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<span>European market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substance_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substance_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Substance properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substance_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short-term_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short-term_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Short-term effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short-term_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Manufacturing processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hashish</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="حشيش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حشيش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haix%C3%ADs" title="Haixís – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Haixís" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6" title="হাশিশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাশিশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Хашиш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хашиш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haschisch" title="Haschisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Haschisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachich" title="Hachich – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hachich" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haixix" title="Haixix – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Haixix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%A1i%C5%A1" title="Hašiš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hašiš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hashish" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haschisch" title="Haschisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haschisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%A1i%C5%A1" title="Hašiš – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hašiš" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%82" title="Χασίς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χασίς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hach%C3%ADs" title="Hachís – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hachís" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%9Di%C5%9Do" title="Haŝiŝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Haŝiŝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haxix" title="Haxix – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haxix" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="حشیش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حشیش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash" title="Hash – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hash" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haschich" title="Haschich – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haschich" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haxix" title="Haxix – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Haxix" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%8B%9C%EC%8B%9C" title="하시시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하시시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%B7" title="Հաշիշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաշիշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6" title="हशीश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हशीश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%A1i%C5%A1" title="Hašiš – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hašiš" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashisho" title="Hashisho – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hashisho" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasis" title="Hasis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hasis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hashish" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A9" title="חשיש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חשיש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%A1i%C5%A1s" title="Hašišs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hašišs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haschisch" title="Haschisch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Haschisch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%A1i%C5%A1as" title="Hašišas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hašišas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hashish" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasis" title="Hasis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hasis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="حشيش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حشيش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کوکنار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوکنار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasjiesj" title="Hasjiesj – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hasjiesj" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5)" title="चरेस (लागुपदार्थ) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चरेस (लागुपदार्थ)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B7" title="ハシシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハシシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasj" title="Hasj – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hasj" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashish" title="Ashish – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ashish" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="چرس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چرس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haschich" title="Haschich – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Haschich" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haszysz" title="Haszysz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Haszysz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haxixe" title="Haxixe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Haxixe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasch" title="Hasch – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Hasch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C8%99i%C8%99" title="Hașiș – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hașiș" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Гашиш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гашиш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashishi" title="Hashishi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hashishi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hashish" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%A1i%C5%A1" title="Hašiš – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hašiš" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Хашиш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хашиш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%A1i%C5%A1" title="Hašiš – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hašiš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Compressed form of powdered cannabis</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="float: right; width: 25em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Hashish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:American_medical_hashish(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/American_medical_hashish%2810%29.jpg/220px-American_medical_hashish%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/American_medical_hashish%2810%29.jpg/330px-American_medical_hashish%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/American_medical_hashish%2810%29.jpg/440px-American_medical_hashish%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="834" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1.5 grams (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> oz) pressed marijuana</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source plant(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_indica" title="Cannabis indica">Cannabis indica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_ruderalis" title="Cannabis ruderalis">Cannabis ruderalis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part(s) of plant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><sup id="cite_ref-ElSohly2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElSohly2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Active_ingredients" class="mw-redirect" title="Active ingredients">Active ingredients</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">cannabidiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabinol" title="Cannabinol">cannabinol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabivarin" title="Tetrahydrocannabivarin">tetrahydrocannabivarin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_8" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S8</a> (Controlled drug)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr></small>: Unscheduled</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Germany">DE</abbr></small>: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_German_Narcotic_Drugs_Act#Anlage_I" title="Drugs controlled by the German Narcotic Drugs Act">Anlage I</a> (Authorized scientific use only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_UK_Misuse_of_Drugs_Act#Class_B_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act">Class B</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_I_drugs" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule I</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Nations">UN</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs#List_of_controlled_narcotic_drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Narcotic Schedule I</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cannabis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/120px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/180px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/240px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Arts</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a> (<a href="/wiki/420chan" title="420chan">chan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_cannabis" title="List of books about cannabis">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magu_(deity)" title="Magu (deity)">Magu (deity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis" title="List of names for cannabis">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Judaism" title="Cannabis and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis and Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke-in" title="Smoke-in">Smoke-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis" title="Entheogenic use of cannabis">Spiritual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_sports" title="Cannabis and sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cannabis_terms" title="Glossary of cannabis terms">Terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Chemistry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_phytocannabinoids" title="Comparison of phytocannabinoids">Phytocannabinoids</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Main <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dronabinol" title="Dronabinol">Dronabinol</a> (INN)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">CBD</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Minor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol"><i>delta</i>-8-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol"><i>delta</i>-10-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">THCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiphorol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiphorol">THCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">CBDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiphorol" title="Cannabidiphorol">CBDP</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Semi-synthetic cannabinoids</b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THC-O-acetate" title="THC-O-acetate">THC-O-acetate</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic cannabinoid">Synthetic cannabinoids</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AM_cannabinoids" title="List of AM cannabinoids">AM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM-2201" title="AM-2201">AM-2201</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CP_cannabinoids" title="List of CP cannabinoids">CP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CP_55,940" title="CP 55,940">CP-55940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran" title="Dimethylheptylpyran">Dimethylheptylpyran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HU_cannabinoids" title="List of HU cannabinoids">HU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HU-210" title="HU-210">HU-210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HU-331" title="HU-331">HU-331</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_JWH_cannabinoids" title="List of JWH cannabinoids">JWH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JWH-073" title="JWH-073">JWH-073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JWH-133" title="JWH-133">JWH-133</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonantradol" title="Levonantradol">Levonantradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMB-CHMICA" title="MDMB-CHMICA">MDMB-CHMICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR-144,528" title="SR-144,528">SR144528</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Pharmacology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor" title="Cannabinoid receptor">Cannabinoid receptors</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">Cannabinoid receptor type 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">Cannabinoid receptor type 2</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Endocannabinoids</a></b> <small>(activate cannabinoid receptors)</small></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonoylglycerol" title="2-Arachidonoylglycerol">2-AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">NADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virodhamine" title="Virodhamine">Virodhamine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Consumption</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption#Drink" title="Cannabis consumption">Drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Edibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_CBD_to_THC" title="Conversion of CBD to THC">Conversion of CBD to THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Adult lifetime cannabis use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual cannabis use by country</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffeeshop_(Netherlands)" title="Coffeeshop (Netherlands)">Coffeeshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_house" title="Grow house">Grow house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_shop" title="Grow shop">Grow shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_vending_machine" title="Marijuana vending machine">Marijuana vending machine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_impaired_driving" title="Cannabis and impaired driving">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_drug_testing" title="Cannabis drug testing">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_legalized_cannabis" title="Effects of legalized cannabis">Effects of legalized cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_drug_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway drug theory">Gateway drug theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long term effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis and memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_time_perception" title="Cannabis and time perception">Time perception</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhang" title="Bhang">Bhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_(cannabis_cigar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blunt (cannabis cigar)">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charas" title="Charas">Charas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_flower_essential_oil" title="Cannabis flower essential oil">Flower essential oil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hashish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_beer" title="Hemp beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_milk" title="Hemp milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_protein" title="Hemp protein">Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">Hempcrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(cannabis)" title="Joint (cannabis)">Joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kief" title="Kief">Kief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roach_(smoking)" title="Roach (smoking)">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic cannabis">Synthetic cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_of_cannabis" title="Tincture of cannabis">Tincture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_law" title="Timeline of cannabis law">Timeline of cannabis law</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_international_law" title="Cannabis and international law">Cannabis and international law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961" title="Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961">UN 2020 descheduling</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Cannabis in the United States">Cannabis in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction" title="Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Medical cannabis in the United States">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">Non-medical</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Act" title="Cannabis Act">Cannabis Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_laws_of_Canada_by_province_or_territory" title="Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory">Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada" title="Legal history of cannabis in Canada">Legal history of cannabis in Canada</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Elsewhere <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_by_country" title="Cannabis by country">Cannabis by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malta" title="Cannabis in Malta">Cannabis in Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Spain" title="Cannabis in Spain">Cannabis in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Africa" title="Cannabis in South Africa">Cannabis in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Thailand" title="Cannabis in Thailand">Cannabis in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Cannabis in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Drug policy of Portugal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_scheduling_of_synthetic_cannabinoids" title="Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids">Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoflowering_cannabis" title="Autoflowering cannabis">Autoflowering cannabis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Genus</b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Species</b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">Cannabis sativa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_indica" title="Cannabis indica">Cannabis indica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_ruderalis" title="Cannabis ruderalis">Cannabis ruderalis</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis strains">Strains</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acapulco_Gold_(cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acapulco Gold (cannabis)">Acapulco Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte%27s_web_(cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte's web (cannabis)">Charlotte's web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kush_(Cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kush (Cannabis)">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawi Gold">Malawi Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_Diesel" title="Sour Diesel">Sour Diesel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cannabis_leaf_2.svg/15px-Cannabis_leaf_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cannabis_leaf_2.svg/23px-Cannabis_leaf_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cannabis_leaf_2.svg/30px-Cannabis_leaf_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="790" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cannabis" title="Portal:Cannabis">Cannabis portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Esculaap4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/15px-Esculaap4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="23" class="mw-file-element" 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portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannabis_sidebar" title="Template:Cannabis sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannabis_sidebar" title="Template talk:Cannabis sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hashish</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9b\/En-au-hashish.ogg\/En-au-hashish.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-au-hashish.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/En-au-hashish.ogg/En-au-hashish.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-au-hashish.ogg" title="File:En-au-hashish.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <i> ḥašiš</i> 'hay'), usually abbreviated as <b>hash</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physics)" title="Compression (physics)">compressed</a> form of powdered <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">marijuana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive substance</a>, it is consumed plain or mixed with <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>. It has a long history of use in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hashish consumption is also popular in Europe. In the United States, dried flowers or <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_concentrate" title="Cannabis concentrate">concentrates</a> are more popular, and hash has seen a relative decrease in popularity following changes in laws that have indirectly allowed for the development and increased availability of cannabis extracts that are more potent than traditional hashish, although regional differences in product preferences exist.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many recreational drugs, multiple synonyms and alternative names for hashish exist, and vary greatly depending on the country and native language.<sup id="cite_ref-drugsCom_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugsCom-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hashish is a cannabis concentrate product composed of compressed or purified preparations of stalked resin glands, called trichomes, from the plant. It is defined by the 1961 UN <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a> (Schedule I and IV) as "the separated resin, whether crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis plant". The resin contains ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (THC) and other <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoids</a>—but often in higher concentrations than the unsifted or unprocessed cannabis flower.