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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Max Yergan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Yergan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Max Yergan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Max_Yergan.jpg/220px-Max_Yergan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Max_Yergan.jpg/330px-Max_Yergan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Max_Yergan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="515" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1892-07-19</span>)</span>July 19, 1892<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 11, 1975<span style="display:none">(1975-04-11)</span> (aged 82)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kisco,_New_York" title="Mount Kisco, New York">Mount Kisco, New York</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">activist, missionary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Holloway_Yergan" title="Laura Holloway Yergan">Laura Holloway Yergan</a> (sister-in-law)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Max Yergan</b> (July 19, 1892 – April 11, 1975)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an African-American activist notable for being a <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> missionary for the <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> working with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, and finally a staunch <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-Communist</a> who complimented the government of <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_in_the_apartheid_era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa in the apartheid era">apartheid-era South Africa</a>. He was a mentor of <a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a>, who later achieved distinction in the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a>. He served as the second president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Negro_Congress" title="National Negro Congress">National Negro Congress</a>, a coalition of hundreds of African-American organizations created in 1935 by religious, labor, civic and fraternal leaders to fight racial discrimination, establish relations with black organizations throughout the world, and oppose the deportation of black immigrants. Along with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, he co-founded the International Committee on African Affairs in 1937, later the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_African_Affairs" title="Council on African Affairs">Council on African Affairs</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth">Youth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Yergan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Max Yergan was born on July 19, 1892, in <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a> in his grandfather's house to mother Lizzie Yeargan, daughter of Frederick Yeargan. Fred was the source of inspiration for much of Max Yergan's life, as a board member at <a href="/wiki/Shaw_University" title="Shaw University">Shaw Institute</a> and a member of the Baptist church in Raleigh, as well as a man deeply interested in his African heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yergan attended St. Ambrose Episcopal Parish School as a child, and then moved on to attend Shaw University in both the preparatory and college branches. It was there at Shaw that Yergan discovered the YMCA, and in 1916, he joined a missionary trip to India, a trip that would greatly affect the rest of his adult life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_political_work">Career and political work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Yergan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and political work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yergan came to <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> in 1920 as a missionary for the YMCA. He was the first African-American to do YMCA work in South Africa. As a YMCA activist he was interested in improving <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a> in the nation and this influenced the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Jan_H._Hofmeyr_School_of_Social_Work" title="Jan H. Hofmeyr School of Social Work">Jan H. Hofmeyr School of Social Work</a>. As a whole his experiences in South Africa radicalised him to the point he came to desire a more radical direction for the YMCA than it was willing to accept. He failed to radicalise the YMCA and resigned from the organisation in 1936. Two years earlier, in 1934, he had "allegedly [become] a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> after making a trip to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-nixon5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixon5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his return to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, Yergan became the first African-American faculty member ever hired at one of New York City's public colleges, <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a>, teaching the course "Negro History and Culture" in the fall of 1937. It was the first time this course was offered within the City Colleges of New York. During the <a href="/wiki/Rapp-Coudert_hearings" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapp-Coudert hearings">Rapp-Coudert hearings</a>, informers reported that his class was "<a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a>." Yergan was denied re-appointment and dismissed for his politics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> led him to become disillusioned with <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> and ultimately to become strongly hostile to Communism. In 1948, Yergan was ousted as the director of Council on African Affairs following disputes with other members, causing his turn to the right. In 1952, he spoke against Communism on a visit to South Africa at the Bantu Men's Social Center in Johannesburg, noting the links between the main anti-apartheid group, the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a>, and the South African Communist Party. In 1955, Yergan again visited South Africa where he praised <i><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a></i> and denied that South African blacks were suffering from <i>apartheid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, he also visited the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a>, where he praised Portuguese rule as "just and efficient".<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, Yergan became president of the American Committee for Aid to Katanga Freedom Fighters (ACAKFF), a conservative group that lobbied the United States to recognise Katanga.