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id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_early_modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_and_early_modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Middle Ages and early modernity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_Ages_and_early_modernity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Middle Ages and early modernity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_early_modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early modernity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Excavations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Modern history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israeli–Lebanon_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli–Lebanon_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Israeli–Lebanon conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli–Lebanon_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2006_Lebanon_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_Lebanon_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 2006 Lebanon War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_Lebanon_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ruins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ruins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ruins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ruins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tomb_of_Husayn's_daughter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_of_Husayn's_daughter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tomb of Husayn's daughter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb_of_Husayn's_daughter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiastical_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiastical_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ecclesiastical history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecclesiastical_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecclesiastical history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiastical_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titular_see" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titular_see"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Titular see </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titular_see-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Twin towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_external_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_external_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sources and external links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_and_external_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources and external links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_external_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Baalbek</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%83" title="بعلبك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بعلبك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BA%D5%A7%D6%84" title="Պաալպէք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պաալպէք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99%C9%99lb%C9%99k" title="Bəəlbək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bəəlbək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95" title="বালবেক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বালবেক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Баальбек – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баальбек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Баалбек – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Баалбек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Lebanon)" title="Baalbek (kapital sa lalawigan sa Lebanon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Baalbek (kapital sa lalawigan sa Lebanon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%E2%80%98labakk" title="Ba‘labakk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ba‘labakk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BA" title="Μπάαλμπεκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπάαλμπεκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="بعلبک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بعلبک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%ED%81%AC" title="바알베크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바알베크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AF" title="Բաալբեկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բաալբեկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9B" title="בעלבכ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלבכ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ბაალბექი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაალბექი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бағлабек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бағлабек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Баальбек – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Баальбек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopolis_(Libanus)" title="Heliopolis (Libanus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Heliopolis (Libanus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbeka" title="Baalbeka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baalbeka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbekas" title="Baalbekas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baalbekas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Балбек – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Балбек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ബാൽബെക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാൽബെക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ბაალბექი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაალბექი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%83" title="بعلبك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بعلبك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="بعلبک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بعلبک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဘားလ်ဘက်ခ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘားလ်ဘက်ခ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="बालबेक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बालबेक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="バールベック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バールベック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CA%BClabak" title="Baʼlabak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baʼlabak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="بعلبک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بعلبک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%90%DA%A9" title="بالبېک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بالبېک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbeque" title="Balbeque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Balbeque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Баальбек – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баальбек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Баалбек – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Баалбек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பால்பெக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பால்பெக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Баълабак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баълабак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Баальбек – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баальбек" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="بعلبک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بعلبک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%83" title="بەئلەبەك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بەئلەبەك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Baalbek" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Baalbek-Hermel, Lebanon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Balbec,_Indiana" title="Balbec, Indiana">Balbec, Indiana</a>, in the United States.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Baalbek-Hermel, Lebanon</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive 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0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Baalbek</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">بَعْلَبَكّ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Bacchus,_Baalbek,_Lebanon_(49890013476).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of Bacchus"><img alt="Temple of Bacchus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Temple_of_Bacchus%2C_Baalbek%2C_Lebanon_%2849890013476%29.jpg/275px-Temple_of_Bacchus%2C_Baalbek%2C_Lebanon_%2849890013476%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Temple_of_Bacchus%2C_Baalbek%2C_Lebanon_%2849890013476%29.jpg/413px-Temple_of_Bacchus%2C_Baalbek%2C_Lebanon_%2849890013476%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Temple_of_Bacchus%2C_Baalbek%2C_Lebanon_%2849890013476%29.jpg/550px-Temple_of_Bacchus%2C_Baalbek%2C_Lebanon_%2849890013476%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3016" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Temple of Bacchus</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:275px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:275px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:275px"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baalbek is located in Lebanon"><img alt="Baalbek is located in Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg/275px-Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg/413px-Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg/550px-Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1141" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.555%;left:67.015%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Baalbek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Baalbek</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Lebanon</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baalbek&params=34_0_22.81_N_36_12_26.36_E_region:LB_type:city(82608)">34°0′22.81″N 36°12′26.36″E / 34.0063361°N 36.2073222°E / 34.0063361; 36.2073222</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baalbek-Hermel_Governorate" title="Baalbek-Hermel Governorate">Baalbek-Hermel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baalbek_District" title="Baalbek District">Baalbek</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Bachir Khodr</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 km2 (3 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 km2 (6 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,170 m (3,840 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">82,608</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">105,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">+3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/294">294</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1984 (8th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Baalbek<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɑːlbɛk, ˈbeɪəlbɛk/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بَعْلَبَكّ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Baʿlabakk; <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: ܒܥܠܒܟ) is a city located east of the <a href="/wiki/Litani_River" title="Litani River">Litani River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>, about 67 km (42 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. It is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Baalbek-Hermel_Governorate" title="Baalbek-Hermel Governorate">Baalbek-Hermel Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> In 1998, the city had a population of 82,608.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[7]</a> Most of the population consists of <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Shia Muslims</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christians</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[7]</a> in 2017, there was also a large presence of <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Syrian refugees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Baalbek has a history that dates back at least 11,000 years, encompassing significant periods such as <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Lebanon">Prehistoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Roman</a> eras. After Alexander the Great conquered the city in 334 BCE, he renamed it Heliopolis (Ἡλιούπολις, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> for "Sun City"). The city flourished under Roman rule. However, it underwent transformations during the <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization period</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">rise of Islam</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Arab conquest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/7th_century_in_Lebanon" title="7th century in Lebanon">7th century</a>. In later periods, the city was sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> and faced a series of earthquakes, resulting in a decline in importance during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon_under_Ottoman_rule" title="History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule">Ottoman</a> and modern periods.<a href="#cite_note-:102-10">[9]</a> In the modern era, Baalbek enjoys economic advantages as a sought-after tourist destination.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> It is known for the ruins of the Roman temple complex, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchus" title="Temple of Bacchus">Temple of Bacchus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Baalbek)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)">Temple of Jupiter</a>, and was inscribed in 1984 as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage">UNESCO World Heritage</a> site. Other tourist attractions are the Great <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> Mosque, the <a href="/wiki/Baalbeck_International_Festival" title="Baalbeck International Festival">Baalbek International Festival</a>, the mausoleum of Sit Khawla, and a <a href="/wiki/Baalbek_Stones" title="Baalbek Stones">Roman quarry site</a> named Hajar al-Hibla.<a href="#cite_note-:102-10">[9]</a> Baalbek's tourism sector has encountered challenges due to conflicts in Lebanon, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">1975–1990 civil war</a>, the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Syrian civil war</a> since 2011,<a href="#cite_note-:102-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a> (2023–present).<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Baalbek has been a stronghold of the militant organization <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> since the 1980s. During the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon</a> (1982–2000), the group managed to overpower the Lebanese army in Baalbek and gain control of city. The settlement was susequently used as a base to recruit and train men for attacks against Israeli forces.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-16">[15]</a> Hezbollah continues to hold immense political inflience and popular support in Baalbek.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election" title="2022 Lebanese general election">2022 Lebanese general election</a> the <a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal</a>-Hezbollah list won 9 out of 10 seats in the Baalbek-Hermel Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Israel has conducted numerous airstrikes and raids against military and civilian targets in the Baalbek area in the past decades. For instance, in 2006 during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sharp_and_Smooth" title="Operation Sharp and Smooth">Operation Sharp and Smooth</a>, Israeli commandos raided a hospital and bombed multiple houses, killing two Hezbollah fighters and at least eleven civilians.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-peda-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-22">[21]</a> In 2024, during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict, Israel sent <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_displacement_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict" title="Lebanese displacement during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict">forced displacement</a> calls for the entire city.<a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-24">[23]</a> Shortly after, Israeli airstrikes killed 19 people, including 8 women.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> A few kilometres from the swamp from which the <a href="/wiki/Litani_River" title="Litani River">Litani</a> (the classical Leontes) and the <a href="/wiki/Asi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Asi River">Asi</a> (the upper <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a>) flow, Baalbek may be the same as the manbaa al-nahrayn ("Source of the Two Rivers"), the abode of <a href="/wiki/El_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (god)">El</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugaritic religion">Ugaritic</a> <a href="/wiki/Baal_Cycle" title="Baal Cycle">Baal Cycle</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> discovered in the 1920s and a separate serpent incantation.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner2009-28">[27]</a> Baalbek was called Heliopolis during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Latinization_of_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization of names">latinisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> Hēlioúpolis (Ἡλιούπολις) used during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> meaning "Sun City"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2013-30">[29]</a> in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Sun_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun worship">solar cult</a> there. The name is attested under the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJidejian19755-31">[30]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> notes that earlier <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Assyrian</a> names of <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> towns continued to be used alongside the official <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> ones imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a>, who were successors of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> was both the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> in the sky and its <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Greek_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek god">god</a>. The local <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Semitic god</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal">Baʿal</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Haddu</a> was more often <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">equated</a> with <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> or simply called the "Great God of Heliopolis",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJidejian197557-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[b]</a> but the name may refer to the Egyptians' association of <a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal">Baʿal</a> with their great god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJidejian19755-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[c]</a> It was sometimes described as Heliopolis in Syria or Coelesyria (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Heliopolis Syriaca or Syriae) to distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Ancient_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)">its namesake in Egypt</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, its <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_titular_sees_(B-K)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Catholic titular sees (B-K)">titular see</a> is distinguished as Heliopolis in Phoenicia, from its former <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Phoenice</a>. The importance of the solar cult is also attested in the name Biḳāʿ al-ʿAzīz borne by the plateau surrounding Baalbek, as it references an earlier solar deity named <a href="/wiki/Aziz_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aziz (disambiguation)">Aziz</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Period">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, it was known as Heliopolis. Some of the best-preserved Roman ruins in Lebanon are located here, including one of the largest temples of the Roman empire. The gods worshipped there (<a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>) were <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">equivalents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> deities <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a>. Local influences are seen in the planning and layout of the temples, which differ from classic Roman design. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> The name BʿLBK appears in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, a second-century <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinic">rabbinic</a> text, as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, shum ba'albeki (שום בעלבכי).<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> It appears in two early 5th-century <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> manuscripts, a c. 411<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10633_550]-36">[34]</a> translation of <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theophania_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophania (Eusebius)">Theophania</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> and a c. 435<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkitt1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvssdKNm9Hm4CpgPA51_51]-42">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">life</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rabbula" title="Rabbula">Rabbula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Edessa">bishop of Edessa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbeck1865[httpsarchiveorgstreamsephraemisyrirab00overpage228mode2up_196]-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10633_550]-36">[34]</a> It was pronounced as Baʿlabakk (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بَعْلَبَكّ) in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArastu2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMrxrBwAAQBAJpgPT616_616]-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner2009-28">[27]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">vowels are marked</a> as Baʿlabak (بَعْلَبَك)<a href="#cite_note-alalc-45">[42]</a> or Baʿlabekk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913-46">[43]</a> It is Bʿalbik (بْعَلْبِك, is <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈbʕalbik]</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alalc-45">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of Baalbek has been debated since the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner2009-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bernard_Cook" title="Arthur Bernard Cook">Cook</a> took it to mean "<a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal">Baʿal</a> (Lord) of the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beka</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10633_550]-36">[34]</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Bodham_Donne" title="William Bodham Donne">Donne</a> as "City of the Sun".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''1878-47">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jona_Lendering" title="Jona Lendering">Lendering</a> asserts that it is probably a contraction of Baʿal Nebeq ("<a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal#Word" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal">Lord</a> of the Source" of the <a href="/wiki/Litani_River" title="Litani River">Litani River</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2013-30">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Steiner" title="Richard C. Steiner">Steiner</a> proposes a <a href="/wiki/Semitic" class="mw-disambig" title="Semitic">Semitic</a> adaption of "<a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal#Word" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal">Lord</a> Bacchus", from the classical temple complex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner2009-28">[27]</a> Nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeologists</a> proposed the association of Baalbek with the town of <a href="/wiki/Baalgad" class="mw-redirect" title="Baalgad">Baalgad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a>;<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> the town of <a href="/wiki/Baalath" title="Baalath">Baalath</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>'s cities in the <a href="/wiki/First_Book_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="First Book of Kings">First Book of Kings</a>;<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''New_Class._Dict.''1862-50">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baal-hamon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal-hamon">Baal-hamon</a>, where Solomon had a <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyard</a>;<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176-3">[3]</a> and the "Plain of Aven" in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Book of Amos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA468_468]-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> The hilltop of <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a> Baalbek, part of a valley to the east of the northern <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA453_453]-54">[51]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coelesyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelesyria">Coelesyria</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-55">[52]</a> shows signs of almost continual habitation over the last 8–9000 years.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> It was well-watered both from a stream running from the Rās-el-ʿAin <a href="/wiki/Spring_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (water)">spring</a> SE of the citadel<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA456_456]-57">[54]</a> and, during the <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>, from numerous rills formed by meltwater from the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781036-58">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a> later credited the site's foundation to a colony of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a> priests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781036-58">[55]</a> The settlement's religious, commercial, and strategic importance was minor enough, however, that it is never mentioned in any known <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> record,<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> unless under another name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176-3">[3]</a> Its enviable position in a fertile valley, major watershed, and along the route from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tyre">Tyre</a> to <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> should have made it a wealthy and splendid site from an early age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''New_Class._Dict.''1862-50">[47]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> period, the local temples were largely devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Heliopolitan_Triad" title="Heliopolitan Triad">Heliopolitan Triad</a>: a male god (<a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal">Baʿal</a>), his consort (<a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>), and their son (<a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (god)">Adon</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJidejian197547-60">[57]</a> The site of the present <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Baalbek)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)">Temple of Jupiter</a> was probably the focus of earlier worship, as its <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> was located at the hill's precise summit and the rest of the sanctuary raised to its level.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mythology" title="Islamic mythology">Islamic mythology</a>, the temple complex was said to have been a palace of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>'s<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA470_470]-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[d]</a> which was put together by <a href="/wiki/Djinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Djinn">djinn</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolney1787224-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781038-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA454_454]-67">[63]</a> and given as a wedding gift to the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> its actual <a href="#Antiquity">Roman origin</a> remained obscured by the citadel's <a href="#Middle_Ages">medieval fortifications</a> as late as the 16th-century visit of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Krzysztof_%22the_Orphan%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł">Radziwiłł</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''CT''2010-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadziwiłł1601-68">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg/220px-1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg/330px-1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg/440px-1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of Temple of Jupiter/Baalbek</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1865_Spruner_Map_Israel_or_Palestine_post_70_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/1865_Spruner_Map_Israel_or_Palestine_post_70_AD.jpg/220px-1865_Spruner_Map_Israel_or_Palestine_post_70_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/1865_Spruner_Map_Israel_or_Palestine_post_70_AD.jpg/330px-1865_Spruner_Map_Israel_or_Palestine_post_70_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/1865_Spruner_Map_Israel_or_Palestine_post_70_AD.jpg/440px-1865_Spruner_Map_Israel_or_Palestine_post_70_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="2180" /></a><figcaption>Roman Heliopolis and its surroundings in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_century_in_Lebanon" title="2nd century in Lebanon">2nd</a> and the <a href="/wiki/3rd_century_in_Lebanon" title="3rd century in Lebanon">3rd century.</a></figcaption></figure> </div></div> After <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great%27s_conquest_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander the Great's conquest of Persia">conquest of Persia</a> in the 330s BC, Baalbek (under its Hellenic name <a href="#Name">Heliopolis</a>) formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a> kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Egypt</a> & <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Syria</a>. It was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> during their eastern wars. The settlers of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colony">Roman colony</a> Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana may have arrived as early as the time of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781036-58">[55]</a> but were more probably the <a href="/wiki/Legionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionaries">veterans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Alaudae" title="Legio V Alaudae">5th</a> and <a href="/wiki/8th_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Legion">8th Legions</a> under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''New_Class._Dict.''1862-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''191189-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10633_550]-36">[34]</a> during which time it hosted a Roman garrison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176-3">[3]</a> From 15 BC to AD 193, it formed part of the territory of <a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a>. It is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a><a href="#cite_note-ptol-73">[69]</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Roman_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman coinage">coins</a> of nearly every <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">emperor</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176-3">[3]</a> The 1st-century Pliny did not number it among the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a>, the "Ten Cities" of Coelesyria, while the 2nd-century Ptolemy did.<a href="#cite_note-ptol-73">[69]</a> The population likely varied seasonally with market fairs and the schedules of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian monsoon">Indian monsoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravans</a> to the coast and interior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037-74">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon,_Baalbek,_Ancient_temple_complex_of_Roman_Heliopolis,_Roman_columns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Ancient_temple_complex_of_Roman_Heliopolis%2C_Roman_columns.jpg/220px-Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Ancient_temple_complex_of_Roman_Heliopolis%2C_Roman_columns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Ancient_temple_complex_of_Roman_Heliopolis%2C_Roman_columns.jpg/330px-Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Ancient_temple_complex_of_Roman_Heliopolis%2C_Roman_columns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Ancient_temple_complex_of_Roman_Heliopolis%2C_Roman_columns.jpg/440px-Lebanon%2C_Baalbek%2C_Ancient_temple_complex_of_Roman_Heliopolis%2C_Roman_columns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_(column)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (column)">capitals</a> <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornamenting</a> the <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchus" title="Temple of Bacchus">Temple of Bacchus</a></figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a>, the city's <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">temple</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal">Baʿal</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Haddu</a> <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">was conflated</a> first with the worship of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Sun_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun god">sun god</a> <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10633_550]-36">[34]</a> and then with the Greek and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Sky_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky god">sky god</a> under the name "<a href="/wiki/Heliopolitan_Zeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolitan Zeus">Heliopolitan Zeus</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Heliopolitan_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolitan Jupiter">Jupiter</a>". The present Temple of Jupiter presumably replaced an earlier one using the same foundation;<a href="#cite_note-77">[e]</a> it was constructed during the mid-<a href="/wiki/1st_century_in_Lebanon" title="1st century in Lebanon">1st century</a> and probably completed around AD 60.<a href="#cite_note-79">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropp_&_al.2011-80">[74]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idol</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros">beardless</a> <a href="/wiki/Gold#Cultural_history" title="Gold">golden</a> god in the pose of a <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">charioteer</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">whip</a> raised in his right hand and a <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">thunderbolt</a> and stalks of grain in his left;<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> its image appeared on local coinage and it was borne through the streets during several festivals throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-macrobe-81">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a> compared the rituals to those for <a href="/wiki/Diva_Fortuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Diva Fortuna">Diva Fortuna</a> at <a href="/wiki/Antium" title="Antium">Antium</a> and says the bearers were the principal citizens of the town, who prepared for their role with abstinence, chastity, and shaved heads.