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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mỹ_Lai_massacre_inquiry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mỹ_Lai_massacre_inquiry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Mỹ Lai massacre inquiry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mỹ_Lai_massacre_inquiry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 After the Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Security_Advisor_and_other_advisory_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Security_Advisor_and_other_advisory_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 National Security Advisor and other advisory roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Security_Advisor_and_other_advisory_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Security_Advisor_and_other_advisory_roles_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Security_Advisor_and_other_advisory_roles_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 National Security Advisor and other advisory roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Security_Advisor_and_other_advisory_roles_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Dates of rank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Awards and decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Badges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.1 Badges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Badges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medals_and_ribbons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medals_and_ribbons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.2 Medals and ribbons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medals_and_ribbons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.3 Foreign decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_presidential_candidate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_presidential_candidate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Potential presidential candidate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_presidential_candidate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State_(2001–2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State_(2001–2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Secretary of State (2001–2005) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_State_(2001–2005)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Secretary of State (2001–2005) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State_(2001–2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2003_U.S._invasion_of_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003_U.S._invasion_of_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003_U.S._invasion_of_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_foreign_policy_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_foreign_policy_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Other foreign policy issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_foreign_policy_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_after_diplomatic_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_after_diplomatic_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Life after diplomatic service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_after_diplomatic_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Political positions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political positions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defending_the_Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defending_the_Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Defending the Iraq War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defending_the_Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endorsement_of_Barack_Obama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endorsement_of_Barack_Obama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Endorsement of Barack Obama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endorsement_of_Barack_Obama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_the_Obama_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_the_Obama_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Views on the Obama administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_the_Obama_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_e-mail_leaks_and_criticism_of_Donald_Trump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_e-mail_leaks_and_criticism_of_Donald_Trump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 2016 e-mail leaks and criticism of Donald Trump </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_e-mail_leaks_and_criticism_of_Donald_Trump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_the_Trump_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_the_Trump_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Views on the Trump administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_the_Trump_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personal life and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Civilian awards and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Colin Powell</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="كولن باول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولن باول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="کالین پاول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کالین پاول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Колін Паўэл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Колін Паўэл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Колін Паўэл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Колін Паўэл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Колин Пауъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колин Пауъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="کالین پاول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالین پاول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EB%A6%B0_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9B%94" title="콜린 파월 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜린 파월" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Քոլին Փաուել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քոլին Փաուել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C" title="קולין פאוול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולין פאוול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კოლინ პაუელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლინ პაუელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colinus_Powell" title="Colinus Powell – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Colinus Powell" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolins_Pauels" title="Kolins Pauels – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kolins Pauels" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="कॉलिन पॉवेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॉलिन पॉवेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კოლინ პაუელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოლინ პაუელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="كولن باول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كولن باول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="ကောလင်း ပေါင်ဝဲလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကောလင်း ပေါင်ဝဲလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB" title="コリン・パウエル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コリン・パウエル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="کولن پاول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کولن پاول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="کولن پاول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کولن پاول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пауэлл, Колин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пауэлл, Колин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Колин Пауел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колин Пауел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Колин Павелл – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Колин Павелл" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="คอลิน พอเวลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอลิน พอเวลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Колін Пауелл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колін Пауелл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="کولن پاول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولن پاول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94" title="科林·鲍威尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科林·鲍威尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Colin Powell" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94" title="科林·鲍威尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科林·鲍威尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q150851#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American general and diplomat (1937–2021)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"General Powell" and "Secretary Powell" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/General_Powell_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="General Powell (disambiguation)">General Powell (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_Powell_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Secretary Powell (disambiguation)">Secretary Powell (disambiguation)</a>. For other people named Colin Powell, see <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Colin Powell (disambiguation)">Colin Powell (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Colin Powell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg/220px-Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg/330px-Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg/440px-Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2001</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">65th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 20, 2001 – January 26, 2005</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_United_States_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy United States Secretary of State">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Armitage_(government_official)" title="Richard Armitage (government official)">Richard Armitage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">12th <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office October 1, 1989 – September 30, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Herres" title="Robert T. Herres">Robert T. Herres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Jeremiah" title="David E. Jeremiah">David E. Jeremiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Crowe" title="William J. Crowe">William J. Crowe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Shalikashvili" title="John Shalikashvili">John Shalikashvili</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">15th <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Advisor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Security Advisor">United States National Security Advisor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office November 23, 1987 – January 20, 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_United_States_National_Security_Advisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy United States National Security Advisor">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Negroponte" title="John Negroponte">John Negroponte</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Frank Carlucci</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_National_Security_Advisor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Deputy National Security Advisor">United States Deputy National Security Advisor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 2, 1986 – November 23, 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Ronald Reagan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Rodman" title="Peter Rodman">Peter Rodman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">John Negroponte</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Colin Luther Powell</div> (1937-04-05)April 5, 1937 New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 18, 2021(2021-10-18) (aged 84) <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (until 1995, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1995–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alma_Powell" title="Alma Powell">Alma Johnson</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1962)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell_(lobbyist)" title="Michael Powell (lobbyist)">Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linda_Powell" title="Linda Powell">Linda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Colin_Luther_Powell_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colin Powell's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Colin_Luther_Powell_Signature.svg/128px-Colin_Luther_Powell_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Colin_Luther_Powell_Signature.svg/192px-Colin_Luther_Powell_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Colin_Luther_Powell_Signature.svg/256px-Colin_Luther_Powell_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="119" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1958–1993</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Armored Division (United States)">3rd Armored Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Infantry Division (United States)">23rd Infantry Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Chairman, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_Command" title="United States Army Forces Command">U.S. Army Forces Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)" title="V Corps (United States)">V Corps</a></li> <li>2nd Brigade, <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#Awards_and_decorations">§ Awards and decorations</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Colin Luther Powell (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkoʊlɪn ˈpaʊəl/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KOH-lin POW-əl</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (1937-04-05)April 5, 1937 – (2021-10-18)October 18, 2021) was an American statesman,<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> diplomat, and army officer who was the 65th <a href="/wiki/United_States_secretary_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="United States secretary of state">United States secretary of state</a> from 2001 to 2005. He was the first African-American to hold the office.