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purities of confiscated hashish in Europe (2011) range between 3% and 15%. Between 2000 and 2005, the percentage of hashish in cannabis end product seizures was at 18%.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the strength of unprocessed cannabis flowers having increased greatly in recent years—with flowers containing upwards of 25% THC by weight—the strength of hashish produced today and in the future is likely to be far more potent than in these older records.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consistency and appearance of hashish is highly dependent on the process used and the amount of leftover plant material (e.g. chlorophyll). It is typically solid, though its consistency ranges from brittle to malleable. It is most commonly light or dark brown in color, though may appear transparent, yellow, black, or red.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hashish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hashish" title="Special:EditPage/Hashish">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hashish has been consumed for many centuries, though there is no clear evidence as to its first appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-ConnelClarke_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConnelClarke-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and Nepal have a long social tradition in the production of hashish, known locally as <i><a href="/wiki/Charas" title="Charas">charas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first attestation of the term "hashish" is in a pamphlet published in Cairo in 1123 CE, accusing <a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> Muslims of being "hashish-eaters".<sup id="cite_ref-Booth2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cult of Nizari militants which emerged after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> is commonly called the sect of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a>—a corruption of <i><a href="/wiki/Hashishin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashishin">hashishin</a>,</i> Arabic for "hashish-smokers." The 13th-century jurist <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> prohibited the use of hashish; he mentioned that it was introduced to Levant with the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Mongol invasion</a> (throughout the 13th century).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoking did not become common in the Old World until after the introduction of tobacco; until the 1500s, hashish was consumed as an edible in the Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-Chasteen2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chasteen2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1596, Dutchman <a href="/wiki/Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten" title="Jan Huyghen van Linschoten">Jan Huyghen van Linschoten</a> spent three pages on "Bangue" (<i><a href="/wiki/Bhang" title="Bhang">bhang</a></i>) in his historic work documenting his journeys in the East. He particularly mentioned the Egyptian hashish.<sup id="cite_ref-linschoten_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linschoten-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said, "Bangue is likewise much used in Turkie and Egypt, and is made in three sorts, having also three names. The first by the Egyptians is called Assis (Hashish (Arab.)), which is the poulder of Hemp, or of Hemp leaves, which is water made in paste or dough, they would eat five pieces, (each) as big as a Chestnut (or larger); This is used by the common people, because it is of a small price, and it is no wonder, that such vertue proceedeth from the Hempe, for that according to Galens opinion, Hempe excessively filleth the head."<sup id="cite_ref-Linschoten1885_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linschoten1885-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hashish arrived in Europe from the East during the 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is first mentioned scientifically by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin" title="Johann Friedrich Gmelin">Gmelin</a> in 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Napoleonic campaigns introduced French troops to hashish in Egypt and the first description of its useful stems was in 1830 by pharmacist and botanist <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Friedrich_Ludwig_Nees_von_Esenbeck" title="Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck">Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1839, <a href="/wiki/William_Brooke_O%27Shaughnessy" title="William Brooke O'Shaughnessy">O’Shaughnessy</a> wrote a comprehensive study of Himalayan hemp, which was recognised by the European school of medicine and describes hashish as relief for cramps and causing the disappearance of certain symptoms from afflictions such as rabies, cholera, and tetanus.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to high hopes in the medical community. In 1840, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Aubert-Roche" title="Louis Aubert-Roche">Louis Aubert-Roche</a> reported his successful use of hashish against pestilence.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also psychiatric experiments with hashish were done at the same time with <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Joseph_Moreau" title="Jacques-Joseph Moreau">Jacques-Joseph Moreau</a> being convinced that it is the supreme medicament for use in psychiatry.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, hashish was embraced in some European literary circles. Most famously, the <a href="/wiki/Club_des_Hashischins" title="Club des Hashischins">Club des Hashischins</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisian</a> club dedicated to the consumption of hashish and other drugs; its members included writers <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Joseph_Moreau" title="Jacques-Joseph Moreau">Dr. Moreau de Tours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-levin_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levin-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baudelaire later wrote the 1860 book <i><a href="/wiki/Les_paradis_artificiels" class="mw-redirect" title="Les paradis artificiels">Les paradis artificiels</a></i>, about the state of being under the influence of opium and hashish. At around the same time, American author <a href="/wiki/Fitz_Hugh_Ludlow" title="Fitz Hugh Ludlow">Fitz Hugh Ludlow</a> wrote the 1857 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hasheesh_Eater" title="The Hasheesh Eater">The Hasheesh Eater</a></i> about his youthful experiences, both positive and negative, with the drug. </p><p>Hashish was also mentioned<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2019)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> and used as an anaesthetic in Germany in 1869. It was imported in great quantities especially from India where it was called charas. However, there were also people<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> who did not deem cannabis as harmless.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1880 and 1900 was the peak of the medicinal use, where hashish compounds were most commonplace in almost all European countries and the USA. Evidence of misuse at that time was practically non-existent (as opposed to widespread reports in Asia and Africa).<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hashish played a significant role in the treatment of pain, migraine, <a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">dysmenorrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">pertussis</a>, asthma and insomnia in Europe and USA towards the end of the 19th century. Rare applications included stomach ache, depression, diarrhea, diminished appetite, pruritus, hemorrhage, <a href="/wiki/Basedow_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Basedow syndrome">Basedow syndrome</a> and malaria.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use was later prohibited worldwide as the use as a medicine was made impossible by the 1961 UN <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a>. </p><p>At the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of hashish in Europe came from Kashmir and other parts of India, Afghanistan, as well as Greece, Syria, Nepal, Lebanon, and Turkey. Larger markets developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s when most of the hashish was imported from Pakistan and Afghanistan. In Greece, Hashish was prevalent in the early decades of the 20th century, and although locally produced for hundreds of years prior, it reached its peak with the coming of two and a half million Greek refugees, expelled from Turkey following the disastrous 1919-21 war. Many of these refugees had habitually smoked hashish in Turkey, using waterpipes, (hookas) called "arghilethes," and due to extreme poverty upon arriving in Greece, and living in overcrowded and poor refugee communities, many hashish dens, called "tekethes" sprung up in Greece's larger cities, the port city of Piraeus, and the northern city of Thessaloniki (where many refugees lived.) This gave rise to a substantial urban underclass and sub culture of hashish smokers called "hasiklithes," and a musical genre "<a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">rembetika</a>" (oriental sounding), "urban blues" played on the bouzouki, tzoura, and oriental instruments such as the baglama, outi (oud) and kanonaki (kanun) that spoke of life as a hashish user in the "tekethes", as well as about life as refugees, society's unfairness, lack of financial opportunities, prejudice against the refugees, and the deceit of lovers and others in the community. The "tekethes" were closed down in the 1930s by the Greek police and the "rembetes" were jailed and ostracized. In succeeding decades, there has been a strong 20+ year resurgence in Greece of "rembetika" music with the songs of the rembetes and hasiklithes being contuinually performed publicly by many including the younger generation, as a form of cultural heritage, and have gained respectability and popularity for their frank expressions of that period, and Greek society in general. Due to disruptive conflicts in the regions, Morocco took over and was the sufficient exporter until lately.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChouvyBackground_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChouvyBackground-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that massive hashish production for international trade originated in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> during the 1960s, where the cannabis plant was widely available. Before the coming of the first hippies from the <a href="/wiki/Hippie_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippie Trail">Hippie Trail</a>, only small pieces of Lebanese hashish were found in Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-ConnelClarke_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConnelClarke-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, since the 2000s there has been a dramatic shift in the market due to an increase of homegrown cannabis production. While Morocco held a quasi-monopoly on hashish in the 1990s with the 250-gram (8.8 oz) so-called "soap bar" blocks, which were of low quality, Afghanistan is now regarded as the biggest producer of higher quality hashish. Since then, hashish quality in Europe has increased while its prices have remained stable,<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an exception of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, where the cannabis street prices surged due to various national lockdowns.