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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letter_found_at_Tell_Beth-Shean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_found_at_Tell_Beth-Shean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Letter found at Tell Beth-Shean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_found_at_Tell_Beth-Shean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Letter summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akhenaten_and_Tushratta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akhenaten_and_Tushratta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Akhenaten and Tushratta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akhenaten_and_Tushratta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amarna_letters_list" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amarna_letters_list"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Amarna letters list</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amarna_letters_list-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Amarna letters list subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Amarna_letters_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotations_and_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotations_and_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Quotations and phrases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Quotations_and_phrases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Quotations and phrases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Quotations_and_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bird_in_a_Cage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bird_in_a_Cage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bird in a Cage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bird_in_a_Cage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"A_brick_may_move.."" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"A_brick_may_move..""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>"A brick may move.."</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"A_brick_may_move.."-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"For_the_lack_of_a_cultivator.."" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"For_the_lack_of_a_cultivator..""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>"For the lack of a cultivator.."</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"For_the_lack_of_a_cultivator.."-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Hale_like_the_Sun..."" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Hale_like_the_Sun...""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>"Hale like the Sun..."</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Hale_like_the_Sun..."-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"I_looked_this_way,_and_I_looked..."" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"I_looked_this_way,_and_I_looked...""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>"I looked this way, and I looked..."</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"I_looked_this_way,_and_I_looked..."-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"May_the_Lady_of_Gubla.."" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"May_the_Lady_of_Gubla..""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>"May the Lady of Gubla.."</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"May_the_Lady_of_Gubla.."-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-a_pot_held_in_pledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#a_pot_held_in_pledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>a pot held in pledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-a_pot_held_in_pledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-7_times_and_7_times_again" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7_times_and_7_times_again"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>7 times and 7 times again</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7_times_and_7_times_again-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I_fall_..._7_times_and_7..."on_the_back_and_on_the_stomach"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_fall_..._7_times_and_7..."on_the_back_and_on_the_stomach""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>I fall ... 7 times and 7...<i>"on the back and on the stomach"</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_fall_..._7_times_and_7..."on_the_back_and_on_the_stomach"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-when_an_ant_is_struck.." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#when_an_ant_is_struck.."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span><i>when an ant is struck..</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-when_an_ant_is_struck..-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example,_single_letter_photo_gallery,_multiple_sides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example,_single_letter_photo_gallery,_multiple_sides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Example, single letter photo gallery, multiple sides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example,_single_letter_photo_gallery,_multiple_sides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amarna letters</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna-briewe" title="Amarna-briewe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amarna-briewe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9" title="رسائل تل العمارنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسائل تل العمارنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartes_d%27Armana" title="Cartes d'Armana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cartes d'Armana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_arxivi" title="Amarna arxivi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amarna arxivi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%9E" title="Амарнскі архіў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амарнскі архіў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Амарнски архив – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амарнски архив" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartes_d%27Amarna" title="Cartes d'Amarna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cartes d'Amarna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-amarnsk%C3%A9_dopisy" title="El-amarnské dopisy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="El-amarnské dopisy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarnabrevene" title="Amarnabrevene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amarnabrevene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna-Briefe" title="Amarna-Briefe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amarna-Briefe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Επιστολές της Αμάρνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστολές της Αμάρνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartas_de_Amarna" title="Cartas de Amarna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cartas de Amarna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna-leteroj" title="Amarna-leteroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amarna-leteroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarnako_eskutitzak" title="Amarnako eskutitzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amarnako eskutitzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="نامه‌های عمارنه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نامه‌های عمارنه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettres_d%27Amarna" title="Lettres d'Amarna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lettres d'Amarna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartas_de_Amarna" title="Cartas de Amarna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cartas de Amarna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%98_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="아마르나 문서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아마르나 문서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A1_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%BE" title="Ամարնա արխիվ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամարնա արխիվ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अमर्ण पत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमर्ण पत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisma_iz_Amarne" title="Pisma iz Amarne – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pisma iz Amarne" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Amarna" title="Surat Amarna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Surat Amarna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettere_di_Amarna" title="Lettere di Amarna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lettere di Amarna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מכתבי אל-עמארנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכתבי אל-עמארנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterae_Amarna" title="Litterae Amarna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Litterae Amarna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarnos_lai%C5%A1kai" title="Amarnos laiškai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amarnos laiškai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna-levelek" title="Amarna-levelek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amarna-levelek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="അമാർണാ എഴുത്തുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമാർണാ എഴുത്തുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="رسائل العمارنه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رسائل العمارنه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Амарнагийн бичиг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амарнагийн бичиг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarnabrieven" title="Amarnabrieven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amarnabrieven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8" title="アマルナ文書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アマルナ文書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarnabrevene" title="Amarnabrevene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amarnabrevene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarnabreva" title="Amarnabreva – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amarnabreva" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82" title="ਅਮਰਨਾ ਚਿੱਠੀਆਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮਰਨਾ ਚਿੱਠੀਆਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7_%DA%86%D9%B9%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="امرنا چٹھیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امرنا چٹھیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listy_amarne%C5%84skie" title="Listy amarneńskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Listy amarneńskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartas_de_Amarna" title="Cartas de Amarna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartas de Amarna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrisorile_de_la_Amarna" title="Scrisorile de la Amarna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scrisorile de la Amarna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Амарнский архив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амарнский архив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarnska_pisma" title="Amarnska pisma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amarnska pisma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Писма из Амарне – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Писма из Амарне" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisma_iz_Amarne" title="Pisma iz Amarne – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pisma iz Amarne" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna-kirjeet" title="Amarna-kirjeet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amarna-kirjeet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarnabreven" title="Amarnabreven – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amarnabreven" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_liham_ng_Amarna" title="Mga liham ng Amarna – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga liham ng Amarna" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அமர்னா நிருபங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமர்னா நிருபங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_mektuplar%C4%B1" title="Amarna mektupları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amarna mektupları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Амарнський архів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амарнський архів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%81" title="مکتوبات عمارنہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مکتوبات عمارنہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%88%E6%96%87%E4%B9%A6" title="阿马尔奈文书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿马尔奈文书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q235502#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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href="/wiki/File:Five_Amarna_letters_on_display_at_the_British_Museum,_LondonA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Five_Amarna_letters_on_display_at_the_British_Museum%2C_LondonA.jpg/220px-Five_Amarna_letters_on_display_at_the_British_Museum%2C_LondonA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Five_Amarna_letters_on_display_at_the_British_Museum%2C_LondonA.jpg/330px-Five_Amarna_letters_on_display_at_the_British_Museum%2C_LondonA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Five_Amarna_letters_on_display_at_the_British_Museum%2C_LondonA.jpg/440px-Five_Amarna_letters_on_display_at_the_British_Museum%2C_LondonA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3074" data-file-height="3004" /></a><figcaption>Five Amarna letters on display at the British Museum, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png/220px-Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png/330px-Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_161" title="Amarna letter EA 161">EA 161</a>, letter by <a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziru</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> (stating his case to <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>), one of the Amarna letters in cuneiform writing on a clay tablet.