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> He was the 15th <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">national security advisor</a> from 1987 to 1989, and the 12th <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> from 1989 to 1993. Powell was born in New York City in 1937 to parents who immigrated from <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. He was raised in the <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a> and educated in the New York City public schools, earning a bachelor's degree in geology from the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a>. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a> while at City College and was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> on graduating in 1958. He was a professional soldier for 35 years, holding many command and staff positions and rising to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Four-star_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-star general">four-star general</a>. He was commander of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Forces_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Forces Command">U.S. Army Forces Command</a> in 1989. Powell's last military assignment, from October 1989 to September 1993, was as Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman, the highest military position in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. During this time, he oversaw twenty-eight crises, including the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Panama">invasion of Panama</a> in 1989 and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a> against Iraq in 1990–1991. He formulated the <a href="/wiki/Powell_Doctrine" title="Powell Doctrine">Powell Doctrine</a>, which limits American military action unless it satisfies criteria regarding American national security interests, overwhelming force, and widespread public support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber2009-6">[5]</a> He served as secretary of state under Republican president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. As secretary of state, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell%27s_presentation_to_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Colin Powell's presentation to the United Nations Security Council">Powell gave a presentation to the United Nations Security Council</a> regarding the <a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">rationale for the Iraq War</a>, but he later admitted that the speech contained substantial inaccuracies. He resigned after Bush was reelected in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber200971-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> In 1995, Powell wrote his autobiography, My American Journey and then in retirement another book titled, It Worked for Me: Lessons in Life and Leadership (2012). He pursued a career as a public speaker, addressing audiences across the country and abroad. Before his appointment as Secretary of State he chaired <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Promise" title="America's Promise">America's Promise</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>, Powell, who was not a candidate, <a href="/wiki/Faithless_electors_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Faithless electors in the 2016 United States presidential election">received three electoral votes</a> from Washington state for the office of President of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> He won numerous U.S. and foreign military awards and decorations. His civilian awards included the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (twice), the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Citizens_Medal" title="Presidential Citizens Medal">Presidential Citizens Medal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Secretary%27s_Distinguished_Service_Award" title="Secretary's Distinguished Service Award">Secretary's Distinguished Service Award</a>. Powell died from complications of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> in 2021, while being treated for a form of <a href="/wiki/Blood_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cancer">blood cancer</a> that damaged his <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Colin Luther Powell was born on (1937-04-05)April 5, 1937,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-palmowski2008-13">[12]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, a neighborhood in the New York City <a href="/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough (New York City)">borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-14">[13]</a> He was born to <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican</a> immigrants Maud Ariel (née McKoy) and Luther Theophilus Powell.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> His parents were both of mixed <a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaicans" title="Afro-Jamaicans">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Jamaicans" title="Scottish Jamaicans">Scottish</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Luther worked as a shipping <a href="/wiki/Clerk" title="Clerk">clerk</a> and Maud as a <a href="/wiki/Seamstress" class="mw-redirect" title="Seamstress">seamstress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_staff-18">[17]</a> Powell was raised in the <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a> and attended the now closed <a href="/wiki/Morris_High_School_(Bronx,_New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris High School (Bronx, New York)">Morris High School</a>, from which he graduated in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> While at school, Powell worked at a local baby furniture store, where he picked up <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> from the Eastern European Jewish shopkeepers and some of the customers.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> He also served as a <a href="/wiki/Shabbos_goy" title="Shabbos goy">Shabbos goy</a>, helping Orthodox families with needed tasks on the Sabbath.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> He received a bachelor of science degree in geology from the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> in 1958<a href="#cite_note-Education-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> and said that he was a "C average" student.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> "I wasn't doing well in civil engineering". While at CCNY, Powell shifted his study focus to the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a> (ROTC) and became a "straight A student" in it;<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[24]</a> he held the distinction of being the first chairman to have attained his commission through the ROTC.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[24]</a> Powell also graduated from <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> with an MBA in 1971 and an honorary doctor of public service in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career">edit</a>]</div> Powell was a professional soldier for thirty-five years, holding a variety of command and staff positions and rising to the rank of <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BiographyChannel-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training">Training</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Training">edit</a>]</div> While attending the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a>, Powell joined the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a> (ROTC).<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> He described the experience as one of the happiest experiences of his life. According to Powell: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It was only once I was in college, about six months into college when I found something that I liked, and that was ROTC, Reserve Officer Training Corps in the military. And I not only liked it, but I was pretty good at it. That's what you really have to look for in life, something that you like, and something that you think you're pretty good at. And if you can put those two things together, then you're on the right track, and just drive on.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> </blockquote> As a <a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">cadet</a>, Powell joined the <a href="/wiki/Pershing_Rifles" title="Pershing Rifles">Pershing Rifles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Journey-30">[29]</a> the ROTC fraternal organization and <a href="/wiki/Military_Drill_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Drill Team">drill team</a> begun by General <a href="/wiki/John_Pershing" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pershing">John Pershing</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> Upon graduation, he received a commission as an <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant (United States)">second lieutenant</a>;<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> at this time, the Army was newly desegregated<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-14">[13]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(see: <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a>). He underwent training in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Georgia">state of Georgia</a>, where he was <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">refused service in bars and restaurants because of the color of his skin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Obit.-32">[31]</a> After attending <a href="/wiki/Basic_Officer_Leaders_Course" title="Basic Officer Leaders Course">basic training</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Benning">Fort Benning</a>, Powell was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/48th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="48th Infantry Regiment (United States)">48th Infantry</a>, in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Platoon_leader" title="Platoon leader">platoon leader</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN1996-33">[32]</a> From 1960 to 1962, he served as group liaison officer, company executive officer, and commander of Company A, 1st Battle Group, 4th Infantry, 2nd Infantry Brigade, <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="5th Infantry Division (United States)">5th Infantry Division (Mechanized)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Devens" title="Fort Devens">Fort Devens</a>, Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vietnam War">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (U.S. Army)">Captain</a> Powell served a tour in Vietnam as a <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">South Vietnamese Army</a> (ARVN) advisor from 1962 to 1963. While on patrol in a <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>-held area, he was wounded by stepping on a <a href="/wiki/Punji_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Punji stake">punji stake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kearny_p179-35">[34]</a> The large infection made it difficult for him to walk, and caused his foot to swell for a short time, shortening his first tour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteins200325–26-36">[35]</a> Powell returned to Vietnam as a <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a> in 1968, serving as assistant <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of staff (military)">chief of staff</a> of operations for the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Infantry Division (United States)">23rd (Americal) Infantry Division</a>. During the second tour in Vietnam he was decorated with the <a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Medal" title="Soldier's Medal">Soldier's Medal</a> for bravery after he survived a helicopter crash and single-handedly rescued three others, including division commander Major General <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Gettys" title="Charles M. Gettys">Charles M. Gettys</a>, from the burning wreckage.<a href="#cite_note-CNN1996-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mỹ_Lai_massacre_inquiry">Mỹ Lai massacre inquiry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mỹ Lai massacre inquiry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Soldiers actively hunted, herded, and killed elderly people, children, infants, and raped women while other Soldiers [sic] looked on and did nothing to stop the massacre. An estimated 350 to 500 unarmed civilians died in My Lai ... MAJ Colin Powell, a recently assigned Deputy G3, investigated the allegations described in the [Glen] letter. He proved unable to uncover either wide-spread unnecessary killings, war crimes, or any facts related to My Lai ...