordić,_Snježana2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKordić2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKordić2004\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKordić2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKordić2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKordić2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKordić2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKordić2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKordić2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKordić2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristophson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLencek1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMader_Skender2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandić2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMappes-Niediek2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLennan,_Sean1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerk2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilekić2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilutinović,_Zoran2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMørk2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNosovitz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObst2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetković2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohl1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRametValenta2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichter_Malabotta2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugar1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanović-Miller2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasOsipov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasevich1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrudgill2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrudgill2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTörnquist-Plewa2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelikonja1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZanelli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĆalić2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFČamdžićHudson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĐorđe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠipka2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠnajder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠolaja2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠtiks2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠćepanović2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"-\\\"\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 8,\n [\"Arrow\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"CEEOL\"] = 1,\n [\"COBISS\"] = 2,\n [\"COBISS.SR\"] = 1,\n [\"CROSBI\"] = 14,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 55,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 34,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-5\"] = 6,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Serbo-Croatian Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Dictionary.com\"] = 1,\n [\"E25\"] = 4,\n [\"E27\"] = 1,\n [\"Editorializing\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Hyphen\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 49,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 24,\n [\"Lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl\"] = 3,\n [\"Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Croatia\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Montenegro\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Serbia\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OED\"] = 5,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Serbo-Croatian language\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 45,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 14,\n [\"Slavic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"South Slavic languages sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 9,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Vague\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary category 2\"] = 1,\n [\"ZDB\"] = 10,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","27.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","11.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","5.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","2.9"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","60","2.9"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","60","2.9"],["[others]","480","23.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-h4jfq","timestamp":"20241124053349","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serbo-Croatian","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9301","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9301","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia 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