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Amarna letters</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; sometimes referred to as the <b>Amarna correspondence</b> or <b>Amarna tablets</b>, and cited with the abbreviation <b>EA</b>, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablets</a>, primarily consisting of <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_correspondence" title="Diplomatic correspondence">diplomatic correspondence</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> administration and its representatives in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a>, or neighboring kingdom leaders, during the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>, spanning a period of no more than thirty years in the middle 14th century BC. The letters were found in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> at <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">el-Amarna</a>, the modern name for the ancient Egyptian capital of <i>Akhetaten</i>, founded by pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> (c. 1351–1334 BC) during the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a>. </p><p>The Amarna letters are unusual in Egyptological research, because they are written not in the language of ancient Egypt, but in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a>, the writing system of ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Most are in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> sometimes characterised as a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaano-Akkadian_language" title="Canaano-Akkadian language">Canaanite-Akkadian</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-IzreelTAU_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IzreelTAU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one especially long letter—abbreviated <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_24" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna letter EA 24">EA 24</a>—was written in a late dialect of <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a>, and is the longest contiguous text known to survive in that language. </p><p>The known tablets total 382 and fragments (350 are letters and the rest literary texts and school texts), of which 358 have been published by the Norwegian Assyriologist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Alexander_Knudtzon" title="Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon">Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon</a> in his work, <i>Die El-Amarna-Tafeln</i>, which came out in two volumes (1907 and 1915) and remains the standard edition to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IzreelTAU_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IzreelTAU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The texts of the remaining 24 complete or fragmentary tablets excavated since Knudtzon have also been made available.<sup id="cite_ref-IzreelTAU_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IzreelTAU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 26 of the known tablets and fragments were found in their archaeological context, Building Q42.21.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Amarna letters are of great significance for <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">biblical studies</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic linguistics</a> because they shed light on the culture and language of the Canaanite peoples in this time period. Though most are written in Akkadian, the Akkadian of the letters is heavily colored by the mother tongue of their writers, who probably spoke an early form of <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Proto-Canaanite</a>, the language(s) which would later evolve into the daughter languages of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>. These "Canaanisms" provide valuable insights into the proto-stage of those languages several centuries prior to their first actual manifestation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_letters">The letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Abi-milku_of_Tyre_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.12_EGDP021809.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Abi-milku_of_Tyre_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.12_EGDP021809.jpg/274px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Abi-milku_of_Tyre_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.12_EGDP021809.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Abi-milku_of_Tyre_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.12_EGDP021809.jpg/411px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Abi-milku_of_Tyre_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.12_EGDP021809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Abi-milku_of_Tyre_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.12_EGDP021809.jpg/548px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Abi-milku_of_Tyre_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.12_EGDP021809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_153" title="Amarna letter EA 153">Amarna letter EA 153</a> from <a href="/wiki/Abimilku" class="mw-redirect" title="Abimilku">Abimilku</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>These letters, comprising <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform</a> tablets written primarily in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> – the regional <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic language">language of diplomacy</a> for this period – were first discovered around 1887 by local Egyptians who secretly dug most of them from the ruined city of Amarna, and sold them in the antiquities market.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had originally been stored in an ancient building that archaeologists have since called the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Correspondence_of_Pharaoh" title="Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh">Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh</a>. Once the location where they were found was determined, the ruins were explored for more. The first archaeologist who successfully recovered more tablets was <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a>, who in 1891 and 1892 uncovered 21 fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Chassinat" title="Émile Chassinat">Émile Chassinat</a>, then director of the French Institute for Oriental Archaeology in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, acquired two more tablets in 1903. Since Knudtzon's edition, some 24 more tablets, or fragments, have been found, either in Egypt, or identified in the collections of various museums.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial group of letters recovered by local Egyptians have been scattered among museums in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, France, Russia, and the United States. Either 202 or 203 tablets are at the <a href="/wiki/Vorderasiatisches_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorderasiatisches Museum">Vorderasiatisches Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 99 are at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 49 or 50 are at the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> in Cairo;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 7 at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> in Paris;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3 at the <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_Museum" title="Pushkin Museum">Pushkin Museum</a> in Moscow; and 1 in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Institute,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Institute, Chicago">Oriental Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few tablets are at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford and the Royal Museum of Art and History in Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The archive contains a wealth of information about cultures, kingdoms, events and individuals in a period from which few written sources survive. It includes correspondence from Akhenaten's reign (<a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> who was also titled <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenhotep IV">Amenhotep IV</a>), as well as his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a>'s reign. The tablets consist of over 300 diplomatic letters; the remainder comprise miscellaneous literary and educational materials. These tablets shed much light on Egyptian relations with <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>) as well as relations with the <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>. The letters have been important in establishing both the history and the chronology of the period. Letters from the Babylonian king, <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a>, anchor the timeframe of Akhenaten's reign to the mid-14th century BC. They also contain the first mention of a Near Eastern group known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Habiru</a></i>, whose possible connection with the <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a>—due to the similarity of the words and their geographic location—remains debated. Other rulers involved in the letters include <a href="/wiki/Tushratta" title="Tushratta">Tushratta</a> of Mitanni, <a href="/wiki/Lib%27ayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lib'ayu">Lib'ayu</a> of Shechem, <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Heba" title="Abdi-Heba">Abdi-Heba</a> of Jerusalem, and the quarrelsome king, <a href="/wiki/Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">Rib-Hadda</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, who, in over 58 letters, continuously pleads for Egyptian military help. Specifically, the letters include requests for military help in the north against Hittite invaders, and in the south to fight against the Habiru.<sup id="cite_ref-wsrp_1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsrp_1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_found_at_Tell_Beth-Shean">Letter found at Tell Beth-Shean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Letter found at Tell Beth-Shean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During excavation in 1993 a small, damaged, clay cylinder (first thought to be a cylinder seal) was found. It was inscribed with "Amarna Cuneiform" and held a letter which appears to be part of the Amarna correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"To Lab'aya, my lord, speak. Message of Tagi: To the King (Pharaoh), my lord: "I have listened carefully to your missive to me ...(illegible traces)"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_summary">Letter summary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Letter summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarnamap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Amarnamap.png/300px-Amarnamap.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Amarnamap.png/450px-Amarnamap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Amarnamap.png/600px-Amarnamap.png 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Map of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> during the Amarna period, showing the great powers of the period: Egypt (green), Mycenaean Greece (orange), <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hittites" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Hittites">Hatti</a> (yellow), the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> (purple), <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> (grey), and <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (red). Lighter areas show direct control, darker areas represent spheres of influence.</figcaption></figure> <p>Amarna Letters are politically arranged in a rough counterclockwise fashion: </p> <ul><li>001–014 Babylonia</li> <li>015–016 Assyria</li> <li>017–030 Mitanni</li> <li>031–032 Arzawa</li> <li>033–040 Alashiya</li> <li>041–044 Hatti</li> <li>045–380+ Syria/Lebanon/Canaan</li></ul> <p>Amarna Letters from Syria/Lebanon/Canaan are distributed roughly: </p> <ul><li>045–067 Syria</li> <li>068–227 Lebanon (where 68–140 are from Gubla aka Byblos)</li> <li>227–380 Canaan (written mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Canaano-Akkadian_language" title="Canaano-Akkadian language">Canaano-Akkadian language</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akhenaten_and_Tushratta">Akhenaten and Tushratta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Akhenaten and Tushratta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in his reign, <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>, the pharaoh of Egypt, had conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Tushratta" title="Tushratta">Tushratta</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>, who had courted favor with his father, <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a>, against the Hittites. Tushratta complains in numerous letters that Akhenaten had sent him gold-plated statues rather than statues made of solid gold; the statues formed part of the bride-price that Tushratta received for letting his daughter <a href="/wiki/Tadukhepa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadukhepa">Tadukhepa</a> marry Amenhotep III and then later marry Akhenaten.