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>US Army Center for the Army Profession and Leadership, My Lai at 50: Written Case Study<a href="#cite_note-CAPL-38">[37]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Powell was charged with investigating a detailed letter by <a href="/wiki/11th_Light_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Light Infantry Brigade">11th Light Infantry Brigade</a> soldier Tom Glen, which backed up rumored allegations of the 1968 <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Lai_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mỹ Lai massacre">Mỹ Lai massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CAPL-38">[37]</a> Powell wrote: "In direct refutation of this portrayal is the fact that relations between <a href="/wiki/Americal_Division" title="Americal Division">Americal</a> soldiers and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese people</a> are excellent".<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Later, Powell's assessment would be described as <a href="/wiki/Whitewash_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewash (censorship)">whitewashing</a> the news of the massacre, and questions would continue to remain undisclosed to the public.<a href="#cite_note-BBCNews_Obit-40">[39]</a> In May 2004, Powell said to television and radio host <a href="/wiki/Larry_King" title="Larry King">Larry King</a>, "I was in a unit that was responsible for My Lai. I got there after My Lai happened. So, in war, these sorts of horrible things happen every now and again, but they are still to be deplored".<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Vietnam_War">After the Vietnam War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After the Vietnam War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-E0416_Colin_Powell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-E0416_Colin_Powell.jpg/220px-Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-E0416_Colin_Powell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-E0416_Colin_Powell.jpg/330px-Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-E0416_Colin_Powell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-E0416_Colin_Powell.jpg/440px-Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-E0416_Colin_Powell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Richard Nixon and Powell, 1973</figcaption></figure> When he returned to the U.S. from Vietnam in 1971, Powell earned a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-Education-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Obit.-32">[31]</a> He later served a <a href="/wiki/White_House_Fellows" title="White House Fellows">White House Fellowship</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> from 1972 to 1973. During 1975–1976 he attended the <a href="/wiki/National_War_College" title="National War College">National War College</a>, Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-BrownWagner-42">[41]</a> In his autobiography, My American Journey, Powell named several officers he served under who inspired and mentored him. As a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a> commanding 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="32nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">32nd Infantry</a> in South Korea, Powell was very close to his division commander, Major General <a href="/wiki/Henry_%22Gunfighter%22_Emerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry "Gunfighter" Emerson">Henry "Gunfighter" Emerson</a>, whom he regarded as one of the most caring officers he ever met.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Emerson insisted his troops train at night to fight a possible North Korean attack, and made them repeatedly watch the television film <a href="/wiki/Brian%27s_Song" title="Brian's Song">Brian's Song</a> to promote racial harmony. Powell always professed that what set Emerson apart was his great love of his soldiers and concern for their welfare. After a <a href="/wiki/Race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riot">race riot</a> occurred, in which African-American soldiers almost killed a white officer, Powell was charged by Emerson to crack down on <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">black militants</a>; Powell's efforts led to the discharge of one soldier, and other efforts to reduce racial tensions.<a href="#cite_note-CNN1996-33">[32]</a> During 1976–1977 he commanded the 2nd Brigade of the <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_staff-18">[17]</a> Powell subsequently served as the junior military assistant to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">deputy secretaries of defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Charles Duncan</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._Graham_Claytor_Jr." title="W. Graham Claytor Jr.">Graham Claytor</a>, receiving a promotion to brigadier general on 1 June 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Journey-30">[29]</a>: 588  At the ceremony, he received from Secretary <a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Harold Brown's</a> protocol officer, Stuart Purviance, a framed quotation by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. The quote was "I can make a brigadier general in five minutes. But it's not so easy to replace one hundred ten horses". Taped to the back of the frame was an envelope with instructions that it not be opened for ten years. When Powell opened the note in 1989, after he had become Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, he read Purviance's prediction that Powell would become <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a>. Powell wrote that he kept the Lincoln quote as a reminder to remain humble despite his rank and position.<a href="#cite_note-Journey-30">[29]</a>: 590  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Security_Advisor_and_other_advisory_roles">National Security Advisor and other advisory roles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National Security Advisor and other advisory roles">edit</a>]</div> Powell retained his role as the now-senior military assistant into the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">presidency of Ronald Reagan</a>, serving under Claytor's successor as deputy secretary of defense, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Frank Carlucci</a>. Powell and Carlucci formed a close friendship,<a href="#cite_note-Journey-30">[29]</a>: 631  referring to each by first names in private, as Powell refused any sort of first-name basis in an official capacity.<a href="#cite_note-Journey-30">[29]</a>: 618  It was on Powell's advice that newly-elected President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> presented <a href="/wiki/Roy_Benavidez" title="Roy Benavidez">Roy Benavidez</a> the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>; Benavidez had received the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a>, which his commander argued should be upgraded, but army officials believed there was no living eyewitness to testify to Benavidez's heroism. A soldier who had been present during the action in question learned in July 1980 of the effort to upgrade Benavidez's medal and provided the necessary sworn statement; the upgrade to the Medal of Honor was approved in December 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Journey-30">[29]</a>: 622–23 <a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Powell also declined an offer from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretary of the Army</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Otho_Marsh_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Otho Marsh Jr.">John O. Marsh Jr.</a> to be his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army">under secretary</a> due to his reluctance to assume a political appointment; <a href="/wiki/James_R._Ambrose" title="James R. Ambrose">James R. Ambrose</a> was selected instead.<a href="#cite_note-Journey-30">[29]</a>: 623–28  Intent on attaining a division command, Powell petitioned Carlucci and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Army chief of staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Meyer" title="Edward C. Meyer">Edward C. Meyer</a> for reassignment away from the Pentagon, with Meyer appointing Powell as assistant division commander for operations and training of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Division (United States)">4th Infantry Division</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Carson,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Carson, Colorado">Fort Carson, Colorado</a> under Major General John W. Hudachek.<a href="#cite_note-Journey-30">[29]</a>: 628–29  After he left Fort Carson, Powell became the senior military assistant to Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a>, whom he assisted during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">1983 invasion of Grenada</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1986_Bombing_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 Bombing of Libya">1986 airstrike on Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-2021-46">[45]</a> Under Weinberger, Powell was also involved in the unlawful transfer of U.S.-made <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">TOW</a> anti-tank missiles and <a href="/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk" title="MIM-23 Hawk">Hawk</a> anti-aircraft missiles from Israel to Iran as part of the criminal conspiracy that would later become known as the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Firewall-47">[46]</a>: 342–49 <a href="#cite_note-WalshReport1-48">[47]</a> In November 1985, Powell solicited and delivered to Weinberger a legal assessment that the transfer of Hawk missiles to Israel or Iran, without Congressional notification, would be "a clear violation" of the law.<a href="#cite_note-Firewall-47">[46]</a>: 345 <a href="#cite_note-WalshReport1-48">[47]</a> Despite this, thousands of TOW missiles and hundreds of Hawk missiles and spare parts were transferred from Israel to Iran until the venture was exposed in a Lebanese magazine, <a href="/wiki/Ash-Shiraa" title="Ash-Shiraa">Ash-Shiraa</a>, in November 1986.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-hunter-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Why_arms_dealings_failed-51">[50]</a> According to Iran-Contra <a href="/wiki/Independent_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Counsel">Independent Counsel</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Walsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence E. Walsh">Lawrence E. Walsh</a>, when questioned by Congress, Powell "had given incomplete answers" concerning notes withheld by Weinberger and that the activities of Powell and others in concealing the notes "seemed corrupt enough to meet the new, poorly defined test of <a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">obstruction</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Firewall-47">[46]</a>: 403  Following his resignation as Secretary of Defense, Weinberger was indicted on five felony charges, including one count Obstruction of Congress for concealing the notes.<a href="#cite_note-Brinley-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-WalshReport2-53">[52]</a>: 456  Powell was never indicted by the Independent Counsel in connection with the Iran-Contra affair.<a href="#cite_note-WalshReport2-53">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Colin_Powell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Colin_Powell.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Colin_Powell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Colin_Powell.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Colin_Powell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Colin_Powell.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Colin_Powell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and National Security Advisor Powell, 18 April 1988</figcaption></figure> In 1986, Powell took over the command of <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)" title="V Corps (United States)">V Corps</a> in Frankfurt, Germany, from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_%22Sam%22_Wetzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Lewis "Sam" Wetzel">Robert Lewis "Sam" Wetzel</a>. The next year, he served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_National_Security_Advisor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Deputy National Security Advisor">United States Deputy National Security Advisor</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Frank Carlucci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Following the Iran–Contra scandal, Powell became, at the age of 49, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a>, serving from 1987 to 1989 while retaining his Army commission as a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> He helped negotiate a number of arms treaties with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-14">[13]</a> In April 1989, after his tenure with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>, Powell was promoted to four-star <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">general</a> under President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and briefly served as the <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General,_United_States_Army_Forces_Command" title="Commanding General, United States Army Forces Command">Commander in Chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_Command" title="United States Army Forces Command">Forces Command</a> (FORSCOM), headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Fort_McPherson,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort McPherson, Georgia">Fort McPherson, Georgia</a>, overseeing all active <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> regulars, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Reserve">U.S. Army Reserve</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">National Guard</a> units in the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States#Continental_and_mainland_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Continental U.S.