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hashish remains in high demand in most of the world while quality continues to increase, due to many Moroccan and western farmers in Morocco and other hash producing countries using more advanced cultivation methods as well as cultivating further developed cannabis strains which increases yields greatly, as well as improving resin quality with higher ratios of psychoactive ingredients (THC). A tastier, smoother and more aromatic terpenes and flavanoids profile is seen as an indicator of a significant rise in hashish quality in more recent years. Hashish production in Spain has also become more popular and is on the rise, however the demand for relatively cheap and high quality Moroccan hash is still extremely high. </p><p>Changes to regulations around the world have contributed greatly to more and more countries becoming legitimate hashish producing regions, with countries like Spain effecting more lenient laws on cannabis products such as hashish. Washington State followed by Colorado started regulating cultivation, manufacturing and distribution of cannabis and cannabis derived products such as hashish in the United States, followed by many other places in the US (such as Humboldt, California), and around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_market">European market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hashish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hashish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hashish.jpg/220px-Hashish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hashish.jpg/330px-Hashish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hashish.jpg/440px-Hashish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>Hashish shown next to a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">19-millimetre (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) diameter <a href="/wiki/U.S._penny" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. penny">U.S. penny</a> for scale</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (<a href="/wiki/European_Monitoring_Centre_for_Drugs_and_Drug_Addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction">EMCDDA</a>), Western Europe is the biggest market for cannabis resin with 70% of global seizures. The European hashish market is changing though: Cannabis cultivation increased throughout the 1990s until 2004, with a noticeable decrease reported in 2005 according to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco has been the major source, however lately there has been a shift in the market and Afghanistan has been named the major producer of Hashish. Even though a drop in usage and production has been reported, Morocco produced around 6600 tonnes of resin in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As 641 tonnes of hashish were consumed in the EU in 2013, the European market is currently the world's largest and most profitable. Therefore, many players are involved in the business, including organised crime groups. The largest cannabis resin seizures in Europe happen in Portugal, due to its proximity to Northern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1990s "soap bars" disappeared and the physical shapes of hashish changed to melon shaped, tablets or olive shaped pellets. Overall the general trend of domestically grown cannabis displacing the imported resin leads to a market reaction of potency changes while the prices remain stable while soap-bar potency increased from 8% to up to 20.7% in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, more resin than herb is consumed in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Substance_properties">Substance properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hashish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Substance properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hashish is made from <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoid</a>-rich glandular hairs known as <a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">trichomes</a>, as well as varying amounts of cannabis flower and leaf fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flowers of a mature female plant contain the most trichomes, though trichomes are also found on other parts of the plant. Certain strains of cannabis are <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)_cultivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis (drug) cultivation">cultivated</a> specifically for their ability to produce large amounts of trichomes. The resin reservoirs of the trichomes, sometimes erroneously called <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> (vendors often use the euphemism "pollen catchers" to describe <a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">screened</a> <a href="/wiki/Kief" title="Kief">kief</a>-grinders in order to skirt paraphernalia-selling laws), are separated from the plant through various methods. </p><p>Hashish samples from India, Lebanon and Morocco confiscated in Europe and Israel in 2005 contained all appreciable amounts of <a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">cannabidiol</a> (CBD), and <a href="/wiki/Cannabinol" title="Cannabinol">cannabinol</a> (CBN), in addition to <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (THC). In some samples the CBD-content was significantly higher than the THC-content. The simultaneous occurrence of these three cannabinoids constitute the typical, chemical profile of hashish consumed in Europe and Northern Africa. In comparison, most high-potency marijuana products contain only THC. It is believed that the psychotropic effects of hashish are therefore more subtle, and <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study conducted in 2014 by Jean-Jaques Filippi, Marie Marchini, Céline Charvoz, Laurence Dujourdy and Nicolas Baldovini (<i>Multidimensional analysis of cannabis volatile constituents: Identification of 5,5-dimethyl-1-vinylbicyclo[2.1.1]hexane as a volatile marker of hashish, the resin of Cannabis sativa L.</i>) the researchers linked the characteristic flavour of hashish with a rearrangement of <a href="/wiki/Myrcene" title="Myrcene">myrcene</a> caused during the process of manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the production process, the product can be contaminated with different amounts of dirt and plant fragments, varying greatly in terms of appearance, texture, odour and potency. Also, adulterants may be added in order to increase weight or modify appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-ChouvyBackground_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChouvyBackground-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Short-term_effects">Short-term effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hashish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Short-term effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sebse.jpg/220px-Sebse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sebse.jpg/330px-Sebse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sebse.jpg/440px-Sebse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sebsi" title="Sebsi">Sebsi</a>, a Moroccan long-drawtube one-hitter</figcaption></figure> <p>Hashish can be consumed by oral ingestion or smoking. When smoked, it may be smoked in a pipe, <a href="/wiki/Bong" title="Bong">bong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaporizer (cannabis)">vaporizer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Joint_(cannabis)" title="Joint (cannabis)">joints</a>, where it is often mixed with <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, as pure hashish will burn poorly alone. <a href="/wiki/THC" class="mw-redirect" title="THC">THC</a> has a low water solubility therefore it is most effective when ingested alongside a fatty meal or snack.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDAProfile_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDAProfile-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all hashish can be consumed orally as some is not decarboxylated during manufacture. Generally the methods are similar to overall <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">cannabis consumption</a>. </p><p>As hashish’s active ingredient is THC, it has the same effects as cannabis. The onset is felt within 15 minutes when smoking, and about 30 to 60 minutes when eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common effects include: </p> <ul><li>changes in perception; including a feeling of relaxation, pleasure (“high” or <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clare-314.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Clare-314.jpg/200px-Clare-314.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Clare-314.jpg/300px-Clare-314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Clare-314.jpg/400px-Clare-314.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Blood-shot eyes are a sign of cannabis use.</figcaption></figure></li> <li>poor short-term memory<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>increased appetite</li> <li>altered feeling in the <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">senses</a> (the ability to see colors, hear sounds and taste food more clearly), as a result of the drug increasing the activity of the senses<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>altered sense of time and space (feeling that time is slow and the distances are longer)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry mouth">dry mouth and throat</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>impaired motor skills</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive deficit">cognitive impairment</a>, including poor reactions<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_eye_(medicine)" title="Red eye (medicine)">blood-shot eye</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">fast heartbeat</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">orthostatic hypotension</a> (a drop in blood pressure when standing)</li></ul> <p>Side effects with overdose may include <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">panic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing_processes">Manufacturing processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hashish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Manufacturing processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Honey_oil"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/R%C3%A9colte_de_la_r%C3%A9sine_de_cannabis%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_Inde_288x512.ogv/170px--R%C3%A9colte_de_la_r%C3%A9sine_de_cannabis%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_Inde_288x512.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="170" height="302" data-durationhint="41" data-mwtitle="Récolte_de_la_résine_de_cannabis,_Uttarakhand,_Inde_288x512.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9colte_de_la_r%C3%A9sine_de_cannabis,_Uttarakhand,_Inde_288x512.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/R%C3%A9colte_de_la_r%C3%A9sine_de_cannabis%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_Inde_288x512.