<a href="#cite_note-macrobe-81">[75]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">statuary</a> attested from <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tortosa" title="Tortosa">Tortosa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Spain">Spain</a>, he was encased in a pillarlike <a href="/wiki/Term_(architecture)" title="Term (architecture)">term</a> and surrounded (like the Greco-<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persian religion">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithras">Mithras</a>) by busts representing the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">sun, moon, and five known planets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves1955[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidClTmOEBNMhACpgPT40_40–41]-84">[78]</a> In these statues, the bust of Mercury is made particularly prominent; a marble <a href="/wiki/Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Stela">stela</a> at <a href="/wiki/Massilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Massilia">Massilia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transalpine_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Transalpine Gaul">Transalpine Gaul</a> shows a similar arrangement but enlarges Mercury into a full figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves1955[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidClTmOEBNMhACpgPT40_40–41]-84">[78]</a> Local cults also revered the <a href="/wiki/Baetylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetylus">Baetylia</a>, black conical stones considered sacred to <a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿal">Baʿal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037-74">[70]</a> One of these was taken to Rome by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>, a former priest "of the sun" at nearby <a href="/wiki/Emesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesa">Emesa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA471_471]-85">[79]</a> who erected a temple for it on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037-74">[70]</a> Heliopolis was a noted <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> site, whence the cult spread far afield, with inscriptions to the Heliopolitan god discovered in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Venetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, and near the <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Wall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10635_552]-82">[76]</a> The Roman temple complex grew up from the early part of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in the late 1st century BC until the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Roman Empire">rise of Christianity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/4th_century_in_Lebanon" title="4th century in Lebanon">4th century</a>. (The 6th-century chronicles of <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, which claimed Baalbek as a "<a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_ancient_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Wonders of the ancient world">wonder of the world</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA471_471]-85">[79]</a> credited most of the complex to the 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, but it is uncertain how reliable his account is on the point.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''CT''2010-63">[60]</a> By that time, the complex housed three temples on Tell Baalbek: one to Jupiter Heliopolitanus (Baʿal), one to <a href="/wiki/Venus_Heliopolitana" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus Heliopolitana">Venus Heliopolitana</a> (Ashtart), and a third to <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>. On a nearby hill, a fourth temple was dedicated to the third figure of the <a href="/wiki/Heliopolitan_Triad" title="Heliopolitan Triad">Heliopolitan Triad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a> (Adon or Seimios<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10637_554]-86">[80]</a>). Ultimately, the site vied with <a href="/wiki/Praeneste" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeneste">Praeneste</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a> as the two largest sanctuaries in the Western world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> consulted the site's <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> twice. The first time, he requested a written reply to his sealed and unopened question; he was favorably impressed by the god's blank reply as his own paper had been empty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10635_552–553]-87">[81]</a> He then inquired whether he would return alive from his wars against <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> and received in reply a <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurion</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vine_staff" title="Vine staff">vine staff</a>, broken to pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10636_553]-88">[82]</a> In AD 193, <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> granted the city <a href="/wiki/Ius_Italicum" title="Ius Italicum">ius Italicum</a> rights.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[g]</a> His wife <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> and son <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> toured <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a> in AD 215; inscriptions in their honour at the site may date from that occasion; Julia was a Syrian native whose father had been an <a href="/wiki/Emesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesa">Emesan</a> priest "of the sun" like <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA471_471]-85">[79]</a> The town became a battleground upon the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Roman Empire">rise of Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10637_554]-86">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[h]</a> Early Christian writers such as <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a> (from nearby <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>) repeatedly execrated the practices of the local pagans in their worship of the Heliopolitan Venus. In AD 297, the actor <a href="/wiki/Gelasinus" title="Gelasinus">Gelasinus</a> converted in the middle of a scene mocking <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>; his public profession of faith provoked the audience to drag him from the theater and <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stone him to death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10637_554]-86">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176-3">[3]</a> In the early 4th century, the deacon Cyril defaced many of the <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idols</a> in Heliopolis; he was killed and (allegedly) <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalised</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10637_554]-86">[80]</a> Around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a>, though not yet a Christian, demolished the goddess' temple, raised a basilica in its place, and outlawed the locals' ancient custom of prostituting women before marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10637_554]-86">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a> also credited him with ending the locals' continued practice of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> The enraged locals responded by raping and torturing Christian virgins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10637_554]-86">[80]</a> They reacted violently again under the freedom permitted to them by <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176-3">[3]</a> The city was so noted for its hostility to the Christians that <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrians</a> were banished to it as a special punishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176-3">[3]</a> The Temple of Jupiter, already greatly damaged by earthquakes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]-95">[87]</a> was demolished under <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a> in 379 and replaced by another basilica (now lost), using stones scavenged from the pagan complex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]-96">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Easter_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Chronicle">Easter Chronicle</a> states he was also responsible for destroying all the lesser temples and shrines of the city.<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a> Around the year 400, <a href="/wiki/Rabbula" title="Rabbula">Rabbula</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Edessa">bishop of Edessa</a>, attempted to have himself martyred by disrupting the pagans of Baalbek but was only thrown down the temple stairs along with his companion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]-96">[88]</a> It became the seat of its own bishop as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176-3">[3]</a> Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a>, eight of the complex's <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian columns</a> were disassembled and shipped to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> for incorporation in the rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> sometime between 532 and 537.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a> claimed the golden idol of Heliopolitan Jupiter was still to be seen during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a> (560s & 570s),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]-96">[88]</a> and, up to the time of its conquest by the Muslims, it was renowned for its palaces, monuments, and gardens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177-98">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages_and_early_modernity">Middle Ages and early modernity</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_Old_Mosque,_Baalbek_WDL2449.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ruins_of_Old_Mosque%2C_Baalbek_WDL2449.png/220px-Ruins_of_Old_Mosque%2C_Baalbek_WDL2449.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ruins_of_Old_Mosque%2C_Baalbek_WDL2449.png/330px-Ruins_of_Old_Mosque%2C_Baalbek_WDL2449.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ruins_of_Old_Mosque%2C_Baalbek_WDL2449.png/440px-Ruins_of_Old_Mosque%2C_Baalbek_WDL2449.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of a Baalbek mosque c. 1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BaalbekMosquePillars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BaalbekMosquePillars.jpg/220px-BaalbekMosquePillars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BaalbekMosquePillars.jpg/330px-BaalbekMosquePillars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BaalbekMosquePillars.jpg/440px-BaalbekMosquePillars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The probable remains of a medieval <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in front of some of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Mamluk</a> fortifications</figcaption></figure> Baalbek was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Muslim army</a> in AD 634 (<a href="/wiki/AH_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="AH (era)">AH</a> 13),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]-96">[88]</a> in 636,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA473_473]-34">[33]</a> or under <a href="/wiki/Abu_%CA%BFUbaidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu ʿUbaidah">Abu ʿUbaidah</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yarmouk">defeat at Yarmouk</a> in 637 (<a href="/wiki/AH_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="AH (era)">AH</a> 16),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] either peacefully and by agreement<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> or following a heroic defense and yielding 2,000 oz (57 kg) of gold, 4,000 oz (110 kg) of silver, 2000 silk vests, and 1000 swords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177-98">[90]</a> The ruined temple complex was fortified under the name al-Qala' (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "<a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_(surname)" title="Alcalá (surname)">The Fortress</a>")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]-96">[88]</a> but was sacked with great violence by the Damascene caliph <a href="/wiki/Marwan_II" title="Marwan II">Marwan II</a> in 748, at which time it was dismantled and largely depopulated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177-98">[90]</a> It formed part of the district of Damascus under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasids</a> before being conquered by <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Egypt">Fatimid Egypt</a> in 942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/10th_century_in_Lebanon" title="10th century in Lebanon">mid-10th century</a>, it was said to have "gates of palaces sculptured in marble and lofty columns also of marble" and that it was the most "stupendous" and "considerable" location in the whole of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA473_473]-34">[33]</a> It was sacked and razed by the Byzantines under <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I</a> in 974,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> raided by <a href="/wiki/Basil_II_the_Bulgarkiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil II the Bulgarkiller">Basil II</a> in 1000,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''CMH''1966[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9lHeh36S8ooCpgPT634_634]-99">[91]</a> and occupied by <a href="/wiki/Salih_ibn_Mirdas" title="Salih ibn Mirdas">Salih ibn Mirdas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, in 1025.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> In 1075, it was finally lost to the Fatimids on its conquest by <a href="/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Tutush I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk</a> emir of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Damascus#Seljuq_emirs" title="List of rulers of Damascus">Damascus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> It was briefly held by <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_Quraysh" title="Muslim ibn Quraysh">Muslim ibn Quraysh</a>, emir of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, in 1083; after its recovery, it was ruled in the Seljuks' name by the eunuch <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BCshtegin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gümüshtegin">Gümüshtegin</a> until he was deposed for conspiring against the usurper <a href="/wiki/Toghtekin" title="Toghtekin">Toghtekin</a> in 1110.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> Toghtekin then gave the town to his son <a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Muluk_Buri" title="Taj al-Muluk Buri">Buri</a>. Upon Buri's succession to Damascus on his father's death in 1128, he granted the area to his son <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Jamal al-Din Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> After Buri's murder, Muhammad successfully defended himself against the attacks of his brothers <a href="/wiki/Shams-ul-Mulk_Isma%27il" class="mw-redirect" title="Shams-ul-Mulk Isma'il">Ismaʿil</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shihab-ud-din_Mahmud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shihab-ud-din Mahmud (page does not exist)">Mahmud</a> and gave Baalbek to his <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Mu%27in_ad-Din_Unur" title="Mu'in ad-Din Unur">Unur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> In July 1139, <a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_Zengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din Zengi">Zengi</a>, atabeg of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atabegate_of_Aleppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atabegate of Aleppo (page does not exist)">Aleppo</a> and stepfather of Mahmud, besieged Baalbek with 14 catapults. The outer city held until 10 October and the citadel until the 21st,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenning_&_al.2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidubflCAAAQBAJpgPA109_109]-100">[92]</a> when Unur surrendered upon a promise of safe passage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1936[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA1225_1225]-101">[93]</a> In December, Zengi negotiated with Muhammad, offering to trade Baalbek or <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> for Damascus, but Unur convinced the atabeg to refuse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenning_&_al.2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidubflCAAAQBAJpgPA109_109]-100">[92]</a> Zengi strengthened its fortifications and bestowed the territory on his lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Najm_ad-Din_Ayyub" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm ad-Din Ayyub">Ayyub</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>. Upon Zengi's assassination in 1146, Ayyub surrendered the territory to Unur, who was acting as regent for Muhammad's son <a href="/wiki/Mujir_ad-Din_Abaq" title="Mujir ad-Din Abaq">Abaq</a>. It was granted to the eunuch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ata_al-Khadim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ata al-Khadim (page does not exist)">Ata al-Khadim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> who also served as viceroy of Damascus. In December 1151, it was raided by the garrison of <a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banyas</a> as a reprisal for its role in a Turcoman raid on Banyas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenning_&_al.2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidubflCAAAQBAJpgPA138_138]-102">[94]</a> Following Ata's murder, his nephew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahhak_ibn_Jandal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dahhak ibn Jandal (page does not exist)">Dahhak</a>, emir of the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym" title="Wadi al-Taym">Wadi al-Taym</a>, ruled Baalbek. He was forced to relinquish it to <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din,_atabeg_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo">Nur ad-Din</a> in 1154<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> after Ayyub had successfully intrigued against Abaq from his estates near Baalbek. Ayyub then administered the area from Damascus on Nur ad-Din's behalf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenning_&_al.2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidubflCAAAQBAJpgPA141_141–142]-103">[95]</a> In the mid-12th century, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Idrisi</a> mentioned Baalbek's two temples and the legend of their origin under Solomon;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA475_475–476]-104">[96]</a> it was visited by the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> traveler <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a> in 1170.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''CT''2010-63">[60]</a> Baalbek's citadel served as a jail for <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> taken by the Zengids as <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqiyY1CKE9SICpgPA94_94]-105">[97]</a> In 1171, these captives successfully overpowered their guards and took possession of the castle from its garrison. Muslims from the surrounding area gathered, however, and entered the castle through a secret passageway shown to them by a local. The Crusaders were then massacred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqiyY1CKE9SICpgPA94_94]-105">[97]</a> Three major earthquakes occurred in the 12th century, in 1139, 1157, and 1170.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177-98">[90]</a> The one in 1170 ruined Baalbek's walls and, though Nur ad-Din repaired them, his young heir <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail_al-Malik" title="As-Salih Ismail al-Malik">Ismaʿil</a> was made to yield it to <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> by a 4-month siege in 1174.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> Having taken control of Damascus on the invitation of its governor <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_al-Muqaddam" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muqaddam">Ibn al-Muqaddam</a>, Saladin rewarded him with the emirate of Baalbek following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Horns_of_Hama" title="Battle of the Horns of Hama">Ayyubid victory at the Horns of Hama</a> in 1175.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJfXl5kvabhoCpgPA52_52]-106">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin IV of Jerusalem">Baldwin</a>, the young leper <a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">king of Jerusalem</a>, came of age the next year, ending the Crusaders' treaty with Saladin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAkCKZ9Hs4-QCpgPA63_63]-107">[99]</a> His former regent, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_III_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond III of Tripoli">Raymond of Tripoli</a>, raided the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> from the west in the summer, suffering a slight defeat at Ibn al-Muqaddam's hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1951[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQL88AAAAIAAJpgPA410_410]-108">[100]</a> He was then joined by the main army, riding north under Baldwin and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_II_of_Toron" title="Humphrey II of Toron">Humphrey of Toron</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1951[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQL88AAAAIAAJpgPA410_410]-108">[100]</a> they defeated Saladin's elder brother <a href="/wiki/Turan_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Turan Shah">Turan Shah</a> in August at <a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Jarr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Jarr">Ayn al-Jarr</a> and plundered Baalbek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqiyY1CKE9SICpgPA94_94]-105">[97]</a> Upon the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Turan_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Turan Shah">Turan Shah</a> for neglecting his duties in Damascus, however, he demanded his childhood home<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESato1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMycQL-9_bqwCpgPA57_57]-109">[101]</a> of Baalbek as compensation. Ibn al-Muqaddam did not consent and Saladin opted to invest the city in late 1178 to maintain peace within his own family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRfO1J6hjcdgCpgPA572_572]-110">[102]</a> An attempt to pledge fealty to the Christians at <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was ignored on behalf of an existing treaty with Saladin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöhler2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtYG0AQAAQBAJpgPA226_226]-111">[103]</a> The siege was maintained peacefully through the snows of winter, with Saladin waiting for the "foolish" commander and his garrison of "ignorant scum" to come to terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons_&_al.1982[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkRF1F3wK26YCpgPA132_132–133]-112">[104]</a> Sometime in spring, Ibn al-Muqaddam yielded and Saladin accepted his terms, granting him <a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BFrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Baʿrin">Baʿrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafartab" title="Kafartab">Kafr Tab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%CA%BFarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maʿarra">al-Maʿarra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons_&_al.1982[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkRF1F3wK26YCpgPA132_132–133]-112">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESato1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMycQL-9_bqwCpgPA58_58]-113">[105]</a> The generosity quieted unrest among Saladin's vassals through the rest of his reign<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRfO1J6hjcdgCpgPA572_572]-110">[102]</a> but led his enemies to attempt to take advantage of his presumed weakness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons_&_al.1982[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkRF1F3wK26YCpgPA132_132–133]-112">[104]</a> He did not permit Turan Shah to retain Baalbek very long, though, instructing him to lead the Egyptian troops returning home in 1179 and appointing him to a sinecure in <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJfXl5kvabhoCpgPA52_52]-106">[98]</a> Baalbek was then granted to his nephew <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Shah" title="Farrukh Shah">Farrukh Shah</a>, whose family ruled it for the next half-century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJfXl5kvabhoCpgPA52_52]-106">[98]</a> When Farrukh Shah died three years later, his son <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahram Shah">Bahram Shah</a> was only a child but he was permitted his inheritance and ruled til 1230.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> He was followed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Musa,_Emir_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Damascus">al-Ashraf Musa</a>, who was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail_(Ayyubid_emir)" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Salih Ismail (Ayyubid emir)">as-Salih Ismail</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> who received it in 1237 as compensation for being deprived of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> by their brother <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Kamil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenning_&_al.2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidubflCAAAQBAJpgPA299_299]-114">[106]</a> It was seized in 1246 after a year of assaults by <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ayyub" title="As-Salih Ayyub">as-Salih Ayyub</a>, who bestowed it upon <a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BFd_al-Din_al-Humaidi" title="Saʿd al-Din al-Humaidi">Saʿd al-Din al-Humaidi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> When as-Salih Ayyub's successor <a href="/wiki/Al-Muazzam_Turanshah" title="Al-Muazzam Turanshah">Turan Shah</a> was murdered in 1250, <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Yusuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nasir Yusuf">al-Nasir Yusuf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Aleppo">sultan of Aleppo</a>, seized Damascus and demanded Baalbek's surrender. Instead, its emir did homage and agreed to regular payments of tribute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Empire">Mongolian</a> general <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a> took Baalbek in 1260 and dismantled its fortifications. Later in the same year, however, <a href="/wiki/Qutuz" title="Qutuz">Qutuz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">sultan of Egypt</a>, defeated the Mongols and placed Baalbek under the rule of their emir in Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> Most of the city's still-extant fine mosque and fortress architecture dates to the reign of the sultan <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> in the 1280s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the early 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Abulfeda" title="Abulfeda">Abulfeda</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hamathite</a> was describing the city's "large and strong fortress".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA476_476]-115">[107]</a> The revived settlement was again destroyed by a flood on 10 May 1318, when water from the east and northeast made holes 30 m (98 ft) wide in walls 4 m (13 ft) thick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqiyY1CKE9SICpgPA96_96]-116">[108]</a> 194 people were killed and 1500 houses, 131 shops, 44 orchards, 17 ovens, 11 mills, and 4 aqueducts were ruined, along with the town's mosque and 13 other religious and educational buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqiyY1CKE9SICpgPA96_96]-116">[108]</a> In 1400, <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> pillaged the town,<a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> and there was further destruction from a 1459 earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modernity">Early modernity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1856_Kiepert_Map_of_Lebanon_-_Geographicus_-_Lebanon-kiepert-1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1856_Kiepert_Map_of_Lebanon_-_Geographicus_-_Lebanon-kiepert-1856.jpg/220px-1856_Kiepert_Map_of_Lebanon_-_Geographicus_-_Lebanon-kiepert-1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1856_Kiepert_Map_of_Lebanon_-_Geographicus_-_Lebanon-kiepert-1856.jpg/330px-1856_Kiepert_Map_of_Lebanon_-_Geographicus_-_Lebanon-kiepert-1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1856_Kiepert_Map_of_Lebanon_-_Geographicus_-_Lebanon-kiepert-1856.jpg/440px-1856_Kiepert_Map_of_Lebanon_-_Geographicus_-_Lebanon-kiepert-1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3675" /></a><figcaption>Baalbek & environs, c. 1856</figcaption></figure>In 1516, Baalbek was conquered with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">rest of Syria</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_the_Grim" class="mw-redirect" title="Selim the Grim">Selim the Grim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> In recognition of their prominence among the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>, the Ottomans awarded the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Homs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Homs">sanjak of Homs</a> and local <a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">iltizam</a> concessions to Baalbek's <a href="/wiki/Harfush_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Harfush clan">Harfush family</a>. Like the Hamadas, the Harfush emirs were involved on more than one occasion in the selection of Church officials and the running of local monasteries. Tradition holds that many Christians quit the Baalbek region in the eighteenth century for the newer, more secure town of <a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a> on account of the Harfushes' oppression and rapacity, but more critical studies have questioned this interpretation, pointing out that the Harfushes were closely allied to the Orthodox Ma'luf family of Zahlé (where indeed Mustafa Harfush took refuge some years later) and showing that depredations from various quarters as well as Zahlé's growing commercial attractiveness accounted for Baalbek's decline in the eighteenth century. What repression there was did not always target the Christian community per se. The Shiite 'Usayran family, for example, is also said to have left Baalbek in this period to avoid expropriation by the Harfushes, establishing itself as one of the premier commercial households of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> and later even serving as consuls of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> From the 16th century, European <a href="/wiki/History_of_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of tourism">tourists</a> began to visit the colossal and picturesque ruins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]-95">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178-120">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[i]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Bodham_Donne" title="William Bodham Donne">Donne</a> hyperbolised "No ruins of antiquity have attracted more attention than those of Heliopolis, or been more frequently or accurately measured and described."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037-74">[70]</a> Misunderstanding the temple of Bacchus as the "Temple of the Sun", they considered it the best-preserved <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temple</a> in the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Englishman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_(antiquarian)" title="Robert Wood (antiquarian)">Robert Wood</a>'s 1757 Ruins of Balbec<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1757-2">[2]</a> included carefully measured engravings that proved influential on British and Continental <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architects</a>. For example, details of the Temple of Bacchus's ceiling inspired a bed<a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osterley_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Osterley House">ceiling</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a> and its portico inspired that of <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s,_Bloomsbury" title="St George's, Bloomsbury">St George's</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a> During the 18th century, the western approaches were covered with attractive groves of <a href="/wiki/Walnut_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Walnut tree">walnut trees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolney1787224-65">[61]</a> but the town itself suffered badly during the <a href="/wiki/Near_East_earthquakes_of_1759" class="mw-redirect" title="Near East earthquakes of 1759">1759 earthquakes</a>, after which it was held by the <a href="/wiki/Metawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Metawali">Metawali</a>, who again feuded with other Lebanese tribes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Their power was broken by <a href="/wiki/Jezzar_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezzar Pasha">Jezzar Pasha</a>, the rebel governor of <a href="/wiki/Acre_Province_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acre Province (Ottoman Empire)">Acre</a>, in the last half of the 18th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] All the same, Baalbek remained no destination for a traveller unaccompanied by an armed guard.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Upon the pasha's death in 1804, chaos ensued until <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a> occupied the area in 1831, after which it again passed into the hands of the Harfushes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> In 1835, the town's population was barely 200 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison1838-137">[129]</a> In 1850, the Ottomans finally began direct administration of the area, making Baalbek a <a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">kaza</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus Eyalet</a> and its governor a <a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">kaymakam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavations">Excavations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baalbek-stoneofpregnantwoman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Baalbek-stoneofpregnantwoman.jpg/220px-Baalbek-stoneofpregnantwoman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Baalbek-stoneofpregnantwoman.jpg/330px-Baalbek-stoneofpregnantwoman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Baalbek-stoneofpregnantwoman.jpg/440px-Baalbek-stoneofpregnantwoman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_the_Pregnant_Woman#Second_monolith" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone of the Pregnant Woman">The largest stone at Baalbek</a>, uncovered in 2014</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Germany">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/William_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and his wife passed through Baalbek on 1 November 1898,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]-95">[87]</a> on their way to Jerusalem. He noted both the magnificence of the Roman remains and the drab condition of the modern settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]-95">[87]</a> It was expected at the time that natural disasters, winter frosts, and the raiding of building materials by the city's residents would shortly ruin the remaining ruins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA476_476]-115">[107]</a> The archaeological team he dispatched began work within a month. Despite finding nothing they could date prior to Baalbek's <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Roman</a> occupation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiegand1925-147">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Puchstein" title="Otto Puchstein">Otto Puchstein</a> and his associates worked until 1904<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]-95">[87]</a> and produced a meticulously researched and thoroughly illustrated series of volumes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiegand1925-147">[138]</a> Later excavations under the Roman flagstones in the Great Court unearthed three <a href="/wiki/Skeletons" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletons">skeletons</a> and a fragment of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> pottery dated to the 6th–4th centuries BC. The <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">sherd</a> featured <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> letters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJidejian197515-148">[139]</a> In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Adam" title="Jean-Pierre Adam">Jean-Pierre Adam</a> made a brief study suggesting most of the large blocks could have been moved on rollers with <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machines</a> using <a href="/wiki/Capstan_(nautical)" title="Capstan (nautical)">capstans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulley</a> blocks, a process which he theorised could use 512 workers to move a 557 tonnes (614 tons) block.