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Amarna letter preserves a complaint by Tushratta to Akhenaten about the situation: </p> <blockquote> <p>I...asked your father Mimmureya [i.e., Amenhotep III] for statues of solid cast gold, ... and your father said, 'Don't talk of giving statues just of solid cast gold. I will give you ones made also of lapis lazuli. I will give you too, along with the statues, much additional gold and [other] goods beyond measure.' Every one of my messengers that were staying in Egypt saw the gold for the statues with their own eyes. ... But my brother [i.e., Akhenaten] has not sent the solid [gold] statues that your father was going to send. You have sent plated ones of wood. Nor have you sent me the goods that your father was going to send me, but you have reduced [them] greatly. Yet there is nothing I know of in which I have failed my brother. ... May my brother send me much gold. ... In my brother's country gold is as plentiful as dust. May my brother cause me no distress. May he send me much gold in order that my brother [with the gold and m]any [good]s may honour me.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amarna_letters_list">Amarna letters list</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Amarna letters list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note: Many assignments are tentative; spellings vary widely. This is just a guide.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>EA#</th> <th>Letter author to recipient </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_1" title="Amarna letter EA 1">EA# 1</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadashman-Enlil">Kadashman-Enlil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_2" title="Amarna letter EA 2">EA# 2</a></td> <td>Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_3" title="Amarna letter EA 3">EA# 3</a></td> <td>Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_4" title="Amarna letter EA 4">EA# 4</a></td> <td>Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_5" title="Amarna letter EA 5">EA# 5</a></td> <td>Amenhotep III to Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_6" title="Amarna letter EA 6">EA# 6</a></td> <td>Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a> to Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_7" title="Amarna letter EA 7">EA# 7</a></td> <td>Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenhotep IV">Amenhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_8" title="Amarna letter EA 8">EA# 8</a></td> <td>Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_9" title="Amarna letter EA 9">EA# 9</a></td> <td>Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_10" title="Amarna letter EA 10">EA# 10</a></td> <td>Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_11" title="Amarna letter EA 11">EA# 11</a></td> <td>Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_12" title="Amarna letter EA 12">EA# 12</a></td> <td>A Babylonian Princess to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 13 (page does not exist)">EA# 13</a></td> <td>Burraburiash's Gifts to an Egyptian Princess </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 14 (page does not exist)">EA# 14</a></td> <td>Amenhotep IV to Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_15" title="Amarna letter EA 15">EA# 15</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ashur-Uballit_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-Uballit I">Ashur-Uballit I</a> to Amenhotep IV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_16" title="Amarna letter EA 16">EA# 16</a></td> <td>Assyrian king Ashur-Uballit I to Amenhotep IV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 17 (page does not exist)">EA# 17</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> king <a href="/wiki/Tushratta" title="Tushratta">Tushratta</a> to Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 18 (page does not exist)">EA# 18</a></td> <td>Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_19" title="Amarna letter EA 19">EA# 19</a></td> <td>Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 20 (page does not exist)">EA# 20</a></td> <td>Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 21 (page does not exist)">EA# 21</a></td> <td>Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 22 (page does not exist)">EA# 22</a></td> <td>Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_23" title="Amarna letter EA 23">EA# 23</a></td> <td>Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_24" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna letter EA 24">EA# 24</a></td> <td>Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 25 (page does not exist)">EA# 25</a></td> <td>Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_26" title="Amarna letter EA 26">EA# 26</a></td> <td>Mitanni king Tushratta to widow Tiy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_27" title="Amarna letter EA 27">EA# 27</a></td> <td>Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep IV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 28 (page does not exist)">EA# 28</a></td> <td>Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep IV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 29 (page does not exist)">EA# 29</a></td> <td>Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep IV </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 30 (page does not exist)">EA# 30</a></td> <td>Mitanni king to the kings of Canaan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 31 (page does not exist)">EA# 31</a></td> <td>Amenhotep III to <a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a> king <a href="/wiki/Tarhundaraba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarhundaraba">Tarhundaraba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 32 (page does not exist)">EA# 32</a></td> <td>Arzawa king Tarhundaraba to King of Egypt Amenhotep III </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 33 (page does not exist)">EA# 33</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a> king to King of Egypt #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_34" title="Amarna letter EA 34">EA# 34</a></td> <td>Alashiya king to King of Egypt #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_35" title="Amarna letter EA 35">EA# 35</a></td> <td>Alashiya king to King of Egypt #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 36 (page does not exist)">EA# 36</a></td> <td>Alashiya king to King of Egypt #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 37 (page does not exist)">EA# 37</a></td> <td>Alashiya king to King of Egypt #5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_38" title="Amarna letter EA 38">EA# 38</a></td> <td>Alashiya king to King of Egypt #6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_39" title="Amarna letter EA 39">EA# 39</a></td> <td>Alashiya king to King of Egypt #7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 40</td> <td>Alashiya minister to Egypt minister </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 41</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> king <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma I">Suppiluliuma I</a> to Huri[a] </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 42</td> <td>Hittite king to King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 43</td> <td>Suppiluliuma, Hittite King, to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 44</td> <td>Hittite prince Zi[k]ar to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 45</td> <td>'Ammittamru I, <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> king, to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 46</td> <td>Ugarit king to Egyptian king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 47</td> <td>Ugarit king to Egyptian king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 48</td> <td>Heba, Queen of Ugarit, to the Queen of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 49</td> <td>Ugarit king <a href="/wiki/Niqm-Adda_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Niqm-Adda II">Niqm-Adda II</a> to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 50</td> <td>Maidservant to the Queen of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 51</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuhasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuhasse">Nuhasse</a> king <a href="/wiki/Adad-Nirari_of_Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Adad-Nirari of Nuhašše">Addunirari</a> to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 52</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a> king <a href="/wiki/Akizzi" title="Akizzi">Akizzi</a> to Amenhotep III #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_53&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 53 (page does not exist)">EA# 53</a></td> <td>Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 54</td> <td>Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 55</td> <td>Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 56</td> <td>Akizzi(?), the Ruler of Qatna, to Amenhotep IV, the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 57</td> <td>Akizzi, the Ruler of Qatna, to Amenhotep IV, the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_58&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 58 (page does not exist)">EA# 58</a></td> <td>Tehu-Teshupa, a Ruler in North Canaan(?), to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_59" title="Amarna letter EA 59">EA# 58</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qatihutisupa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qatihutisupa (page does not exist)">[Qat]ihutisupa</a> to king(?) obverse </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_59" title="Amarna letter EA 59">EA# 59</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a> peoples to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 60</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> king <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Asirta" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdi-Asirta">Abdi-Asirta</a> to Amenhotep III, the king of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 61</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> king <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Asirta" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdi-Asirta">Abdi-Asirta</a> to Amenhotep III, the king of Egypt #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 62</td> <td>Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to Pahanate, the Commissioner of Sumur </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 63</td> <td>'Abdi-Ashtarti, a Ruler in Southern Canaan (Gath?), to the king of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 64</td> <td>'Abdi-Ashtarti, a Ruler in Southern Canaan (Gath?), to the king of Egypt #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 65</td> <td>'Abdi-Ashtarti, a Ruler in Southern Canaan (Gath?), to the king of Egypt #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 66</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the Ruler of Byblos, to Haya, the Vizier of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 67</td> <td>An unknown ruler in the north of Canaan to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 68</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gubal</a> king <a href="/wiki/Rib-Addi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rib-Addi">Rib-Addi</a> to the king of Egypt #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 69</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to Egypt official </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 70</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 71</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to Haya, the Vizier of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 72</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 73</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 74</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_75" title="Amarna letter EA 75">EA# 75</a></td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 76</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 77</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 78</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 79</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to he king of Egypt #8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 80</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi(?) to the king of Egypt #9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 81</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 82</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 83</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 84</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 85</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_86" title="Amarna letter EA 86">EA# 86</a></td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 87</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 88</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 89</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 90</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 91</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 92</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 93</td> <td>Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 94</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 95</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the Egyptian Senior Official </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 96</td> <td>An army commander to Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 97</td> <td>Yappah-Hadda to Shumu-Hadda </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 98</td> <td>Yappah-Hadda to Yanhamu, the Egyptian Commissioner </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA# 99</td> <td>The king of Egypt to the ruler of the city of 'Ammiya(?