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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_and_Roman_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_and_Roman_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hellenistic and Roman times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_and_Roman_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Districts and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illicit_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illicit_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Illicit drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illicit_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beqaa Valley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekaavallei" title="Bekaavallei – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bekaavallei" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9_(%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="وادي البقاع (لبنان) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وادي البقاع (لبنان)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_d%27a_Beqaa" title="Val d'a Beqaa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Val d'a Beqaa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biqa_vadisi" title="Biqa vadisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biqa vadisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Даліна Бекаа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Даліна Бекаа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Бэкаа (даліна) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэкаа (даліна)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Бекаа (долина) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бекаа (долина)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall_de_la_Bekaa" title="Vall de la Bekaa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vall de la Bekaa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bik%C3%A1a" title="Bikáa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bikáa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekaa-dalen" title="Bekaa-dalen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bekaa-dalen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekaa-Ebene" title="Bekaa-Ebene – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bekaa-Ebene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B1" title="Κοιλάδα Μπεκάα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοιλάδα Μπεκάα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_de_la_Bec%C3%A1" title="Valle de la Becá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valle de la Becá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekaa" title="Bekaa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bekaa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekaa" title="Bekaa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bekaa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="بقاع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بقاع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaine_de_la_Bekaa" title="Plaine de la Bekaa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plaine de la Bekaa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekafallei" title="Bekafallei – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bekafallei" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleann_Beqaa" title="Gleann Beqaa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gleann Beqaa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EC%B9%B4_%EA%B3%84%EA%B3%A1" title="베카 계곡 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베카 계곡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="बेक़आ वादी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेक़आ वादी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembah_Bekaa" title="Lembah Bekaa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lembah Bekaa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%82%C3%A6%D1%80%D1%84" title="Бекаайы тæрф – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бекаайы тæрф" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_della_Beqa%27" title="Valle della Beqa' – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valle della Beqa'" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A2" title="בקאע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בקאע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ბექაას ხეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბექაას ხეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Бекаа алабы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бекаа алабы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beka%27a" title="Beka'a – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Beka'a" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallis_Biqa" title="Vallis Biqa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vallis Biqa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekos_sl%C4%97nis" title="Bekos slėnis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bekos slėnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekaa-v%C3%B6lgy" title="Bekaa-völgy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bekaa-völgy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9_(%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="وادى البقاع (لبنان) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وادى البقاع (لبنان)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekavallei" title="Bekavallei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bekavallei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="ベッカー高原 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベッカー高原" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekaadalen" title="Bekaadalen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bekaadalen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekaadalen" title="Bekaadalen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bekaadalen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biqo_vodiysi" title="Biqo vodiysi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biqo vodiysi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolina_Bekaa" title="Dolina Bekaa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dolina Bekaa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_do_Beca" title="Vale do Beca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vale do Beca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valea_Bekaa" title="Valea Bekaa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Valea Bekaa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Долина Бекаа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Долина Бекаа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beqaa Valley" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beqaa