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="288" data-height="512" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/R%C3%A9colte_de_la_r%C3%A9sine_de_cannabis%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_Inde_288x512.ogv/R%C3%A9colte_de_la_r%C3%A9sine_de_cannabis%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_Inde_288x512.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/R%C3%A9colte_de_la_r%C3%A9sine_de_cannabis%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_Inde_288x512.ogv/R%C3%A9colte_de_la_r%C3%A9sine_de_cannabis%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_Inde_288x512.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/R%C3%A9colte_de_la_r%C3%A9sine_de_cannabis%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_Inde_288x512.ogv/R%C3%A9colte_de_la_r%C3%A9sine_de_cannabis%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_Inde_288x512.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/R%C3%A9colte_de_la_r%C3%A9sine_de_cannabis%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_Inde_288x512.ogv/R%C3%A9colte_de_la_r%C3%A9sine_de_cannabis%2C_Uttarakhand%2C_Inde_288x512.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Making charas from fresh <i>cannabis</i> resin, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>The sticky resins of the fresh flowering female cannabis plant are collected. Traditionally this was, and still is, done in remote locations by pressing or rubbing the flowering plant between two hands and then forming the sticky resins into a small ball of hashish called <a href="/wiki/Charas" title="Charas">charas</a>. This method produces the highest amount of cannabinoids (THC content up to 60%) without chemical solvents or distillation. The best quality charas is produced in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and sold in sausage-like shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mechanical separation methods use physical action to remove the trichomes from the dried plant material, such as sieving through a screen by hand or in motorized tumblers. This technique is known as "drysifting". The resulting powder, referred to as "kief" or "drysift", is compressed with the aid of heat into blocks of hashish; if pure, the kief will become gooey and pliable. When a high level of pure THC is present, the end product will be almost transparent and will start to melt at the point of human contact. </p><p>Ice-water separation is another mechanical method of isolating trichomes. Newer techniques have been developed such as heat and pressure separations, static-electricity sieving or acoustical dry sieving.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_medical_hashish(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/American_medical_hashish%283%29.jpg/180px-American_medical_hashish%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/American_medical_hashish%283%29.jpg/270px-American_medical_hashish%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/American_medical_hashish%283%29.jpg/360px-American_medical_hashish%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1115" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichomes</a> isolated with ice-water extraction method</figcaption></figure> <p>Trichomes may break away from supporting stalks and leaves when plant material becomes brittle at low temperatures. After plant material has been agitated in an icy slush, separated trichomes are often dense enough to sink to the bottom of the ice-water mixture following agitation, while lighter pieces of leaves and stems tend to float.<sup id="cite_ref-cc_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ice-water method requires ice, water, agitation, filtration bags with various-sized screens and plant material. With the ice-water extraction method the resin becomes hard and brittle and can easily be separated. This allows large quantities of pure resins to be extracted in a very clean process without the use of solvents, making for a more purified hashish.<sup id="cite_ref-cc_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cc2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chemical separation methods generally use a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">hexane</a> to dissolve the <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilic</a> desirable resin. Remaining plant materials are filtered out of the solution and sent to the compost. The solvent is then evaporated, or boiled off (purged) leaving behind the desirable resins, called honey oil, "<a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">hash oil</a>", or just "oil". Honey oil still contains <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a> and can be further purified by <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">vacuum distillation</a> to yield "red oil". The product of chemical separations is more commonly referred to as "honey oil." This oil is not really hashish, as the latter name covers trichomes that are extracted by sieving. This leaves most of the glands intact. </p><p>Morocco has been the major hashish producer globally with €10.8 billion earned from Moroccan resin in 2004, but some so-called "Moroccan" may actually be European-made.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChouvyBackground_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChouvyBackground-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The income for the farmers was around €325 million in 2005. While the overall number of plants and areas shrank in size, the introduction of more potent hybrid plants produced a high resin rate. The amount of resin produced is estimated to range between 3,800 and 9,500 tonnes in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest producer today is Afghanistan,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however studies suggest there is a "hashish revival" in Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-ChouvyAfsahi_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChouvyAfsahi-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solventless Rosin Method was discovered by Phil Salazar in 2015. Rosin is created by pressing Cannabis Flower, Dry sift, or Ice water hash in between parchment paper using a pneumatic or hydraulic press with heated plates to create force and pressure to expel the oil from the product. The moisture present in the flower, Dry Sift, or ice water hash will create steam pressure and force the oil from the source creating a solventless hash product.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quality">Quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hashish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tiny pieces of leaf matter may be accidentally or even purposely added; <a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">adulterants</a> introduced when the hashish is being produced will reduce the purity of the material and often resulting in green finished product. If hash is particularly sticky, this can mean that additional oils have been added to increase the overall weight of the product. The most common quality indicator is the smell. High-quality hash will smell fragrant and aromatic, whereas hash of low quality may have a distinct mouldy or musty aroma.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (THC) content of hashish comes in wide ranges from almost none to 65% and that of <a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">hash oil</a> from 30% to 90%.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hashish can also contain appreciable amounts of CBD, CBN and also contain trace amounts of other <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoids</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As mentioned above, there has been a general increase in potency as the competition has grown bigger and new hybrid plants have been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-ChouvyBackground_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChouvyBackground-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hashish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/26px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/39px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/52px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cannabis" title="Portal:Cannabis">Cannabis portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_concentrate" title="Cannabis concentrate">Cannabis concentrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (drug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charas" title="Charas">Charas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_des_Hashischins" title="Club des Hashischins">Club des Hashischins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hashish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pure <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> of <i>C. ruderalis</i> are rarely used for recreational purposes,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including as hashish.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCervantes2006" class="citation book cs1">Cervantes, Jorge (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marijuanahorticu00jorg/page/12"><i>Marijuana Horticulture: The Indoor/Outdoor Medical Grower's Bible</i></a></span> (5th ed.). Van Patten Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marijuanahorticu00jorg/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781878823236" title="Special:BookSources/9781878823236"><bdi>9781878823236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marijuana+Horticulture%3A+The+Indoor%2FOutdoor+Medical+Grower%27s+Bible&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Van+Patten+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781878823236&rft.aulast=Cervantes&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarijuanahorticu00jorg%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElSohly2007-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElSohly2007_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmoud_A._ElSohly2007" class="citation book cs1">Mahmoud A. ElSohly (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoJPVNKYUgC&pg=PA8"><i>Marijuana and the Cannabinoids</i></a>. Springer. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59259-947-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59259-947-9"><bdi>978-1-59259-947-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081305/https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoJPVNKYUgC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marijuana+and+the+Cannabinoids&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59259-947-9&rft.au=Mahmoud+A.+ElSohly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfxoJPVNKYUgC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMCDDA08-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMCDDA08_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEMCDDA2008" class="citation journal cs1">EMCDDA (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/monographs/cannabis">"A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences"</a>. <i>Monograph Series</i>. <b>8</b> (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195932/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/monographs/cannabis">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monograph+Series&rft.atitle=A+cannabis+reader%3A+global+issues+and+local+experiences&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2008&rft.au=EMCDDA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emcdda.europa.eu%2Fpublications%2Fmonographs%2Fcannabis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span> European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2810%2F13807">10.2810/13807</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/what-is-hashish">"What is Hash?"