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_100" title="Amarna letter EA 100">EA#100</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irqata" class="mw-redirect" title="Irqata">The city of Irqata</a> to the king of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_100" title="Amarna letter EA 100">EA#100</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagi_of_Ginti" title="Tagi of Ginti">Tagi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Labaya" title="Labaya">Lab-Aya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#101</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#102</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to Yanhamu(?), the Egyptian commissioner </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#103</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#104</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#105</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#106</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#107</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#108</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#109</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#110</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#111</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#112</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#113</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#114</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#115</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#116</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#117</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#118</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#119</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#120</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#121</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#122</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#123</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #41 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#124</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#125</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #43 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#126</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#127</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#128</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #46 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#129</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#129</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#130</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#131</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#132</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#133</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#134</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#135</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#136</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#137</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#138</td> <td>Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#139</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilirabih" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilirabih">Ilirabih</a> the city of Byblos to the king of Egypt #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#140</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilirabih" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilirabih">Ilirabih</a> the city of Byblos to the king of Egypt #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#141</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beruta</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ammunira" title="Ammunira">Ammunira</a> to the king of Egypt #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#142</td> <td>Beruta king Ammunira to the king of Egypt #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#143</td> <td>Beruta king Ammunira to the king of Egypt #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_144" title="Amarna letter EA 144">EA#144</a></td> <td>Zimredda, the ruler of Sidon, to the king of Egypt #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#145</td> <td>Zimredda, the ruler of Sidon, to the king of Egypt #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#146</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> king <a href="/wiki/Abi-Milki" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-Milki">Abi-Milki</a> to the king of Egypt #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_147" title="Amarna letter EA 147">EA#147</a></td> <td>Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#148</td> <td>Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_149" title="Amarna letter EA 149">EA#149</a></td> <td>Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#150</td> <td>Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#151</td> <td>Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#152</td> <td>Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_153" title="Amarna letter EA 153">EA#153</a></td> <td>Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#154</td> <td>Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#155</td> <td>Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_156" title="Amarna letter EA 156">EA#156</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> king <a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziri</a> to pharaoh #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_157&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 157 (page does not exist)">EA#157</a></td> <td>Amurru king <a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziri</a> to pharaoh #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_158" title="Amarna letter EA 158">EA#158</a></td> <td>Amurru king <a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziri</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_official)" title="Tutu (Egyptian official)">Dudu</a> #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#159</td> <td>Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#160</td> <td>Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_161" title="Amarna letter EA 161">EA#161</a></td> <td>Amurru king <a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziri</a> to pharaoh #5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#162</td> <td>pharaoh to Amurra prince </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#163</td> <td>The King of Egypt to a Canaanite Ruler(?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#164</td> <td>Amurru king Aziri to <a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_official)" title="Tutu (Egyptian official)">Dudu</a> #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#165</td> <td>Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#166</td> <td>Amurru king Aziri to Hai </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#167</td> <td>Amurru king Aziri to (Hai #2?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#168</td> <td>Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#169</td> <td>Amurru son of Aziri to an Egypt official </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_170" title="Amarna letter EA 170">EA#170</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba-Aluia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ba-Aluia (page does not exist)">Ba-Aluia</a> & Battiilu to the king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#171</td> <td>Amurru son of Aziri to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#172</td> <td>A ruler of Amurru to the king of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#173</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the king of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#174</td> <td>Bieri of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasabu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasabu (page does not exist)">Hasabu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#175</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ildaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ildaja (page does not exist)">Ildaja</a> of Hazi to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#176</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdi-Risa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdi-Risa">Abdi-Risa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#177</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guddasuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guddasuna (page does not exist)">Guddasuna</a> king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamiuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamiuta (page does not exist)">Jamiuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#178</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hibija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hibija (page does not exist)">Hibija</a> to a chief </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#179</td> <td>The deposed ruler of Oftobihi to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#180</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#181</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#182</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> king <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_II" title="Shuttarna II">Shuttarna</a> to pharaoh #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#183</td> <td>Mitanni king Shuttarna to pharaoh #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#184</td> <td>Mitanni king Shuttarna to pharaoh #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#185</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majarzana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majarzana (page does not exist)">Majarzana</a> of Hazi to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#186</td> <td>Majarzana of Hazi to king #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#187</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satija (page does not exist)">Satija</a> of ... to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#188</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#189</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Etakkama" title="Etakkama">Etakkama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#190</td> <td>pharaoh to Qadesh mayor Etakkama(?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#191</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruhiza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruhiza (page does not exist)">Ruhiza</a> king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arzawaija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arzawaija (page does not exist)">Arzawaija</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#192</td> <td>Ruhiza king Arzawaija to king #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#193</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dijate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dijate (page does not exist)">Dijate</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#194</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Biryawaza" title="Biryawaza">Biryawaza</a> to king #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#195</td> <td>Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#196</td> <td>Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#197</td> <td>Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#198</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arahattu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arahattu (page does not exist)">Ara[ha]ttu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kumidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumidi">Kumidi</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#199</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#200</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#2001</td> <td>Sealants </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#2002</td> <td>Sealants </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#201</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemanja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artemanja (page does not exist)">Artemanja</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziribasani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziribasani (page does not exist)">Ziribasani</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#202</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amajase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amajase (page does not