Valley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beka_(dolina)" title="Beka (dolina) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beka (dolina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Долина Бека – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Долина Бека" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekaanlaakso" title="Bekaanlaakso – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bekaanlaakso" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekaadalen" title="Bekaadalen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bekaadalen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="பெக்கா பள்ளத்தாக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெக்கா பள்ளத்தாக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%8A" title="Водии Биқоъ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Водии Биқоъ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bik%C3%A2_Vadisi" title="Bikâ Vadisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bikâ Vadisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Бекаа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бекаа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="وادی بقاع – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وادی بقاع" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C" title="לבנון טאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לבנון טאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8D%A1%E8%B0%B7%E5%9C%B0" title="贝卡谷地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝卡谷地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q202322#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beqaa_Valley&params=34_00_32_N_36_08_43_E_region:LB-BI_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki_dim:60km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°00′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°08′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.00889°N 36.14528°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.00889; 36.14528</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Valley in eastern Lebanon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bekaa" redirects here. For the Lebanese association football club, see <a href="/wiki/Bekaa_SC" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa SC">Bekaa SC</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Beqaa_Valley" title="Special:EditPage/Beqaa Valley">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Beqaa+Valley%22">"Beqaa Valley"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Beqaa+Valley%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Beqaa+Valley%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Beqaa+Valley%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Beqaa+Valley%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Beqaa+Valley%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="line-height: 1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Beqaa Valley</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qsarnaba,grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Qsarnaba%2Cgrapes.jpg/272px-Qsarnaba%2Cgrapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Qsarnaba%2Cgrapes.jpg/408px-Qsarnaba%2Cgrapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Qsarnaba%2Cgrapes.jpg/544px-Qsarnaba%2Cgrapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1285" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Grapevines near <a href="/wiki/Kasarnaba" title="Kasarnaba">Kasarnaba</a>, overlooking the central Beqaa Valley</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">120 km (75 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">16 km (9.9 mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وادي البقاع</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">Valley</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State/Province</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Baalbek-Hermel_Governorate" title="Baalbek-Hermel Governorate">Baalbek-Hermel Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Governorate" title="Beqaa Governorate">Beqaa Governorate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population center</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beqaa_Valley&params=34_00_32_N_36_08_43_E_region:LB-BI_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki_dim:60km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°00′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°08′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.00889°N 36.14528°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.00889; 36.14528</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Beqaa Valley</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وادي البقاع</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wādī l-Biqā‘</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Arabic language">Lebanese Arabic</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="apc-LB-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">[bʔaːʕ]</a></span>; <span style="font-size:85%;">also romanized as</span> <b>Bekaa</b>, <b>Biqâ</b>, <span style="font-size:85%;">and</span> <b>Becaa</b>) is a fertile valley in eastern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and its most important <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Lebanon" title="Agriculture in Lebanon">farming region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Globaleye_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globaleye-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industry, especially the country's agricultural industry, also flourishes in Beqaa. The region broadly corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. </p><p>The Beqaa is located about 30 km (19 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. The valley is situated between <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_mountains" title="Anti-Lebanon mountains">Anti-Lebanon mountains</a> to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the northern continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a>, and thus part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a>, which stretches from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Beqaa Valley is 120 kilometres (75 mi) long and 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) wide on average. It has a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> of wet, often snowy winters and dry, warm summers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate of Beqaa Valley (page does not exist)">Climate of Beqaa Valley</a></div> <p>The region receives limited rainfall, particularly in the north, because Mount Lebanon creates a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> that blocks precipitation coming from the sea. The northern section has an average annual rainfall of 230 millimetres (9.1 in), compared to 610 millimetres (24 in) in the central valley.