</a>, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. He became the third general since World War II to reach four-star rank without ever serving as a division commander,<a href="#cite_note-Graham-2021-46">[45]</a> joining <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a>. Later that year, President George H. W. Bush selected him as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GEN_Colin_Powell.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GEN_Colin_Powell.JPG/170px-GEN_Colin_Powell.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GEN_Colin_Powell.JPG/255px-GEN_Colin_Powell.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GEN_Colin_Powell.JPG/340px-GEN_Colin_Powell.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2315" data-file-height="2979" /></a><figcaption>Powell's official portrait as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1989</figcaption></figure> Powell's last military assignment, from 1 October 1989 to 30 September 1993, was as the 12th <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, the highest military position in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>. At age 52, he became the youngest officer, and first <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbean American">Afro-Caribbean American</a>, to serve in this position. Powell was also the first JCS chair who received his commission through <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">ROTC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> During this time, Powell oversaw responses to 28 crises, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">invasion of Panama</a> in 1989 to remove General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a> from power and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a> in the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a>. During these events, Powell earned the nickname "the reluctant warrior" – although Powell himself disputed this label, and spoke in favor of the first Bush administration's Gulf War policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteins200395-58">[57]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Military_strategist" class="mw-redirect" title="Military strategist">military strategist</a>, Powell advocated an approach to military conflicts that maximizes the potential for success and minimizes casualties. A component of this approach is the use of overwhelming force, which he applied to Operation Desert Storm in 1991. His approach has been dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Powell_Doctrine" title="Powell Doctrine">Powell Doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeYoung2006a210-59">[58]</a> Powell continued as chairman of the JCS into the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Administration">Clinton presidency</a>. However, as a <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realist</a>, he considered himself a bad fit for an administration largely made up of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">liberal internationalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan2010100-60">[59]</a> He clashed with then-<a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">U.S. ambassador to the United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian war">Bosnian crisis</a>, as he opposed any military intervention that did not involve U.S. interests.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Powell also regularly clashed with Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Leslie Aspin</a>, whom he was initially hesitant to support after Aspin was nominated by President Clinton.<a href="#cite_note-Perry-2017-62">[61]</a> During a lunch meeting between Powell and Aspin in preparation of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gothic_Serpent" title="Operation Gothic Serpent">Operation Gothic Serpent</a>, Aspin was more focused on eating salad than listening and paying attention to Powell's presentation on military operations.<a href="#cite_note-Perry-2017-62">[61]</a> The incident caused Powell to grow more irritated towards Aspin and led to his early resignation on 30 September 1993. Powell was succeeded temporarily by <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/David_E._Jeremiah" title="David E. Jeremiah">David E. Jeremiah</a>, who took the position as Acting Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Soon after Powell's resignation, on 3–4 October 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (1993)">Battle of Mogadishu</a>, the aim of which was to capture Somali warlord <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Farrah_Aidid" title="Mohamed Farrah Aidid">Mohamed Farrah Aidid</a>, was initiated and ended in disaster. Powell later defended Aspin, saying in part that he could not fault Aspin for Aspin's decision to remove a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AC-130" title="Lockheed AC-130">Lockheed AC-130</a> from the list of armaments requested for the operation.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Powell took an early resignation from his tenure as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 30 September 1993.<a href="#cite_note-dip-64">[63]</a> The following year President Clinton sent newly-retired Powell, together with former President Jimmy Carter and Senator Sam Nunn, to visit Haiti in an effort to persuade General Raoul Cédras and the ruling junta to abdicate in favor of former Haitian President Aristide, under the threat of an imminent US invasion to remove them by force. Powell's status as a retired general was well known and respected in Haiti and was held to be instrumental in persuading Gen. Cédras.<a href="#cite_note-dip-64">[63]</a> During his chairmanship of the JCS, there was discussion of awarding Powell a <a href="/wiki/Five-star_rank" title="Five-star rank">fifth star</a>, granting him the rank of <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> But even in the wake of public and Congressional pressure<a href="#cite_note-Jet-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Italia-67">[66]</a> to do so, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton-Gore</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential transition team">presidential transition team</a> staffers decided against it.<a href="#cite_note-Stephy-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halberstam-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Security_Advisor_and_other_advisory_roles_2">National Security Advisor and other advisory roles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National Security Advisor and other advisory roles">edit</a>]</div> Powell retained his role as the now-senior military assistant <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dates of rank">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Promotions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/US_Army_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/70px-US_Army_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/US_Army_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/105px-US_Army_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/US_Army_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/140px-US_Army_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="97" /></a> <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a></td> <td>4 April 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_O9_shoulderboard_rotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/US_Army_O9_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/70px-US_Army_O9_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/US_Army_O9_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/105px-US_Army_O9_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/US_Army_O9_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/140px-US_Army_O9_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="97" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant general</a></td> <td>1 July 1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_O8_shoulderboard_rotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/US_Army_O8_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/70px-US_Army_O8_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/US_Army_O8_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/105px-US_Army_O8_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/US_Army_O8_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/140px-US_Army_O8_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="97" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a></td> <td>1 August 1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_O7_shoulderboard_rotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_Army_O7_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/70px-US_Army_O7_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_Army_O7_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/105px-US_Army_O7_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_Army_O7_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/140px-US_Army_O7_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="97" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier general</a></td> <td>1 June 1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_O6_shoulderboard_rotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/US_Army_O6_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/70px-US_Army_O6_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/US_Army_O6_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/105px-US_Army_O6_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/US_Army_O6_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/140px-US_Army_O6_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="97" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td>1 February 1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_O-5_shoulderboard_rotated_(1959%E2%80%932015).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/U.S._Army_O-5_shoulderboard_rotated_%281959%E2%80%932015%29.svg/70px-U.S._Army_O-5_shoulderboard_rotated_%281959%E2%80%932015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/U.S._Army_O-5_shoulderboard_rotated_%281959%E2%80%932015%29.svg/105px-U.S._Army_O-5_shoulderboard_rotated_%281959%E2%80%932015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/U.S._Army_O-5_shoulderboard_rotated_%281959%E2%80%932015%29.svg/140px-U.S._Army_O-5_shoulderboard_rotated_%281959%E2%80%932015%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="97" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant colonel</a></td> <td>9 July 1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_O4_shoulderboard_rotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/US_Army_O4_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/70px-US_Army_O4_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/US_Army_O4_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/105px-US_Army_O4_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/US_Army_O4_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/140px-US_Army_O4_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="97" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a></td> <td>24 May 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_O3_shoulderboard_rotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_Army_O3_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/70px-US_Army_O3_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_Army_O3_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/105px-US_Army_O3_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_Army_O3_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/140px-US_Army_O3_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="97" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> <td>2 June 1962 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_O2_shoulderboard_rotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/US_Army_O2_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/70px-US_Army_O2_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/US_Army_O2_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/105px-US_Army_O2_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/US_Army_O2_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/140px-US_Army_O2_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="97" /></a> <a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="First lieutenant (United States)">First lieutenant</a></td> <td>30 December 1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_O-1_shoulderboard_(1954%E2%80%932015),_rotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/U.S._Army_O-1_shoulderboard_%281954%E2%80%932015%29%2C_rotated.svg/70px-U.S._Army_O-1_shoulderboard_%281954%E2%80%932015%29%2C_rotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/U.S._Army_O-1_shoulderboard_%281954%E2%80%932015%29%2C_rotated.svg/105px-U.S._Army_O-1_shoulderboard_%281954%E2%80%932015%29%2C_rotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/U.S._Army_O-1_shoulderboard_%281954%E2%80%932015%29%2C_rotated.svg/140px-U.S._Army_O-1_shoulderboard_%281954%E2%80%932015%29%2C_rotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="97" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">Second lieutenant</a></td> <td>9 June 1958 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Badges">Badges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Badges">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat_Infantry_Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Combat Infantryman Badge[70]"><img alt="Combat Infantryman Badge[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Combat_Infantry_Badge.svg/120px-Combat_Infantry_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Combat_Infantry_Badge.svg/180px-Combat_Infantry_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Combat_Infantry_Badge.svg/240px-Combat_Infantry_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="84" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Combat_Infantryman_Badge" title="Combat Infantryman Badge">Combat Infantryman Badge</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAAHC-71">[70]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Expert_Infantry_Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Expert Infantryman Badge"><img alt="Expert Infantryman Badge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Expert_Infantry_Badge.svg/120px-Expert_Infantry_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Expert_Infantry_Badge.svg/180px-Expert_Infantry_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Expert_Infantry_Badge.svg/240px-Expert_Infantry_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="220" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Expert_Infantryman_Badge" title="Expert Infantryman Badge">Expert Infantryman Badge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranger_Tab.