exist)">Amajase</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#203</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdi-Milki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdi-Milki (page does not exist)">Abdi-Milki</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sashimi_(Amarna_letters)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sashimi (Amarna letters) (page does not exist)">Sashimi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#204</td> <td>prince of <a href="/wiki/Qanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Qanu">Qanu</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_205" title="Amarna letter EA 205">EA#205</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gubbu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gubbu (page does not exist)">Gubbu</a> prince to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#206</td> <td>prince of <a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#207</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipteh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipteh (page does not exist)">Ipteh</a> ... to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#208</td> <td>... to Egypt official or king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#209</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zisamimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zisamimi (page does not exist)">Zisamimi</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#210</td> <td>Zisami[mi] to <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenhotep IV">Amenhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#210</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> king to <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asukwari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asukwari (page does not exist)">Asukwari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#211</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zitrijara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zitrijara (page does not exist)">Zitrijara</a> to king #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#2110</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewiri-Shar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewiri-Shar (page does not exist)">Ewiri-Shar</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plsy (page does not exist)">Plsy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#212</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zitrijara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zitrijara (page does not exist)">Zitrijara</a> to king #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#213</td> <td>Zitrijara to king #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#214</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#215</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baiawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baiawa (page does not exist)">Baiawa</a> to king #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#216</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baiawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baiawa (page does not exist)">Baiawa</a> to king #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#217</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#218</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#219</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#220</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukurtuwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukurtuwa (page does not exist)">Nukurtuwa</a> of (?) [Z]unu to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#221</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiktazu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiktazu (page does not exist)">Wiktazu</a> to king #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#222</td> <td>Yiqdasu, a ruler of a Canaanite city, to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#222</td> <td>Wik[tazu] to king #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_223" title="Amarna letter EA 223">EA#223</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enguta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enguta (page does not exist)">En[g]u[t]a</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#224</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sum-Adda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sum-Adda (page does not exist)">Sum-Add[a]</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#225</td> <td>Sum-Adda of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samhuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samhuna (page does not exist)">Samhuna</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#226</td> <td>Sipturi_ to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#227</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a> king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#228</td> <td>Hazor king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdi-Tirsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdi-Tirsi (page does not exist)">Abdi-Tirsi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#229</td> <td>Abdi-na-... to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#230</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iama_(person)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iama (person) (page does not exist)">Iama</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#231</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#232</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acco</a> king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurata (page does not exist)">Zurata</a> to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#233</td> <td>Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#234</td> <td>Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#235</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satatna" title="Satatna">Zitatna/(Zatatna)</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#236</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#237</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bajadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bajadi (page does not exist)">Bajadi</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#238</td> <td>Bajadi to an Eyptian Official </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#239</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baduzana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baduzana (page does not exist)">Baduzana</a> to the king of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#240</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#241</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusmania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rusmania (page does not exist)">Rusmania</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#242</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a> king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biridija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biridija (page does not exist)">Biridija</a> to pharaoh #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#243</td> <td>Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#244</td> <td>Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_245" title="Amarna letter EA 245">EA#245</a></td> <td>Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#246</td> <td>Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#247</td> <td>Megiddo king Biridija or Jasdata </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#248</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jasdata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jasdata (page does not exist)">Ja[sd]ata</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_Letter_EA_248" title="Amarna Letter EA 248">EA#248</a></td> <td>Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#249</td> <td>Ba'lu-Meher(?), the ruler of Gath-Padalla, to the king of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#249</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Addu-Ur-sag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addu-Ur-sag (page does not exist)">Addu-Ur-sag</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#250</td> <td>Addu-Ur-sag to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#2500</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#251</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_252" title="Amarna letter EA 252">EA#252</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Labaja">Labaja</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#253</td> <td>Labaja to king </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_254" title="Amarna letter EA 254">EA#254</a></td> <td>Labaja to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#255</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mutbaal" title="Mutbaal">Mut-Balu</a> or Mut-Bahlum to king </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_256" title="Amarna letter EA 256">EA#256</a></td> <td>Mut-Balu to Ianhamu </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#257</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Yokneam#Late_Bronze_Age" title="Tel Yokneam">Balu-Mihir</a> to king #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#258</td> <td>Balu-Mihir to king #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#259</td> <td>Balu-Mihir to king #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#260</td> <td>Balu-Mihir to king #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#261</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasru (page does not exist)">Dasru</a> to king #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#262</td> <td>Dasru to king #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#263</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#264</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a> leader Tagi to pharaoh #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#265</td> <td>Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#266</td> <td>Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#267</td> <td>Gezer mayor <a href="/wiki/Milkilu" title="Milkilu">Milkili</a> to pharaoh #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#268</td> <td>Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#269</td> <td>Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_270" title="Amarna letter EA 270">EA#270</a></td> <td>Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_271" title="Amarna letter EA 271">EA#271</a></td> <td>Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#272</td> <td>Ba'lu-Dani (Or Ba'lu-Shipti), the ruler of Gezer, to the king of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_273" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna letter EA 273">EA#273</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba-Lat-Nese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ba-Lat-Nese (page does not exist)">Ba-Lat-Nese</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#274</td> <td>Ba-Lat-Nese to king #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#275</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iahazibada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iahazibada (page does not exist)">Iahazibada</a> to king #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#276</td> <td>Iahazibada to king #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#277</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Qiltu</a> king <a href="/wiki/Suwardata" class="mw-redirect" title="Suwardata">Suwardata</a> to pharaoh #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#278</td> <td>Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#279</td> <td>Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#280</td> <td>Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#281</td> <td>Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_282" title="Amarna letter EA 282">EA#282</a></td> <td>Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#283</td> <td>Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#284</td> <td>Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#285</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> king <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Hiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdi-Hiba">Abdi-Hiba</a> to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_286" title="Amarna letter EA 286">EA#286</a></td> <td>Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_287" title="Amarna letter EA 287">EA#287</a></td> <td>Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_288" title="Amarna letter EA 288">EA#288</a></td> <td>Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_289" title="Amarna letter EA 289">EA#289</a></td> <td>Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_290" title="Amarna letter EA 290">EA#290</a></td> <td>Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#290</td> <td>Qiltu king Suwardata to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#291</td> <td>'Abdi-Heba, the ruler of Jerusalem, to the king of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#292</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Adda-danu" title="Adda-danu">Addudani</a> to pharaoh #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#293</td> <td>Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#294</td> <td>Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#295</td> <td>Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#296</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iahtiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iahtiri (page does not exist)">Iahtiri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#297</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Yapahu" title="Yapahu">Iapah[i]</a> to pharaoh #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#298</td> <td>Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_299" title="Amarna letter EA 299">EA#299</a></td> <td>Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#300</td> <td>Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#301</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subandu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subandu (page does not exist)">Subandu</a> to king #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#302</td> <td>Subandu to king #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#303</td> <td>Subandu to king #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#304</td> <td>Subandu to king #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#305</td> <td>Subandu to king #5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#306</td> <td>Subandu to king #6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#307</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#308</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#309</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#310</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#311</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#312</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#313</td> <td>The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#314</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yursa" title="Yursa">Jursa</a> king <a href="/wiki/Pu-Ba%27lu" title="Pu-Ba'lu">Pu-Ba-Lu</a> to pharaoh #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#315</td> <td>Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#316</td> <td>Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#317</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagantakala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dagantakala (page does not exist)">Dagantakala</a> to king #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#318</td> <td>Dagantakala to king #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#319</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtirumna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahtirumna (page does not exist)">A[h]tirumna</a> king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurasar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurasar (page does not exist)">Zurasar</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#320</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Asqalon</a> king <a href="/wiki/Yidya" title="Yidya">Widia</a> to pharaoh #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#321</td> <td>Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#322</td> <td>Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_323" title="Amarna letter EA 323">EA#323</a></td> <td>Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#324</td> <td>Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_325" title="Amarna letter EA 325">EA#325</a></td> <td>Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#326</td> <td>Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#327</td> <td>... the king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#328</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakis</a> mayor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iabniilu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iabniilu (page does not exist)">Iabniilu</a> to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#329</td> <td>Lakis king <a href="/wiki/Zimredda_of_Lachish" title="Zimredda of Lachish">Zimridi</a> to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_330" title="Amarna letter EA 330">EA#330</a></td> <td>Lakis mayor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipti-Ba-Lu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipti-Ba-Lu (page does not exist)">Sipti-Ba-Lu</a> to pharaoh #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#331</td> <td>Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#332</td> <td>Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#333</td> <td>Ebi to a prince </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#334</td> <td>---dih of Zuhra [-?] to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#335</td> <td>--- [of Z]uhr[u] to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#336</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiziri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiziri (page does not exist)">Hiziri</a> to king #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#337</td> <td>Hiziri to king #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#338</td> <td>Zi. .. to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#339</td> <td>... to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#340</td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#341</td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#342</td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#356</td> <td>myth of Adapa and the South Wind </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#357</td> <td>myth the Ereskigal and Nergal </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#358</td> <td>myth fragments </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_359" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna letter EA 359">EA#359</a></td> <td>myth Epic of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Battle" title="King of Battle">King of Battle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#360</td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#361</td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_362" title="Amarna letter EA 362">EA#362</a></td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_364" title="Amarna letter EA 364">EA#364</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayyab" title="Ayyab">Ayyab</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_365" title="Amarna letter EA 365">EA#365</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a> king <a href="/wiki/Biridiya" title="Biridiya">Biridiya</a> to pharaoh </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_366" title="Amarna letter EA 366">EA#366</a></td> <td>Shuwardata, the ruler of Gath, to the king </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_367" title="Amarna letter EA 367">EA#367</a></td> <td>pharaoh to <a href="/wiki/Endaruta" title="Endaruta">Endaruta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Akshapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapa">Akshapa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_369" title="Amarna letter EA 369">EA#369</a></td> <td>Amenhotep IV to Milkilu, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EA#xxx</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> to <a href="/wiki/Milkilu" title="Milkilu">Milkili</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H#3100</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Hesi" title="Tell el-Hesi">Tell el-Hesi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P#3200</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pella,_Jordan" title="Pella, Jordan">Pella</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Mutbaal" title="Mutbaal">Mut-Balu</a> to <a href="/wiki/Yanhamu" title="Yanhamu">Yanhamu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P#3210</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lions" title="Lady of the Lions">Lion Woman</a> to king </td></tr> <tr> <td>T#3002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep" title="Amenhotep">Amenhotep</a> to <a href="/wiki/Taanach" class="mw-redirect" title="Taanach">Taanach</a> king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rewassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rewassa (page does not exist)">Rewassa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>T#3005</td> <td>Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa </td></tr> <tr> <td>T#3006</td> <td>Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa </td></tr> <tr> <td>U#4001</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> king <a href="/wiki/Niqmaddu_II" title="Niqmaddu II">Niqmaddu</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology">Chronology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_L._Moran" title="William L. Moran">William L. Moran</a> summarizes the state of the <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a> of these tablets as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Despite a long history of inquiry, the chronology of the Amarna letters, both relative and absolute, presents many problems, some of bewildering complexity, that still elude definitive solution. Consensus obtains only about what is obvious, certain established facts, and these provide only a broad framework within which many and often quite different reconstructions of the course of events reflected in the Amarna letters are possible and have been defended. ...The Amarna archive, it is now generally agreed, spans at most about thirty years, perhaps only fifteen or so.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>From the internal evidence, the earliest possible date for this correspondence is the final decade of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a>, who ruled from 1388 to 1351 BC (or 1391 to 1353 BC), possibly as early as this king's 30th <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal year</a>; the latest date any of these letters were written is the desertion of the city of <a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Amarna</a>, commonly believed to have happened in the second year of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> later in the same century in 1332 BC. Moran notes that some scholars believe one tablet, EA 16, may have been addressed to Tutankhamun's successor <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this speculation appears improbable because the Amarna archives were closed by Year 2 of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>, when this king transferred Egypt's capital from Amarna to Thebes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotations_and_phrases">Quotations and phrases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Quotations and phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A small number of the Amarna letters are in the class of <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>. An example is <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_153" title="Amarna letter EA 153">EA 153</a>, entitled: <i>"Ships on hold"</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Abimilku" class="mw-redirect" title="Abimilku">Abimilku</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>. This is a short, 20-line letter. Lines 6–8 and 9-11 are parallel phrases, each ending with <i>"...before the troops of the king, my lord."</i>-('before', then line 8, line 11). Both sentences are identical, and repetitive, with only the subject statement changing. </p><p>The entire <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> of Amarna letters has many standard phrases. It also has some phrases, and quotations used only once. Some are <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parables</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_252" title="Amarna letter EA 252">EA 252</a>: <i>"...when an ant is pinched (struck), does it not fight back and bite the hand of the man that struck it?"</i>....) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bird_in_a_Cage">Bird in a Cage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bird in a Cage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>A bird in a cage (Trap)</i>—<a href="/wiki/Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">Rib-Hadda</a> subcorpus of letters. (Rib-Hadda was trapped in Gubla-(<a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>), unable to move freely.)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""A_brick_may_move..""><span id=".22A_brick_may_move...22"></span>"A brick may move.."</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: "A brick may move..""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>A <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> may move from under its partner, still I will not move from under the feet of the king, my lord.</i>—Used in letters <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 266 (page does not exist)">EA 266</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_292&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 292 (page does not exist)">292</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 296 (page does not exist)">296</a>. EA 292 by <a href="/wiki/Adda-danu" title="Adda-danu">Adda-danu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gazru</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""For_the_lack_of_a_cultivator..""><span id=".22For_the_lack_of_a_cultivator...22"></span>"For the lack of a cultivator.."</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "For the lack of a cultivator..""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>"For the lack of a cultivator, my field is like a woman without a husband."</i>—Rib-Hadda <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_75" title="Amarna letter EA 75">letter EA 75</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Hale_like_the_Sun...""><span id=".22Hale_like_the_Sun....22"></span>"Hale like the Sun..."</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "Hale like the Sun...""