</a>. <i>Leafly</i>. 2020-06-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009012637/https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/what-is-hashish">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leafly&rft.atitle=What+is+Hash%3F&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leafly.com%2Fnews%2Fcannabis-101%2Fwhat-is-hashish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://druglibrary.org/MedicalMj/hash/history_of_hashish.htm">"The History Of Hashish"</a>. <i>druglibrary.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811184413/http://druglibrary.org/MedicalMj/hash/history_of_hashish.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=druglibrary.org&rft.atitle=The+History+Of+Hashish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdruglibrary.org%2FMedicalMj%2Fhash%2Fhistory_of_hashish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merryjane.com/culture/is-old-school-hashish-going-extinct-in-america">"Is Old-School Hashish Going Extinct in America?"</a>. <i>MERRY JANE</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009161704/https://merryjane.com/culture/is-old-school-hashish-going-extinct-in-america">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MERRY+JANE&rft.atitle=Is+Old-School+Hashish+Going+Extinct+in+America%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmerryjane.com%2Fculture%2Fis-old-school-hashish-going-extinct-in-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drugsCom-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-drugsCom_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/illicit/hashish.html">"Hashish"</a>. <i>drugs.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426175608/https://www.drugs.com/illicit/hashish.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drugs.com&rft.atitle=Hashish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fillicit%2Fhashish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russo, Ethan. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qH-2Lj9x7L4C&pg=PT34">Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential</a></i>, p. 34 (Routledge 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElSohlyMehmedicFosterGon2016" class="citation journal cs1">ElSohly, Mahmoud A.; Mehmedic, Zlatko; Foster, Susan; Gon, Chandrani; Chandra, Suman; Church, James C. (2016-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987131">"Changes in Cannabis Potency over the Last Two Decades (1995-2014) - Analysis of Current Data in the United States"</a>. <i>Biological Psychiatry</i>. <b>79</b> (7): 613–619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2016.01.004">10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.01.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3223">0006-3223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987131">4987131</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26903403">26903403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Changes+in+Cannabis+Potency+over+the+Last+Two+Decades+%281995-2014%29+-+Analysis+of+Current+Data+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=613-619&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4987131%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3223&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26903403&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2016.01.004&rft.aulast=ElSohly&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+A.&rft.au=Mehmedic%2C+Zlatko&rft.au=Foster%2C+Susan&rft.au=Gon%2C+Chandrani&rft.au=Chandra%2C+Suman&rft.au=Church%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4987131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/05/15/723656629/highly-potent-weed-has-swept-the-market-raising-concerns-about-health-risks">"Highly Potent Weed Has Swept The Market, Raising Concerns About Health Risks"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008212223/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/05/15/723656629/highly-potent-weed-has-swept-the-market-raising-concerns-about-health-risks">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Highly+Potent+Weed+Has+Swept+The+Market%2C+Raising+Concerns+About+Health+Risks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fhealth-shots%2F2019%2F05%2F15%2F723656629%2Fhighly-potent-weed-has-swept-the-market-raising-concerns-about-health-risks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/medicalmj/hash/guide_to_the_different_types_of_.htm">"Guide To The Different Types Of Hashish"</a>. <i>www.druglibrary.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109183505/http://www.druglibrary.org/medicalmj/hash/guide_to_the_different_types_of_.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.druglibrary.org&rft.atitle=Guide+To+The+Different+Types+Of+Hashish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druglibrary.org%2Fmedicalmj%2Fhash%2Fguide_to_the_different_types_of_.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConnelClarke-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ConnelClarke_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ConnelClarke_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hashish! by Robert Connell Clarke, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929349-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-929349-05-9">0-929349-05-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usaybia, Abu; <i>Notes on Uyunu al-Anba fi Tabaquat al-Atibba</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booth2011-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Booth2011_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Booth2011" class="citation book cs1">Martin Booth (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjn6sCiHoFIC&pg=PA84"><i>Cannabis: A History</i></a>. Transworld. pp. 84–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-8489-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-8489-1"><bdi>978-1-4090-8489-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420184530/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjn6sCiHoFIC&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cannabis%3A+A+History&rft.pages=84-&rft.pub=Transworld&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4090-8489-1&rft.au=Martin+Booth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjn6sCiHoFIC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Taymiyyah, Majmu al-Fatwa al-Kubra (Arabic), Vol. 3, p 425. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9690#page-1323">http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9690#page-1323</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110213725/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9690#page-1323">Archived</a> 2018-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chasteen2016-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chasteen2016_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Charles_Chasteen2016" class="citation book cs1">John Charles Chasteen (9 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk-xCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72"><i>Getting High: Marijuana through the Ages</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 72–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5470-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5470-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-5470-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420184528/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk-xCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+High%3A+Marijuana+through+the+Ages&rft.pages=72-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5470-1&rft.au=John+Charles+Chasteen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPk-xCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linschoten-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linschoten_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnell,_Arthur_CokeTiele,_P.A1885" class="citation book cs1">Burnell, Arthur Coke; Tiele, P.A (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagejohnhuygh02tielgoog"><i>The voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies</i></a>. from the old English translation of 1598: the first book, containing his description of the East. London: The <a href="/wiki/Hakluyt_Society" title="Hakluyt Society">Hakluyt Society</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagejohnhuygh02tielgoog/page/n136">115</a>–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+voyage+of+John+Huyghen+van+Linschoten+to+the+East+Indies&rft.place=London&rft.series=from+the+old+English+translation+of+1598%3A+the+first+book%2C+containing+his+description+of+the+East&rft.pages=115-117&rft.pub=The+Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Burnell%2C+Arthur+Coke&rft.au=Tiele%2C+P.A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyagejohnhuygh02tielgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span> Full text at Internet Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/voyagejohnhuygh02tielgoog#page/n135/mode/2up">Chapter on Bangue</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linschoten1885-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linschoten1885_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Huygen_van_Linschoten1885" class="citation book cs1">Jan Huygen van Linschoten (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagejohnhuygh00tielgoog"><i>The Voyage of John Huyghen Van Linschoten to the East Indies: From the Old English Translation of 1598. The First Book, Containing His Description of the East...</i></a> Hakluyt society. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagejohnhuygh00tielgoog/page/n127">116</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voyage+of+John+Huyghen+Van+Linschoten+to+the+East+Indies%3A+From+the+Old+English+Translation+of+1598.+The+First+Book%2C+Containing+His+Description+of+the+East...&rft.pages=116-&rft.pub=Hakluyt+society&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Jan+Huygen+van+Linschoten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyagejohnhuygh00tielgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-levin-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-levin_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinthal, C. F. (2012). <i>Drugs, behavior, and modern society</i>. (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson College Div.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChouvyBackground-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChouvyBackground_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChouvyBackground_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChouvyBackground_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChouvyBackground_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChouvy" class="citation journal cs1">Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2373/downloads/EDRM2016%20Background%20paper_CHOUVY_The%20Supply%20of%20Hashish%20to%20Europe.pdf">"The supply of hashish to Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Background Paper Commissioned by the EMCDDA for the 2016 EU Drug Markets Report</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819184636/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2373/downloads/EDRM2016%20Background%20paper_CHOUVY_The%20Supply%20of%20Hashish%20to%20Europe.