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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl J. 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the New Zealand para-snowboard cross racer, see <a href="/wiki/Carl_Murphy_(snowboarder)" title="Carl Murphy (snowboarder)">Carl Murphy (snowboarder)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output 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.ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carl Murphy</b> (January 17, 1889 – February 25, 1967) was an African-American journalist, publisher, civil rights leader, and educator. He was publisher of the <i>Afro-American</i> newspaper chain of Baltimore, Maryland, expanding its coverage with regional editions in several major cities of the Washington, D.C., area, as well as <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, a destination of thousands of rural blacks in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> to the North. </p><p>Murphy completed a doctorate in 1913 at the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller_University_Jena" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Schiller University Jena">Friedrich Schiller University Jena</a> (FSU) in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, Germany after earning bachelor's and master's degrees at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> universities, respectively. He became chairman of the German department at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> before the United States entered World War I. In 1918 he started working at the <i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American" title="Baltimore Afro-American">Baltimore Afro-American</a></i> newspaper, founded by his father. He led it for 45 years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_J._Murphy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carl Murphy was born in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>. His parents were John Henry Murphy Sr. and Martha (Howard) Murphy. He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> in 1911, earning a master's degree at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1913, and a doctorate at the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller_University_Jena" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Schiller University Jena">University of Jena</a> in Germany in 1913. Murphy served as a professor of German and chairman of the German department at Howard between 1913 and 1918. That year he joined the staff of the <i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American" title="Baltimore Afro-American">Baltimore Afro-American</a></i> newspaper, run by his father <a href="/wiki/John_H._Murphy,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Murphy, Sr.">John H. Murphy, Sr.</a> since he founded it in 1892. </p><p>In 1922, upon his father's death, Dr. Murphy assumed control of the paper. During the next four decades, he established the <i>Afro</i> as a major African-American newspaper of national importance. At its peak, the <i>Afro-American</i> published nine national editions, in a total of 13 major cities<sup id="cite_ref-halloffame_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halloffame-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Baltimore; <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>. Carl Murphy built up the <i>Afro-American</i> from a journal with 14,000 circulation to more than 200,000; and he employed more than 200 workers. </p><p>In addition to managing the <i>Afro</i>, Carl Murphy became actively involved with the Baltimore branch of the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>. In December 1932, he declared the NAACP's intention to challenge racial segregation at the state's flagship <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a>. By 1935, with the help of NAACP attorneys <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a>, the NAACP forced open the university's law school to black students.<sup id="cite_ref-halloffame_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halloffame-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their legal challenge was used at other universities across the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> South. </p><p>Murphy supported the election in 1935 of <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Mae_Carroll_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson">Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson</a> to the presidency of the local <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> branch. She was straightforward and tireless, a counterpoint to Murphy's tendency to work behind the scenes. Jackson served in this post until 1970.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With Murphy's leadership, the <i>Afro</i> was deeply involved in helping organize <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>'s August 1963 "<a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>". The paper designated a team of columnists and reporters to aid in the demonstration's promotion, and dispatched another team of journalist to detail its progress. In its 80th anniversary issue, the <i>Afro</i> called Murphy "a man with a purpose." Murphy ran the paper for 45 years. </p><p>He was a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Mason</a>. In addition, Murphy was prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>: he was appointed as a member of President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s 1930 Commission to Haiti. Later he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> for the 1960 Presidential election. His influence was felt far beyond his home in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. </p><p>As a result of Baltimore's segregated public education, Murphy and the <i>Afro</i> staff were very concerned about the unsatisfactory education being provided to black children and the complicity of Baltimore's white power structure. During the 1920s the newspaper intensified its campaign for a first-rate school system, in order to provide black children with upward mobility in American society as well as fulfilling and fairly paid employment for black educators. These efforts served as the foundation for a stable and prosperous black middle class. </p><p>To peers and contemporaries, the diminutive Murphy was a giant in action. His grandson Ben Phillips described him as about 5'3" in height.<sup id="cite_ref-halloffame_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halloffame-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the landmark U.S. Supreme Court Decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954), <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> publicly acknowledged a debt of gratitude to Murphy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Carl Murphy died on February 25, 1967, the day the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">Maryland General Assembly</a> repealed a 306-year-old state law banning interracial marriage. The <i>Afro</i> publisher and civil rights leader had waged a battle for decades to have this law repealed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murphy_Family">Murphy Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_J._Murphy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Murphy Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carl Murphy met his future wife, <a href="/wiki/Vashti_Turley_Murphy" title="Vashti Turley Murphy">Vashti Turley</a>, while she was a student in his German class at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>. In 1913, while studying at Howard, Miss Turley and 21 other young women founded the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Theta" title="Delta Sigma Theta">Delta Sigma Theta</a> Sorority, Inc. Turley received her B.A. degree from Howard in 1913 and began to teach school in Washington, DC. </p><p>Murphy and Turley married in the capital on June 20, 1916. Soon after that, they returned to Baltimore, where he started working with his father in 1918, essentially taking over management of the <i>Afro-American.