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>"And know that the King-(pharaoh) is hale like the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Rê">Sun</a> in the Sky.</i> For his troops and his <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> in multitude all goes very well...."—See: <a href="/wiki/Endaruta" title="Endaruta">Endaruta</a>, for the <i>Short Form</i>; See: <a href="/wiki/Milkilu" title="Milkilu">Milkilu</a>, for a <i>Long Form</i>. Also found in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 99 (page does not exist)">EA 99</a>: entitled: <i>"From the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> to a vassal".</i> (with addressee damaged)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""I_looked_this_way,_and_I_looked...""><span id=".22I_looked_this_way.2C_and_I_looked....22"></span>"I looked this way, and I looked..."</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: "I looked this way, and I looked...""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>"I looked this way, and I looked that way, and there was no light. Then I looked towards the king, my lord, and there was light."</i>—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 266 (page does not exist)">EA 266</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tagi_(Ginti_mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagi (Ginti mayor)">Tagi (Ginti mayor)</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 296 (page does not exist)">EA 296</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahtiru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahtiru (page does not exist)">Yahtiru</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""May_the_Lady_of_Gubla..""><span id=".22May_the_Lady_of_Gubla...22"></span>"May the Lady of Gubla.."</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: "May the Lady of Gubla..""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>"May the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27alat_Gubla" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'alat Gubla">Lady of Gubla</a> grant power to the king, my lord."</i>—varieties of the phrase in the <a href="/wiki/Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">Rib-Hadda</a> letters</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="a_pot_held_in_pledge">a pot held in pledge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: a pot held in pledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>a pot held in pledge</i>—The Pot of a Debt. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_292&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 292 (page does not exist)">EA 292</a> by <a href="/wiki/Adda-danu" title="Adda-danu">Adda-danu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gazru</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7_times_and_7_times_again">7 times and 7 times again</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 7 times and 7 times again"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>7 times and 7 times</i>—Over and over again</dd> <dd><i>7 times plus 7</i>—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_189&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 189 (page does not exist)">EA 189</a>, See: "<a href="/wiki/Etakkama" title="Etakkama">Etakkama</a> of Kadesh"(title)-(Qidšu)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I_fall_..._7_times_and_7..."on_the_back_and_on_the_stomach""><span id="I_fall_..._7_times_and_7....22on_the_back_and_on_the_stomach.22"></span>I fall ... 7 times and 7...<i>"on the back and on the stomach"</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: I fall ... 7 times and 7..."on the back and on the stomach""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>I fall, at the feet, ... 7 times and 7 times, <i>"on the back and on the stomach"</i>—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letter_EA_316&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarna letter EA 316 (page does not exist)">EA 316</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Pu-Ba%27lu" title="Pu-Ba'lu">Pu-Ba'lu</a>, and used in numerous letters to <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>. See: Commissioner: <a href="/wiki/Tahma%C5%A1%C5%A1i" title="Tahmašši">Tahmašši</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="when_an_ant_is_struck.."><i>when an ant is struck..</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: when an ant is struck.."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>"...when an ant is pinched (struck), does it not fight back and bite the hand of the man that struck it?"</i>—A phrase used by <a href="/wiki/Labayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Labayu">Labayu</a> defending his actions of overtaking cities, <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_252" title="Amarna letter EA 252">EA 252</a>. Title: <i>"Sparing one's enemies".</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example,_single_letter_photo_gallery,_multiple_sides"><span id="Example.2C_single_letter_photo_gallery.2C_multiple_sides"></span>Example, single letter photo gallery, multiple sides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Example, single letter photo gallery, multiple sides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_15" title="Amarna letter EA 15">Amarna letter EA 15</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a>; see also <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_153" title="Amarna letter EA 153">Amarna letter EA 153</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit,_the_king_of_Assyria,_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021806.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Obverse"><img alt="Obverse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021806.jpg/208px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021806.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021806.jpg/312px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021806.jpg/415px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Obverse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit,_the_king_of_Assyria,_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_DP-211-142.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Line drawing, obverse"><img alt="Line drawing, obverse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_DP-211-142.jpg/220px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_DP-211-142.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_DP-211-142.jpg/330px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_DP-211-142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_DP-211-142.jpg/440px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_DP-211-142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="2745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Line drawing, obverse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit,_the_king_of_Assyria,_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021805.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reverse"><img alt="Reverse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021805.jpg/208px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021805.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021805.jpg/312px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021805.jpg/415px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reverse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 246px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit,_the_king_of_Assyria,_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021808.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View from bottom"><img alt="View from bottom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021808.jpg/369px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021808.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021808.jpg/555px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021808.jpg/739px-Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit%2C_the_king_of_Assyria%2C_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View from bottom</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/28px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/42px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdi-Heba" title="Abdi-Heba">Abdi-Heba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters%E2%80%93localities_and_their_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna letters–localities and their rulers">Amarna letters–localities and their rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labaya" title="Labaya">Labaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amarna_letters_by_size" title="List of Amarna letters by size">List of Amarna letters by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#Mari_tablets" title="Mari, Syria">Mari tablets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutbaal" title="Mutbaal">Mutbaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uwardata" title="Šuwardata">Šuwardata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugaritic texts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IzreelTAU-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IzreelTAU_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IzreelTAU_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IzreelTAU_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShlomo_Izre'el" class="citation web cs1">Shlomo Izre'el. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanities.tau.ac.il/hebrew/research/el-amarna-akkadian/el-amarna-introduction">"The Amarna Tablets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Amarna+Tablets&rft.pub=Tel+Aviv+University&rft.au=Shlomo+Izre%27el&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanities.tau.ac.il%2Fhebrew%2Fresearch%2Fel-amarna-akkadian%2Fel-amarna-introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna+letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnudtzon1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Alexander_Knudtzon" title="Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon">Knudtzon, Jørgen Alexander</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dieelamarnatafel01knud"><i>Die El-Amarna-Tafeln</i></a>. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Hinrichs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+El-Amarna-Tafeln&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Hinrichs&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Knudtzon&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rgen+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdieelamarnatafel01knud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna+letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnudtzon1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Alexander_Knudtzon" title="Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon">Knudtzon, Jørgen Alexander</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dieelamarnatafel02knud"><i>Die El-Amarna-Tafeln</i></a>. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Hinrichs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+El-Amarna-Tafeln&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Hinrichs&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Knudtzon&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rgen+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdieelamarnatafel02knud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna+letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran1992" class="citation book cs1">Moran, William L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amarnaletters0000unse_c3q4"><i>The Amarna Letters</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4251-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4251-4"><bdi>0-8018-4251-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amarna+Letters&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8018-4251-4&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famarnaletters0000unse_c3q4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna+letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/317192/1/2023-Colonna%20d%27Istria%20L.-2023-Cuneiform%20in%20Egypt-The%20el-Amarna%20Letters-.pdf">[1]</a>Colonna d'Istria, Laurent, "Cuneiform in Egypt: The el-Amarna Letters", in Stéphane Polis (ed.) Guide to the Writing Systems of Ancient Egypt, pp. 88-93, 2023 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0873-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0873-8">978-2-7247-0873-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diesprachederama00bh">F.M.T. de Liagre Böhl, <i>Die Sprache der Amarnabriefe, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kanaanismen</i> ('The language of the Amarna letters, with special attention to the Canaanisms'), Leipzig 1909</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img2.timg.co.il/forums/1_138177365.pdf">Eva von Dassow, 'Canaanite in Cuneiform', <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> 124/4 (2004): 641–674.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145317/http://img2.timg.co.il/forums/1_138177365.