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_&_al.199935-149">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam1977-150">[141]</a> "Baalbek, with its colossal structures, is one of the finest examples of Imperial Roman architecture at its apogee", <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> reported in making Baalbek a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a> When the committee inscribed the site, it expressed the wish that the protected area include the entire town within the Arab walls, as well as the southwestern extramural quarter between Bastan-al-Khan, the Roman site and the Mameluk mosque of Ras-al-Ain. Lebanon's representative gave assurances that the committee's wish would be honoured. Recent cleaning operations at the Temple of Jupiter discovered the deep trench at its edge, whose study pushed back the date of Tell Baalbek's settlement to the <a href="/wiki/PPNB" class="mw-redirect" title="PPNB">PPNB</a> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>. Finds included pottery <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">sherds</a> including a spout dating to the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenz2010-152">[143]</a> In the summer of 2014, a team from the <a href="/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute" title="German Archaeological Institute">German Archaeological Institute</a> led by Jeanine Abdul Massih of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_University" title="Lebanese University">Lebanese University</a> discovered a sixth, much larger stone suggested to be the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_largest_ancient_block#Monoliths" class="mw-redirect" title="World's largest ancient block">world's largest ancient block</a>. The stone was found underneath and next to the Stone of the Pregnant Woman ("Hajjar al-Hibla") and measures around 19.6 m × 6 m × 5.5 m (64 ft × 20 ft × 18 ft). It is estimated to weigh <a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a>1,650 tonnes (1,820 tons).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehrer2014-154">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_DB.jpg/220px-W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_DB.jpg/330px-W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_DB.jpg/440px-W._%26_A.K._Johnston._Asia_Minor._1911_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>A detail from a 1911 map of Turkey in Asia, showing Baalbek's former rail connections</figcaption></figure> Baalbek was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Beirut%E2%80%93Damascus_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut–Damascus Railway">DHP</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">French</a>-owned railway concession in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>, on 19 June 1902.<a href="#cite_note-back-155">[146]</a> It formed a station on the <a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard-gauge">standard-gauge</a> line between <a href="/wiki/Riyaq" title="Riyaq">Riyaq</a> to its south and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>) to its north.<a href="#cite_note-riho-156">[147]</a> This Aleppo Railway connected to the <a href="/wiki/Beirut%E2%80%93Damascus_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut–Damascus Railway">Beirut–Damascus Railway</a> but—because that line was built to a 1.05-meter <a href="/wiki/Railway_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway gauge">gauge</a>—all traffic had to be unloaded and reloaded at Riyaq.<a href="#cite_note-riho-156">[147]</a> Just before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the population was still around 5000, about 2000 each of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiites">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims#Shia_Twelvers_(Metouali)" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Mutawalis</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> and 1000 <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''191189-69">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">French</a> general <a href="/wiki/Georges_Catroux" title="Georges Catroux">Georges Catroux</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Lebanon">independence of Lebanon</a> in 1941 but colonial rule continued until 1943. Baalbek still has its railway station<a href="#cite_note-riho-156">[147]</a> but service has been discontinued since the 1970s, originally owing to the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>. In March 1974, <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Sadr" title="Musa al-Sadr">Musa al-Sadr</a> announced the launching of the "<a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement#Harakat_al-Mahrumin_/Movement_of_the_Deprived" title="Amal Movement">Movement of the Deprived</a>" in front of a rally in Baalbek attended by 75,000 men. Its objective was to stand up for Lebanon's neglected <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> community. In his speech he listed grievances with the Lebanese government, including Baalbek's lack of a secondary school, Shia communities receiving disproportionately less funds from the national budget, most of the homeless being Shia etc. The occasion was a religious one, and there was celebratory gunfire preceding it.<a href="#cite_note-157">[148]</a> He also announced the setting up of military training camps to train villagers in southern Lebanon to protect their homes from Israeli attacks. These camps led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Amal_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amal Militia">Amal Militia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[149]</a> By the 2000s, Baalbek was frequently described as a stronghold of Hezbollah,<a href="#cite_note-:3-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-24">[23]</a> although it also has a large presence of Christians and Sunni Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-:6-159">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-160">[151]</a> Many of the city's mayors have been Shia, but since 2022, Baalbek has had a Sunni mayor.<a href="#cite_note-:9-160">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli–Lebanon_conflict">Israeli–Lebanon conflict</h3></div> In 1978, Israel invaded south Lebanon, forcing hundreds of thousands of Shia Muslims to flee.<a href="#cite_note-161">[152]</a> As a result of the invasion, when <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a> returned to Lebanon from his studies in <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, he was unable to return to his <a href="/wiki/Bazouriyeh" title="Bazouriyeh">hometown in the south</a>, and instead settled in Baalbek.<a href="#cite_note-:10-162">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbas_al-Musawi" title="Abbas al-Musawi">Abbas al-Musawi</a> also moved to Baalbek.<a href="#cite_note-:10-162">[153]</a> In 1982, at the height of another <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Israeli invasion</a>, Amal split into two factions over <a href="/wiki/Nabih_Berri" title="Nabih Berri">Nabih Berri</a>'s acceptance of the American plan to evacuate Palestinians from West Beirut. A large number of dissidents, led by Amal's military commander <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Musawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein Musawi">Hussein Musawi</a> moved to Baalbek.<a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a> Once established in the town the group, which was to evolve into <a href="/wiki/Hizbollah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizbollah">Hizbollah</a>, began to work with Iranian <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Guards">Revolutionary Guards</a>, veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Iran_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Iraq War">Iran Iraq War</a>. The following year the Iranians established their headquarters in the Sheikh Abdullah barracks in Baalbek.<a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a> Ultimately there were between 1,500 and 2,000 Revolutionary Guards in Lebanon,<a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> with outposts further south in the <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> villages, such as <a href="/wiki/Jebchit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebchit">Jebchit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[157]</a> In 1984, Israel launched raids on Baalbek, killing 100 Lebanese civilians and wounding hundreds inside the city.<a href="#cite_note-:0-167">[158]</a> Israel also bombed a school in the <a href="/wiki/Wavel" title="Wavel">Wavel</a> Palestinian refugee camp next to the city, wounding 150 school children.<a href="#cite_note-:0-167">[158]</a> On 24/25 June 1999, following elections in Israel and the new administration undecided, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">IAF</a> launched two massive air raids across Lebanon. One of the targets was the <a href="/wiki/Al_Manar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Manar">al Manar</a> radio station's offices in a four-storey building in Baalbek which was completely demolished. The attacks also hit Beirut's power stations and bridges on the roads to the south. An estimated $52 million damage was caused. Eleven Lebanese were killed as well as two Israelis in <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona" title="Kiryat Shmona">Kiryat Shmona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locations_bombed_Aug13_no_fact_box.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Locations_bombed_Aug13_no_fact_box.jpg/220px-Locations_bombed_Aug13_no_fact_box.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Locations_bombed_Aug13_no_fact_box.jpg/330px-Locations_bombed_Aug13_no_fact_box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Locations_bombed_Aug13_no_fact_box.jpg/440px-Locations_bombed_Aug13_no_fact_box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1639" /></a><figcaption>A map of Israeli bombing during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Lebanon_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lebanon War">Second Lebanon War</a>. Baalbek was a major target, with more than 70 bombs dropped.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006_Lebanon_War">2006 Lebanon War</h4></div> During the 2006 Lebanon war, many Israeli bombs fell inside the historic Roman town, and some fell as close as 300 meters from the temple of Baalbek.<a href="#cite_note-169">[160]</a> After the war, UNESCO stated that the cracks in the Roman temples had widened.<a href="#cite_note-170">[161]</a> The damage was thought to be due to shockwaves created by the bombs.<a href="#cite_note-:1-171">[162]</a> More than 250 houses and buildings were destroyed by Israel during the war.<a href="#cite_note-:6-159">[150]</a> Reporters investigating the aftermath found these to be civilian houses and didn't find any evidence of military use.<a href="#cite_note-:6-159">[150]</a> On the evening of 1 August 2006,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW2007124-172">[163]</a> hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defense Forces">Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)</a> soldiers raided Baalbek and the Dar al-Hikma<a href="#cite_note-timetimetime-173">[164]</a> or Hikmeh Hospital<a href="#cite_note-mxm-174">[165]</a> in Jamaliyeh<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW2007124-172">[163]</a> to its north ("<a href="/wiki/Operation_Sharp_and_Smooth" title="Operation Sharp and Smooth">Operation Sharp and Smooth</a>"). Their mission was to rescue two captured soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Goldwasser" title="Ehud Goldwasser">Ehud Goldwasser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eldad_Regev" title="Eldad Regev">Eldad Regev</a>, who were abducted by <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> on 12 July 2006. They were transported by helicopter<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW2007124-172">[163]</a> and supported by <a href="/wiki/Apache_helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache helicopter">Apache helicopters</a> and <a href="/wiki/UAV" class="mw-redirect" title="UAV">unmanned drones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-timetimetime-173">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW2007124-172">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defense Forces">IDF</a> was acting on information that Goldwasser and Regev were at the hospital. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">al-Jazeera</a> and other sources claimed the IDF was attempting to capture senior Hezbollah officials, particularly Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yazbek" title="Mohammad Yazbek">Mohammad Yazbek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mxm-174">[165]</a> The hospital had been empty for four days, the most unwell patients having been transferred and the rest sent home.<a href="#cite_note-timetimetime-173">[164]</a> No Israelis were killed;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW2007124-172">[163]</a> Five civilians were abducted and interrogated by the Israelis, presumably because one shared his name with <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a>, the secretary general of Hezbollah;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW2007127-175">[166]</a> they were released on August 21.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW2007127–128-176">[167]</a> On August 7, Israel killed 9 civilians in an attack on <a href="/wiki/Brital" title="Brital">Brital</a>, just south of Baalbek, and by the subsequent attack on the car leaving the scene for the hospital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW2007137-177">[168]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> investigation showed that none of those killed were combatants, it is likely none were members of Hezbollah, and none of the survivors had any knowledge of any military presence at place of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-178">[169]</a> On 14 August just before the ceasefire took effect, two Lebanese police and five Lebanese soldiers were killed by a drone strike while driving their van around the still-damaged road through Jamaliyeh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW2007164–165-179">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> The Roman ruins have been the setting for the long running <a href="/wiki/Baalbeck_International_Festival" title="Baalbeck International Festival">Baalbek International Festival</a>. Baalbek's tourism sector suffered significantly due to the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil war</a> (1975-1990). After the civil war ended, tourism gradually saw a resurgence, including opera, orchestras.<a href="#cite_note-:8-180">[171]</a> But it was once again disrupted by Israeli bombings of Baalbek during the 2006 war.<a href="#cite_note-:8-180">[171]</a> After the 2006 war, conservation work at Lebanon's historic sites began in October that year.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-181">[172]</a> The ruins at Baalbek were not directly hit by Israeli bombing but the effects of blasts during the conflict toppled a block of stones at the Roman ruins and existing cracks in the temples of Jupiter and Bacchus were feared to have widened.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-181">[172]</a> Frederique Husseini, director-general of Lebanon's Department of Antiquities, requested $550,000 from Europeans to restore Baalbek's souk and another $900,000 for repairs to other damaged structures.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-181">[172]</a> Starting in the early 2000s, Hezbollah organized permanent or temporary exhibitions called "Exposition of the Resistance" which commemorate what is considered to be Lebanese resistance to Israeli occupation. Spanning several hundred square meters, the exhibitions feature defused Israeli weapons, recreated scenes of war, and photos and videos of Lebanese people killed by Israel.<a href="#cite_note-:7-182">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaher2024119-183">[174]</a> Starting in 2009, Hezbollah setup an exhibition to commemorate the 2006 war.<a href="#cite_note-:7-182">[173]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, the UK <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">FCO</a> designated areas close to the Syrian border, including Baalbek and the rest of Beqaa valley, as "red zone" – advising against all travel.<a href="#cite_note-:2-184">[175]</a> The US State Department made a similar designation. These designations, prompted by perceived proximity to Syria and clashes between <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Tabbaneh%E2%80%93Jabal_Mohsen_conflict" title="Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict">Sunnis and Alawites</a>, discouraged international tourism.<a href="#cite_note-:2-184">[175]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon">its 2024 invasion of Lebanon</a>, Israel bombed a restaurant frequented by tourists<a href="#cite_note-:9-160">[151]</a> and damaged the historic <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Palmyra_(Baalbek)" title="Hotel Palmyra (Baalbek)">Hotel Palmyra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruins">Ruins</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter,_Baalbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek">Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek</a>; <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchus" title="Temple of Bacchus">Temple of Bacchus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_the_Pregnant_Woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone of the Pregnant Woman">Stone of the Pregnant Woman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Temples_of_the_Beqaa_Valley" title="Temples of the Beqaa Valley">Temples of the Beqaa Valley</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_monoliths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman monoliths">List of Roman monoliths</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_architectural_records#Monoliths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient architectural records">List of ancient architectural records § Monoliths</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_monoliths_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest monoliths in the world">List of largest monoliths in the world</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baalbek_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Baalbek_1.png/200px-Baalbek_1.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Baalbek_1.png/300px-Baalbek_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Baalbek_1.png/400px-Baalbek_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>1911 diagram of the ruins after the <a href="/wiki/Otto_Puchstein" title="Otto Puchstein">Puchstein</a> excavations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''191190-186">[177]</a> (Facing SW, with the Temple of Jupiter labelled "Temple of the Sun")</figcaption></figure> The Tell Baalbek temple complex, fortified as the town's citadel during the Middle Ages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> was constructed from local stone, mostly white <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and a rough white <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781038-66">[62]</a> Over the years, it has suffered from the region's numerous earthquakes, the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> of Christian and Muslim lords,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037-74">[70]</a> and the reuse of the temples' stone for fortification and other construction. The temples also suffered minor damage from the shockwaves generated by nearby Israeli bombings in the 2006 Lebanon war.<a href="#cite_note-:1-171">[162]</a> The nearby <a href="/wiki/Qubbat_Duris" class="mw-redirect" title="Qubbat Duris">Qubbat Duris</a>, a 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Muslim shrine</a> on the old road to Damascus, is built out of granite columns, apparently removed from Baalbek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781038-66">[62]</a> Further, the jointed columns were once banded together with iron; many were gouged open<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA459_459]-187">[178]</a> or toppled by the emirs of Damascus to get at the metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781038-66">[62]</a> As late as the 16th century, the Temple of Jupiter still held 27 standing columns<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThevet1554-124">[116]</a> out of an original 58;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10643_560]-188">[179]</a> there were only nine before the <a href="/wiki/Near_East_earthquakes_of_1759" class="mw-redirect" title="Near East earthquakes of 1759">1759 earthquakes</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1757-2">[2]</a> and six today.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] The complex is located on an immense[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] raised plaza erected 5 m (16 ft) over an earlier T-shaped base consisting of a podium, staircase, and foundation walls.<a href="#cite_note-189">[j]</a> These walls were built from about 24 <a href="/wiki/Monolith" title="Monolith">monoliths</a>, at their lowest level weighing approximately 300 tonnes (330 tons) each. The tallest retaining wall, on the west, has a second course of monoliths containing the famous "<a href="/wiki/Trilithon" title="Trilithon">Three Stones</a>" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Τρίλιθον, <a href="/wiki/Trilithon" title="Trilithon">Trílithon</a>):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA456_456]-57">[54]</a> a row of three stones, each over 19 m (62 ft) long, 4.3 m (14 ft) high, and 3.6 m (12 ft) broad, cut from <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. They weigh approximately 800 tonnes (880 tons) each.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam197752-190">[180]</a> A fourth, still larger stone is called the <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_the_Pregnant_Woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone of the Pregnant Woman">Stone of the Pregnant Woman</a>: it lies unused in a nearby quarry 800 m (2,600 ft) from the town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944139-191">[181]</a> Its weight, often exaggerated, is estimated at 1,000 tonnes (1,100 tons).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuprechtsberger199915-192">[182]</a> A fifth, still larger stone weighing approximately 1,200 tonnes (1,300 tons)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuprechtsberger199917-193">[183]</a> lies in the same quarry. This quarry was slightly higher than the temple complex,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_&_al.199935-149">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyk1CKgPRKtACpgPA892_892]-194">[184]</a> so no lifting was required to move the stones. Through the foundation there run three enormous passages the size of railway tunnels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA456_456]-57">[54]</a> The temple complex was entered from the east through the <a href="/wiki/Propylaea" title="Propylaea">Propylaea</a> (προπύλαιον, propýlaion) or Portico,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037-74">[70]</a> consisting of a broad staircase rising 20 feet (6.1 m)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA465_465]-195">[185]</a> to an arcade of 12 columns flanked by 2 towers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]-95">[87]</a> Most of the columns have been toppled and the stairs were entirely dismantled for use in the nearby later wall,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA456_456]-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[k]</a> but a Latin inscription remains on several of their bases stating that Longinus, a lifeguard of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Parthian_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Parthian Legion">1st Parthian Legion</a>, and Septimius, a freedman, gilded their capitals with <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> in gratitude for the safety of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Caracalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoninus Caracalla">Antoninus Caracalla</a> and empress <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]-197">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[l]</a> Immediately behind the Propylaeum is a hexagonal forecourt<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]-95">[87]</a> reached through a threefold entrance<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177-98">[90]</a> that was added in the mid-3rd century by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Traces remain of the two series of columns which once encircled it, but its original function remains uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]-95">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Bodham_Donne" title="William Bodham Donne">Donne</a> reckoned it as the town's <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037-74">[70]</a> Badly preserved coins of the era led some to believe this was a sacred <a href="/wiki/Cypress_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypress tree">cypress</a> grove, but better specimens show that the coins displayed a single stalk of grain instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10641_558–559]-199">[187]</a> The rectangular Great Court to its west covers around 3 or 4 acres (1.2 or 1.6 ha)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177-98">[90]</a> and included the main <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">burnt offering</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">mosaic</a>-floored <a href="/wiki/Lustration" title="Lustration">lustration</a> basins to its north and south, a <a href="/wiki/Souterrain" title="Souterrain">subterranean chamber</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10642_559]-200">[188]</a> and three underground passageways 17 ft (5.2 m) wide by 30 ft (9.1 m) high, two of which run east and west and the third connecting them north and south, all bearing inscriptions suggesting their occupation by Roman soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177-98">[90]</a> These were surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">porticoes</a>, one of which was never completed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10642_559]-200">[188]</a> The columns' bases and capitals were of limestone; the shafts were monoliths of highly polished red <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> 7.08 m (23.2 ft) high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10642_559]-200">[188]</a> Six remain standing, out of an original 128.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Inscriptions attest that the court was once adorned by portraits of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>'s daughter <a href="/wiki/Vibia_Aurelia_Sabina" title="Vibia Aurelia Sabina">Sabina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Velius_Rufus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velius Rufus (page does not exist)">Velius Rufus</a>, dedicated by the city's Roman colonists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10642_559]-200">[188]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a> was richly decorated but is now mostly ruined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10642_559]-200">[188]</a> A westward-facing basilica was constructed over the altar during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a>; it was later altered to make it eastward-facing like most <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]-96">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pano_Baalbek_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pano_Baalbek_1.jpg/880px-Pano_Baalbek_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="880" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pano_Baalbek_1.jpg/1320px-Pano_Baalbek_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pano_Baalbek_1.jpg/1760px-Pano_Baalbek_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="24726" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>The Great Court of ancient Heliopolis's temple complex</figcaption></figure> The Temple of Jupiter—once wrongly credited to <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10648_565]-201">[189]</a>—lay at the western end of the Great Court, raised another 7 m (23 ft) on a 47.7 m × 87.75 m (156.5 ft × 287.9 ft) platform reached by a wide staircase.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10643_560]-188">[179]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, it was also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Trilithon" title="Trilithon">Trilithon</a>" from the three massive stones in its foundation and, when taken together with the forecourt and Great Court, it is also known as the Great Temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''191190-186">[177]</a> The Temple of Jupiter proper was circled by a <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a> of 54 unfluted <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian column">Corinthian columns</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA460_460]-202">[190]</a> 10 in front and back and 19 along each side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10643_560]-188">[179]</a> The temple was ruined by earthquakes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]-95">[87]</a> destroyed and pillaged for stone under <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]-96">[88]</a> and 8 columns were taken to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) under <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> for incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Three fell during the late 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177-98">[90]</a> 6 columns, however, remain standing along its south side with their entablature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10643_560]-188">[179]</a> Their capitals remain nearly perfect on the south side, while the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa</a>'s winter winds have worn the northern faces almost bare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA462_462]-203">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architrave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> blocks weigh up to 60 tonnes (66 tons) each, and one corner block over 100 tonnes (110 tons), all of them raised to a height of 19 m (62.34 ft) above the ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulton197416-204">[192]</a> Individual <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)#Roman_Empire" title="Crane (machine)">Roman cranes</a> were not capable of lifting stones this heavy. They may have simply been rolled into position along temporary earthen banks from the quarry<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA462_462]-203">[191]</a> or multiple cranes may have been used in combination.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They may also have alternated sides a little at a time, filling in supports underneath each time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio-Claudian emperors">Julio-Claudian emperors</a> enriched its sanctuary in turn. In the mid-1st century, <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> built the tower-altar opposite the temple. In the early 2nd century, <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> added the temple's forecourt, with <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">porticos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">pink granite</a> shipped from <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> at the southern end of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchus" title="Temple of Bacchus">Temple of Bacchus</a>—once wrongly credited to Jupiter<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10647_564]-205">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[m]</a>—may have been completed under <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> in the 190s, as his coins are the first to show it beside the Temple of Jupiter.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is the best preserved of the sanctuary's structures, as the other rubble from its ruins protected it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is enriched by some of the most refined reliefs and sculpture to survive from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA459_459]-187">[178]</a> The temple is surrounded by forty-two columns—8 along each end and 15 along each side<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA458_458]-206">[194]</a>—nearly 20 m (66 ft) in height.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These were probably erected in a rough state and then rounded, polished, and decorated in position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA459_459]-187">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[n]</a> The entrance was preserved as late as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pococke" title="Richard Pococke">Pococke</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPococke1745-130">[122]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_(antiquarian)" title="Robert Wood (antiquarian)">Wood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1757-2">[2]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)" title="Keystone (architecture)">keystone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintel</a> had slid 2 ft (1 m) following the <a href="/wiki/Near_East_earthquakes_of_1759" class="mw-redirect" title="Near East earthquakes of 1759">1759 earthquakes</a>; a column of rough masonry was erected in the 1860s or '70s to support it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA458_458]-206">[194]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Near_East_earthquakes_of_1759" class="mw-redirect" title="Near East earthquakes of 1759">1759 earthquakes</a> also damaged the area around the <a href="/wiki/Soffit" title="Soffit">soffit</a>'s famed inscription of an eagle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178-120">[112]</a> which was entirely covered by the keystone's supporting column. The area around the inscription of the eagle was greatly damaged by the <a href="/wiki/Near_East_earthquakes_of_1759" class="mw-redirect" title="Near East earthquakes of 1759">1759 earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178-120">[112]</a> The interior of the temple is divided into a 98 ft (30 m) <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> and a 36 ft (11 m) <a href="/wiki/Adytum" class="mw-redirect" title="Adytum">adytum</a> or sanctuary<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA458_458]-206">[194]</a> on a platform raised 5 ft (2 m) above it and fronted by 13 steps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA459_459]-187">[178]</a> The screen between the two sections once held reliefs of <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptune (god)">Neptune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triton_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triton (god)">Triton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arion" title="Arion">Arion</a> and his dolphin, and other marine figures<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaundrell1703-129">[121]</a> but these have been lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA459_459]-187">[178]</a> The temple was used as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Donjon" class="mw-redirect" title="Donjon">donjon</a> for the medieval Arab and Turkish fortifications,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> although its eastern steps were lost sometime after 1688.