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yergan was recruited by a conservative activist <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Liebman" title="Marvin Liebman">Marvin Liebman</a> who founded the ACAKFF and wanted a black man as its president to offset charges of racism given accusations by liberals and communists that Katanga was a "sham".<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yergan claimed that the Congolese government had been taken over by Communists (Congolese prime minister <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> was openly pro-Soviet and had threatened to invite Soviet troops into the country during the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>), and praised the Katangan men for wanting to "defend themselves, their wives, their children and places of work".<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a significant contingent of non-African mercenaries were deployed by Katanga, the vast majority of the <a href="/wiki/Katangese_Gendarmerie" title="Katangese Gendarmerie"><i>Gendarmerie Katangaise</i></a> were indigenous Katangese.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mercenaries were known to the Congolese as "<i>les affreux</i>" ("the frightful ones") on account of their brutality to blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, Yergan wrote a letter to the Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a>, expressing his fury that the United States had denied <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Tshombe" title="Moïse Tshombe">Moïse Tshombe</a> a visa to visit the United States while the Kennedy administration had "ceremoniously welcomed...Nikita Khrushchev, Fidel Castro, the late Patrice Lumumba, and Holden Roberto".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, Yergan praised aspects of the South African governments "separate development" plan. In 1966, he became co-chairman together with <a href="/wiki/William_Rusher" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rusher">William Rusher</a> of the conservative American-African Affairs Association, which lobbied the United States to recognize the white minority government of Rhodesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Brownell_p._231_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brownell_p._231-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The driving force and dominant personality behind the American Committee for Aid to Katanga Freedom Fighters and the American-African Affairs Association was Liebman, and notably both groups had virtually identical letter-heads, the same mailing lists, the same boards, and the same address in New York, 79 Madison Avenue, which was also the headquarters of Marvin Liebman Associates.<sup id="cite_ref-Brownell_p._231_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brownell_p._231-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public relations firm of Liebman Associates had been hired by the Rhodesian government to improve its image in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Brownell_p._231_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brownell_p._231-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, Yergan together with <a href="/wiki/George_Schuyler" title="George Schuyler">George Schuyler</a> went on a trek across Rhodesia organized by Liebman and reported he had seen no evidence of any racism by the Rhodesian government towards the black majority.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Yergan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yergan died on April 11, 1975, in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kisco,_New_York" title="Mount Kisco, New York">Mount Kisco, New York</a>, at age 82.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his changing ideals throughout his life, he lacked all but a few close friends at the time of his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Yergan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His papers are held at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Yergan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David Henry Anthony, <i>Max Yergan: Race Man, Internationalist, Cold Warrior</i>, 2006. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-0704-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-0704-1">0-8147-0704-1</a></li> <li>David Henry Anthony, "Max Yergan, Marxism and Mission during the Interwar Era in South Africa", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brill.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/ssm/2009/00000022/00000002">Social Sciences and Missions</a> (Leiden: Brill), no. 22/2, 2009, pp. 257–291.</li> <li>Josiah Brownell "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition" pages 209-237 from <i>The International Journal of African Historical Studies</i>, vol. 47, no. 2, 2014.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Yergan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, Greg (January 1, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171223/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3444701338.html">"Yergan, Max", <i>Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History</i></a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2006" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, David Henry (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NDAZL_-AdoQC&q=max+yergan:+race+man,+internationalist,+cold+warrior"><i>Max Yergan: Race Man, Internationalist, Cold Warrior</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814707043" title="Special:BookSources/9780814707043"><bdi>9780814707043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Yergan%3A+Race+Man%2C+Internationalist%2C+Cold+Warrior&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780814707043&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDAZL_-AdoQC%26q%3Dmax%2Byergan%3A%2Brace%2Bman%2C%2Binternationalist%2C%2Bcold%2Bwarrior&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Yergan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nixon5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nixon5_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon2016" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, Ron (2016). <i>South Africa's Global Propaganda War</i>. London: Pluto Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745399140" title="Special:BookSources/9780745399140"><bdi>9780745399140</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959031269">959031269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+Global+Propaganda+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959031269&rft.isbn=9780745399140&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Yergan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virtualny.ashp.cuny.edu/gutter/panels/panel17.html">"firing dr. yergan"</a>. <i>The Struggle for Free Speech at CCNY, 1931–1942</i>. <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Struggle+for+Free+Speech+at+CCNY%2C+1931%E2%80%931942&rft.atitle=firing+dr.