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, two rivers originate in the valley: the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a> (Asi), which flows north into Syria and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Litani_River" title="Litani River">Litani</a>, which flows south and then west to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1st century BC, when the region was part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the Beqaa Valley served as a source of grain for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. Today the valley makes up 40 percent of Lebanon's <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern end of the valley, with its scarce rainfall and less fertile soils, is used primarily as grazing land by <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">pastoral nomads</a>. Farther south, more fertile soils support crops of wheat, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, and vegetables, with <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchards</a> centered on <a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a>. </p><p>The valley also produces <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a> and cultivates <a href="/wiki/Opium_poppy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium poppy">opium poppies</a>, which are exported as part of the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illegal drug trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-History">Pre-History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>, that is part of a valley to the east of the northern Beqaa Valley, there are evidence of continual habitation dating back almost 8000–9000 years. <a href="/wiki/Ard_Tlaili" title="Ard Tlaili">Ard Tlaili</a> is a small tell mound with an archaeological site, located on a plain at the foot of the Lebanon Mountain, just 11 km (7 mi) northwest of Baalbeck, in the Beqaa Valley. It dates to around 5780-5710 BC and has the southernmost pottery belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf Culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Labweh" title="Labweh">Labweh</a> is a village at an elevation of 950 metres (3,120 ft) on a foothill of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains in Baalbek District, Baalbek-Hermel Governorate, Lebanon, settled since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Middle Bronze IIA</a>, the Beqa Valley was a highway between the regional power of <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a> in the north and its vassal <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a> in the south. The Beqaa valley was known as <i><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></i> during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The identity of the inhabitants is not known for certain, but the region was part of the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatna#Kingdom_of_Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a>. To the southwest of Baalbek was <a href="/wiki/Eni%C5%A1asi" title="Enišasi">Enišasi</a>, a city or city-state mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/1350_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="1350 BC">1350</a>-<a href="/wiki/1335_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="1335 BC">1335 BC</a> <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a> <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">correspondence</a>, written by two rulers of the city <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0atiya" title="Šatiya">Šatiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Ri%C5%A1a" title="Abdi-Riša">Abdi-Riša</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, the Beqaa Valley came to be dominated by <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>-and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-speaking populations. </p><p>In the 11th and 10th centuries BC, the <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaeans</a> founded the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Aram-Zobah</a> (also Sobah), mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. Many scholars suggest it was located in the Beqa'a valley.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise whereabouts of <a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a>, a prominent city at the time, remains a subject of scholarly debate. In the 8th and 7th century BC, Sobah, now under <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Imperial Assyrian rule</a>, served as the residence for an Assyrian governor, <i>Bel-liqbi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_and_Roman_times">Hellenistic and Roman times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hellenistic and Roman times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, the valley was reportedly inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>, possibly an Arabic or <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean</a> people. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Histories of Alexander the Great">Histories of Alexander the Great</a></i>, the Itureans were Arab peasants living in the hills above <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> who slaughtered about 30 <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonians</a>, which prompted Alexander to conduct an expedition against them. Later on, the Itureans broke away from the weakened <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Chalcis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Chalcis">Kingdom of Chalcis</a>. From their base in the Bekaa, the Itureans expanded their territory to include the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> cities of the coast and came close to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Their territory was eventually absorbed into the rest of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a>. </p><p>The valley was of considerable importance to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> as one of the important agricultural regions in the eastern provinces, and it was known for its <a href="/wiki/Temples_of_the_Beqaa_Valley" title="Temples of the Beqaa Valley">many temples</a>. The region also gained the attention of <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyrene</a> Queen <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>, who built the <a href="/wiki/Canalizations_of_Zenobia" title="Canalizations of Zenobia">Canalizations of Zenobia</a>, linking the valley with Palmyra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Districts_and_towns">Districts and towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Districts