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Background+Paper+Commissioned+by+the+EMCDDA+for+the+2016+EU+Drug+Markets+Report&rft.atitle=The+supply+of+hashish+to+Europe&rft.aulast=Chouvy&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Arnaud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emcdda.europa.eu%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2F2373%2Fdownloads%2FEDRM2016%2520Background%2520paper_CHOUVY_The%2520Supply%2520of%2520Hashish%2520to%2520Europe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPailliezGuichard2020" class="citation news cs1">Pailliez, Caroline; Guichard, Mourad (2020-03-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-france-cannabis-idUSKBN21E2AZ">"Cannabis street prices surge under coronavirus lockdown in France"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329031813/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-france-cannabis-idUSKBN21E2AZ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-18</span></span>. <q>– Hasjprisen har skutt i været i det siste. Prisen lå på rundt hundre kroner per gram. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=UN%3A+Afghanistan+is+leading+hashish+producer&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2F03%2F31%2Fafghanistan-leading-hashish-producer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChouvyAfsahi-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChouvyAfsahi_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChouvyAfsahi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chouvy, Pierre Arnaud; Afsahi, Kenza (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geopium.org/?p=655">"Hashish Revival in Morocco"</a>. <i>International Journal of Drug Policy</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 416–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2014.01.001">10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.01.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-3959">0955-3959</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24507440">24507440</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203003711/http://geopium.org/?p=655">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Drug+Policy&rft.atitle=Hashish+Revival+in+Morocco&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416-423&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0955-3959&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24507440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2014.01.001&rft.aulast=Chouvy&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Arnaud&rft.au=Afsahi%2C+Kenza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeopium.org%2F%3Fp%3D655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Parker_aka_chewberto4202017" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Parker aka chewberto420 (May 8, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220321/https://hightimes.com/news/the-birth-of-rosin/">"The Birth of Rosin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hightimes.com/news/the-birth-of-rosin/">the original</a> on 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Rosin&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft.au=Andrew+Parker+aka+chewberto420&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhightimes.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-birth-of-rosin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zamnesia.com/blog-how-to-recognise-high-quality-hash-n2188">Zamnesia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418145014/https://www.zamnesia.com/blog-how-to-recognise-high-quality-hash-n2188">Archived</a> 2021-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> How to determine high-quality hash</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInciardi1992" class="citation book cs1">Inciardi, James A. (1992). <i>The War on Drugs II</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>: Mayfield Publishing Company. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55934-016-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55934-016-9"><bdi>1-55934-016-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+on+Drugs+II&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Mayfield+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-55934-016-9&rft.aulast=Inciardi&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lumirlab.com/publication/the-main-cannabinoids-content-in-hashish-samples-seized-in-israel-and-czech-republic/">"The main cannabinoids content in hashish samples seized in Israel and Czech Republic"</a>. <i>Lumir Lab</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609074302/https://lumirlab.com/publication/the-main-cannabinoids-content-in-hashish-samples-seized-in-israel-and-czech-republic/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lumir+Lab&rft.atitle=The+main+cannabinoids+content+in+hashish+samples+seized+in+Israel+and+Czech+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flumirlab.com%2Fpublication%2Fthe-main-cannabinoids-content-in-hashish-samples-seized-in-israel-and-czech-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHashish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hashish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Hashish!</i> by Robert Connell Clarke, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929349-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-929349-05-9">0-929349-05-9</a></li> <li><i>The Hasheesh Eater</i> by Fitz Hugh Ludlow; first edition 1857</li> <li><i>Marihuana The first twelve thousand years</i> by Ernest L. Abel, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-40496-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-40496-6">0-306-40496-6</a></li> <li>Starks, Michael. <i>Marijuana Potency</i>. Berkeley, California: And/Or Press, 1977. Chapter 6 "Extraction of THC and Preparation of Hash Oil" pp. 111–122. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915904-27-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-915904-27-6">0-915904-27-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hashish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/hashish" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/hashish">hashish</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Hashish" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Hashish">Hashish</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hashish" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hashish">Hashish</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahp.yorku.ca/?p=59">Bibliography of scholarly histories on cannabis and hashish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asdb.info">Altered States Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127165134/http://www.asdb.info/">Archived</a> 2020-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cannabis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannabis" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoflowering_cannabis" title="Autoflowering cannabis">Autoflowering cannabis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_indica" title="Cannabis indica">indica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_ruderalis" title="Cannabis ruderalis">ruderalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">sativa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_defenses_in_Cannabis" title="Chemical defenses in Cannabis">Chemical defenses in Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_CBD_to_THC" title="Conversion of CBD to THC">Conversion of CBD to THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cannabis_terms" title="Glossary of cannabis terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis" title="List of names for cannabis">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_cannabis" title="Etymology of cannabis">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagga" title="Dagga">dagga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganja" title="Ganja">ganja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_(word)" title="Marijuana (word)">marijuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_slang_names_for_cannabis" title="List of slang names for cannabis">slang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis strains">Strains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoids" title="Synthetic cannabinoids">Synthetic cannabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_use_and_trauma" title="Cannabis use and trauma">Cannabis use and trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_product_testing" title="Cannabis product testing">Cannabis product testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medical_cannabis" title="History of medical cannabis">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Medical cannabis in the United States">In the US</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_card" title="Medical cannabis card">Medical cannabis card</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis" title="Entheogenic use of cannabis">Religious and spiritual use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalice_(pipe)" title="Chalice (pipe)">Chalice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_drug_testing" title="Cannabis drug testing">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Anonymous" title="Marijuana Anonymous">Marijuana Anonymous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanfparade" title="Hanfparade">Hanfparade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_diseases" title="List of hemp diseases">List of hemp diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_products" title="List of hemp products">List of hemp products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">hempcrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_jewelry" title="Hemp jewelry">jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_milk" title="Hemp milk">milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">rolling paper</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_varieties" title="List of hemp varieties">List of hemp varieties</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hemp_for_Victory" title="Hemp for Victory">Hemp for Victory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_Industries_Association" title="Hemp Industries Association">Hemp Industries Association</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Wears_No_Clothes" title="The Emperor Wears No Clothes">The Emperor Wears No Clothes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhang" title="Bhang">Bhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(cannabis)" title="Joint (cannabis)">Joint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaporizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_concentrate" title="Cannabis concentrate">Cannabis concentrate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_flower_essential_oil" title="Cannabis flower essential oil">Essential oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charas" title="Charas">Charas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hashish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kief" title="Kief">Kief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_of_cannabis" title="Tincture of cannabis">Tincture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marihuana_prensada" title="Marihuana prensada"><i>Marihuana prensada</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_phytocannabinoids" title="Comparison of phytocannabinoids">Phytocannabinoids</a> <ul><li>Quasi-psychedelic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol"><i>delta</i>-8-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol"><i>delta</i>-10-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">THCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiphorol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiphorol">THCP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">CBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">CBDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiphorol" title="Cannabidiphorol">CBDP</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amotivational_syndrome" title="Amotivational