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-209">[195]</a> Much of the portico was incorporated into a huge wall directly before its gate, but this was demolished in July 1870 by Barker[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] on orders from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Syria</a>'s governor <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Pasha_(governor_of_Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid Pasha (governor of Syria)">Rashid Pasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA458_458]-206">[194]</a> Two spiral staircases in columns on either side of the entrance lead to the roof.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178-120">[112]</a> The Temple of Venus—also known as the Circular Temple or <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">Nymphaeum</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]-197">[186]</a>—was added under <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> in the early 3rd century[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but destroyed under <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a>, who raised a basilica in its place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178-120">[112]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Jessup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Jessup (page does not exist)">Jessup</a> considered it the "gem of Baalbek".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]-197">[186]</a> It lies about 150 yd (140 m) from the southeast corner of the Temple of Bacchus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]-197">[186]</a> It was known in the 19th century as El Barbara<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]-197">[186]</a> or Barbarat el-Atikah (St Barbara's), having been used as a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> church into the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178-120">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[o]</a> The ancient walls of Heliopolis had a circumference of a little less than 4 mi (6 km).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037-74">[70]</a> Much of the extant fortifications around the complex date to the 13th century<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]-96">[88]</a> reconstruction undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> following the devastation of the earlier defenses by the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Empire">Mongol</a> army under <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">[35]</a> This includes the great southeast tower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> The earliest round of fortifications were two walls to the southwest of the Temples of Jupiter and Bacchus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> The original southern gateway with two small towers was filled in and replaced by a new large tower flanked by curtains,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] probably under <a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Muluk_Buri" title="Taj al-Muluk Buri">Buri</a> or <a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_Zengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din Zengi">Zengi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahramshah" title="Bahramshah">Bahramshah</a> replaced that era's southwest tower with one of his own in 1213 and built another in the northwest in 1224; the west tower was probably strengthened around the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> An inscription dates the <a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">barbican</a>-like strengthening of the southern entrance to around 1240.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> Qalawun relocated the two western curtains[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] nearer to the western tower, which was rebuilt with great blocks of stone. The barbican was repaired and more turns added to its approach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> From around 1300, no alterations were made to the fortifications apart from repairs such as Sultan <a href="/wiki/Barkuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkuk">Barkuk</a>'s restoration of the moat in preparation for Timur's arrival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">[110]</a> Material from the ruins is incorporated into a ruined mosque north of downtown<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA467_467]-211">[196]</a> and probably also in the <a href="/wiki/Qubbat_Duris" class="mw-redirect" title="Qubbat Duris">Qubbat Duris</a> on the road to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA467_467]-211">[196]</a> In the 19th century, a "shell-topped canopy" from the ruins was used nearby as a <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a>, propped up to show locals the direction of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">daily prayers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA467_467]-211">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tomb_of_Husayn's_daughter">Tomb of Husayn's daughter</h3></div> Under a white dome further towards town is the tomb of Khawla, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Hussein</a> and granddaughter of Ali, who died in Baalbek while Husayn's family was being transported as prisoners to Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-212">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecclesiastical_history">Ecclesiastical history</h2></div> Heliopolis (in Phoenicia; not to be confused with the Egyptian bishopric <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_in_Augustamnica" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis in Augustamnica">Heliopolis in Augustamnica</a>) was a bishopric under Roman and Byzantine rule, but it disappeared due to the Islamic rule. In 1701, Eastern Catholics (<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>) established anew an <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Baalbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Baalbek">Eparchy of Baalbek</a>, which in 1964 was promoted to the present <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Baalbek" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Baalbek">Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Baalbek</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titular_see">Titular see</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, the Ancient diocese was only nominally restored (no later than 1876) as <a href="/wiki/Titular_archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Titular archbishopric">Titular archbishopric</a> of Heliopolis (Latin) / Eliopoli (Curiate Italian), demoted in 1925 to Episcopal <a href="/wiki/Titular_bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Titular bishopric">Titular bishopric</a>, promoted back in 1932, with its name changed (avoiding Egyptian confusion) in 1933 to (non-Metropolitan) Titular archbishopric of Heliopolis in Phoenicia. The title has not been assigned since 1965. It was held by:<a href="#cite_note-214">[199]</a> <ul><li>Titular Archbishop: Luigi Poggi (1876.09.29 – death 1877.01.22) on emeritate (promoted) as former Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rimini" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rimini">Rimini</a> (Italy) (1871.10.27 – 1876.09.29)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Mocenni" title="Mario Mocenni">Mario Mocenni</a> (1877.07.24 – 1893.01.16) as papal diplomat : <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Delegate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Delegate">Apostolic Delegate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), Apostolic Delegate to Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras (1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), Apostolic Delegate to Ecuador (1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), Apostolic Delegate to Peru and Bolivia (1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), Apostolic Delegate to Venezuela (1877.08.14 – 1882.03.28), <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Internuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Internuncio">Apostolic Internuncio</a> to Brazil (1882.03.28 – 1882.10.18), created <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Priest">Cardinal-Priest</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=S._Bartolomeo_all%27Isola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Bartolomeo all'Isola (page does not exist)">S. Bartolomeo all'Isola</a> (1893.01.19 – 1894.05.18), promoted <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Bishop">Cardinal-Bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Sabina" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina">Sabina</a> (1894.05.18 – death 1904.11.14)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop: Augustinus Accoramboni (1896.06.22 – death 1899.05.17), without prelature</li> <li>Titular Archbishop: Robert John Seton (1903.06.22 – 1927.03.22), without prelature</li> <li>Titular Bishop: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_O%27Hara" title="Gerald O'Hara">Gerald O'Hara</a> (1929.04.26 – 1935.11.26) as <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary Bishop">Auxiliary Bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Philadelphia" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> (Pennsylvania, USA) (1929.04.26 – 1935.11.26), later Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Savannah" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Savannah">Savannah</a> (USA) (1935.11.26 – 1937.01.05), restyled (only) Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Savannah%E2%80%93Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Savannah–Atlanta">Savannah–Atlanta</a> (USA) (1937.01.05 – 1950.07.12), promoted <a href="/wiki/Archbishop-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop-Bishop">Archbishop-Bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Savannah" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Savannah">Savannah</a> (1950.07.12 – 1959.11.12), also <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio">Apostolic Nuncio</a> (papal ambassador) to Ireland (1951.11.27 – 1954.06.08), <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Delegate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Delegate">Apostolic Delegate</a> to Great Britain (1954.06.08 – death 1963.07.16) and <a href="/wiki/Titular_Archbishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Titular Archbishop">Titular Archbishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pessinus" title="Pessinus">Pessinus</a> (1959.11.12 – 1963.07.16)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop: <a href="/wiki/Alcide_Marina" title="Alcide Marina">Alcide Marina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazarists">C.M.</a> (1936.03.07 – death 1950.09.18), mainly as papal diplomat : <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Delegate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Delegate">Apostolic Delegate</a> to Iran (1936.03.07 – 1945), <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administrator">Apostolic Administrator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Constantinople">Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Constantinople</a> (Turkey) (1945–1947) and Apostolic Delegate to Turkey (1945–1947), <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio">Apostolic Nuncio</a> to Lebanon (1947 – 1950.09.18)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop: Daniel Rivero Rivero (1951 – death 1960.05.23) (born Bolivia) on emeritate, formerly Titular Bishop of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tlous (page does not exist)">Tlous</a> (1922.05.17 – 1931.03.30) as <a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Coadjutor Bishop">Coadjutor Bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>) (1922.05.17 – 1931.03.30) succeeding as Bishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (1931.03.30 – 1940.02.03), Metropolitan Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Sucre" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sucre">Sucre</a> (Bolivia) (1940.02.03 – 1951)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop: <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Calabria" title="Raffaele Calabria">Raffaele Calabria</a> (1960.07.12 – 1962.01.01) as <a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_Archbishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Coadjutor Archbishop">Coadjutor Archbishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Benevento" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Benevento">Benevento</a> (Italy) (1960.07.12 – 1962.01.01), succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Benevento (1962.01.01 – 1982.05.24); previously Titular Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Soteropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Soteropolis">Soteropolis</a> (1950.05.06 – 1952.07.10) as Coadjutor Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Otranto" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Otranto">Otranto</a> (Italy) (1950.05.06 – 1952.07.10), succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Otranto (Italy) (1952.07.10 – 1960.07.12)</li> <li>Titular Archbishop: <a href="/wiki/Ottavio_De_Liva" title="Ottavio De Liva">Ottavio De Liva</a> (1962.04.18 – death 1965.08.23) as papal diplomat : <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Internuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Internuncio">Apostolic Internuncio</a> to Indonesia (1962.04.18 – 1965.08.23).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2></div> Baalbek has a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: Csa) with significant continental influences. It is located in one of the drier regions of the country, giving it an annual average of 450 millimetres or 18 inches of rainfall compared with 800 to 850 millimetres (31 to 33 in) in coastal areas, overwhelmingly concentrated in the months from November to April. Baalbek has hot rainless summers with cool (and occasionally snowy) winters. Autumn and spring are mild and fairly rainy. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Baalbek </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7 (89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1 (31.8) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 (45.3) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 (2.8) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 (2.6) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 (2.1) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 (1.3) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 (1.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (0.1) </td> <td style="background: #F5FFF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 (0.2) </td> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (0.9) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 (2.2) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">389 (15.2) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="#cite_note-Climate-Data.org-215">[200]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">Saint Barbara</a> (273–306)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callinicus_of_Heliopolis" title="Callinicus of Heliopolis">Callinicus of Heliopolis</a> (c. 600 – c. 680), chemist and inventor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Awza%27i" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i">Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i</a> (707–774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusta_ibn_Luqa" title="Qusta ibn Luqa">Qusta ibn Luqa</a> (820–912), mathematician and translator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Adi_ibn_Musafir" title="Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir">Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir</a> (1070s–1162)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C4%81%CA%BE_al-d%C4%ABn_al-%CA%BF%C4%80mil%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī">Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī</a> (1547–1621), <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese people in Iran">Lebanese-Iranian</a> scholar, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahme_Haider" title="Rahme Haider">Rahme Haider</a> (1880s–1939), American lecturer from Baalbek</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Mutran" title="Khalil Mutran">Khalil Mutran</a> (1872–1949), poet and journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harfush_dynasty" title="Harfush dynasty">Harfush dynasty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>'s poetical illustration <a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1839/Ruins_at_Balbec" class="extiw" title="s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839/Ruins at Balbec">Ruins at Balbec</a>. is on a painting by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bartlett" title="William Henry Bartlett">William Henry Bartlett</a> entitled Six detached pillars of the Great Temple at Balbec, and was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839.<a href="#cite_note-216">[201]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Khalid" title="The Book of Khalid">The Book of Khalid</a> (1911), the first English novel by an Arab-American, is set in Baalbek.</li> <li>The events of the 1984 novel Les fous de Baalbek (SAS, #74) by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Villiers" title="Gérard de Villiers">Gérard de Villiers</a> take place in Baalbek.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns">Twin towns</h2></div> Baalbek is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/L%27Aquila" title="L'Aquila">L'Aquila</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bergama" title="Bergama">Bergama</a>, Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta (city)">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[202]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Round_Temple_and_the_Temple_of_the_Muses_located_outside_the_sanctuary_complex,_Heliopolis_(Baalbek),_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Round Temple and the Temple of the Muses located outside the sanctuary complex"><img alt="The Round Temple and the Temple of the Muses located outside the sanctuary complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Round_Temple_and_the_Temple_of_the_Muses_located_outside_the_sanctuary_complex%2C_Heliopolis_%28Baalbek%29%2C_Lebanon.jpg/120px-The_Round_Temple_and_the_Temple_of_the_Muses_located_outside_the_sanctuary_complex%2C_Heliopolis_%28Baalbek%29%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Round_Temple_and_the_Temple_of_the_Muses_located_outside_the_sanctuary_complex%2C_Heliopolis_%28Baalbek%29%2C_Lebanon.jpg/180px-The_Round_Temple_and_the_Temple_of_the_Muses_located_outside_the_sanctuary_complex%2C_Heliopolis_%28Baalbek%29%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Round_Temple_and_the_Temple_of_the_Muses_located_outside_the_sanctuary_complex%2C_Heliopolis_%28Baalbek%29%2C_Lebanon.jpg/240px-The_Round_Temple_and_the_Temple_of_the_Muses_located_outside_the_sanctuary_complex%2C_Heliopolis_%28Baalbek%29%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Round Temple and the Temple of the Muses located outside the sanctuary complex</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Propylaea_of_Baalbek_temples_complex_16062.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the Propylaeum, the eastern entrance to the site"><img alt="Remains of the Propylaeum, the eastern entrance to the site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Propylaea_of_Baalbek_temples_complex_16062.JPG/120px-Propylaea_of_Baalbek_temples_complex_16062.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Propylaea_of_Baalbek_temples_complex_16062.JPG/180px-Propylaea_of_Baalbek_temples_complex_16062.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Propylaea_of_Baalbek_temples_complex_16062.JPG/240px-Propylaea_of_Baalbek_temples_complex_16062.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the Propylaeum, the eastern entrance to the site</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Court_of_Temples_Complex_in_Baalbek_(49856240571).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Court of Temples Complex"><img alt="The Great Court of Temples Complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Great_Court_of_Temples_Complex_in_Baalbek_%2849856240571%29.jpg/120px-Great_Court_of_Temples_Complex_in_Baalbek_%2849856240571%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Great_Court_of_Temples_Complex_in_Baalbek_%2849856240571%29.jpg/180px-Great_Court_of_Temples_Complex_in_Baalbek_%2849856240571%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Great_Court_of_Temples_Complex_in_Baalbek_%2849856240571%29.jpg/240px-Great_Court_of_Temples_Complex_in_Baalbek_%2849856240571%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Great Court of Temples Complex</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Venus,_Baalbek_14114.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of Venus"><img alt="Temple of Venus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Temple_of_Venus%2C_Baalbek_14114.JPG/120px-Temple_of_Venus%2C_Baalbek_14114.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Temple_of_Venus%2C_Baalbek_14114.JPG/180px-Temple_of_Venus%2C_Baalbek_14114.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Temple_of_Venus%2C_Baalbek_14114.JPG/240px-Temple_of_Venus%2C_Baalbek_14114.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temple of Venus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baalbeck_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Massive columns of the Temple of Jupiter"><img alt="Massive columns of the Temple of Jupiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Baalbeck_Temple.jpg/120px-Baalbeck_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Baalbeck_Temple.jpg/180px-Baalbeck_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Baalbeck_Temple.jpg/240px-Baalbeck_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Massive columns of the Temple of Jupiter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1873_Stieler_Map_of_Asia_Minor,_Syria_and_Israel_-_Palestine_(modern_Turkey)_-_Geographicus_-_Klein-AsienSyrien-stieler-1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An 1873 German map of Asia Minor & Syria, with relief illustrating the Beqaa (El Bekaa) valley"><img alt="An 1873 German map of Asia Minor & Syria, with relief illustrating the Beqaa (El Bekaa) valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/1873_Stieler_Map_of_Asia_Minor%2C_Syria_and_Israel_-_Palestine_%28modern_Turkey%29_-_Geographicus_-_Klein-AsienSyrien-stieler-1873.jpg/120px-1873_Stieler_Map_of_Asia_Minor%2C_Syria_and_Israel_-_Palestine_%28modern_Turkey%29_-_Geographicus_-_Klein-AsienSyrien-stieler-1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/1873_Stieler_Map_of_Asia_Minor%2C_Syria_and_Israel_-_Palestine_%28modern_Turkey%29_-_Geographicus_-_Klein-AsienSyrien-stieler-1873.jpg/180px-1873_Stieler_Map_of_Asia_Minor%2C_Syria_and_Israel_-_Palestine_%28modern_Turkey%29_-_Geographicus_-_Klein-AsienSyrien-stieler-1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/1873_Stieler_Map_of_Asia_Minor%2C_Syria_and_Israel_-_Palestine_%28modern_Turkey%29_-_Geographicus_-_Klein-AsienSyrien-stieler-1873.jpg/240px-1873_Stieler_Map_of_Asia_Minor%2C_Syria_and_Israel_-_Palestine_%28modern_Turkey%29_-_Geographicus_-_Klein-AsienSyrien-stieler-1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3270" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An 1873 German map of Asia Minor & Syria, with relief illustrating the Beqaa (El Bekaa) valley</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baalbec._Panorama_-_Bonfils._LCCN93500455.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama, around 1870, by Félix Bonfils"><img alt="Panorama, around 1870, by Félix Bonfils" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Baalbec._Panorama_-_Bonfils._LCCN93500455.jpg/120px-Baalbec._Panorama_-_Bonfils._LCCN93500455.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Baalbec._Panorama_-_Bonfils._LCCN93500455.jpg/180px-Baalbec._Panorama_-_Bonfils._LCCN93500455.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Baalbec._Panorama_-_Bonfils._LCCN93500455.jpg/240px-Baalbec._Panorama_-_Bonfils._LCCN93500455.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3289" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panorama, around 1870, by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix Bonfils">Félix Bonfils</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Birdseye_View_of_Baalbek_and_the_Lebanons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baalbek in 1910, after the arrival of rail"><img alt="Baalbek in 1910, after the arrival of rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Birdseye_View_of_Baalbek_and_the_Lebanons.jpg/120px-Birdseye_View_of_Baalbek_and_the_Lebanons.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Birdseye_View_of_Baalbek_and_the_Lebanons.jpg/180px-Birdseye_View_of_Baalbek_and_the_Lebanons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Birdseye_View_of_Baalbek_and_the_Lebanons.jpg/240px-Birdseye_View_of_Baalbek_and_the_Lebanons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baalbek in 1910, after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Railway">rail</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baalbek._General_view_04956r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ruins of Baalbek facing west from the hexagonal forecourt in the 19th century"><img alt="The ruins of Baalbek facing west from the hexagonal forecourt in the 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Baalbek._General_view_04956r.jpg/120px-Baalbek._General_view_04956r.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Baalbek._General_view_04956r.jpg/180px-Baalbek._General_view_04956r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Baalbek._General_view_04956r.jpg/240px-Baalbek._General_view_04956r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6530" data-file-height="5072" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ruins of Baalbek facing west from the hexagonal forecourt in the 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Colossal_Hewn_Block,_Ancient_Quarries_Baalbek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Stone of the Pregnant Woman" in the early 20th century, the Temple of Jupiter in the background"><img alt="The "Stone of the Pregnant Woman" in the early 20th century, the Temple of Jupiter in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Colossal_Hewn_Block%2C_Ancient_Quarries_Baalbek.jpg/120px-Colossal_Hewn_Block%2C_Ancient_Quarries_Baalbek.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Colossal_Hewn_Block%2C_Ancient_Quarries_Baalbek.jpg/180px-Colossal_Hewn_Block%2C_Ancient_Quarries_Baalbek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Colossal_Hewn_Block%2C_Ancient_Quarries_Baalbek.jpg/240px-Colossal_Hewn_Block%2C_Ancient_Quarries_Baalbek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "<a href="/wiki/Stone_of_the_Pregnant_Woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone of the Pregnant Woman">Stone of the Pregnant Woman</a>" in the early 20th century, the Temple of Jupiter in the background</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">List of cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Lebanon" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Lebanon">List of Catholic dioceses in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">List of colossal sculptures in situ</a> – Large sculptures carved into a material that remain at location</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_monoliths" title="List of largest monoliths">List of largest monoliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triparadeisos" title="Triparadeisos">Triparadeisos</a> – Ancient settlement in Lebanon</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Also spelled Ba'labek,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Cook's''1876-1">[1]</a> Balbec,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1757-2">[2]</a> Baalbec<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176-3">[3]</a> and Baalbeck.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The name also appears in the Hellenized form Balanios and Baal Helion in records describing the acts of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a>'s reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA473_473]-34">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The Egyptian priests' claims that Heliopolis represented a direct descendant of Ra's cult at <a href="/wiki/Iunu" class="mw-redirect" title="Iunu">Iunu</a>, however, is almost certainly mistaken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10633_550]-36">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Commonly mistaken by European visitors to have been the one described in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Book_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="First Book of Kings">First Book of Kings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''CT''2010-63">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Daniel Lohmann wrote that, "due to the lack of remains of temple architecture, it can be assumed that the temple this terrace was built for was never completed or entirely destroyed before any new construction started..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELohmann2010-75">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] "The unfinished pre-Roman sanctuary construction was incorporated into a master plan of monumentalisation. Apparently challenged by the already huge pre-Roman construction, the early imperial Jupiter sanctuary shows both an architectural megalomaniac design and construction technique in the first half of the first century AD."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELohmann201029-76">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> "It is apparent from a graffito on one of the columns of the Temple of Jupiter that that building was nearing completion in 60 A.D."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1956-78">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Coins of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> bear the legend COL·HEL·I·O·M·H: Colonia Heliopolis Iovi Optimo Maximo Helipolitano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> It is mentioned, inter alia, by <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Notable visitors<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178-120">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-55">[52]</a> included <a href="/wiki/Martin_von_Baumgarten" title="Martin von Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a> (1507),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgarten1594-121">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Belon" title="Pierre Belon">Belon</a> (1548),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelon1553-122">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelon1554-123">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Th%C3%A9vet" class="mw-redirect" title="André Thévet">Thévet</a> (1550),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThevet1554-124">[116]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melchior_von_Seydlitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melchior von Seydlitz (page does not exist)">von Seydlitz</a> (1557),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlitz1580-125">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Krzysztof_%22the_Orphan%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł">Radziwiłł</a> (1583),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadziwiłł1601-68">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Quaresmio" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Quaresmio">Quaresmio</a> (1620),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuaresmio1639-126">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_de_Monconys" title="Balthasar de Monconys">Monconys</a> (1647),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonconys1665-127">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_la_Roque" title="Jean de la Roque">de la Roque</a> (1688),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Roque1722-128">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maundrell" title="Henry Maundrell">Maundrell</a> (1699),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaundrell1703-129">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pococke" title="Richard Pococke">Pococke</a> (1738),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPococke1745-130">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_(antiquarian)" title="Robert Wood (antiquarian)">Wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Dawkins_(antiquarian)" title="James Dawkins (antiquarian)">Dawkins</a> (1751),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1757-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Chasseb%C5%93uf,_comte_de_Volney" title="Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de Volney">Volney</a> (1784),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolney1787-131">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Richardson_(travel_writer)" title="Robert Richardson (travel writer)">Richardson</a> (1818),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1822-132">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon_Chesney" title="Francis Rawdon Chesney">Chesney</a> (1830),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1850-133">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1868-134">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a> (1833),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamartine1835-135">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Louis_Viesse_de_Marmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont">Marmont</a> (1834),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarmont1837-136">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Addison" title="Charles G. Addison">Addison</a> (1835),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison1838-137">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lindsay,_25th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="Alexander Lindsay, 25th Earl of Crawford">Lindsay</a> (1837),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay1838-138">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson</a> (1838<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1841-139">[131]</a> & 1852),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1856-140">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(missionary)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wilson (missionary)">Wilson</a> (1843),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1847-141">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_F%C3%A9licien_Joseph_Caignart_de_Saulcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart de Saulcy">De Saulcy</a> (1851),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Saulcy1853-142">[134]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Frauberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Frauberger (page does not exist)">Frauberger</a> (19th c.).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrauberger1892-143">[135]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> "Current survey and interpretation, show that a pre-Roman floor level about 5 m lower than the late Great Roman Courtyard floor existed underneath".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELohmann201029-76">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> The staircase is shown intact on a coin from the reign of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA456_456]-57">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> The inscriptions were distinct in the 18th century<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1757-2">[2]</a> but becoming illegible by the end of the 19th:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]-197">[186]</a> [I. O.] M. DIIS HELIVPOL. PRO SAL. [ET] VICTORIIS D. N. ANTONINI PII FEL. AVG. ET IVLIÆ AVG. MATRIS D. N. CAST. SENAT. PATR., AVR. ANT. LONGINVS SPECVL. LEG. I. [ANT]ONINIANÆ CAPITA COLVMNARVM DVA ÆREA AVRO INLVMINATA SVA PECVNIA EX VOTO L. A. S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]-95">[87]</a> and [I. O.] M. PRO SAL[VTE] D. [N.] IMP. ANTONIN[I PII FELICIS...] [...SEP]TIMI[VS...] BAS AVG. LIB. CAPVT COLVMNÆ ÆNEUM AVRO INL[VMINAT]VM VOTVM SVA PECVNIA L. [A. S.]