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ranger Tab[70]"><img alt="Ranger Tab[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ranger_Tab.svg/120px-Ranger_Tab.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ranger_Tab.svg/180px-Ranger_Tab.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ranger_Tab.svg/240px-Ranger_Tab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="315" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ranger_Tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranger Tab">Ranger Tab</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAAHC-71">[70]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_Airborne_basic_parachutist_badge.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Parachutist Badge[70]"><img alt="Parachutist Badge[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_Army_Airborne_basic_parachutist_badge.gif/120px-US_Army_Airborne_basic_parachutist_badge.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_Army_Airborne_basic_parachutist_badge.gif/180px-US_Army_Airborne_basic_parachutist_badge.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_Army_Airborne_basic_parachutist_badge.gif/240px-US_Army_Airborne_basic_parachutist_badge.gif 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="188" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Parachutist_Badge_(United_States)" title="Parachutist Badge (United States)">Parachutist Badge</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAAHC-71">[70]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pathfinder.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Pathfinder Badge[70]"><img alt="Pathfinder Badge[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pathfinder.gif/120px-Pathfinder.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pathfinder.gif/180px-Pathfinder.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pathfinder.gif/240px-Pathfinder.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="474" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Badge_(United_States)" title="Pathfinder Badge (United States)">Pathfinder Badge</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAAHC-71">[70]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AirAssault.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Air Assault Badge"><img alt="Air Assault Badge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AirAssault.svg/120px-AirAssault.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AirAssault.svg/180px-AirAssault.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AirAssault.svg/240px-AirAssault.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="167" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Air_Assault_Badge" title="Air Assault Badge">Air Assault Badge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential Service Badge[70]"><img alt="Presidential Service Badge[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png/118px-US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png/178px-US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png/237px-US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="608" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Service_Badge" title="Presidential Service Badge">Presidential Service Badge</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAAHC-71">[70]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense_Identification_Badge.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Secretary of Defense Identification Badge[70]"><img alt="Secretary of Defense Identification Badge[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense_Identification_Badge.png/120px-Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense_Identification_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense_Identification_Badge.png/180px-Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense_Identification_Badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense_Identification_Badge.png/240px-Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense_Identification_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="596" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Defense_Identification_Badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Defense Identification Badge">Secretary of Defense Identification Badge</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAAHC-71">[70]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge[70]"><img alt="Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg/110px-Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg/165px-Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg/220px-Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="216" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Identification_Badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge">Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAAHC-71">[70]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Army_Staff_Identification_Badge.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Army Staff Identification Badge[70]"><img alt="Army Staff Identification Badge[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/United_States_Army_Staff_Identification_Badge.png/107px-United_States_Army_Staff_Identification_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/United_States_Army_Staff_Identification_Badge.png/160px-United_States_Army_Staff_Identification_Badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/United_States_Army_Staff_Identification_Badge.png/213px-United_States_Army_Staff_Identification_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="653" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Army_Staff_Identification_Badge" title="Army Staff Identification Badge">Army Staff Identification Badge</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAAHC-71">[70]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medals_and_ribbons">Medals and ribbons</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Medals and ribbons">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 7px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 41px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Defense Distinguished Service Medal">Defense Distinguished Service Medal</a> with three <a href="/wiki/Oak_leaf_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak leaf clusters">oak leaf clusters</a><a href="#cite_note-valor-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a> with oak leaf cluster<a href="#cite_note-valor-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Navy Distinguished Service Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-valor-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg/60px-Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg/90px-Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg/120px-Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Air Force Distinguished Service Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-valor-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coast_Guard_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coast_Guard_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg/60px-Coast_Guard_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coast_Guard_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg/90px-Coast_Guard_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coast_Guard_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg/120px-Coast_Guard_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal">Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-valor-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Defense_Superior_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Defense_Superior_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Defense_Superior_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Defense_Superior_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Defense_Superior_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Defense_Superior_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Defense_Superior_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Defense_Superior_Service_Medal" title="Defense Superior Service Medal">Defense Superior Service Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-valor-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/90px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> with oak leaf cluster<a href="#cite_note-valor-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Soldier%27s_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Soldier%27s_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Soldier%27s_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Soldier%27s_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Soldier%27s_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Soldier%27s_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Soldier%27s_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Medal" title="Soldier's Medal">Soldier's Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-valor-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-2021-46">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/60px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/90px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/120px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-2021-46">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Air_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Air_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Air_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Air_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Air_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Air_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_Medal" title="Air Medal">Air Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAAHC-71">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Joint_Service_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Joint_Service_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Joint_Service_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Joint_Service_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Joint_Service_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Joint_Service_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Joint_Service_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joint_Service_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Service Commendation Medal">Joint Service Commendation Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAAHC-71">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 13px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 36px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Commendation Medal">Army Commendation Medal</a> with two oak leaf clusters<a href="#cite_note-NMAAHC-71">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_with_Distinction_(ribbon).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_with_Distinction_%28ribbon%29.svg/60px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_with_Distinction_%28ribbon%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_with_Distinction_%28ribbon%29.svg/90px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_with_Distinction_%28ribbon%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_with_Distinction_%28ribbon%29.svg/120px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_with_Distinction_%28ribbon%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="56" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> with Distinction (1993)<a href="#cite_note-2ndPMoF-73">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_(ribbon).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/60px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/90px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/120px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="56" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (1991)<a href="#cite_note-rodriguez2021-74">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg/60px-Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg/90px-Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg/120px-Presidential_Citizens_Medal_ribbon_-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="28" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Citizens_Medal" title="Presidential Citizens Medal">Presidential Citizens Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-GWB_WH-75">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:USA_-_DOS_Distinguished_Service_Award.