+yergan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvirtualny.ashp.cuny.edu%2Fgutter%2Fpanels%2Fpanel17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Yergan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daren Salter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpast.org/aah/yergan-max-1892-1975">"Yergan, Max (1892–1975)"</a>, Blackpast.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burke-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burke_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke, Kyle <i>Revolutionaries for the Right</i>, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018 pp. 45 & 50. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brownell, Josiah "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition" p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennes, Erik; Larmer, Miles (2016). The Katangese Gendarmes and War in Central Africa: Fighting Their Way Home. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02130-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brownell, Josiah "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition" p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brownell_p._231-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_p._231_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_p._231_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brownell_p._231_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brownell, Josiah "Diplomatic Lepers: The Katangan and Rhodesian Foreign Missions in the United States and the Politics of Nonrecognition" p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners">NAACP Spingarn Medal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802063355/http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners">Archived</a> 2014-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dh.howard.edu/finaid_manu/224/">"Yergan, Max"</a> (2015). Manuscript Division. Paper 224. Digital Howard, Howard University.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template talk:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Everett_Just" title="Ernest Everett Just">Ernest Everett Just</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1916: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Charles Young (United States Army officer)">Charles Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burleigh" title="Harry Burleigh">Harry Burleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Braithwaite" title="William Stanley Braithwaite">William Stanley Braithwaite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Archibald Grimké">Archibald Grimké</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Sidney Gilpin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Roland_Hayes" title="Roland Hayes">Roland Hayes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Overton" title="Anthony Overton">Anthony Overton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson" title="Mordecai Wyatt Johnson">Mordecai Wyatt Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Hunt" title="Henry A. Hunt">Henry A. Hunt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Berry_Harrison" title="Richard Berry Harrison">Richard Berry Harrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Yergan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/William_T._B._Williams" title="William T. B. Williams">William T. B. Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_(educator)" title="John Hope (educator)">John Hope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1940: <a href="/wiki/Louis_T._Wright" title="Louis T. Wright">Louis T. Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1941: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1942: <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles R. Drew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian" title="Percy Lavon Julian">Percy Lavon Julian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Channing_Heggie_Tobias" title="Channing Heggie Tobias">Channing Heggie Tobias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Keaton_Staupers" title="Mabel Keaton Staupers">Mabel Keaton Staupers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Williams" title="Paul R. Williams">Paul R. Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_K._Lawless" title="Theodore K. Lawless">Theodore K. Lawless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Murphy" title="Carl J. Murphy">Carl J. Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/John_H._Johnson" title="John H. Johnson">John H. Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mitchell_Jr." title="Clarence Mitchell Jr.">Clarence Mitchell Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sullivan" title="Leon Sullivan">Leon Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Riles" title="Wilson Riles">Wilson Riles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Damon_Keith" title="Damon Keith">Damon Keith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Rayford_Logan" title="Rayford Logan">Rayford Logan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Elijah Mays</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Patterson" title="Frederick D. Patterson">Frederick D. Patterson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/A._Leon_Higginbotham_Jr." title="A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.">A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rowan" title="Carl Rowan">Carl Rowan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Earl_G._Graves_Sr." title="Earl G. Graves Sr.">Earl G. Graves Sr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carter" title="Robert L. Carter">Robert L. Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Muse_Freeman" title="Frankie Muse Freeman">Frankie Muse Freeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_R._Jones" title="Nathaniel R. Jones">Nathaniel R. Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gaspard" title="Patrick Gaspard">Patrick Gaspard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Cato_T._Laurencin" title="Cato T. Laurencin">Cato T. Laurencin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795406#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795406#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795406#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000030757101">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/28215118">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1428474/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwHjPkVcg73f8G9wP6Myd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131866192">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96077294">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p277310245">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/125961677">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62v2hwp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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