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]-95">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> It has also been misattributed to <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177-98">[90]</a> The locals once knew it as the Dar es-Sa'adeh or "Court of Happiness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA458_458]-206">[194]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exaedrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exaedrum (page does not exist)">exaedrum</a> in the northwest corner remains partially sculpted and partially plain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA459_459]-187">[178]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> In the 1870s and '80s, its <a href="/wiki/Metawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Metawali">Metawali</a> caretaker Um Kasim would demand <a href="/wiki/Bakshish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakshish">bakshish</a> from visitors and for use of the olive oil lamps used to make vows to St Barbara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]-197">[186]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Cook's''1876-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Cook's''1876_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook's1876">Cook's (1876)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1757-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1757_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1757_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1757_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1757_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1757_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1757_2-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood1757">Wood (1757)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878176_3-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFEB1878">EB (1878)</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723131204/http://www.west-baalbeck.org/"><bdi lang="ar">إتحاد بلديات غربي بعلبك</bdi></a> [West Baalbeck Municipalities Union] (in Arabic). 2013. 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Retrieved 9 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Ba%27albak+%28District%2C+Lebanon%29+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Charts%2C+Map+and+Location&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Flebanon%2Fadmin%2Fbaalbak_al_harmal%2F53__baalbak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:102-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:102_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:102_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:102_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajemAmoreAbu_Khalil2021" class="citation book cs1">Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad (2021). Historical Dictionary of Lebanon. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2043-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2043-9"><bdi>978-1-5381-2043-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Lebanon&rft.place=Lanham+Boulder+New+York+London&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Asia%2C+Oceania%2C+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=45-46&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2043-9&rft.aulast=Najem&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Amore%2C+Roy+C.&rft.au=Abu+Khalil%2C+As%27ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/video/lebanon-war-and-unrest-hezbollah-retail-and-wholesale-israel-government-7338ad26e29d4e19b2a6f0d49b4649d7">Israeli war with Hezbollah cripples tourism in ancient city of Baalbek</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2024 – via apnews.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli+war+with+Hezbollah+cripples+tourism+in+ancient+city+of+Baalbek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fvideo%2Flebanon-war-and-unrest-hezbollah-retail-and-wholesale-israel-government-7338ad26e29d4e19b2a6f0d49b4649d7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaturel2019" class="citation book cs1">Paturel, Simone (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pS2hDwAAQBAJ">Baalbek-Heliopolis, the Bekaa, and Berytus from 100 BCE to 400 CE: A Landscape Transformed</a>. BRILL. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004400733" title="Special:BookSources/9789004400733"><bdi>9789004400733</bdi></a>. <q>The town of Baalbek is a Hezbollah stronghold and was the scene of Israeli commando raids in 2006 and some rocket fire from Syria in recent years due to the civil war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baalbek-Heliopolis%2C+the+Bekaa%2C+and+Berytus+from+100+BCE+to+400+CE%3A+A+Landscape+Transformed&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789004400733&rft.aulast=Paturel&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpS2hDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/video/lebanon-war-and-unrest-hezbollah-retail-and-wholesale-israel-government-7338ad26e29d4e19b2a6f0d49b4649d7">Israeli war with Hezbollah cripples tourism in ancient city of Baalbek</a>. Retrieved 18 November 2024 – via apnews.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli+war+with+Hezbollah+cripples+tourism+in+ancient+city+of+Baalbek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fvideo%2Flebanon-war-and-unrest-hezbollah-retail-and-wholesale-israel-government-7338ad26e29d4e19b2a6f0d49b4649d7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamzeh2004" class="citation book cs1">Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/In_the_Path_of_Hizbullah/HNyv0N8cVE0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22baalbek%22+%22hizbullah%22&pg=PA100">In the Path of Hizbullah</a>. Syracuse University Press. pp. 100–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3053-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3053-1"><bdi>978-0-8156-3053-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Path+of+Hizbullah&rft.pages=100-128&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3053-1&rft.aulast=Hamzeh&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Nizar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FIn_the_Path_of_Hizbullah%2FHNyv0N8cVE0C%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3D%2522baalbek%2522%2B%2522hizbullah%2522%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalthaner2011" class="citation book cs1">Malthaner, Stefan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mobilizing_the_Faithful/24SOGS31WVQC">Mobilizing the Faithful: Militant Islamist Groups and Their Constituencies</a>. Campus Verlag. pp. 82–83, 182–184, 236–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783593394121" title="Special:BookSources/9783593394121"><bdi>9783593394121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobilizing+the+Faithful%3A+Militant+Islamist+Groups+and+Their+Constituencies&rft.pages=82-83%2C+182-184%2C+236-242&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783593394121&rft.aulast=Malthaner&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FMobilizing_the_Faithful%2F24SOGS31WVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt2013" class="citation book cs1">Levitt, Matthew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfEQAAQBAJ">Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God</a> (Updated ed.). Georgetown University Press (published 2024). p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781647125325" title="Special:BookSources/9781647125325"><bdi>9781647125325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah%3A+The+Global+Footprint+of+Lebanon%27s+Party+of+God&rft.pages=129&rft.edition=Updated&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781647125325&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7YfEQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaddad2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chaddad, Rita (2021). "Culture, tourism, and territory: Analyzing discourses and perceptions of actors in Byblos and Baalbek in Lebanon". Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. 19 (6): 805–818. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14766825.2020.1802470">10.1080/14766825.2020.1802470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Tourism+and+Cultural+Change&rft.atitle=Culture%2C+tourism%2C+and+territory%3A+Analyzing+discourses+and+perceptions+of+actors+in+Byblos+and+Baalbek+in+Lebanon&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=805-818&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14766825.2020.1802470&rft.aulast=Chaddad&rft.aufirst=Rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/27/world/middleeast/bekaa-valley-lebanon-hezbollah.html">"Inside the Lebanese Valley Where Israel Is Bombarding Hezbollah"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. 27 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Lebanese+Valley+Where+Israel+Is+Bombarding+Hezbollah&rft.date=2024-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F09%2F27%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fbekaa-valley-lebanon-hezbollah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the961.com/winners-bekaa-iii-lebanons-elections-2022/">"Here's The List Of Who Won In The Bekaa III (Baalbek-Hermel) District In Lebanon's Elections 2022"</a>. 16 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Here%E2%80%99s+The+List+Of+Who+Won+In+The+Bekaa+III+%28Baalbek-Hermel%29+District+In+Lebanon%E2%80%99s+Elections+2022&rft.date=2022-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the961.com%2Fwinners-bekaa-iii-lebanons-elections-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/lebanon0907.pdf">"Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 War"</a> (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 19 (5): 124–129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Why+They+Died%3A+Civilian+Casualties+in+Lebanon+during+the+2006+War&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=124-129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Flebanon0907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peda-21"><a href="#cite_ref-peda_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedahzur2009" class="citation book cs1">Pedahzur, Ami (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhKCiqvUDkEC&pg=PA132">The Israeli Secret Services and the Struggle Against Terrorism</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231140423" title="Special:BookSources/9780231140423"><bdi>9780231140423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israeli+Secret+Services+and+the+Struggle+Against+Terrorism&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780231140423&rft.aulast=Pedahzur&rft.aufirst=Ami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjhKCiqvUDkEC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-22"><a href="#cite_ref-time_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Lee_Butters2006" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Lee Butters (2 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031042744/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1222201,00.html?#ixzz1wp9gTr5m">"Behind the Battle for Baalbek"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1222201,00.html#ixzz1wp9gTr5m">the original</a> on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Battle+for+Baalbek&rft.date=2006-08-02&rft.au=Andrew+Lee+Butters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1222201%2C00.html%23ixzz1wp9gTr5m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-conducts-air-raid-baalbek-hezbollah-stronghold-lebanon-2024-03-23/">"Israel conducts air raid on Baalbek, Hezbollah stronghold in Lebanon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 23 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Israel+conducts+air+raid+on+Baalbek%2C+Hezbollah+stronghold+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2024-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fisrael-conducts-air-raid-baalbek-hezbollah-stronghold-lebanon-2024-03-23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/israeli-airstrike-hits-hezbollah-stronghold-in-northeast-lebanon/7540324.html">"Israeli Airstrike Hits Hezbollah Stronghold in Northeast Lebanon"</a>. Voice of America. 23 March 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Israeli+Airstrike+Hits+Hezbollah+Stronghold+in+Northeast+Lebanon&rft.date=2024-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fisraeli-airstrike-hits-hezbollah-stronghold-in-northeast-lebanon%2F7540324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff, Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/11/1/what-is-lebanons-ancient-city-of-baalbek-and-why-is-israel-targeting-it">"What is Lebanon's ancient city of Baalbek and why is Israel targeting it?"</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=What+is+Lebanon%27s+ancient+city+of+Baalbek+and+why+is+Israel+targeting+it%3F&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2024%2F11%2F1%2Fwhat-is-lebanons-ancient-city-of-baalbek-and-why-is-israel-targeting-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> KTU 1.4 IV 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> KTU 1.100.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner2009-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteiner2009_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteiner2009_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteiner2009_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteiner2009_28-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteiner2009">Steiner (2009)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/294/">"Baalbek"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baalbek&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F294%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELendering2013-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2013_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELendering2013_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLendering2013">Lendering (2013)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJidejian19755-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJidejian19755_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJidejian19755_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJidejian1975">Jidejian (1975)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Amm. Marc.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/14*.html">Hist., Bk XIV, Ch. 8, §6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101123202/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/14%2A.html">Archived</a> 1 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJidejian197557-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJidejian197557_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJidejian1975">Jidejian (1975)</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA473_473]-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA473_473]_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA473_473]_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA473_473]_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA473">473</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10633_550]-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10633_550]_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10633_550]_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10633_550]_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10633_550]_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10633_550]_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10633_550]_36-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1914">Cook (1914)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0633">550</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA543_543]_38-19">t</a> <a href="#CITEREFEI1913">EI (1913)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543">543</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Mishnah, Maaserot 5:8 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Brit. Mus. Add. 12150. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophania_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophania (Eusebius)">Theophania</a>, 2.14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkitt1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvssdKNm9Hm4CpgPA51_51]-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkitt1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvssdKNm9Hm4CpgPA51_51]_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkitt1904">Burkitt (1904)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vssdKNm9Hm4C&pg=PA51">51</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbeck1865[httpsarchiveorgstreamsephraemisyrirab00overpage228mode2up_196]-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbeck1865[httpsarchiveorgstreamsephraemisyrirab00overpage228mode2up_196]_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOverbeck1865">Overbeck (1865)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sephraemisyrirab00over#page/228/mode/2up">196</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArastu2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMrxrBwAAQBAJpgPT616_616]-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArastu2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMrxrBwAAQBAJpgPT616_616]_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArastu2014">Arastu (2014)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MrxrBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT616">616</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-alalc-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alalc_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alalc_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf">"Arabic"</a> (PDF). ALA-LC Romanization Tables. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>: Library of Congress. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ALA-LC+Romanization+Tables&rft.atitle=Arabic&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Fromanization%2Farabic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEI1913">EI (1913)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''1878-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''1878_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDGRG1878">DGRG (1878)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0611.htm#17">Josh. 11:17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a09.htm#17">1 Kings 9:17–18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''New_Class._Dict.''1862-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''New_Class._Dict.''1862_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''New_Class._Dict.''1862_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''New_Class._Dict.''1862_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNew_Class._Dict.1862">New Class. Dict. (1862)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3008.htm#11">Song of Songs 8:11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1501.htm#5">Amos 1:5</a>, </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA468_468]-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA468_468]_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA468">468</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA453_453]-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA453_453]_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA453">453</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEB1911">EB (1911)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041011160916/http://www.dainst.org/index_12_en.html">"Lebanon, Baalbek"</a>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute" title="German Archaeological Institute">German Archaeological Institute</a>. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dainst.org/index_12_en.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2004. Retrieved 8 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanon%2C+Baalbek&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=German+Archaeological+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dainst.org%2Findex_12_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA456_456]-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA456_456]_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA456_456]_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA456_456]_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA456_456]_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA456_456]_57-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA456">456</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781036-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781036_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781036_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781036_58-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDGRG1878">DGRG (1878)</a>, p. 1036. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Hélène Sader.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJidejian197547-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJidejian197547_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJidejian1975">Jidejian (1975)</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA470_470]-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA470_470]_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA470">470</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a07.htm#2">1 Kings 7:2–7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''CT''2010-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''CT''2010_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''CT''2010_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''CT''2010_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''CT''2010_63-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCT2010">CT (2010)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolney1787224-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolney1787224_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolney1787224_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolney1787">Volney (1787)</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781038-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781038_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781038_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781038_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781038_66-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDGRG1878">DGRG (1878)</a>, p. 1038. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA454_454]-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA454_454]_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA454">454</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadziwiłł1601-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadziwiłł1601_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadziwiłł1601_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadziwiłł1601">Radziwiłł (1601)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''191189-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''191189_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''191189_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEB1911">EB (1911)</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Ant.</a>, XIV.3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Nat. Hist.</a>, V.22. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Strabo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography (Strabo)">Geogr</a>., <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC/%CE%99%CE%A3%CE%A4" class="extiw" title="s:el:Γεωγραφικά/ΙΣΤ">Bk. 14, Ch. 2, §10</a>. (in Greek) </li> <li id="cite_note-ptol-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ptol_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ptol_73-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geogr.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Ptol/ptol127.htm">Bk. V, Ch. 15, §22</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929184129/http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Ptol/ptol127.htm">Archived</a> 29 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037_74-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037_74-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037_74-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DGRG''18781037_74-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFDGRG1878">DGRG (1878)</a>, p. 1037. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELohmann2010-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELohmann2010_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLohmann2010">Lohmann (2010)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELohmann201029-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELohmann201029_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELohmann201029_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLohmann2010">Lohmann (2010)</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1956-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1956_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowland1956">Rowland (1956)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropp_&_al.2011-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropp_&_al.2011_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKropp_&_al.2011">Kropp & al. (2011)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-macrobe-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macrobe_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-macrobe_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-macrobe_81-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia_(Macrobius)" title="Saturnalia (Macrobius)">Saturnalia</a>, Vol. I, Ch. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10635_552]-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10635_552]_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10635_552]_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1914">Cook (1914)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0635">552</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-macrobe-81">[75]</a> translated in <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bernard_Cook" title="Arthur Bernard Cook">Cook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10635_552]-82">[76]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves1955[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidClTmOEBNMhACpgPT40_40–41]-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves1955[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidClTmOEBNMhACpgPT40_40–41]_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves1955[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidClTmOEBNMhACpgPT40_40–41]_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraves1955">Graves (1955)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ClTmOEBNMhAC&pg=PT40">40–41</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA471_471]-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA471_471]_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA471_471]_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA471_471]_85-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA471">471</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10637_554]-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10637_554]_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10637_554]_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10637_554]_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10637_554]_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10637_554]_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10637_554]_86-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1914">Cook (1914)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0637">554</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10635_552–553]-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10635_552–553]_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1914">Cook (1914)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0635">552–553</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10636_553]-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10636_553]_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1914">Cook (1914)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0636">553</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a>, De Censibus, Bk. I. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a>, Hist. Eccles., v.10. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a>, Hist. Eccles., III.7 & IV.22. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52hgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA85">Hist. Compend. Dynast., p. 85.</a> (in Latin) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]_95-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]_95-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]_95-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]_95-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]_95-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]_95-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10639_556]_95-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1914">Cook (1914)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0639">556</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]_96-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]_96-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]_96-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]_96-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10638_555]_96-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1914">Cook (1914)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0638">555</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiebuhrDindorf1832" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Barthold_Georg_Niebuhr" title="Barthold Georg Niebuhr">Niebuhr, Barthold Georg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Dindorf#Ludwig_Dindorf" title="Karl Wilhelm Dindorf">Dindorf, Ludwig</a>, eds. (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_8CQAAAAAYAAJ#page/n593">"σπθʹ Ὀλυμπιάς"</a> [CCLXXXIX]. Chronicon Paschale. <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Scriptorum_Historiae_Byzantinae" title="Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae">Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae</a> (in Greek and Latin). Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>: Impensis ed. Weberi. p. 561.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B8%CA%B9+%E1%BD%88%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%82&rft.btitle=Chronicon+Paschale&rft.place=Bonn&rft.series=Corpus+Scriptorum+Historiae+Byzantinae&rft.pages=561&rft.pub=Impensis+ed.+Weberi&rft.date=1832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbub_gb_8CQAAAAAYAAJ%23page%2Fn593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177_98-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177_98-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177_98-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177_98-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177_98-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878177_98-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFEB1878">EB (1878)</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''CMH''1966[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9lHeh36S8ooCpgPT634_634]-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''CMH''1966[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9lHeh36S8ooCpgPT634_634]_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCMH1966">CMH (1966)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC&pg=PT634">634</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenning_&_al.2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidubflCAAAQBAJpgPA109_109]-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenning_&_al.2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidubflCAAAQBAJpgPA109_109]_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenning_&_al.2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidubflCAAAQBAJpgPA109_109]_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVenning_&_al.2015">Venning & al. 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(2015)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubflCAAAQBAJ&&pg=PA138">138</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenning_&_al.2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidubflCAAAQBAJpgPA141_141–142]-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenning_&_al.2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidubflCAAAQBAJpgPA141_141–142]_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVenning_&_al.2015">Venning & al. (2015)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubflCAAAQBAJ&&pg=PA141">141–142</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA475_475–476]-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA475_475–476]_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA475">475–476</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqiyY1CKE9SICpgPA94_94]-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqiyY1CKE9SICpgPA94_94]_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqiyY1CKE9SICpgPA94_94]_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqiyY1CKE9SICpgPA94_94]_105-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlouf1944">Alouf (1944)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyY1CKE9SIC&pg=PA94">94</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJfXl5kvabhoCpgPA52_52]-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJfXl5kvabhoCpgPA52_52]_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJfXl5kvabhoCpgPA52_52]_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJfXl5kvabhoCpgPA52_52]_106-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys1977">Humphreys (1977)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC&pg=PA52">52</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAkCKZ9Hs4-QCpgPA63_63]-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAkCKZ9Hs4-QCpgPA63_63]_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2013">Lock 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC&pg=PA63">63</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1951[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQL88AAAAIAAJpgPA410_410]-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1951[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQL88AAAAIAAJpgPA410_410]_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1951[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQL88AAAAIAAJpgPA410_410]_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1951">Runciman (1951)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA410">410</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESato1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMycQL-9_bqwCpgPA57_57]-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESato1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMycQL-9_bqwCpgPA57_57]_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSato1997">Sato (1997)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MycQL-9_bqwC&pg=PA57">57</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRfO1J6hjcdgCpgPA572_572]-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRfO1J6hjcdgCpgPA572_572]_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRfO1J6hjcdgCpgPA572_572]_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldwin1969">Baldwin (1969)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfO1J6hjcdgC&pg=PA572">572</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöhler2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtYG0AQAAQBAJpgPA226_226]-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöhler2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtYG0AQAAQBAJpgPA226_226]_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöhler2013">Köhler (2013)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYG0AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA226">226</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons_&_al.1982[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkRF1F3wK26YCpgPA132_132–133]-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons_&_al.1982[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkRF1F3wK26YCpgPA132_132–133]_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons_&_al.1982[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkRF1F3wK26YCpgPA132_132–133]_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons_&_al.1982[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkRF1F3wK26YCpgPA132_132–133]_112-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyons_&_al.1982">Lyons & al. (1982)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRF1F3wK26YC&pg=PA132">132–133</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESato1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMycQL-9_bqwCpgPA58_58]-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESato1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMycQL-9_bqwCpgPA58_58]_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSato1997">Sato (1997)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MycQL-9_bqwC&pg=PA58">58</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenning_&_al.2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidubflCAAAQBAJpgPA299_299]-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenning_&_al.2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidubflCAAAQBAJpgPA299_299]_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVenning_&_al.2015">Venning & al. 