and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zahle,Lebanon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Zahle%2CLebanon.JPG/220px-Zahle%2CLebanon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Zahle%2CLebanon.JPG/330px-Zahle%2CLebanon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Zahle%2CLebanon.JPG/440px-Zahle%2CLebanon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a>, the capital of the Beqaa Governorate</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zahle" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahle">Zahle</a> is the largest city and the administrative capital of the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Governorate" title="Beqaa Governorate">Beqaa Governorate</a>. It lies just north of the main <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>–<a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> highway, which bisects the valley. The majority of Zahle's residents are <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanese Christian</a>, the majority being <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkite Christianity in Lebanon">Melkite Greek Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite Catholic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Christianity in Lebanon">Greek Orthodox Christians</a>. The town of <a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Anjar</a>, situated in the eastern part of the valley, has a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon">Armenian Lebanese</a> population and is famous for its 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> ruins. Further east, the town of <a href="/wiki/Majdal_Anjar" title="Majdal Anjar">Majdal Anjar</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslim</a> majority. </p><p>The majority of the inhabitants of the northern districts of Beqaa, <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermel" title="Hermel">Hermel</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Lebanon">Lebanese Shiites</a>, with the exception of the town of <a href="/wiki/Deir_el_Ahmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir el Ahmar">Deir el Ahmar</a>, whose inhabitants are <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christians</a>. The Baalbek and Hermel districts have a <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni</a> minority, mainly situated further north along the border with Syria. </p><p>The western and southern districts of the valley also have a mixed population of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Druze</a>. The town of <a href="/wiki/Joub_Jannine" title="Joub Jannine">Joub Janine</a> with a population of about 12,000, is situated midway in the valley, and its population is <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni</a>. Joub Janine is the governmental center of the region known as Western Beqaa, with municipal services like the <a href="/wiki/Saray_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saray (building)">serail</a>, which is the main government building in the area, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">emergency medical services</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">fire department</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Courthouse" title="Courthouse">courthouse</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabelias_municipal_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kabelias_municipal_garden.jpg/220px-Kabelias_municipal_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kabelias_municipal_garden.jpg/330px-Kabelias_municipal_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kabelias_municipal_garden.jpg/440px-Kabelias_municipal_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Municipal garden of <a href="/wiki/Qabb_Ilyas" title="Qabb Ilyas">Qabb Ilyas</a></figcaption></figure><p>Other towns in the Western Beqaa district are <a href="/wiki/Machghara" title="Machghara">Machghara</a>, Sabghine, <a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kamed al Lawz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qabb_Ilyas" title="Qabb Ilyas">Qab Elias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sohmor" title="Sohmor">Sohmor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yohmor,_Beqaa" title="Yohmor, Beqaa">Yohmor</a>. The towns are all a mix of different Lebanese religious confessions. <a href="/wiki/Rashaya" title="Rashaya">Rachaiya al Wadi</a>, east of the Western Beqaa district, is home to Lebanon's share of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a> and borders Syria also. The district's capital, also Rachaiya al Wadi, not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rachaya_Al_Foukhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rachaya Al Foukhar">Rachaiya al Foukhar</a> in South Lebanon, is famous for its old renovated souk and what is known as the castle of independence in which Lebanon's pre-independence leaders were held by French troops before being released in 1943. The southern section of the district is inhabited with Druze and Christian Lebanese, while the other northern section is mainly inhabited by Sunni Lebanese. </p><p>Due to wars and the unstable economic and political conditions Lebanon faced in the past, with difficulties some farmers still face today, many previous inhabitants of the valley left for coastal cities in Lebanon or emigrated from the country altogether, with the majority residing in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> or <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon,_Baalbek,_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg/220px-Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg/330px-Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg/440px-Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Temple_of_Bacchus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchus" title="Temple of Bacchus">Temple of Bacchus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The ancient Roman ruins of <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temples_of_the_Beqaa_Valley" title="Temples of the Beqaa Valley">Temples of the Beqaa Valley</a>, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalbek#Tomb_of_Husayn's_daughter" title="Baalbek">Tomb of Khawla</a>, alleged shrine of Khawla the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> ruins of <a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Anjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Bekaa" title="Our Lady of Bekaa">Our Lady of Bekaa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Marian shrine</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Aammiq_Wetland" title="Aammiq Wetland">Aammiq Wetland</a> habitat for birds and butterflies</li> <li>The Roman Grotto under <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara" title="Château Ksara">Château Ksara</a> winery</li> <li>Lebanon's tallest <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kherbet_Rouha" title="Kherbet Rouha">Kherbet Rouha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Bechouat" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Bechouat">The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Bechouat</a></li> <li>Roman <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">nymphaeum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Temnin_el-Foka" title="Temnin el-Foka">Temnin el-Foka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Qaraoun" title="Lake Qaraoun">Lake Qaraoun</a>, the largest artificial water reservoir in Lebanon</li> <li>Phoenician ruins of <a href="/wiki/Kamid_al_lawz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamid al lawz">Kamid al lawz</a></li> <li>Roman ruins of <a href="/wiki/Libbaya" title="Libbaya">Libbaya</a></li> <li>Roman ruins of <a href="/wiki/Qab_Elias" class="mw-redirect" title="Qab Elias">Qab Elias</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kamouh_el_Hermel" title="Kamouh el Hermel">Pyramid tower of Hermel</a> at the northern end of the valley</li> <li>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karak_Nuh" title="Karak Nuh">Karak Nuh</a>, a shrine dedicated to Noah.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wines">Wines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanese wine</a></div> <p>The Beqaa Valley is home to Lebanon's famous vineyards and <a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">wineries</a>. Wine making is a tradition that goes back 6000 years in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. With an average altitude of 1000 m above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, the valley's climate is very suitable to vineyards. Abundant winter rain and much sunshine in the summer helps the grapes ripen easily. There are more than a dozen wineries in the Beqaa Valley, producing over six million bottles a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Globaleye_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globaleye-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beqaa Valley wineries include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Château Ka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Kefraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Kefraya">Château Kefraya</a></li> <li>Château Khoury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Ksara" title="Château Ksara">Château Ksara</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Marsyas" title="Château Marsyas">Château Marsyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Musar" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Musar">Château Musar</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Château Qanafar</li> <li>Clos Saint Thomas</li> <li>Domaine de Baal</li> <li>Domaine des Tourelles</li> <li>Domaine Wardy<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kroum Kefraya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massaya" title="Massaya">Massaya</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.terrejoie.com/">Terre Joie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illicit_drugs">Illicit drugs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Illicit drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Drug_economy_in_Lebanon" title="Drug economy in Lebanon">Drug economy in Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farmers_harvesting_marijuana_in_Bekaa_valley,_Lebanon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Farmers_harvesting_marijuana_in_Bekaa_valley%2C_Lebanon.png/220px-Farmers_harvesting_marijuana_in_Bekaa_valley%2C_Lebanon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Farmers_harvesting_marijuana_in_Bekaa_valley%2C_Lebanon.png/330px-Farmers_harvesting_marijuana_in_Bekaa_valley%2C_Lebanon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Farmers_harvesting_marijuana_in_Bekaa_valley%2C_Lebanon.png/440px-Farmers_harvesting_marijuana_in_Bekaa_valley%2C_Lebanon.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Farmers harvesting <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> in the Bekaa Valley, 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>Drugs have a long tradition in the Beqaa Valley, from the days of the Roman Empire to the present. Cultivators and tribal drug lords have worked with militias to build up a thriving <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> trade. The region has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> producing <a href="/wiki/Upper_Huallaga_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Huallaga Valley">Upper Huallaga Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">cannabis cultivation</a> was a major source of income in the Beqaa Valley, where most of the country's <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> was produced. The war led various groups to turn to <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">drug trafficking</a> for income. Syria, which controlled most of the Valley, profited significantly from the trade. <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> terrorist groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a>, also participated in the hashish trade, making millions of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trade collapsed during the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">worldwide crackdown</a> on narcotics led by the United States in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-MEI567p19_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEI567p19-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under pressure from the U.S. State Department, the occupying Syrian Army plowed up the Beqaa's cannabis fields and sprayed them with poison. Prior to 1991 it was estimated that income generated from illicit crops grown in the Beqaa was around $500 million. According to the <a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a> the annual per capita income at that time in the <a href="/wiki/Baalbek-Hermel_Governorate" title="Baalbek-Hermel Governorate">Baalbek and Hermel</a> district did not exceed $500. The same agency estimated the figure for the rest of Lebanon was $2,074.