</i> By the late 1930s, the Murphy family was prosperous and expanding. By then, the couple had five daughters—<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Murphy_Moss" title="Elizabeth Murphy Moss">Elizabeth</a>, Ida, Carlita, Vashti and Frances. Four of their five daughters held positions at the paper. Their youngest daughter, Frances L. Murphy, II, served as publisher and chairman of the board in the 1970s. She succeeded <a href="/wiki/John_H._Murphy,_III" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Murphy, III">John H. Murphy, III who was the son of Carl's brother, Daniel Murphy.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_J._Murphy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2015, Carl J. Murphy was posthumously inducted into the Hall of Fame of the MDDC Press Association.<sup id="cite_ref-halloffame_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halloffame-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first female Bishop of the A.M.E. Church, <a href="/wiki/Vashti_Murphy_McKenzie" title="Vashti Murphy McKenzie">Vashti Murphy McKenzie</a>, is Carl Murphy's granddaughter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_J._Murphy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-halloffame-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-halloffame_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halloffame_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halloffame_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halloffame_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mddcpress.com/honors/newspaper-hall-of-fame">Narrator of video, Ben Phillips, grandson: "Carl J. Murphy, Publisher, The AFRO-American Newspapers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703083243/http://www.mddcpress.com/honors/newspaper-hall-of-fame">Archived</a> 2019-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2015 inductee, MDDC Hall of Fame, accessed 23 March 2016</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070407013759/http://blackpressusa.com/history/GOG_Article.asp?NewsID=2049">"Gallery of Great Details" (2007), <i>History</i>, Black Press USA, Retrieved on April 24, 2007 </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930011151/http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/1397/News_publisher_extraordinaire_Carl_Murphy">"News Publisher Extraordinaire, Carl Murphy"</a>, The African American Registry, (2005) Retrieved on April 24, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013073811/http://www.balchfriends.org/Glimpse/CharlesHoustonToCarlMurphy.htm">"Letter: Charles H. Houston to Carl Murphy"</a>, Balch Friends, (2006). Retrieved on April 24, 2007, from</li> <li>Ploski Ph.D., Harry A. and Kaiser, Ernest. <i>Afro USA.</i> New York: Bellwether Publishing Company Inc.[date?].</li> <li>Taylor, Blaine. "The Afro-American's 'House of Murphy'," <i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore Magazine">Baltimore Magazine</a>,</i> December 1974.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202101545/http://www.deltasigmatheta.org/cms/">Delta Sigma Theta, "Black Sorority Project reach settlement agreement on film, painting"</a>, <i>Frost Illustrated,</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Everett_Just" title="Ernest Everett Just">Ernest Everett Just</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1916: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Charles Young (United States Army officer)">Charles Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burleigh" title="Harry Burleigh">Harry Burleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Braithwaite" title="William Stanley Braithwaite">William Stanley Braithwaite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Archibald Grimké">Archibald Grimké</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Sidney Gilpin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Roland_Hayes" title="Roland Hayes">Roland Hayes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Overton" title="Anthony Overton">Anthony Overton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson" title="Mordecai Wyatt Johnson">Mordecai Wyatt Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Hunt" title="Henry A. Hunt">Henry A. Hunt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Berry_Harrison" title="Richard Berry Harrison">Richard Berry Harrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Max_Yergan" title="Max Yergan">Max Yergan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/William_T._B._Williams" title="William T. B. Williams">William T. B. Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_(educator)" title="John Hope (educator)">John Hope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1940: <a href="/wiki/Louis_T._Wright" title="Louis T. Wright">Louis T. Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1941: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1942: <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles R. Drew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian" title="Percy Lavon Julian">Percy Lavon Julian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Channing_Heggie_Tobias" title="Channing Heggie Tobias">Channing Heggie Tobias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Keaton_Staupers" title="Mabel Keaton Staupers">Mabel Keaton Staupers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Williams" title="Paul R. Williams">Paul R. Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_K._Lawless" title="Theodore K. Lawless">Theodore K. Lawless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl J. Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/John_H._Johnson" title="John H. Johnson">John H. Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mitchell_Jr." title="Clarence Mitchell Jr.">Clarence Mitchell Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sullivan" title="Leon Sullivan">Leon Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Riles" title="Wilson Riles">Wilson Riles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Damon_Keith" title="Damon Keith">Damon Keith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Rayford_Logan" title="Rayford Logan">Rayford Logan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Elijah Mays</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Patterson" title="Frederick D. Patterson">Frederick D. Patterson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/A._Leon_Higginbotham_Jr." title="A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.">A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rowan" title="Carl Rowan">Carl Rowan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Earl_G._Graves_Sr." title="Earl G. Graves Sr.">Earl G. Graves Sr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carter" title="Robert L. Carter">Robert L. Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Muse_Freeman" title="Frankie Muse Freeman">Frankie Muse Freeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_R._Jones" title="Nathaniel R. Jones">Nathaniel R. Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gaspard" title="Patrick Gaspard">Patrick Gaspard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Cato_T._Laurencin" title="Cato T. Laurencin">Cato T. Laurencin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5040363#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5040363#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5040363#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/60791800">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/355655/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhVpQFcJBMrbwfYWCvpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95045796">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r531wk">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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