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubflCAAAQBAJ&&pg=PA299">299</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA476_476]-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA476_476]_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA476_476]_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA476">476</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqiyY1CKE9SICpgPA96_96]-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqiyY1CKE9SICpgPA96_96]_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqiyY1CKE9SICpgPA96_96]_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlouf1944">Alouf (1944)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyY1CKE9SIC&pg=PA96">96</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> le Strange, 1890, p. xxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EI''1913[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzJU3AAAAIAAJpgPA544_544]_118-13">n</a> <a href="#CITEREFEI1913">EI (1913)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA544">544</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Stefan Winter (11 March 2010). The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788. Cambridge University Press, Page 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178_120-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178_120-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178_120-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878178_120-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFEB1878">EB (1878)</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgarten1594-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgarten1594_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumgarten1594">Baumgarten (1594)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelon1553-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelon1553_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelon1553">Belon (1553)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelon1554-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelon1554_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelon1554">Belon (1554)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThevet1554-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThevet1554_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThevet1554_124-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThevet1554">Thevet (1554)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlitz1580-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedlitz1580_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedlitz1580">Sedlitz (1580)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuaresmio1639-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuaresmio1639_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuaresmio1639">Quaresmio (1639)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonconys1665-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonconys1665_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonconys1665">Monconys (1665)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Roque1722-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Roque1722_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Roque1722">de la Roque (1722)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaundrell1703-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaundrell1703_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaundrell1703_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaundrell1703">Maundrell (1703)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPococke1745-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPococke1745_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPococke1745_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPococke1745">Pococke (1745)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolney1787-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolney1787_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolney1787">Volney (1787)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1822-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1822_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardson1822">Richardson (1822)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1850-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesney1850_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesney1850">Chesney (1850)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1868-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesney1868_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesney1868">Chesney (1868)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamartine1835-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamartine1835_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamartine1835">Lamartine (1835)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarmont1837-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarmont1837_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarmont1837">Marmont (1837)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison1838-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAddison1838_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAddison1838_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAddison1838">Addison (1838)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay1838-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay1838_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindsay1838">Lindsay (1838)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1841-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1841_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson1841">Robinson (1841)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1856-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1856_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson1856">Robinson (1856)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1847-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1847_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1847">Wilson (1847)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Saulcy1853-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Saulcy1853_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Saulcy1853">De Saulcy (1853)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrauberger1892-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrauberger1892_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrauberger1892">Frauberger (1892)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoote" class="citation web cs1">Coote, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100902070011/http://www.utexas.edu/architecture/center/center9%20copy/coote.html">"Adam's Bed: 16 Varieties of (Im)propriety"</a>. Austin: Center for American Architecture & Design, University of Texas School of Architecture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/architecture/center/center9%20copy/coote.html">the original</a> on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adam%27s+Bed%3A+16+Varieties+of+%28Im%29propriety&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=Center+for+American+Architecture+%26+Design%2C+University+of+Texas+School+of+Architecture&rft.aulast=Coote&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utexas.edu%2Farchitecture%2Fcenter%2Fcenter9%2520copy%2Fcoote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071104133047/http://www.stgeorgesbloomsbury.org.uk/hist.htm">"St George's Church Bloomsbury"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stgeorgesbloomsbury.org.uk/">the original</a> on 4 November 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+George%27s+Church+Bloomsbury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stgeorgesbloomsbury.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiegand1925-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiegand1925_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiegand1925_147-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiegand1925">Wiegand (1925)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJidejian197515-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJidejian197515_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJidejian1975">Jidejian (1975)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_&_al.199935-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_&_al.199935_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_&_al.199935_149-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdam_&_al.1999">Adam & al. (1999)</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam1977-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam1977_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdam1977">Adam (1977)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHC" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/294">"Baalbek"</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Centre">World Heritage Centre</a>. 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baalbek&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenz2010-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGenz2010_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGenz2010">Genz (2010)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/10/24/lebanon-s-ancient-city-of-baalbek-bears-the-scars-of-israeli-bombs_6730359_4.html">"Lebanon's ancient city of Baalbek bears the scars of Israeli bombs"</a>. 24 October 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lebanon%27s+ancient+city+of+Baalbek+bears+the+scars+of+Israeli+bombs&rft.date=2024-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2024%2F10%2F24%2Flebanon-s-ancient-city-of-baalbek-bears-the-scars-of-israeli-bombs_6730359_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehrer2014-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehrer2014_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKehrer2014">Kehrer (2014)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-back-155"><a href="#cite_ref-back_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudvigsen2008" class="citation book cs1">Ludvigsen, Børre (2008). 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Middle East Eye. Retrieved 4 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=The+lost+tourists+of+Lebanon%27s+%27red+zone%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Ffeatures%2Flost-tourists-lebanons-red-zone%23%3A~%3Atext%3DLike%2520many%2520other%2520touristic%2520sites%2CIsrael-Lebanon%2520War%2520in%25202006.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoury2024" class="citation web cs1">Khoury, Gilles (11 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1435104/the-violation-of-our-private-and-collective-memories.html">"The violation of our private and collective memories"</a>. Retrieved 12 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+violation+of+our+private+and+collective+memories&rft.date=2024-11-11&rft.aulast=Khoury&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.lorientlejour.com%2Farticle%2F1435104%2Fthe-violation-of-our-private-and-collective-memories.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''191190-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''191190_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''191190_186-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEB1911">EB (1911)</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA459_459]-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA459_459]_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA459_459]_187-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA459_459]_187-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA459_459]_187-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA459_459]_187-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA459_459]_187-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA459">459</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10643_560]-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10643_560]_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10643_560]_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10643_560]_188-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10643_560]_188-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1914">Cook (1914)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0643">560</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam197752-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam197752_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdam1977">Adam (1977)</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944139-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlouf1944139_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlouf1944">Alouf (1944)</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuprechtsberger199915-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuprechtsberger199915_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuprechtsberger1999">Ruprechtsberger (1999)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuprechtsberger199917-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuprechtsberger199917_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuprechtsberger1999">Ruprechtsberger (1999)</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyk1CKgPRKtACpgPA892_892]-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyk1CKgPRKtACpgPA892_892]_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHastings2004">Hastings (2004)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yk1CKgPRKtAC&pg=PA892">892</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA465_465]-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA465_465]_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA465">465</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]_197-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]_197-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]_197-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]_197-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA466_466]_197-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA466">466</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10641_558–559]-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10641_558–559]_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1914">Cook (1914)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0641">558–559</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10642_559]-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10642_559]_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10642_559]_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10642_559]_200-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10642_559]_200-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10642_559]_200-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1914">Cook (1914)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0642">559</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10648_565]-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10648_565]_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1914">Cook (1914)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0648">565</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA460_460]-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA460_460]_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA460">460</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA462_462]-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA462_462]_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA462_462]_203-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA462">462</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulton197416-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulton197416_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoulton1974">Coulton (1974)</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10647_564]-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10647_564]_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1914">Cook (1914)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0647">564</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA458_458]-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA458_458]_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA458_458]_206-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA458_458]_206-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA458_458]_206-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA458_458]_206-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA458">458</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEB1878">EB (1878)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA467_467]-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA467_467]_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA467_467]_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1881[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmzdQAQAAIAAJpgPA467_467]_211-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJessup1881">Jessup (1881)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA467">467</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Michel M. Alouf -History of Baalbek 1922 "After the defeat and murder of Hossein by the Ommiads, his family was led captive to Damascus; but Kholat died at Baalbek on her way into exile." </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Nelles Guide Syria – Lebanon -Wolfgang Gockel, Helga Bruns – 1998 – Page 202 3886181057 "Ensconced under a white dome further towards town are the mortal remains of Kholat, daughter of Hussein and granddaughter of." </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0704.htm">"Titular See of Heliopolis in Phœnicia, Lebanon"</a>. www.gcatholic.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gcatholic.org&rft.atitle=Titular+See+of+Heliopolis+in+Ph%C5%93nicia%2C+Lebanon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fdioceses%2Fformer%2Ft0704.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate-Data.org-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate-Data.org_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.climate-data.org/location/4558/">"Climate: Baalbek"</a>. Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 25 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate%3A+Baalbek&rft.pub=Climate-Data.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.climate-data.org%2Flocation%2F4558%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1838" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "picture". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA52-IA14">Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839</a>. Fisher, Son & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=picture&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1839&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DufpcAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA52-IA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1838" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "poetical illustration". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA52-IA16">Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839</a>. Fisher, Son & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=poetical+illustration&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1839&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DufpcAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA52-IA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyaifullah2008" class="citation web cs1">Syaifullah, M. (26 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090818225745/http://tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa/2008/10/26/brk%2C20081026-142146%2Cid.html">"Yogyakarta dan Libanon Bentuk Kota Kembar"</a>. Tempo Interaktif. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nusa/2008/10/26/brk,20081026-142146,id.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tempo+Interaktif&rft.atitle=Yogyakarta+dan+Libanon+Bentuk+Kota+Kembar&rft.date=2008-10-26&rft.aulast=Syaifullah&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tempointeraktif.com%2Fhg%2Fnusa%2F2008%2F10%2F26%2Fbrk%2C20081026-142146%2Cid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_external_links">Sources and external links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baalbek" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Baalbek">Baalbek</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Baalbek#Q178835" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Baalbek">Baalbek</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Baalbek&ie=UTF8&t=k&om=1&ll=34.006857,36.203921&spn=0.003313,0.006781">Google Maps satellite view</a></li> <li>Panoramas of the temples at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515020154/http://lebanon360hd.com/videos/video_baal_en.html">Lebanon 360</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverlebanon.com/en/panoramic_views/bekaa/baalbeck/monuments.php">Discover Lebanon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605035347/http://www.dainst.org/index_2951_en.html">Archaeological research in Baalbek</a> from the <a href="/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute" title="German Archaeological Institute">German Archaeological Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0704.htm">GCatholic – Latin titular see</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baalbeck.org.lb/">Baalbeck International Festival</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/380/385/railways/branches/riyaq-homs/index.html">Baalbek Railway Station</a> (2006) at Al Mashriq</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCMH1966" class="citation book cs1">Hussey, J.M., ed. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC">The Byzantine Empire</a>. Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. IV. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=%27%27Cambridge+Medieval+History%27%27%2C+Vol.+IV&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9lHeh36S8ooC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Class._Dict.1862" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, William; Anthon, Charles, eds. (1862). "Heliopolis". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjIaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA349">A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and Geography</a>. New York: Harper & Bros. p. 349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heliopolis&rft.btitle=A+New+Classical+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography%2C+Mythology%2C+and+Geography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros.&rft.date=1862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFjIaAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCT2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">K., T. (2010). "Baalbek". In Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&pg=PA115">The Classical Tradition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Mass." class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, Mass.">Cambridge</a>: Harvard University Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baalbek&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft.aulast=K.&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbqF8z2bq3sC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook's1876" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Ba'albek". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cookstouristsha13ltdgoog#page/n379/mode/2up">Cook's Tourists' Handbook for Palestine and Syria</a>. London: T. Cook & Son. 1876. pp. 359–365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ba%27albek&rft.btitle=Cook%27s+Tourists%27+Handbook+for+Palestine+and+Syria&rft.place=London&rft.pages=359-365&rft.pub=T.+Cook+%26+Son&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcookstouristsha13ltdgoog%23page%2Fn379%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDGRG1878" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Bodham_Donne" title="William Bodham Donne">Donne, William Bodham</a> (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nEtBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1036">"Helio′polis Syriae"</a>. In Smith, William (ed.). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Vol. I. London: John Murray. pp. 1036–1038.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helio%E2%80%B2polis+Syriae&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Geography%2C+Vol.+I&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1036-1038&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Donne&rft.aufirst=William+Bodham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnEtBAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA1036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Baalbec">"Baalbec" </a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 176–178</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baalbec&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=176-178&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_George_Hogarth" title="David George Hogarth">Hogarth, David George</a> (1911), <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Baalbek">"Baalbek" </a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.), <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, vol. 3 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 89–90</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baalbek&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=89-90&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hogarth&rft.aufirst=David+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEI1913" class="citation book cs1">Sobernheim, Moritz (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543">"Baalbek"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples. Vol. I (1st ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 543–544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004082654" title="Special:BookSources/9004082654"><bdi>9004082654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baalbek&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+A+Dictionary+of+the+Geography%2C+Ethnography%2C+and+Biography+of+the+Muhammadan+Peoples&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=543-544&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=9004082654&rft.aulast=Sobernheim&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzJU3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEI1936" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zettersteen, K.V. (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&pg=PA1224">"Zengī"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples. Vol. VIII (1st ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 1224–1225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004097961" title="Special:BookSources/9004097961"><bdi>9004097961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zeng%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+A+Dictionary+of+the+Geography%2C+Ethnography%2C+and+Biography+of+the+Muhammadan+Peoples&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1224-1225&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=9004097961&rft.aulast=Zettersteen&rft.aufirst=K.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dro--tXw_hxMC%26pg%3DPA1224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam1977" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Adam" title="Jean-Pierre Adam">Adam, Jean-Pierre</a> (1977). "À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes" [About the Baalbeck Trilithon: The Transport and Use of the Megaliths]. Syria (in French). 54 (1/2): 31–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fsyria.1977.6623">10.3406/syria.1977.6623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syria&rft.atitle=%C3%80+propos+du+trilithon+de+Baalbek%3A+Le+transport+et+la+mise+en+oeuvre+des+m%C3%A9galithes&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=31-63&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fsyria.1977.6623&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_&_al.1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Adam" title="Jean-Pierre Adam">Adam, Jean-Pierre</a>; Mathews, Anthony (1999). Roman Building: Materials and Techniques. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20866-6"><bdi>978-0-415-20866-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Building%3A+Materials+and+Techniques&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20866-6&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Mathews%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddison1838" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Addison" title="Charles G. Addison">Addison, Charles Greenstreet</a> (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/damascusandpalm01addigoog#page/n7/mode/2up">Damascus and Palmyra: A Journey to the East with a Sketch of the State and Prospects of Syria, under Ibrahim Pasha, Vol. II</a>. Philadelphia: T.K. & P.G. Collins for E.L. Carey & A. Hart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damascus+and+Palmyra%3A+A+Journey+to+the+East+with+a+Sketch+of+the+State+and+Prospects+of+Syria%2C+under+Ibrahim+Pasha%2C+Vol.+II&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=T.K.+%26+P.G.+Collins+for+E.L.+Carey+%26+A.+Hart&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Addison&rft.aufirst=Charles+Greenstreet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdamascusandpalm01addigoog%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlouf1944" class="citation book cs1">Alouf, Michel M. (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qiyY1CKE9SIC">History of Baalbek</a>. Beirut: American Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585090631" title="Special:BookSources/9781585090631"><bdi>9781585090631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Baalbek&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pub=American+Press&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=9781585090631&rft.aulast=Alouf&rft.aufirst=Michel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqiyY1CKE9SIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArastu2014" class="citation book cs1">Arastu, Rizwan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MrxrBwAAQBAJ">God's Emissaries: Adam to Jesus</a>. Dearborn: Imam Mahdi Association of Marjaeya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-21411-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-21411-4"><bdi>978-0-692-21411-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Emissaries%3A+Adam+to+Jesus&rft.place=Dearborn&rft.pub=Imam+Mahdi+Association+of+Marjaeya&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-692-21411-4&rft.aulast=Arastu&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMrxrBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1969" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Marshall W., ed. (1969). "The Rise of Saladin". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfO1J6hjcdgC">A History of the Crusades, Vol. I: The First Hundred Years, 2nd ed.</a>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299048341" title="Special:BookSources/9780299048341"><bdi>9780299048341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Saladin&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Vol.+I%3A+The+First+Hundred+Years%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780299048341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfO1J6hjcdgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgarten1594" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Martin_von_Baumgarten" title="Martin von Baumgarten">Baumgarten, Martin von (Martinus à Baumgarten in Braitenbach)</a> (1594). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9SQ8AAAAcAAJ">Peregrinatio in Aegyptum, Arabiam, Palaestinam, & Syriam</a> [A Trip to Egypt, Arabia, Palestine, & Syria] (in Latin). Nürnberg (Noriberga).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peregrinatio+in+Aegyptum%2C+Arabiam%2C+Palaestinam%2C+%26+Syriam&rft.place=N%C3%BCrnberg+%28Noriberga%29&rft.date=1594&rft.aulast=Baumgarten&rft.aufirst=Martin+von+%28Martinus+%C3%A0+Baumgarten+in+Braitenbach%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9SQ8AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelon1553" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Belon" title="Pierre Belon">Belon, Pierre (Petrus Bellonius Cenomanus)</a> (1553). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGxEAAAAcAAJ">De Admirabili Operum Antiquorum et Rerum Suspiciendarum Praestantia</a> [On the Admirableness of the Works of the Ancients and a Presentation of Suspected Things] (in Latin). Paris (Parisius): Guillaume Cavellat (Gulielmus Cavellat).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Admirabili+Operum+Antiquorum+et+Rerum+Suspiciendarum+Praestantia&rft.place=Paris+%28Parisius%29&rft.pub=Guillaume+Cavellat+%28Gulielmus+Cavellat%29&rft.date=1553&rft.aulast=Belon&rft.aufirst=Pierre+%28Petrus+Bellonius+Cenomanus%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCGxEAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelon1554" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Belon, Pierre (1554). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ic8AAAAcAAJ&pg=PR2">Les observations de plusieurs singularitez & choses memorables, trouvées en Grece, Asie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie, & autres pays estranges</a> [Observations on the Many Singularities & Memorable Things Found in Greece, Asia, Judea, Egypt, Arabia, & Other Strange Lands] (in French). Paris: Gilles Corrozet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+observations+de+plusieurs+singularitez+%26+choses+memorables%2C+trouv%C3%A9es+en+Grece%2C+Asie%2C+Jud%C3%A9e%2C+Egypte%2C+Arabie%2C+%26+autres+pays+estranges&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gilles+Corrozet&rft.date=1554&rft.aulast=Belon&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ic8AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHRW2007" class="citation web cs1">Bouckaert, Peter; Houry, Nadim (2007). Whitson, Sarah Leah; Ross, James; Saunders, Joseph; Roth, Kenneth (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/lebanon0907.pdf">"Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 War"</a> (PDF). Human Rights Watch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+They+Died%3A+Civilian+Casualties+in+Lebanon+during+the+2006+War&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bouckaert&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Houry%2C+Nadim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Flebanon0907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkitt1904" class="citation book cs1">Burkitt, Francis Crawford (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vssdKNm9Hm4C">Early Eastern Christianity: St Margaret's Lectures, 1904, on the Syriac-speaking Church</a>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593331016" title="Special:BookSources/9781593331016"><bdi>9781593331016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Eastern+Christianity%3A+St+Margaret%27s+Lectures%2C+1904%2C+on+the+Syriac-speaking+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1904&rft.isbn=9781593331016&rft.aulast=Burkitt&rft.aufirst=Francis+Crawford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvssdKNm9Hm4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesney1850" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon_Chesney" title="Francis Rawdon Chesney">Chesney, Francis Rawdon</a> (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=555UAAAAYAAJ">The Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by Order of the British Government, in the Years 1835, 1836, and 1837; Preceded by Geographical and Historical Notices of the Regions Situated between the Rivers Nile and Indus</a>. London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expedition+for+the+Survey+of+the+Rivers+Euphrates+and+Tigris%2C+carried+on+by+Order+of+the+British+Government%2C+in+the+Years+1835%2C+1836%2C+and+1837%3B+Preceded+by+Geographical+and+Historical+Notices+of+the+Regions+Situated+between+the+Rivers+Nile+and+Indus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+%26+Longmans&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Chesney&rft.aufirst=Francis+Rawdon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D555UAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22799">volume I</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22799">volume II</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesney1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon_Chesney" title="Francis Rawdon Chesney">Chesney, Francis Rawdon</a> (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/narrativeeuphra00chesgoog#page/n12/mode/2up">Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition carried on by Order of the British Government during the Years 1835, 1836, and 1837</a>. London: Spttiswoode & Co. for Longmans, Green, & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+Euphrates+Expedition+carried+on+by+Order+of+the+British+Government+during+the+Years+1835%2C+1836%2C+and+1837&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Spttiswoode+%26+Co.+for+Longmans%2C+Green%2C+%26+Co.&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Chesney&rft.aufirst=Francis+Rawdon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnarrativeeuphra00chesgoog%23page%2Fn12%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1914" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0011">Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion</a>. Vol. I: Zeus God of the Bright Sky. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeus%3A+A+Study+in+Ancient+Religion&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fdiglit%2Fcook1914bd1%2F0011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulton1974" class="citation journal cs1">Coulton, J.J. (1974). "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture". Journal of Hellenic Studies. 