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_-_DOS_Distinguished_Service_Award.png/60px-USA_-_DOS_Distinguished_Service_Award.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_-_DOS_Distinguished_Service_Award.png/90px-USA_-_DOS_Distinguished_Service_Award.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_-_DOS_Distinguished_Service_Award.png/120px-USA_-_DOS_Distinguished_Service_Award.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="125" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Secretary%27s_Distinguished_Service_Award" title="Secretary's Distinguished Service Award">Secretary's Distinguished Service Award</a><a href="#cite_note-GWB_WH-75">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal" title="National Defense Service Medal">National Defense Service Medal</a> with bronze <a href="/wiki/Service_star" title="Service star">service star</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver-service-star-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver service star"><img alt="Silver star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/11px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/17px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/22px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="476" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Service_Medal" title="Vietnam Service Medal">Vietnam Service Medal</a> with silver service star </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Army_Service_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Army_Service_Ribbon.svg/60px-Army_Service_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Army_Service_Ribbon.svg/90px-Army_Service_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Army_Service_Ribbon.svg/120px-Army_Service_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_Service_Ribbon" title="Army Service Ribbon">Army Service Ribbon</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAAHC-71">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Award_numeral_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Award_numeral_4.png/12px-Award_numeral_4.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Award_numeral_4.png/18px-Award_numeral_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Award_numeral_4.png/24px-Award_numeral_4.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg/60px-Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg/90px-Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg/120px-Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Overseas Service Ribbon">Army Overseas Service Ribbon</a> with <a href="/wiki/Award_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Award numeral">award numeral</a> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Gerald R. Ford Medal for Distinguished Public Service (2021)<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_decorations">Foreign decorations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign decorations">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/60px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/90px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td>Honorary Knight Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> (KCB) (United Kingdom) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/90px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a>, Grand Cross (France) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:CAN_Meritorious_Service_Cross_(military_division)_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CAN_Meritorious_Service_Cross_%28military_division%29_ribbon.svg/60px-CAN_Meritorious_Service_Cross_%28military_division%29_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CAN_Meritorious_Service_Cross_%28military_division%29_ribbon.svg/90px-CAN_Meritorious_Service_Cross_%28military_division%29_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CAN_Meritorious_Service_Cross_%28military_division%29_ribbon.svg/120px-CAN_Meritorious_Service_Cross_%28military_division%29_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Cross" title="Meritorious Service Cross">Meritorious Service Cross</a> (M.S.C.) (Canada) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:ALB_Order_of_Skanderbeg_-_Knight_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ALB_Order_of_Skanderbeg_-_Knight_BAR.png/60px-ALB_Order_of_Skanderbeg_-_Knight_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ALB_Order_of_Skanderbeg_-_Knight_BAR.png/90px-ALB_Order_of_Skanderbeg_-_Knight_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ALB_Order_of_Skanderbeg_-_Knight_BAR.png/120px-ALB_Order_of_Skanderbeg_-_Knight_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Skanderbeg's Order">Skanderbeg's Order</a> (Albania) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg/60px-BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg/90px-BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg/120px-BUL_Order_Stara_planina_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Bulgaria" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Bulgaria">Order of Stara Planina in the First Order</a> (Bulgaria)<a href="#cite_note-Bulgara2004-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bulgaria2004photo-78">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gallantry_Cross_Unit_Citation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gallantry_Cross_Unit_Citation.png/60px-Gallantry_Cross_Unit_Citation.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gallantry_Cross_Unit_Citation.png/90px-Gallantry_Cross_Unit_Citation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gallantry_Cross_Unit_Citation.png/120px-Gallantry_Cross_Unit_Citation.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="75" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross_Unit_Citation" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation">Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon,_with_60-_clasp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg/60px-Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg/90px-Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg/120px-Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="36" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal">Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.svg/60px-SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.svg/90px-SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.svg/120px-SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Lion" title="National Order of the Lion">National Order of the Lion</a>, Grand Officer (<a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_presidential_candidate">Potential presidential candidate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Potential presidential candidate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DA-SD-05-00599.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DA-SD-05-00599.jpg/170px-DA-SD-05-00599.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DA-SD-05-00599.jpg/255px-DA-SD-05-00599.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DA-SD-05-00599.jpg/340px-DA-SD-05-00599.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Powell, as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, waves from his motorcade during the Persian Gulf War Welcome Home Parade in New York City</figcaption></figure> Powell's experience in military matters made him a very popular figure with both American political parties. Many <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> admired his moderate stance on military matters, while many <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> saw him as a great asset associated with the successes of past Republican administrations. Put forth as a potential Democratic vice presidential nominee in the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 U.S. presidential election</a><a href="#cite_note-PowellasDemVP-79">[78]</a> or even potentially replacing Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> as the Republican vice presidential nominee,<a href="#cite_note-PowellasRepVP-80">[79]</a> Powell eventually declared himself a Republican and began to campaign for Republican candidates in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> He was touted as a possible opponent of <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996 U.S. presidential election</a>, possibly capitalizing on a split conservative vote in Iowa<a href="#cite_note-PowellinIowa-83">[82]</a> and even leading New Hampshire polls for the GOP nomination,<a href="#cite_note-primarypoll-84">[83]</a> but Powell declined, citing a lack of passion for politics.<a href="#cite_note-declinepresidency-85">[84]</a> Powell defeated Clinton 50–38 in a hypothetical match-up proposed to voters in the <a href="/wiki/Exit_poll" title="Exit poll">exit polls</a> conducted on Election Day.<a href="#cite_note-PowellvsClinton-86">[85]</a> Despite not standing in the race, Powell won the Republican <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary#Vice-Presidential_results" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire Vice-Presidential primary</a> on write-in votes.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In 1997, Powell founded <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Promise" title="America's Promise">America's Promise</a> with the objective of helping children from all <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> sectors. That same year saw the establishment of The <a href="/wiki/Colin_L._Powell_Center_for_Leadership_and_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Colin L. Powell Center for Leadership and Service">Colin L. Powell Center for Leadership and Service</a>. The mission of the center is to "prepare new generations of publicly engaged leaders from populations previously underrepresented in public service and policy circles, to build a strong culture of civic engagement at City College, and to mobilize campus resources to meet pressing community needs and serve the public good".<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Powell was mentioned as a potential candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 U.S. presidential election</a>, but again decided against running.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Once Texas Governor <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> secured the Republican nomination, Powell endorsed him for president and spoke at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 Republican National Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan2010xi-91">[90]</a> Bush won the general election and appointed Powell as secretary of state in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral college</a> vote count of <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a>, Powell received three votes for president from <a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">faithless electors</a> from the state of Washington.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_State_(2001–2005)">Secretary of State (2001–2005)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Secretary of State (2001–2005)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condoleezza_Rice_Colin_Powell_George_W._Bush_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Condoleezza_Rice_Colin_Powell_George_W._Bush_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg/220px-Condoleezza_Rice_Colin_Powell_George_W._Bush_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Condoleezza_Rice_Colin_Powell_George_W._Bush_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg/330px-Condoleezza_Rice_Colin_Powell_George_W._Bush_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Condoleezza_Rice_Colin_Powell_George_W._Bush_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg/440px-Condoleezza_Rice_Colin_Powell_George_W._Bush_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Powell, National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> and Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> listen to President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> speak</figcaption></figure> President-elect <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> named Powell as his nominee to be secretary of state in a ceremony at his ranch in <a href="/wiki/Crawford,_Texas" title="Crawford, Texas">Crawford, Texas</a> on 16 December 2000.<a href="#cite_note-appointment-94">[93]</a> This made Powell the first person to formally accept a Cabinet post in the Bush administration,<a href="#cite_note-appointment-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> as well the first black <a href="/wiki/United_States_secretary_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="United States secretary of state">United States secretary of state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-14">[13]</a> As secretary of state, Powell was perceived as moderate. Powell was unanimously confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> by voice vote on 20 January 2001,<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> and ceremonially sworn in on 26 January.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Over the course of his tenure he traveled less than any other U.S. Secretary of State in thirty years.