syndrome">Amotivational syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Cannabis in pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_use_disorder" title="Cannabis use disorder">Cannabis use disorder</a> (CUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome" title="Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome">Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome</a> (CHS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_endocannabinoid_deficiency_syndrome" title="Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome">Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entourage_effect" title="Entourage effect">Entourage effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Endocannabinoid system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_impaired_driving" title="Cannabis and impaired driving">Impaired driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_time_perception" title="Cannabis and time perception">Time perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_concerns_of_cannabis_use" title="Occupational health concerns of cannabis use">Occupational health concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_research" title="Medical cannabis research">Medical cannabis research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budtender" title="Budtender">Budtender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_by_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis by Country">Cannabis by Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cookbook" title="Cannabis cookbook">Cookbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_etiquette" title="Cannabis etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_cannabis" title="List of books about cannabis">Books</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Culture_(magazine)" title="Cannabis Culture (magazine)">Cannabis Culture</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_columns" title="List of cannabis columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_competitions" title="List of cannabis competitions">Competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_hoaxes" title="List of cannabis hoaxes">List of cannabis hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_cannabis" title="Category:Films about cannabis">Films</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High_Times" title="High Times">High Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis_music" title="Category:Cannabis music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_restaurant_industry" title="Cannabis in the restaurant industry">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_sports" title="Cannabis and sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overgrow" title="Operation Overgrow">Operation Overgrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke-in" title="Smoke-in">Smoke-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_TV" title="Stoner TV">Stoner TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_video_game_culture" title="Cannabis and video game culture">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">Cannabis rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Cannabis_Therapeutics" title="Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics">ACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aotearoa_Legalise_Cannabis_Party" title="Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party">ALCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Marijuana_Association" title="American Medical Marijuana Association">AMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Safe_Access" title="Americans for Safe Access">ASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Action_Network" title="Cannabis Action Network">CAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Badged_Network" title="Colorado Badged Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Law_Reform" title="Cannabis Law Reform">CLEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Rescheduling_Cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition for Rescheduling Cannabis">CRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagga_Couple" title="Dagga Couple">Dagga Couple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_for_Cannabis_Regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors for Cannabis Regulation">DFCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">DPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENCOD" class="mw-redirect" title="ENCOD">ENCOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAAAT_think_%26_do_tank" title="FAAAT think & do tank">FAAAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Cannabis_Association" title="Finnish Cannabis Association">FCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Legalisation_Movement_India" title="Great Legalisation Movement India">GLM India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Marijuana_March" title="Global Marijuana March">GMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">LEAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidisciplinary_Association_for_Psychedelic_Studies" title="Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies">MAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">MPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cannabis_Industry_Association" title="National Cannabis Industry Association">NCIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NORML_France" title="NORML France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORML_New_Zealand" title="NORML New Zealand">NZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORML_UK" title="NORML UK">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safer_Alternative_for_Enjoyable_Recreation" title="Safer Alternative for Enjoyable Recreation">SAFER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Cannabis_Clinicians" title="Society of Cannabis Clinicians">SCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">SSDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_for_Medical_Cannabis_Access" title="Veterans for Medical Cannabis Access">VMCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Cannabinoid_Medicines" title="International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines">IACM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cannabinoid_Research_Society" title="International Cannabinoid Research Society">ICRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Ethnobotanical_Education,_Research_and_Service" title="International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Service">ICEERS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Adult lifetime use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootleggers_and_Baptists#Cannabis" title="Bootleggers and Baptists">Bootleggers and Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_cannabis_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for cannabis trafficking">Capital punishment for cannabis trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_legalized_cannabis" title="Effects of legalized cannabis">Effects of legalized cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Marijuana_March" title="Global Marijuana March">Global Marijuana March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">Internationally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_regulatory_agencies" title="List of cannabis regulatory agencies">Regulatory agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Vienna Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1998 UN Convention on Illicit Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>In the U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937" title="Marihuana Tax Act of 1937">Marihuana Tax Act of 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_law" title="Timeline of cannabis law">Timeline of cannabis law</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major legal<br />reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Treaty law: <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961" title="Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961">Rescheduling of cannabis in 2020</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Act" title="Cannabis Act">2018 Cannabis Act</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/German_cannabis_control_bill" title="German cannabis control bill">German cannabis control bill</a></li> <li>UK: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_classification_in_the_United_Kingdom#Return_to_class_B" title="Cannabis classification in the United Kingdom">Return to class B</a></li> <li>Uruguay: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Uruguay" title="Cannabis in Uruguay">Law No. 19172</a></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_from_Schedule_I_of_the_Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act">Rescheduling per the Controlled Substances Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_Farming_Act_of_2018" title="Hemp Farming Act of 2018">Hemp Farming Act of 2018</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians<br />and parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties" title="Cannabis political parties">Cannabis political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties_of_the_United_States" title="Cannabis political parties of the United States">of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties_of_Minnesota" title="Cannabis political parties of Minnesota">of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Party_(Spain)" title="Cannabis Party (Spain)">of Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_politicians_who_have_acknowledged_cannabis_use" title="List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use">List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_politicians_who_have_acknowledged_cannabis_use" title="List of United States politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use">List of American politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ker_v._California" title="Ker v. California">Ker v. California</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leary_v._United_States" title="Leary v. United States">Leary v. United States</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyllo_v._United_States" title="Kyllo v. United States">Kyllo v. United States</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich" title="Gonzales v. Raich">Gonzales v. Raich</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ADPF_187" title="ADPF 187">ADPF 187</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry</a></li> <li>Substances <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist" title="Cannabinoid receptor antagonist">Cannabinoid receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_enhancer" title="Endocannabinoid enhancer">Endocannabinoid enhancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor">Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/15px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/22px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/30px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="546" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cannabis" title="Portal:Cannabis"><i>Cannabis</i> portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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