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pdf)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026821904">[2]</a><a href="/wiki/Claude_Reignier_Conder" title="Claude Reignier Conder">Claude Reignier Conder</a>, "The Tell Amarna tablets", London; New York: Macmillan, 1893</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/tellelamarna00petr">[3]</a>Petrie, W. M. Flinders, "Tell el Amarna", London, Methuen & co, 1894</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rainey, Anson F., and William M. Schniedewind, "The El-Amarna Correspondence: A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters From the Site of El-Amarna Based On Collations of All Extant Tablets", Boston: Brill, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28145-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28145-5">978-90-04-28145-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_R8QxAQAAMAAJ/mode/2up">[4]</a>Winckler, Hugo, "Der Thontafelfund von el-Amarna", Berlin: W. Spemann, 1889</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026821714/page/n7/mode/2up">[5]</a>C. Bezold and E. A. W. Budge, "The Tell el-Amarna tablets in the British Museum with autotype facsimiles", <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, 1892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection">"Collection"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna+letters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sayce, A.H., "The cuneiform tablets of Tel el-Amarna, now preserved in the Boulaq Museum", Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology 11, pp. 326-413, 1888-89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rainey, Anson F, "El Amarna Tablets 359–379", Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn, Neukirchener Verlag des Erziehungsvereins, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baranowski, Krzysztof J. "1. The Amarna Letters and Their Study". The Verb in the Amarna Letters from Canaan, University Park, US: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 4–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsrp_1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsrp_1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wsrp.usc.edu/educational_site/ancient_texts/elamarna.shtml">El-Amarna Tablets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307171917/http://wsrp.usc.edu/educational_site/ancient_texts/elamarna.shtml">Archived</a> 2018-03-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, article at West Semitic Research Project, website of University of Southern California accessed 2/8/15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/download/19435/19076">[6]</a>Mynářová, Jana, "Handbook of Amarna Cuneiform Palaeography: A Project Update", Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 11, pp. 15-16, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horowitz, Wayne, "An Inscribed Clay Cylinder From Amarna Age Beth Shean", Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 46, no. 3/4, pp. 208–218, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horowitz, Wayne, "The Amarna Age Inscribed Clay Cylinder from Beth-Shean", The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 97–100, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/11693/51237/1/Tushratta_s_requests_to_the_pharaohs.pdf">[7]</a>Güner, Serdar, and Daniel Druckman, "Tushratta’S Requests to the Pharaohs", How People Negotiate: Resolving Disputes in Different Cultures. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 67-71, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Redford, Donald, "The coregency of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare", History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 170-182, 1967</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aruz, Joan, Kim Benzel, and Jean M. Evans, eds. <i>Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.</i> New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21450/page/n9/mode/2up">[8]</a>Bristowe, Sydney, Mrs, "The Oldest Letters In The World", LONDON: GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN, LTD, 1923</li> <li>Budge, E.A.W., "On cuneiform despatches from Tûshratta, king of Mitanni, Burraburiyasch, the son of Kuri-Galzu, and the king of Alashiya, to Amenophis III, king of Egypt, and on the cuneiform tablets from Tell el-Amarna", Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology 10, pp. 540-569, 1887-88</li> <li>Cohen, Raymond, and Raymond Westbrook, eds. <i>Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000</li> <li>Gordon, C.H., "Eight new cuneiform fragments from Tell el Amarna", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 20, pp. 137-138, 1934</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://knowledgebasedsociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/43077947.pdf">[9]</a>Gordon, Cyrus H., "The new Amarna tablets", Orientalia 16.1, pp. 1-21, 1947</li> <li>Goren, Y., <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Finkelstein</a>, I. & Na'aman, N., <i>Inscribed in Clay – Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets and Other Ancient Near Eastern Texts</i>, Tel Aviv: Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-266-020-5" title="Special:BookSources/965-266-020-5">965-266-020-5</a></li> <li>Hagen, F., "The hieratic dockets on the cuneiform tablets from Amarna", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 97, pp. 214-216, 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/selectionsfromte00handrich/page/14/mode/2up">[10]</a>Handcock, Percy, "Selections from the Tell-el-Amarna letters", London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge; New York, The Macmillan company, 1920</li> <li>Mynářová, J., "Egyptians and the cuneiform tradition: On the palaeography of the Amarna documents", in Current research in cuneiform palaeography, eds. E. Devecchi, G.G.W. Müller, and J. Mynářová. Gladbeck: PeWe, pp. 89-102, 2015</li> <li>Mynářová, Jana. <i>Language of Amarna – Language of Diplomacy: Perspectives On the Amarna Letters</i>. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology; Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/syriaandegyptfr00petrgoog">[11]</a>Petrie, W. M. <i>Flinders Syria and Egypt From the Tell El Amarna Letters</i>, Methuen & co, 1898</li> <li>Rainey, Anson F. <i>Canaanite in the Amarna Tablets: A Linguistic Analysis of the Mixed Dialect Used by Scribes from Canaan</i>. 4 vols. Atlanta: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a>, 2010</li> <li>Sayce, A.H., "The cuneiform inscriptions of Tel el-Amarna", Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain 24, pp. 12-31, 1890</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Janet (2011). <i>Dust or dew: Immortality in the Ancient Near East and in Psalm 49</i>. Eugene, OR, US: Wipf and Stock. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-661-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-661-2"><bdi>978-1-60899-661-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dust+or+dew%3A+Immortality+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+in+Psalm+49&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR%2C+US&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60899-661-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna+letters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vita, Juan-Pablo. <i>Canaanite Scribes In the Amarna Letters</i>. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2015</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna_letters&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Amarna letters</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Amarna+letters&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Amarna+letters">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Amarna+letters&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/The Tell el-Amarna Tablets"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Tell_el-Amarna_Tablets">"The Tell el-Amarna Tablets" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tell+el-Amarna+Tablets&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna+letters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Line&requestFrom=Search&PrimaryPublication=&Author=&PublicationDate=&SecondaryPublication=&Collection=&AccessionNumber=&MuseumNumber=&Provenience=akhetaten&ExcavationNumber=&Period=&DatesReferenced=&ObjectType=&ObjectRemarks=&Material=&TextSearch=&TranslationSearch=&CommentSearch=&StructureSearch=&Language=&Genre=&SubGenre=&CompositeNumber=&SealID=&ObjectID=&ATFSource=&CatalogueSource=&TranslationSource=">CDLI, <i>Chicago Digital Library Listing</i> of the Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/semitic/amarna.html">Electronic version of the Amarna tablets</a>, Akkadian in English transliteration.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amarna.cchs.csic.es/maineng.html">High-resolution images</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin" title="Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin">Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/?page_id=2072">Mineralogical and Chemical Study of the Amarna Tablets – Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets</a> – University of Tel Aviv web page</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ucla.edu/dl/photo/P135963.jpg">Sample letter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/selectionsfromte00handuoft/selectionsfromte00handuoft_djvu.txt">Text of some letters</a>, archive.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Amarna_Period" title="Template:Amarna Period"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amarna_Period" title="Template talk:Amarna Period"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amarna_Period" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amarna Period"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amarna_Period160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pharaohs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhenaten,_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/155px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/233px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/310px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3994" data-file-height="3303" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiye" title="Tiye">Tiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiya" title="Kiya">Kiya</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Younger_Lady" title="The Younger Lady">The Younger Lady</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tey" title="Tey">Tey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritaten" title="Meritaten">Meritaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meketaten" title="Meketaten">Meketaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenamun" title="Ankhesenamun">Ankhesenamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten_Tasherit" title="Neferneferuaten Tasherit">Neferneferuaten Tasherit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferure" title="Neferneferure">Neferneferure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setepenre_(princess)" title="Setepenre (princess)">Setepenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritaten_Tasherit" title="Meritaten Tasherit">Meritaten Tasherit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenpaaten_Tasherit" title="Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit">Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Nobles</li><li>Officials</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aperel" title="Aperel">Aperel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bek_(sculptor)" title="Bek (sculptor)">Bek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huya_(noble)" title="Huya (noble)">Huya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(noble)" title="Ipy (noble)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahu_(noble)" title="Mahu (noble)">Mahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia_(nurse)" title="Maia (nurse)">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_(noble)" title="May (noble)">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryneith" title="Meryneith">Meryneith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryre" title="Meryre">Meryre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryre_II" title="Meryre II">Meryre II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutbenret" title="Mutbenret">Mutbenret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhtpaaten" title="Nakhtpaaten">Nakhtpaaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkheperu-her-sekheper" title="Neferkheperu-her-sekheper">Neferkheperuhersekheper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paatenemheb" title="Paatenemheb">Paatenemheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panehesy" title="Panehesy">Panehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parennefer" title="Parennefer">Parennefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthu" title="Penthu">Penthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramose_(TT55)" title="Ramose (TT55)">Ramose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_(sculptor)" title="Thutmose (sculptor)">Thutmose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna">Akhetaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV" title="Temple of Amenhotep IV">Karnak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KV55" title="KV55">KV55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KV62" class="mw-redirect" title="KV62">KV62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Nobles_(Amarna)" title="Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna)">Amarna Tombs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_succession" title="Amarna succession">Amarna succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhamunzu" title="Dakhamunzu">Dakhamunzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_art" title="Amarna art">Amarna Art Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235502#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata751" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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