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost_Kessler_20040714-99">[98]</a> This is partly attributed to a letter from former diplomat <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a>, who advised Powell to focus on his duties as the president's principal foreign policy advisor and avoid trips that risked undercutting the duties of the <a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States" title="Ambassadors of the United States">ambassadors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> On 11 September 2001, Powell was in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru, meeting with president <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo">Alejandro Toledo</a> and attending a meeting of foreign ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteins2003116-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeYoung2006a338–339-102">[101]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">terror attacks that day</a>, Powell's job became of critical importance in managing the United States of America's relationships with foreign countries to secure a stable coalition in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003_U.S._invasion_of_Iraq">2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell%27s_presentation_to_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Colin Powell's presentation to the United Nations Security Council">Colin Powell's presentation to the United Nations Security Council</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">My second purpose today is ... to share with you what the United States knows about Iraq's weapons of mass destruction ... Iraq's behavior demonstrate that Saddam Hussein and his regime have made no effort ... to disarm as required by the international community. Indeed, the facts and Iraq's behavior show that Saddam Hussein and his regime are concealing their efforts to produce more weapons of mass destruction ... every statement I make today is backed up by sources, solid sources. These are not assertions. What we're giving you are facts and conclusions based on solid intelligence.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Colin Powell, Address to the United Nations Security Council<a href="#cite_note-UNSC_Powell_20030205-103">[102]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Powell came under fire for his role in <a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">building the case</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. A 2004 report by the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Survey_Group" title="Iraq Survey Group">Iraq Survey Group</a> concluded that the evidence that Powell offered to support the allegation that the Iraqi government possessed <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> (WMDs) was inaccurate.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2004-104">[103]</a> As early as 2000 on the day Powell was nominated to be Secretary of State he told the press "Saddam is sitting on a failed regime that is not going to be around in a few years time".<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In a press statement on 24 February 2001, Powell had said that <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions" title="International sanctions">sanctions</a> against Iraq had prevented the development of any <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Powell favored involving the international community in the invasion, as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Unilateralism" title="Unilateralism">unilateral approach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeYoung2006a401-107">[106]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Powell_UN_Iraq_presentation,_alleged_Mobile_Production_Facilities.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Powell_UN_Iraq_presentation%2C_alleged_Mobile_Production_Facilities.jpg/300px-Powell_UN_Iraq_presentation%2C_alleged_Mobile_Production_Facilities.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Powell_UN_Iraq_presentation%2C_alleged_Mobile_Production_Facilities.jpg/450px-Powell_UN_Iraq_presentation%2C_alleged_Mobile_Production_Facilities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Powell_UN_Iraq_presentation%2C_alleged_Mobile_Production_Facilities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Computer-generated image of an alleged <a href="/wiki/Mobile_weapons_laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile weapons laboratory">mobile production facility for biological weapons</a>, presented by Powell at the UN <a href="/wiki/The_UN_Security_Council_and_the_Iraq_war" class="mw-redirect" title="The UN Security Council and the Iraq war">Security Council</a>. On 27 May 2003, U.S. and British experts examined the trailers and declared they had nothing to do with <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapon">biological weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost_Warrick_20060412-108">[107]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg/220px-Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption>Powell holding a <a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 anthrax attack">model vial of anthrax</a> while giving a presentation to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> in February 2003</figcaption></figure> Powell's chief role was to <a href="/wiki/The_UN_Security_Council_and_the_Iraq_war" class="mw-redirect" title="The UN Security Council and the Iraq war">garner international support</a> for a multi-national <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a> to mount the invasion. To this end, Powell <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_and_the_Iraq_War#Colin_Powell's_presentation" title="United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War">addressed a plenary session</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> on 5 February 2003, to argue in favor of military action.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Citing numerous anonymous Iraqi defectors, Powell asserted that "there can be no doubt that Saddam Hussein has <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapons">biological weapons</a> and the capability to rapidly produce more, many more". Powell also stated that there was "no doubt in my mind" that Saddam was working to obtain key components to produce nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-UNSC_Powell_20030205-103">[102]</a> Powell stated that he gave his speech to the UN on "four days' notice".<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_050105-N-0057P-171_Secretary_of_State_Colin_Powell_walks_with_Indonesian_President_Susilo_Yudhoyono_after_departing_his_plane_in_Banda_Aceh,_Sumatra,_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/US_Navy_050105-N-0057P-171_Secretary_of_State_Colin_Powell_walks_with_Indonesian_President_Susilo_Yudhoyono_after_departing_his_plane_in_Banda_Aceh%2C_Sumatra%2C_Indonesia.jpg/175px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/US_Navy_050105-N-0057P-171_Secretary_of_State_Colin_Powell_walks_with_Indonesian_President_Susilo_Yudhoyono_after_departing_his_plane_in_Banda_Aceh%2C_Sumatra%2C_Indonesia.jpg/263px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/US_Navy_050105-N-0057P-171_Secretary_of_State_Colin_Powell_walks_with_Indonesian_President_Susilo_Yudhoyono_after_departing_his_plane_in_Banda_Aceh%2C_Sumatra%2C_Indonesia.jpg/350px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Secretary Powell with Indonesia's Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare <a href="/wiki/Alwi_Shihab" title="Alwi Shihab">Alwi Shihab</a> during a visit to <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a></figcaption></figure> Britain's <a href="/wiki/Channel_4_News" title="Channel 4 News">Channel 4 News</a> reported soon afterwards that a <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Dossier" title="Iraq Dossier">British intelligence dossier</a> that Powell had referred to as a "fine paper" during his presentation had been based on old material and <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarized</a> an essay by American graduate student <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Marashi" title="Ibrahim al-Marashi">Ibrahim al-Marashi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN_20030207-113">[112]</a> A Senate report on intelligence failures would later detail the intense debate that went on behind the scenes on what to include in Powell's speech. State Department analysts had found dozens of factual problems in drafts of the speech. Some of the claims were taken out, but others were left in, such as claims based on the <a href="/wiki/Yellowcake_forgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowcake forgery">yellowcake forgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LAT_Miller_20040715-114">[113]</a> The administration came under fire for having acted on faulty intelligence, particularly that which was single-sourced to the informant known as <a href="/wiki/Curveball_(informant)" title="Curveball (informant)">Curveball</a>. Powell later recounted how Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> had joked with him before he gave the speech, telling him, "You've got high poll ratings; you can afford to lose a few points". Powell's longtime <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> and Chief of Staff from 1989 to 2003, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wilkerson" title="Lawrence Wilkerson">Lawrence Wilkerson</a>, later characterized Cheney's view of Powell's mission as to "go up there and sell it, and we'll have moved forward a peg or two. Fall on your damn sword and kill yourself, and I'll be happy, too".<a href="#cite_note-DeYoung2006-115">[114]</a> In September 2005, Powell was asked about the speech during an interview with <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Walters" title="Barbara Walters">Barbara Walters</a> and responded that it was a "blot" on his record. He went on to say, "It will always be a part of my record. It was painful. It's painful now".<a href="#cite_note-ABC_20050908-116">[115]</a> Wilkerson later said that he inadvertently participated in a hoax on the American people in preparing Powell's erroneous testimony before the United Nations Security Council.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Brancaccio_20060203-117">[116]</a> As recounted in Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell, in 2001 before 9/11, <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Clarke" title="Richard A. Clarke">Richard A. Clarke</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> holdover from the Clinton administration, pushed the new Bush administration for action against al-Qaeda in Afghanistan, a move opposed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a> who advocated for the creation of a "U.S.-protected, opposition-run 'liberated' enclave around the southern Iraqi city of Basra".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeYoung2006a344–45-118">[117]</a> Powell referred to Wolfowitz and other top members of Donald Rumsfeld's staff "as the 'JINSA crowd,' " in reference to the pro-Israel <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Institute_for_National_Security_of_America" title="Jewish Institute for National Security of America">Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeYoung2006a356-119">[118]</a> Again invoking "the JINSA crowd" Powell also attributed the decision to go to war in Iraq in 2003 to the <a href="/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative">neoconservative</a> belief that regime change in Baghdad "was a first and necessary stop on the road to peace in Jerusalem".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeYoung2006a388-120">[119]</a> A review of Soldier by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Rutten" title="Tim Rutten">Tim Rutten</a> criticized Powell's remarks as a "blot on his record", accusing Powell of slandering "neoconservatives in the Defense Department – nearly all of them Jews" with "old and wholly unmeritorious allegations of dual loyalty".<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> A 2007 article about fears that Jewish groups "will be accused of driving America into a war with the regime in Tehran" cited the DeYoung biography and quoted JINSA's then-executive director, Thomas Neumann, as "surprised" Powell "would single out a Jewish group when naming those who supported the war". Neumann said, "I am not accusing Powell of anything, but these are words that the antisemites will use in the future".<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaap_de_Hoop_Scheffer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jaap_de_Hoop_Scheffer.jpg/170px-Jaap_de_Hoop_Scheffer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jaap_de_Hoop_Scheffer.jpg/255px-Jaap_de_Hoop_Scheffer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jaap_de_Hoop_Scheffer.jpg/340px-Jaap_de_Hoop_Scheffer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Secretary Powell with NATO Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Jaap_de_Hoop_Scheffer" title="Jaap de Hoop Scheffer">Jaap de Hoop Scheffer</a></figcaption></figure> Once <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> had been deposed, Powell's renewed role was to once again establish a working international coalition, this time to assist in the rebuilding of post-war Iraq. On 13 September 2004, Powell testified before the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Governmental_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Governmental Affairs Committee">Senate Governmental Affairs Committee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost_Pincus_20040914-123">[122]</a> acknowledging that the sources who provided much of the information in his February 2003 UN presentation were "wrong" and that it was "unlikely" that any stockpiles of WMDs would be found. Claiming that he was unaware that some intelligence officials questioned the information prior to his presentation, Powell pushed for reform in the intelligence community, including the creation of a national intelligence director who would assure that "what one person knew, everyone else knew".