<sup id="cite_ref-MEI567p19_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEI567p19-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the mid-1990s, the culture and production of drugs in the Beqaa Valley has been in steady decline. By 2002, an estimated 2,500 hectares<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of cannabis were limited to the extreme north of the Valley, where government presence remains minimal. Every year since 2001 the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces#Lebanese_Ground_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanese Army</a> plows cannabis fields in an effort to destroy the crops before harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that that action eliminates no more than 30% of overall crops. Although important during the civil war, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> cultivation has become marginal, dropping from an estimated 30 metric tonnes per year in 1983 to negligible amounts in 2004. </p><p>Due to increasing political unrest that weakened the central Lebanese government during the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a> and 2007 Opposition boycott of the government, and due to the lack of viable alternatives, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> promises of irrigation projects and alternative crop subsidies that never materialized, drug cultivation and production have significantly increased.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remain a fraction of the civil war era production and are limited north of the town of <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>, where the rule of tribal law protecting armed families is still strong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anjar-109900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arches at the ruins of Anjar"><img alt="Arches at the ruins of Anjar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Anjar-109900.jpg/120px-Anjar-109900.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Anjar-109900.jpg/180px-Anjar-109900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Anjar-109900.jpg/240px-Anjar-109900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arches at the ruins of Anjar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akkar_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Road in the Bekaa"><img alt="Road in the Bekaa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Akkar_09.jpg/120px-Akkar_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Akkar_09.jpg/180px-Akkar_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Akkar_09.jpg/240px-Akkar_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Road in the Bekaa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anjar_-_Cardo_vu_du_nord_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of structures"><img alt="Remains of structures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Anjar_-_Cardo_vu_du_nord_2.jpg/120px-Anjar_-_Cardo_vu_du_nord_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Anjar_-_Cardo_vu_du_nord_2.jpg/180px-Anjar_-_Cardo_vu_du_nord_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Anjar_-_Cardo_vu_du_nord_2.jpg/240px-Anjar_-_Cardo_vu_du_nord_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3686" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of structures</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kamid el-Loz village"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kamed.jpg/120px-Kamed.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kamed.jpg/180px-Kamed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kamed.jpg/240px-Kamed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kamid el-Loz</a> village</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Adi_ibn_Musafir" title="Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir">Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Globaleye-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Globaleye_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Globaleye_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Massaya&rft.atitle=Lebanese+wine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massaya.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeqaa+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavids2002" class="citation cs2">Davids, Douglas J. (2002-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004479555/B9789004479555_s005.xml">"Narco-Terrorist Relationships"</a>, <i>Narco Terrorism: A Unified Strategy to Fight a Growing Terrorist Menace</i>, Brill Nijhoff, pp. 33–34, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004479555_005">10.1163/9789004479555_005</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47955-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47955-5"><bdi>978-90-04-47955-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Narco+Terrorism%3A+A+Unified+Strategy+to+Fight+a+Growing+Terrorist+Menace&rft.atitle=Narco-Terrorist+Relationships&rft.pages=33-34&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004479555_005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47955-5&rft.aulast=Davids&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004479555%2FB9789004479555_s005.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeqaa+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEI567p19-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MEI567p19_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEI567p19_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_International" title="Middle East International">Middle East International</a> No 567, 30 January 1998; Reinoud Leenders p.19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/">"Lebanon"</a>. 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September 28, 2022 – via CIA.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanon&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2022-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Flebanon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeqaa+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Press International, Feb 26 2002 'Lebanon army destroys drugs'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519143530/http://uk.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUKNOA62861420070926">"Lebanese find troubles fertile ground for cannabis"</a> Reuters</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustafsson2013" class="citation web cs1">Gustafsson, Jenny (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caravanmagazine.in/lede/greener-grass">"Villages in the Bekaa Valley cling to cannabis cultivation as their only means of survival"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Caravan" title="The Caravan">The Caravan</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Caravan&rft.atitle=Villages+in+the+Bekaa+Valley+cling+to+cannabis+cultivation+as+their+only+means+of+survival&rft.date=2013-10&rft.aulast=Gustafsson&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaravanmagazine.in%2Flede%2Fgreener-grass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeqaa+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaa_Valley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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