94: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F630416">10.2307/630416</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/630416">630416</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162973494">162973494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=Lifting+in+Early+Greek+Architecture&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162973494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F630416%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F630416&rft.aulast=Coulton&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Roque1722" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_la_Roque" title="Jean de la Roque">de la Roque, Jean</a> (1722). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BtUWAAAAQAAJ">Voyage de Syrie et du Mont-Leban</a> [Travel to Syria and Mount Lebanon] (in French). Paris: André Cailleau.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+de+Syrie+et+du+Mont-Leban&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9+Cailleau&rft.date=1722&rft.aulast=de+la+Roque&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtUWAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Saulcy1853" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Louis_F%C3%A9licien_de_Saulcy" title="Louis Félicien de Saulcy">De Saulcy, Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart</a> (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/voyageautourdel01saulgoog#page/n6/mode/2up">Voyage Autour de la Mer Morte et dans les Terres Bibliques exécuté de Decembre 1850 a Avril 1851</a> [Travel around the Dead Sea and within the Biblical Lands undertaken from December 1850 to April 1851], Vol. II] (in French). Paris: J. Claye & Co. for Gide & J. Baudry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+Autour+de+la+Mer+Morte+et+dans+les+Terres+Bibliques+ex%C3%A9cut%C3%A9+de+Decembre+1850+a+Avril+1851&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=J.+Claye+%26+Co.+for+Gide+%26+J.+Baudry&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=De+Saulcy&rft.aufirst=Louis+F%C3%A9licien+Joseph+Caignart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fvoyageautourdel01saulgoog%23page%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrauberger1892" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frauberger, Heinrich (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/frauberger1892/0005?sid=ab950d5b6241a257fc52ce565814ae81">Die Akropolis von Baalbek</a> [The Baalbek Acropolis] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_on_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt on Main">Frankfurt</a>: H. Keller.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Akropolis+von+Baalbek&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pub=H.+Keller&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Frauberger&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fdiglit%2Ffrauberger1892%2F0005%3Fsid%3Dab950d5b6241a257fc52ce565814ae81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenz2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Genz, Hermann (2010). "Reflections on the Early Bronze Age IV in Lebanon". In Matthiae, Paolo; Pinnock, Frances; Marchetti, Nicolò; Nigro (eds.). Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: 5 May–10 May 2009, "Sapienza", Università di Roma. Vol. 2: Excavations, Surveys, and Restorations: Reports on Recent Field Archaeology in the Near East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 205–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06216-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06216-9"><bdi>978-3-447-06216-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Early+Bronze+Age+IV+in+Lebanon&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+6th+International+Congress+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+5+May%E2%80%9310+May+2009%2C+%22Sapienza%22%2C+Universit%C3%A0+di+Roma&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=205-218&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06216-9&rft.aulast=Genz&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Graves, Robert</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ClTmOEBNMhAC">The Greek Myths</a>. Vol. I. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141959658" title="Special:BookSources/9780141959658"><bdi>9780141959658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Myths&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=9780141959658&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DClTmOEBNMhAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/James_Hastings" title="James Hastings">Hastings, James</a> (2004) [1898]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yk1CKgPRKtAC">A Dictionary of the Bible Dealing with Its Language, Literature, and Contents</a>. Vol. IV, Pt. II. University Press of the Pacific in Honolulu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-1729-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-1729-5"><bdi>978-1-4102-1729-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+Dealing+with+Its+Language%2C+Literature%2C+and+Contents&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific+in+Honolulu&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4102-1729-5&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyk1CKgPRKtAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1977" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC">From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260</a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-263-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-263-4"><bdi>0-87395-263-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Saladin+to+the+Mongols%3A+The+Ayyubids+of+Damascus%2C+1193%E2%80%931260&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-87395-263-4&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=R.+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfXl5kvabhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessup1881" class="citation book cs1">Jessup, Samuel (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzdQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA453">"Ba'albek"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Wilson" title="Charles William Wilson">Wilson, Charles William</a> (ed.). Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt, Div. II. New York: D. Appleton & Co., illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Fenn" title="Harry Fenn">Henry Fenn</a> & <a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Woodward_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Douglas Woodward (artist)">J.D. Woodward</a>. pp. 453–476.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ba%27albek&rft.btitle=Picturesque+Palestine%2C+Sinai%2C+and+Egypt%2C+Div.+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=453-476&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Co.%2C+illustrated+by+Henry+Fenn+%26+J.D.+Woodward&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Jessup&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmzdQAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJidejian1975" class="citation book cs1">Jidejian, Nina (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MZtAAAAMAAJ">Baalbek: Heliopolis: "City of the Sun"</a>. Beirut: Dar el-Machreq Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7214-5884-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7214-5884-1"><bdi>978-2-7214-5884-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baalbek%3A+Heliopolis%3A+%22City+of+the+Sun%22&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pub=Dar+el-Machreq+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-2-7214-5884-1&rft.aulast=Jidejian&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7MZtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehrer2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kehrer, Nicole (21 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141212011113/http://www.dainst.org/pressemitteilung/-/asset_publisher/nZcCAiLqg1db/content/libanesisch-deutsches-forscherteam-entdeckt-weltweit-gro%C3%9Ften-antiken-steinblock-in-baalbek?redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dainst.org%2Fmeldungen&redirectURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dainst.org%2Fpressemitteilung%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_nZcCAiLqg1db%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-6%26p_p_col_count%3D1">"Libanesisch-deutsches Forscherteam entdeckt weltweit größten antiken Steinblock in Baalbek"</a> [Lebanese-German Research Team Discovers the World's Largest Ancient Stone Block in Baalbek] (in German). Berlin: <a href="/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute" title="German Archaeological Institute">German Archaeological Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dainst.org/pressemitteilung/-/asset_publisher/nZcCAiLqg1db/content/libanesisch-deutsches-forscherteam-entdeckt-weltweit-gro%C3%9Ften-antiken-steinblock-in-baalbek?redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dainst.org%2Fmeldungen&redirectURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dainst.org%2Fpressemitteilung%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_nZcCAiLqg1db%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-6%26p_p_col_count%3D1">the original</a> on 12 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libanesisch-deutsches+Forscherteam+entdeckt+weltweit+gr%C3%B6%C3%9Ften+antiken+Steinblock+in+Baalbek&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=German+Archaeological+Institute&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft.aulast=Kehrer&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dainst.org%2Fpressemitteilung%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FnZcCAiLqg1db%2Fcontent%2Flibanesisch-deutsches-forscherteam-entdeckt-weltweit-gro%25C3%259Ften-antiken-steinblock-in-baalbek%3Fredirect%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.dainst.org%252Fmeldungen%26redirectURL%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.dainst.org%252Fpressemitteilung%253Fp_p_id%253D101_INSTANCE_nZcCAiLqg1db%2526p_p_lifecycle%253D0%2526p_p_state%253Dnormal%2526p_p_mode%253Dview%2526p_p_col_id%253Dcolumn-6%2526p_p_col_count%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöhler2013" class="citation book cs1">Köhler, Michael (2013). Hirschler, Konrad (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYG0AQAAQBAJ">Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades</a>. The Muslim World in the Age of the Crusades, Vol. I. Leiden: translated from the German by Peter M. Holt for Koninklijke Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24857-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24857-1"><bdi>978-90-04-24857-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2213-1043">2213-1043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alliances+and+Treaties+between+Frankish+and+Muslim+Rulers+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Cross-Cultural+Diplomacy+in+the+Period+of+the+Crusades&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=%27%27The+Muslim+World+in+the+Age+of+the+Crusades%27%27%2C+Vol.+I&rft.pub=translated+from+the+German+by+Peter+M.+Holt+for+Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=2213-1043&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24857-1&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtYG0AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropp_&_al.2011" class="citation web cs1">Kropp, Andreas; Lohmann, Daniel (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1154782">"'Master, look at the size of those stones! Look at the size of those buildings!' Analogies in Construction Techniques Between the Temples at Heliopolis (Baalbek) and Jerusalem"</a>. pp. 38–50. Retrieved 13 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Master%2C+look+at+the+size+of+those+stones%21+Look+at+the+size+of+those+buildings%21%27+Analogies+in+Construction+Techniques+Between+the+Temples+at+Heliopolis+%28Baalbek%29+and+Jerusalem&rft.pages=38-50&rft.date=2011-04&rft.aulast=Kropp&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1154782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamartine1835" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lamartine, Alphonse de (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/souvenirsimpress00lama#page/n3/mode/2up">Souvenirs, Impressions, Pensées, et Paysages pendant un Voyage en Orient 1832–1833 ou Notes d'un Voyageur</a> [Remembrances, Impressions, Thoughts, and Passages concerning Travel in the Orient 1832–1833 or Notes from a Voyager] (in French). Brussels (Bruxelles): L. Hauman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Souvenirs%2C+Impressions%2C+Pens%C3%A9es%2C+et+Paysages+pendant+un+Voyage+en+Orient+1832%E2%80%931833+ou+Notes+d%27un+Voyageur&rft.place=Brussels+%28Bruxelles%29&rft.pub=L.+Hauman&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Lamartine&rft.aufirst=Alphonse+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsouvenirsimpress00lama%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendering2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jona_Lendering" title="Jona Lendering">Lendering, Jona</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702034514/http://www.livius.org/ba-bd/baalbek/baalbek_history.html">Baalbek (Heliopolis)</a>. Livius. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ba-bd/baalbek/baalbek_history.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baalbek+%28Heliopolis%29&rft.pub=Livius&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fba-bd%2Fbaalbek%2Fbaalbek_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFle_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1">le Strange, Guy (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ENANAAAAIAAJ&q=Lajjun+Guy+le+Strange&pg=PA493">Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500</a>. Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.D.+650+to+1500&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=le+Strange&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DENANAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DLajjun%2BGuy%2Ble%2BStrange%26pg%3DPA493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay1838" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lindsay,_25th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="Alexander Lindsay, 25th Earl of Crawford">Lindsay, Alexander</a> (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lettersonegypte03crawgoog#page/n8/mode/2up">Letters from Egypt, Edom, and the Holy Land, Vol. II</a>. London: Henry Colburn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+from+Egypt%2C+Edom%2C+and+the+Holy+Land%2C+Vol.+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flettersonegypte03crawgoog%23page%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock2013" class="citation book cs1">Lock, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC">The Routledge Companion to the Crusades</a>. Routledge Companions to History. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135131371" title="Special:BookSources/9781135131371"><bdi>9781135131371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+the+Crusades&rft.series=Routledge+Companions+to+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135131371&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkCKZ9Hs4-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmann2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lohmann, Daniel (2010). "Giant Strides towards Monumentality: The architecture of the Jupiter Sanctuary in Baalbek/Heliopolis". Bolletino di Archaologia (Bulletin of Archaeology). Special: 29–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolletino+di+Archaologia+%28Bulletin+of+Archaeology%29&rft.atitle=Giant+Strides+towards+Monumentality%3A+The+architecture+of+the+Jupiter+Sanctuary+in+Baalbek%2FHeliopolis&rft.volume=Special&rft.pages=29-30&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lohmann&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons_&_al.1982" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Malcolm Cameron; Jackson, David Edward Pritchett (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRF1F3wK26YC">Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War</a>. Oriental Publications, No. 30. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31739-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31739-8"><bdi>0-521-31739-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin%3A+The+Politics+of+the+Holy+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=%27%27Oriental+Publications%27%27%2C+No.+30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-521-31739-8&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+Cameron&rft.au=Jackson%2C+David+Edward+Pritchett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkRF1F3wK26YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarmont1837" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Auguste-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Louis_Viesse_de_Marmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste-Frédéric-Louis Viesse de Marmont">Marmont, Auguste-Frédéric-Louis Viesse de</a> (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k616452.r=.langEN">Voyage du Maréchal Duc de Raguse en Hongrie, en Transylvanie, dans la Russie Méridionale, en Grimée, et sur les Bords de la Mer d'Azoff, a Constantinople, dans Quelques Parties de l'Asie-Mineure, en Syrie, en Palestine, et en Égypte. 1834.–1835</a> [Travel of Marshal Marmont, the Duke of Ragusa, in Hungary, in Transylvania, within Southern Russia, in the Crimea, and on the Shores of the Sea of Azov, to Constantinople, within Certain Parts of Asia Minor, in Syria, in Palestine, and in Egypt (1834–1835), Vol. III: Syrie [Syria]] (in French). Paris: Ladvocat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+du+Mar%C3%A9chal+Duc+de+Raguse+en+Hongrie%2C+en+Transylvanie%2C+dans+la+Russie+M%C3%A9ridionale%2C+en+Grim%C3%A9e%2C+et+sur+les+Bords+de+la+Mer+d%27Azoff%2C+a+Constantinople%2C+dans+Quelques+Parties+de+l%27Asie-Mineure%2C+en+Syrie%2C+en+Palestine%2C+et+en+%C3%89gypte.+1834.%E2%80%931835.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Ladvocat&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Marmont&rft.aufirst=Auguste-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Louis+Viesse+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k616452.r%3D.langEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonconys1665" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_de_Monconys" title="Balthasar de Monconys">Monconys, Balthasar de</a> (1665). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=855257">"Voyage de Syrie"</a> [Syrian Travel]. Journal des Voyages de Monsieur de Monconys (in French). I. Lyon: Horace Boissat & George Remeus: 296 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+des+Voyages+de+Monsieur+de+Monconys&rft.atitle=Voyage+de+Syrie&rft.volume=I&rft.pages=296+ff&rft.date=1665&rft.aulast=Monconys&rft.aufirst=Balthasar+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D855257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaundrell1703" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maundrell" title="Henry Maundrell">Maundrell, Henry</a> (1703). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gri_journeyfroma00maun">A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter A.D. 1697</a>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+from+Aleppo+to+Jerusalem+at+Easter+A.D.+1697&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1703&rft.aulast=Maundrell&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgri_journeyfroma00maun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverbeck1865" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Overbeck, J. Josephus, ed. (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sephraemisyrirab00over#page/266/mode/2up">"Rabulae Vita"</a>. S. Ephraemi Syri Rabulae Episcopi Edesseni Balaei Aliorumque Opera Selecta e Codicibus Syriacis Manuscriptis in Museo Britannico et Bibliotheca Bodleiana Asservatis Primus Edidit (in Latin). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 159–209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rabulae+Vita&rft.btitle=S.+Ephraemi+Syri+Rabulae+Episcopi+Edesseni+Balaei+Aliorumque+Opera+Selecta+e+Codicibus+Syriacis+Manuscriptis+in+Museo+Britannico+et+Bibliotheca+Bodleiana+Asservatis+Primus+Edidit&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=159-209&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsephraemisyrirab00over%23page%2F266%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> & (in Classical Syriac)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPococke1745" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pococke" title="Richard Pococke">Pococke, Richard</a> (1745). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/gri_33125009339611#page/n139/mode/2up">"Of Baalbeck, the antient Heliopolis"</a>. A Description of the East, and Some other Countries, Vol. II, Pt. I Observations on Palæstine or the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, and Candia. London: W. Bowyer. pp. 106–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+Baalbeck%2C+the+antient+Heliopolis&rft.btitle=A+Description+of+the+East%2C+and+Some+other+Countries%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Pt.+I+Observations+on+Pal%C3%A6stine+or+the+Holy+Land%2C+Syria%2C+Mesopotamia%2C+Cyprus%2C+and+Candia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106-113&rft.pub=W.+Bowyer&rft.date=1745&rft.aulast=Pococke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgri_33125009339611%23page%2Fn139%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuaresmio1639" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Quaresmius" title="Franciscus Quaresmius">Quaresmio, Francisco (Franciscus Quaresmius)</a> (1639). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_0zRulLNbGngC#page/n5/mode/2up">Historica, Theologica, et Moralis Terrae Sanctae Elucidatio</a> [A Historical, Theological, and Moral Elucidation of the Holy Land] (in Latin). Antwerp (Antuerpia): Balthasar Moretus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historica%2C+Theologica%2C+et+Moralis+Terrae+Sanctae+Elucidatio&rft.place=Antwerp+%28Antuerpia%29&rft.pub=Balthasar+Moretus&rft.date=1639&rft.aulast=Quaresmio&rft.aufirst=Francisco+%28Franciscus+Quaresmius%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbub_gb_0zRulLNbGngC%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadziwiłł1601" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Krzysztof_%22the_Orphan%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł">Radziwiłł, Mikołaj Krzystof (Nicolaus Christophorus Radzivilus)</a> (1601). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polona.pl/item/1682207/2/">Hierosolymitana Peregrinatio [A Jerusalem Trip]</a> (in Latin). Braniewo (Brunsberga): Georg Schönfels (Georgius Schonfels).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hierosolymitana+Peregrinatio+%5BA+Jerusalem+Trip%5D&rft.place=Braniewo+%28Brunsberga%29&rft.pub=Georg+Sch%C3%B6nfels+%28Georgius+Schonfels%29&rft.date=1601&rft.aulast=Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82&rft.aufirst=Miko%C5%82aj+Krzystof+%28Nicolaus+Christophorus+Radzivilus%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolona.pl%2Fitem%2F1682207%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1822" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Robert (1822). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelsalongmed01richgoog#page/n8/mode/2up">Travels along the Mediterranean, and Parts Adjacent; in Company with the Earl of Belmore, during the Years 1816–17–18: Extending as far as the Second Cataract of the Nile, Jerusalem, Damascus, Balbec, &c. &c. Illustrated by Plans and other Engravings, Vol. II</a>. London: T. Cadell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+along+the+Mediterranean%2C+and+Parts+Adjacent%3B+in+Company+with+the+Earl+of+Belmore%2C+during+the+Years+1816%E2%80%9317%E2%80%9318%3A+Extending+as+far+as+the+Second+Cataract+of+the+Nile%2C+Jerusalem%2C+Damascus%2C+Balbec%2C+%26c.+%26c.+Illustrated+by+Plans+and+other+Engravings%2C+Vol.+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Cadell&rft.date=1822&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftravelsalongmed01richgoog%23page%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson, Edward</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044011784253;view=1up;seq=5">Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petraea. A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838 by E. Robinson and E. Smith, Vol. III</a>. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Researches+in+Palestine%2C+Mount+Sinai%2C+and+Arabia+Petraea.+A+Journal+of+Travels+in+the+Year+1838+by+E.+Robinson+and+E.+Smith%2C+Vol.+III&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Crocker+%26+Brewster&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044011784253%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1856" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson, Edward</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044005047949;view=1up;seq=7">Later Biblical Researches in Palestine, and in the Adjacent Regions. A Journal of Travels in the Year 1852 by E. Robinson, E. Smith, and Others</a>. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Later+Biblical+Researches+in+Palestine%2C+and+in+the+Adjacent+Regions.+A+Journal+of+Travels+in+the+Year+1852+by+E.+Robinson%2C+E.+Smith%2C+and+Others&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Crocker+%26+Brewster&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044005047949%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1956" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Benjamin Jr. (1956). "The Vine-Scroll in Gandhāra". Artibus Asiae. Vol. 19. pp. 353–361.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Vine-Scroll+in+Gandh%C4%81ra&rft.btitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.pages=353-361&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1951" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ">A History of the Crusades, Vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–run1187</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34771-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34771-8"><bdi>0-521-34771-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Vol.+II%3A+The+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem+and+the+Frankish+East%2C+1100%E2%80%93run1187&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-521-34771-8&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQL88AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuprechtsberger1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ruprechtsberger, Erwin M. (1999). "Vom Steinbruch zum Jupitertempel von Heliopolis/Baalbek (Libanon) [From the Quarry to the Temple of Jupiter of Heliopolis (Baalbek, Lebanon)]". Linzer Archäologische Forschungen (Linz Archaeological Research) (in German). 30: 7–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linzer+Arch%C3%A4ologische+Forschungen+%28Linz+Archaeological+Research%29&rft.atitle=Vom+Steinbruch+zum+Jupitertempel+von+Heliopolis%2FBaalbek+%28Libanon%29+%5BFrom+the+Quarry+to+the+Temple+of+Jupiter+of+Heliopolis+%28Baalbek%2C+Lebanon%29%5D&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=7-56&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Ruprechtsberger&rft.aufirst=Erwin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSato1997" class="citation book cs1">Sato, Tsugitaka (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MycQL-9_bqwC">State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqtaʿs, and Fallahun</a>. Islamic History and Civilization, Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10649-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10649-9"><bdi>90-04-10649-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0929-2403">0929-2403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Rural+Society+in+Medieval+Islam%3A+Sultans%2C+Muqta%CA%BFs%2C+and+Fallahun&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=%27%27Islamic+History+and+Civilization%27%27%2C+Vol.+17&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0929-2403&rft.isbn=90-04-10649-9&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.aufirst=Tsugitaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMycQL-9_bqwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedlitz1580" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sedlitz, Melchior von (1580). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00032551/images/index.html?id=00032551&groesser=&fip=eayaenewqwfsdrxdsydeayayztseayaeayaw&no=3&seite=5">Gründtliche Beschreibung: Der Wallfart nach dem heyligen Lande</a> [A Thorough Description: The Places of Pilgrimage in the Holy Land] (in German). Fritsch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gr%C3%BCndtliche+Beschreibung%3A+Der+Wallfart+nach+dem+heyligen+Lande&rft.pub=Fritsch&rft.date=1580&rft.aulast=Sedlitz&rft.aufirst=Melchior+von&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F~db%2F0003%2Fbsb00032551%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fid%3D00032551%26groesser%3D%26fip%3Deayaenewqwfsdrxdsydeayayztseayaeayaw%26no%3D3%26seite%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"> Reprinted at Görlitz in 1591.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2009" class="citation journal cs1">Steiner, Richard C. (Fall 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124542/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1998448721/on-the-rise-and-fall-of-canaanite-religion-at-baalbek">"On the Rise and Fall of Canaanite Religion at Baalbek: A Tale of Five Toponyms"</a>. Journal of Biblical Literature. 128 (3): 507–525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25610200">10.2307/25610200</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25610200">25610200</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1998448721/on-the-rise-and-fall-of-canaanite-religion-at-baalbek">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=On+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+Canaanite+Religion+at+Baalbek%3A+A+Tale+of+Five+Toponyms&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=507-525&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25610200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25610200%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2Fjournal%2F1P3-1998448721%2Fon-the-rise-and-fall-of-canaanite-religion-at-baalbek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThevet1554" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Th%C3%A9vet" class="mw-redirect" title="André Thévet">Thevet, André</a> (1554). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k545339">Cosmographie de Levant</a> [A Cosmography of the Levant] (in French). Lyons: Jean de Tournes (Ian de Tournes) & Guillaume Gazeau (Guil. Gazeav).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmographie+de+Levant&rft.place=Lyons&rft.pub=Jean+de+Tournes+%28Ian+de+Tournes%29+%26+Guillaume+Gazeau+%28Guil.+Gazeav%29&rft.date=1554&rft.aulast=Thevet&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k545339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenning_&_al.2015" class="citation book cs1">Venning, Timothy; Frankopan, Peter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubflCAAAQBAJ">A Chronology of the Crusades</a>. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-80269-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-80269-8"><bdi>978-1-138-80269-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronology+of+the+Crusades&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-80269-8&rft.aulast=Venning&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Frankopan%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DubflCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolney1787" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Chasseb%C5%93uf,_comte_de_Volney" title="Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de Volney">Volney, Constantin François de Chasseboeuf, comte de</a> (1787). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1041132">Voyage en Syrie et en Égypte, Pendant les anneés 1783, 1784, & 1785, avec deux Cartes Géographiques & deux Planches gravées, représentant les ruines du Temple du Soleil à Balbek, & celles de la ville de Palmyre dans le Désert de Syrie</a> [Travel in Syria and Egypt, during the Years 1783, 1784, & 1785, with two maps & two engravings, showing the ruins of the Temple of the Sun at Baalbek & those of the city of Palmyra in the Syrian Desert] (in French). Paris: Volland; Desenne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+en+Syrie+et+en+%C3%89gypte%2C+Pendant+les+anne%C3%A9s+1783%2C+1784%2C+%26+1785%2C+avec+deux+Cartes+G%C3%A9ographiques+%26+deux+Planches+grav%C3%A9es%2C+repr%C3%A9sentant+les+ruines+du+Temple+du+Soleil+%C3%A0+Balbek%2C+%26+celles+de+la+ville+de+Palmyre+dans+le+D%C3%A9sert+de+Syrie&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Volland%3B+Desenne&rft.date=1787&rft.aulast=Volney&rft.aufirst=Constantin+Fran%C3%A7ois+de+Chasseboeuf%2C+comte+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k1041132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegand1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiegand, Theodor (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wN9JvgPVvWIC">Baalbek: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1898 bis 1905</a> [Baalbek: Results of the Excavations and Surveys from the Years 1898 to 1905] (in German). Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-002370-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-002370-1"><bdi>978-3-11-002370-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baalbek%3A+Ergebnisse+der+Ausgrabungen+und+Untersuchungen+in+den+Jahren+1898+bis+1905&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=978-3-11-002370-1&rft.aulast=Wiegand&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwN9JvgPVvWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1847" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(missionary)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wilson (missionary)">Wilson, John</a> (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=id07AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP11">The Lands of the Bible Visited and Described in an Extensive Journey Undertaken with Special Reference to the Promotion of Biblical Research and the Advancement of the Cause of Philanthropy, Vol. II</a>. Edinburgh: William Whyte & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lands+of+the+Bible+Visited+and+Described+in+an+Extensive+Journey+Undertaken+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Promotion+of+Biblical+Research+and+the+Advancement+of+the+Cause+of+Philanthropy%2C+Vol.+II&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=William+Whyte+%26+Co.&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Did07AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2002" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Stefan Helmut (2002). The Shiite Emirates of Ottoman Syria (Mid-17th–Mid-18th Century). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shiite+Emirates+of+Ottoman+Syria+%28Mid-17th%E2%80%93Mid-18th+Century%29&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Stefan+Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1757" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_(antiquarian)" title="Robert Wood (antiquarian)">Wood, Robert</a> (1757). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/wood1757/0001?sid=8f2052cdebd7fe0f338d37fb5d5079d2">The Ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Cœlosyria</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruins+of+Balbec%2C+otherwise+Heliopolis+in+C%C5%93losyria&rft.place=London&rft.date=1757&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fdiglit%2Fwood1757%2F0001%3Fsid%3D8f2052cdebd7fe0f338d37fb5d5079d2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2441/">The Entrance to the Temple of Jupiter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>: Library of Congress. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2015 – via World Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Entrance+to+the+Temple+of+Jupiter&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F2441%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912003207/https://whc.unesco.org/whreview/article8.html">Baalbek</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Centre">World Heritage Centre</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/whreview/article8.html">the original</a> on 12 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baalbek&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fwhreview%2Farticle8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaalbek" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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Heritage Sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Lebanon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg/20px-World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg/30px-World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg/40px-World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Anjar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baalbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadisha_Valley" title="Kadisha Valley">Ouadi Qadisha</a> (the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the <a href="/wiki/Cedars_of_God" title="Cedars of God">Cedars of God</a> (Horsh Arz el-Rab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon#Oscar_Niemeyer's_Rachid_Karame_Fairground" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Rachid Karami International Fair–Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Flag_of_Lebanon_Baalbek_District,_Baalbek-Hermel_Governorate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baalbek_District" title="Template:Baalbek District"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baalbek_District" title="Template talk:Baalbek District"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baalbek_District" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baalbek District"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Flag_of_Lebanon_Baalbek_District,_Baalbek-Hermel_Governorate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lebanon"><img alt="Flag of Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baalbek_District" title="Baalbek District">Baalbek District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baalbek-Hermel_Governorate" title="Baalbek-Hermel Governorate">Baalbek-Hermel Governorate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baalbek</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Ain,_Beqaa,_Lebanon" title="El Ain, Beqaa, Lebanon">Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainata" title="Ainata">Ainata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsal" title="Arsal">Arsal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baalbek</a></li> <li>Barka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bednayel" title="Bednayel">Bednayel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechwat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechwat">Bechwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Chama_-_Aaqidiyeh" title="Beit Chama - Aaqidiyeh">Beit Chama - Aaqidiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brital" title="Brital">Brital</a></li> <li>Btadhi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodai" title="Bodai">Bodai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat,_Lebanon" title="Chaat, Lebanon">Chaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlifa" title="Chlifa">Chlifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chmestar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chmestar">Chmestar - Gharbi Baalbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_el_Ahmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir el Ahmar">Deir el Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douris,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Douris, Lebanon">Douriss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakiha" title="Fakiha">Fakiha - Jdeydeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaoui" title="Flaoui">Fleweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadath_Baalbek" title="Hadath Baalbek">Hadath Baalbek</a></li> <li>Hallanieh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbata" title="Harbata">Harbata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizzine" title="Hizzine">Hizzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlabta" title="Hlabta">Hlabta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_Barada" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosh Barada">Hosh Barada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_el_Rafika" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosh el Rafika">Hosh el Rafika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_Snid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosh Snid">Hosh Snid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haouch_Tall_Safiyeh" title="Haouch Tall Safiyeh">Haouch Tall Safiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaat" title="Iaat">Iaat</a></li> <li>Jabbouleh</li> <li>Janta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebaa_(Baalbek)" title="Jebaa (Baalbek)">Jebaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jdeide" title="Jdeide">Jdeide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Dane" title="Kfar Dane">Kfar Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasarnaba" title="Kasarnaba">Kasarnaba</a></li> <li>Khodr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khraibeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Khraibeh">Khraibeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneisseh_(Baalbek)" title="Kneisseh (Baalbek)">Kneisseh</a></li> <li>Laat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labweh" title="Labweh">Labweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdloun" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdloun">Majdloun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikna">Mikna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Chit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabi Chit">Nabi Chit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Othman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabi Othman">Nabi Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahle,_Lebanon" title="Nahle, Lebanon">Nahleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaa" title="Qaa">Qaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarha,_Baalbek_District" title="Qarha, Baalbek District">Qarha</a></li> <li>Ram - Jbenniyeh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Baalbek" title="Ras Baalbek">Ras Baalbek</a></li> <li>Ras el Hadis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saayde" class="mw-redirect" title="Saayde">Saayde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriine_el_Fawka" class="mw-redirect" title="Seriine el Fawka">Seriine el Fawka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriine_el_Tahta" class="mw-redirect" title="Seriine el Tahta">Seriine el Tahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talya,_Baalbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Talya, Baalbek">Talya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taraya" title="Taraya">Taraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taybeh_(Baalbek)" title="Taybeh (Baalbek)">Taybeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temnin_el_Fawka" class="mw-redirect" title="Temnin el Fawka">Temnin el Fawka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temnine_Et_Tahta" title="Temnine Et Tahta">Temnine Et Tahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tfail" title="Tfail">Tfail</a></li> <li>Wadi Faara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammouneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Yammouneh">Yammouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younine" title="Younine">Younine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_districts_Baalbek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lebanon_districts_Baalbek.png/100px-Lebanon_districts_Baalbek.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lebanon_districts_Baalbek.png/150px-Lebanon_districts_Baalbek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lebanon_districts_Baalbek.png/200px-Lebanon_districts_Baalbek.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ard_Tlaili" title="Ard Tlaili">Ard Tlaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_es_Saa%C3%AFd%C3%A9" title="Jabal es Saaïdé">Jabal es Saaïdé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Template:Archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Template talk:Archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Lebanon" title="Archaeology of Lebanon">Archaeological sites in Lebanon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aadloun" title="Aadloun">Aadloun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaiha" title="Aaiha">Aaiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aammiq" title="Aammiq">Aammiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaqbe" title="Aaqbe">Aaqbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Aata" title="Ain Aata">Ain Aata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Choaab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Choaab">Ain Choaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Harcha" title="Ain Harcha">Ain Harcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbiyeh" title="Akbiyeh">Akbiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkar_plain_foothills" title="Akkar plain foothills">Akkar plain foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bireh,_Rashaya" title="Al-Bireh, Rashaya">Al-Bireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amlaq_Qatih" title="Amlaq Qatih">Amlaq Qatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Anjar, Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelias_cave" title="Antelias cave">Antelias cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afqa" title="Afqa">Apheca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_Saouda" title="Ard Saouda">Ard Saouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_Tlaili" title="Ard Tlaili">Ard Tlaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusti_Pagus_(Roman_Phoenicia)" title="Augusti Pagus (Roman Phoenicia)">Augusti Pagus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baalbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidar_ech_Chamout" title="Baidar ech Chamout">Baidar ech Chamout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroumine" title="Batroumine">Batroumine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechamoun" title="Bechamoun">Bechamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Mery" title="Beit Mery">Beit Mery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belat_temple" title="Belat temple">Belat temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus (Roman Beirut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustan_Birke" title="Bustan Birke">Bustan Birke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canalizations_of_Zenobia" title="Canalizations of Zenobia">Canalizations of Zenobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahr_El_Ahmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahr El Ahmar">Dahr El Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakoue" title="Dakoue">Dakoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_El_Aachayer" title="Deir El Aachayer">Deir El Aachayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Al-Ahmar" title="Deir Al-Ahmar">Deir Al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Maron" title="Monastery of Saint Maron">Deir Mar Maroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekwaneh" title="Dekwaneh">Dekwaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douris_(Baalbek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Douris (Baalbek)">Douris (Baalbek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Lebanon)" title="Elaea (Lebanon)">Elaea (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaoui" title="Flaoui">Flaoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadous_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadous Sud">Fadous Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebbariye" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebbariye">Hebbariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadeth,_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadeth, Beirut">Hadeth south</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haret_ech_Cheikh" title="Haret ech Cheikh">Haret ech Cheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashbai" title="Hashbai">Hashbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triparadeisos" title="Triparadeisos">Heliopolis in Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermel_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermel plains">Hermel plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaat" title="Iaat">Iaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_es_Saa%C3%AFd%C3%A9" title="Jabal es Saaïdé">Jabal es Saaïdé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jbaa" title="Jbaa">Jbaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jdeideh" title="Jdeideh">Jdeideh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Aabeby" title="Jebel Aabeby">Jebel Aabeby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeita_Grotto" title="Jeita Grotto">Jeita Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joub_Jannine" title="Joub Jannine">Joub Jannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh">Jieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zabad" title="Kafr Zabad">Kafr Zabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kamid el-Loz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamouh_el_Hermel" title="Kamouh el Hermel">Kamouh el Hermel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karak_Nuh" title="Karak Nuh">Karak Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukaba" title="Kaukaba">Kaukaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefraya" title="Kefraya">Kefraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Tebnit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafr Tebnit">Kafr Tebnit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Qouq" title="Kfar Qouq">Kfar Qouq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfarhata" title="Kfarhata">Kfarhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khallet_Michte" title="Khallet Michte">Khallet Michte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Sanctuary_of_Kharayeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician Sanctuary of Kharayeb">Kharayeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_El-Knese" title="Khirbet El-Knese">Khirbet El-Knese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouachra" title="Kouachra">Kouachra megalith field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar_Akil" title="Ksar Akil">Ksar Akil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labweh" title="Labweh">Labweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Qaraoun" title="Lake Qaraoun">Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbaya" title="Libbaya">Libbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion Tower">Lion Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Anjar" title="Majdal Anjar">Majdal Anjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mansouria,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="El Mansouria, Lebanon">Mansourieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_mummies" title="Maronite mummies">Maronite mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayrouba" title="Mayrouba">Mayrouba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mdoukha" title="Mdoukha">Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moukhtara" title="Moukhtara">Moukhtara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtaileb" title="Mtaileb">Mtaileb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Zair" title="Nabi Zair">Nabi Zair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachcharini" title="Nachcharini">Nachcharini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahle,_Lebanon" title="Nahle, Lebanon">Nahle, Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neba%27a_Faour" title="Neba'a Faour">Neba'a Faour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebi_Safa" title="Nebi Safa">Nebi Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosn_Niha" title="Hosn Niha">Hosn Niha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_port_of_Beirut" title="Phoenician port of Beirut">Phoenician port of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_of_Zgharta" title="Plain of Zgharta">Plain of Zgharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaa" title="Qaa">Qaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Bustra" title="Qal'at Bustra">Qal'at Bustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_Tannour" title="Qalaat Tannour">Qalaat Tannour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaraoun" title="Qaraoun">Qaraoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_el_Banat,_Lebanon" title="Qasr el Banat, Lebanon">Qasr el Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Baalbek_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Baalbek I">Ras Baalbek I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Beirut" title="Ras Beirut">Ras Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_El_Kelb" title="Ras El Kelb">Ras El Kelb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashaya" title="Rashaya">Rashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum,_Beirut" title="Roman Forum, Beirut">Roman Forum of Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Berytus" title="Hippodrome of Berytus">Roman hippodrome of Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple_of_Bziza" title="Roman temple of Bziza">Roman temple of Bziza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sands_of_Beirut" title="Sands of Beirut">Sands of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraain_El_Faouqa" title="Saraain El Faouqa">Saraain El Faouqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shheem" title="Shheem">Shheem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_el_Fil" title="Sin el Fil">Sin el Fil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_the_Pregnant_Woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone of the Pregnant Woman">Stone of the Pregnant Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahun_ben_Aissa" title="Tahun ben Aissa">Tahun ben Aissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Tiri" class="mw-redirect" title="At Tiri">Taire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taybeh_(Marjaayoun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taybeh (Marjaayoun)">Tayibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aalaq" title="Tell Aalaq">Tell Aalaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ablah" title="Tell Ablah">Tell Ablah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Addus" title="Tell Addus">Tell Addus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ahle" title="Tell Ahle">Tell Ahle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Cerif" title="Tell Ain Cerif">Tell Ain Cerif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_el_Meten" title="Tell Ain el Meten">Tell Ain el Meten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Ghessali" title="Tell Ain Ghessali">Tell Ain Ghessali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Nfaikh" title="Tell Ain Nfaikh">Tell Ain Nfaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Saouda" title="Tell Ain Saouda">Tell Ain Saouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Sofar" title="Tell Ain Sofar">Tell Ain Sofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ayoub" title="Tell Ayoub">Tell Ayoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Bar_Elias" title="Tell Bar Elias">Tell Bar Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Beshara" title="Tell Beshara">Tell Beshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Bir_Dakoue" title="Tell Bir Dakoue">Tell Bir Dakoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Deir" title="Tell Deir">Tell Deir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Delhamieh" title="Tell Delhamieh">Tell Delhamieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Derzenoun" title="Tell Derzenoun">Tell Derzenoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Dibbine" title="Tell Dibbine">Tell Dibbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Tell el-Burak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_El_Ghassil" title="Tell El Ghassil">Tell El Ghassil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_El_Hadeth" title="Tell El Hadeth">Tell El Hadeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Fadous" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Fadous">Tell Fadous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hazzine" title="Tell Hazzine">Tell Hazzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hoch_Rafqa" title="Tell Hoch Rafqa">Tell Hoch Rafqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Karmita" title="Tell Karmita">Tell Karmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Khardane" title="Tell Khardane">Tell Khardane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kirri" title="Tell Kirri">Tell Kirri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Jezireh" title="Tell Jezireh">Tell Jezireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Jisr" title="Tell Jisr">Tell Jisr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kabb_Elias" title="Tell Kabb Elias">Tell Kabb Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Majdaloun" title="Tell Majdaloun">Tell Majdaloun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Masoud" title="Tell Masoud">Tell Masoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Mekhada" title="Tell Mekhada">Tell Mekhada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Meouchi" title="Tell Meouchi">Tell Meouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Mureibit" title="Tell Mureibit">Tell Mureibit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Murtafa" title="Tell Murtafa">Tell Murtafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Nahariyah" title="Tell Nahariyah">Tell Nahariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Neba%27a_Chaate" title="Tell Neba'a Chaate">Tell Neba'a Chaate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Neba%27a_Litani" title="Tell Neba'a Litani">Tell Neba'a Litani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Qasr_Labwe" title="Tell Qasr Labwe">Tell Qasr Labwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rasm_El_Hadeth" title="Tell Rasm El Hadeth">Tell Rasm El Hadeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rayak" title="Tell Rayak">Tell Rayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Saatiya" title="Tell Saatiya">Tell Saatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haouch_Tall_Safiyeh" title="Haouch Tall Safiyeh">Tell Safiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Saoudhi" title="Tell Saoudhi">Tell Saoudhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Serhan" title="Tell Serhan">Tell Serhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Shaikh_Hassan_al_Rai" title="Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai">Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Shamsine" title="Tell Shamsine">Tell Shamsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sultan_Yakoub" title="Tell Sultan Yakoub">Tell Sultan Yakoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taalabaya" title="Tell Taalabaya">Tell Taalabaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Wardeen" title="Tell Wardeen">Tell Wardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Zenoub" title="Tell Zenoub">Tell Zenoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Zeitoun" title="Tell Zeitoun">Tell Zeitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temnin_el-Foka" title="Temnin el-Foka">Temnin el-Foka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchus" title="Temple of Bacchus">Temple of Bacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Eshmun" title="Temple of Eshmun">Temple of Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Baalbek)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)">Temple of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Obelisks" title="Temple of the Obelisks">Temple of the Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toron" title="Toron">Toron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(region_of_Phoenicia)" title="Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)">Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre_Necropolis" title="Tyre Necropolis">Tyre Necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Koura" title="Wadi Koura">Wadi Koura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Yaroun" title="Wadi Yaroun">Wadi Yaroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammoune" title="Yammoune">Yammoune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanta,_Lebanon" title="Yanta, Lebanon">Yanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_W_Zain" title="Ain W Zain">Ain W Zain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template talk:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Hippos ship"><img alt="Phoenician Hippos ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/20px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/30px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/40px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="525" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">Phoenician cities and colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Akka (Acre)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neapolis,_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Ampi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baalbek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Birut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7ajn_Qajjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għajn Qajjet (page does not exist)">Għajn Qajjet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caricus_Murus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caricus Murus (page does not exist)">Caricus Murus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> 1</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Sala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd> <dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rushadir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carne,_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" title="Template:Colonies of Ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Colonies of Ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonies of Ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonies_of_Ancient_Rome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>With correspondence to modern geography</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindum_Colonia" title="Lindum Colonia">Lindum Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narbo_Martius" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbo Martius">Narbo Martius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mogontiacum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Emerita" title="Augusta Emerita">Augusta Emerita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aelia Augusta Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Castra Taurinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Placentia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Romancoloniae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/200px-Romancoloniae.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/300px-Romancoloniae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/400px-Romancoloniae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="452" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/200px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/300px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/400px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of legion veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> 1 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_in_Phoenicia" title="Ptolemais in Phoenicia">Ptolemais</a> 1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of late Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_in_Syria" title="Laodicea in Syria">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_of_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis of Phoenicia">Heliopolis</a> 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> 1 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> 1 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arca Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyrus</a> 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostra">Bostra</a> 1 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Neapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavia Neapolis">Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Philippopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a> 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerasa">Gerasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadara" title="Gadara">Gadara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus_Nicopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmaus Nicopolis">Emmaus Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Philippi">Neronias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations with modern names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: Aelia Capitolina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>: Ptolemais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imwas" title="Imwas">Imwas</a>: Emmaus Nicopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias</a>: Neronias</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Umm Qais</a>: Gadara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a>: Gerasa</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a>: Arca Caesarea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>: Berytus</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baalbek</a>: Heliopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saida,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saida, Lebanon">Saida</a>: Sidon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>: Tyrus</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a>: Bostra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>: Emesa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>: Laodicea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Shahba</a>: Philippopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadmur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadmur">Tadmur</a>: Palmyra</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>: Antioch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanda%C4%9F" title="Samandağ">Samandağ</a>: Seleucia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>; 2 Proposed; 3 in Danger</li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178835#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178835#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178835#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133623732">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8vmgYxmjmDYBJtd4g8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4086176-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81069046">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120421528">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120421528">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge793369&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000307959&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566857205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678179">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028623606">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/balebek">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baalbek&oldid=1258244431">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baalbek&oldid=1258244431</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baalbek" title="Category:Baalbek">Baalbek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Lebanon" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Lebanon">Tourist attractions in Lebanon</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFCook1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoote\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoulton1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDGRG1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaherRandolph2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Saulcy1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEB1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEI1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEI1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrauberger1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraves1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHRW2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamzeh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastings2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreys1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaber1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessup1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJidejian1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaram2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKehrer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoury2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKropp_\u0026amp;_al.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöhler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamartine1835\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandon1838\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLendering2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitt2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsay1838\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLock2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohmann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudvigsen2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLyons_\u0026amp;_al.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalaspina2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalthaner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarmont1837\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaundrell1703\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonconys1665\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNahla2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajemAmoreAbu_Khalil2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_Class._Dict.1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiebuhrDindorf1832\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlausson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbeck1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaturel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedahzur2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPococke1745\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuaresmio1639\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadziwiłł1601\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson1822\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1841\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1856\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuprechtsberger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaade2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSato1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedlitz1580\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyaifullah2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThevet1554\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenning_\u0026amp;_al.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolney1787\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHC\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiegand1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfgang_GockelHelga_Bruns1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1757\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Roque1722\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFle_Strange1890\"] = 1,\n [\"Emirate\"] = 1,\n [\"Emirate_of_Baalbek\"] = 1,\n [\"Heliopolis\"] = 1,\n [\"Medieval\"] = 1,\n [\"Medieval_period\"] = 1,\n [\"Roman_Baalbek\"] = 1,\n [\"Temple_of_Bacchus\"] = 1,\n [\"Temple_of_Jupiter\"] = 1,\n [\"Temple_of_Venus\"] = 1,\n [\"Temple_of_the_Sun\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 3,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 5,\n [\"Archaeological sites in Lebanon\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Baalbek District\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 5,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 69,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 24,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 36,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 15,\n [\"Fact\"] = 2,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 15,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Lang-grc-gre\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 4,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Phoenician cities and colonies\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Roman colonies in ancient Levant\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc\"] = 6,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 288,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Stack begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Stack end\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vague\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Where\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"World Heritage Sites in Lebanon\"] = 1,\n [\"Ws\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","440","21.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","20.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","7.6"],["dataWrapper 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-19T15:20:20Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T22:47:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c9\/Temple_of_Bacchus%2C_Baalbek%2C_Lebanon_%2849890013476%29.jpg","headline":"city in Baalbek-Hermel, Lebanon"}</script> </body> </html>