<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_foreign_policy_issues">Other foreign policy issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other foreign policy issues">edit</a>]</div> Additionally, Powell was critical of other aspects of <a href="/wiki/U.S._foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. foreign policy">U.S. foreign policy</a> in the past, such as its support for the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a> that deposed the democratically elected president <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>. From two separate interviews in 2003, Powell stated in one about the 1973 event: "I can't justify or explain the actions and decisions that were made at that time. It was a different time. There was a great deal of concern about communism in this part of the world. Communism was a threat to the democracies in this part of the world. It was a threat to the United States".<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In another interview, he also simply stated: "With respect to your earlier comment about Chile in the 1970s and what happened with Mr. Allende, it is not a part of American history that we're proud of."<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_050105-N-6020P-115_Secretary_of_State_Colin_Powell_speaks_to_members_of_the_international_press_about_the_United_State%27s_involvement_in_disaster_relief_at_a_press_conference_held_at_the_Banda_Aceh,_Sumatra,_Indonesia_airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/US_Navy_050105-N-6020P-115_Secretary_of_State_Colin_Powell_speaks_to_members_of_the_international_press_about_the_United_State%27s_involvement_in_disaster_relief_at_a_press_conference_held_at_the_Banda_Aceh%2C_Sumatra%2C_Indonesia_airport.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/US_Navy_050105-N-6020P-115_Secretary_of_State_Colin_Powell_speaks_to_members_of_the_international_press_about_the_United_State%27s_involvement_in_disaster_relief_at_a_press_conference_held_at_the_Banda_Aceh%2C_Sumatra%2C_Indonesia_airport.jpg/375px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/US_Navy_050105-N-6020P-115_Secretary_of_State_Colin_Powell_speaks_to_members_of_the_international_press_about_the_United_State%27s_involvement_in_disaster_relief_at_a_press_conference_held_at_the_Banda_Aceh%2C_Sumatra%2C_Indonesia_airport.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Powell in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> speaking on behalf of the United States's involvement in recovery efforts following the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">Boxing Day earthquake and tsunami</a>, 5 January 2005</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a> of 1 April 2001, a United States US <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_EP-3" title="Lockheed EP-3">EP-3</a> surveillance aircraft collided mid-air with a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Shenyang_J-8" title="Shenyang J-8">Shenyang J-8</a> jet fighter over the South China Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2023-127">[126]</a> While somewhat ambiguous, Powell's expression of "very sorry" was accepted as sufficient for the formal apology that China had sought.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2023-127">[126]</a> The incident was nonetheless a serious flare-up in <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">United States-China relations</a> and created negative feelings towards the United States by the Chinese public and increased public feelings of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2023-127">[126]</a> In September 2004, Powell described the <a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a> as "genocide", thus becoming the first cabinet member to apply the term "genocide" to events in an ongoing conflict.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Colin_Powell_Resigns_as_U.S._Secretary_of_State,_Rice_Likely_Successor" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Colin Powell Resigns as U.S. Secretary of State, Rice Likely Successor"> Colin Powell Resigns as U.S. Secretary of State, Rice Likely Successor</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> In November the president "forced Powell to resign", according to <a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFeber200971-7">[6]</a> Powell announced his resignation as Secretary of State on 15 November 2004, shortly after Bush was reelected. Bush's desire for Powell to resign was communicated to Powell via a phone call by Bush's chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeYoung2006-115">[114]</a> The following day, Bush nominated National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> as Powell's successor.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> In mid-November, Powell stated that he had seen new evidence suggesting that Iran was adapting missiles for a nuclear delivery system. The accusation came at the same time as the settlement of an agreement between Iran, the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a>, and the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Sciolino_20041118-130">[129]</a> Although biographer Jeffrey J. Matthews is highly critical of how Powell misled the United Nations Security Council regarding weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, he credits Powell with a series of achievements at the State Department. These include restoration of morale to psychologically demoralized professional diplomats, leadership of the international <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> initiative, resolving a crisis with China, and blocking efforts to tie Saddam Hussein to the <a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a> on the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2019321,_379–85-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_after_diplomatic_service">Life after diplomatic service</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Life after diplomatic service">edit</a>]</div> After retiring from the role of Secretary of State, Powell returned to private life. In April 2005, he was privately telephoned by Republican senators <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost_VandeHei_20050422-132">[131]</a> at which time Powell expressed reservations and mixed reviews about the nomination of <a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">John Bolton</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">ambassador to the United Nations</a>, but refrained from advising the senators to oppose Bolton (Powell had clashed with Bolton during Bush's first term).<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_Borger_20050423-133">[132]</a> The decision was viewed as potentially dealing significant damage to Bolton's chances of confirmation. Bolton was put into the position via a <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a> because of the strong opposition in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ki-moon_Powell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ki-moon_Powell.jpg/220px-Ki-moon_Powell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ki-moon_Powell.jpg/330px-Ki-moon_Powell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ki-moon_Powell.jpg/440px-Ki-moon_Powell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Powell with <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a>, 2004</figcaption></figure> On 28 April 2005, an opinion piece in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Blumenthal" title="Sidney Blumenthal">Sidney Blumenthal</a> (a former top aide to President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>) claimed that Powell was in fact "conducting a campaign" against Bolton because of the acrimonious battles they had had while working together, which among other things had resulted in Powell cutting Bolton out of talks with Iran and <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a> after complaints about Bolton's involvement from the British. Blumenthal added that "The foreign relations committee has discovered that Bolton made a highly unusual request and gained access to 10 intercepts by the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>. Staff members on the committee believe that Bolton was probably spying on Powell, his senior advisors and other officials reporting to him on diplomatic initiatives that Bolton opposed".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_Blumenthal_20050428-135">[134]</a> In September 2005, Powell criticized the response to <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, and said thousands of people were not properly protected because they were poor, rather than because they were black.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_20050909-136">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Abdullah_with_Dick_Cheney_George_H.W._Bush,_August_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/King_Abdullah_with_Dick_Cheney_George_H.W._Bush%2C_August_2005.jpg/220px-King_Abdullah_with_Dick_Cheney_George_H.W._Bush%2C_August_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/King_Abdullah_with_Dick_Cheney_George_H.W._Bush%2C_August_2005.jpg/330px-King_Abdullah_with_Dick_Cheney_George_H.W._Bush%2C_August_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/King_Abdullah_with_Dick_Cheney_George_H.W._Bush%2C_August_2005.jpg/440px-King_Abdullah_with_Dick_Cheney_George_H.W._Bush%2C_August_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Powell walks with newly crowned King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah of Saudi Arabia</a>, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, and former President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, Saudi Arabia, August 2005</figcaption></figure> On 5 January 2006, he participated in a meeting at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials. In September 2006, Powell sided with more moderate Senate Republicans in supporting more rights for detainees and opposing President Bush's terrorism bill. He backed Senators <a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">John Warner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a> in their statement that U.S. military and intelligence personnel in future wars will suffer for abuses committed in 2006 by the U.S. in the name of fighting terrorism. Powell stated that "The world is beginning to doubt the moral basis of our fight against terrorism".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_20060915-137">[136]</a> In 2007, he joined the board of directors of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Case" title="Steve Case">Steve Case</a>'s new company <a href="/wiki/Revolution_Health_Group" title="Revolution Health Group">Revolution Health</a>. Powell also served on the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> Board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-CFR-138">[137]</a> In 2008, Powell served as a spokesperson for <a href="/wiki/National_Mentoring_Month" title="National Mentoring Month">National Mentoring Month</a>, a campaign held each January to recruit volunteer mentors for at-risk youth.<a href="#cite_note-mentor2008-139">[138]</a> Soon after <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 election</a>, Powell began being mentioned as a possible <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">cabinet</a> member.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> He was not nominated. In September 2009, Powell advised President Obama against surging U.S. forces in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The president announced the surge the following December. In 2010, Powell joined the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a> advisory council. Together with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Alma_Powell" title="Alma Powell">Alma Powell</a>, they are the founding donors who offer their support to the museum's capital campaign and Living History campaign. He was an advocate for the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[24]</a> In March 2014, <a href="/wiki/Salesforce.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Salesforce.com">Salesforce.com</a> announced that Powell had joined its board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political positions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">Powell condemns President Trump for the January 6 United States Capitol attack</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.today.com/news/trump-should-resign-nixon-colin-powell-says-today-t205335">TODAY interview on NBC with Powell calling for President Trump's resignation, 8 January 2021</a>, <a href="/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)" title="Today (American TV program)">TODAY</a></td></tr></tbody></table> During his early political career through his tenure within the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, Powell was an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a>. Powell was a <a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">moderate Republican</a> from 1995 until 2021. In 2021, Powell recanted his status as a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> following the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">storming of the United States Capitol</a> on 6 January. The attack moved Powell to call for President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>'s resignation, noting: "I wish he would do what <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> did and just step down. Somebody ought to go up to him and it's over". Powell also accused Trump of attempting to "<a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">overthrow the government</a>", and that Trump's <a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">false claims of a stolen election</a> were "dangerous for our democracy".<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Powell was <a href="/wiki/Pro-choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-choice">pro-choice</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">abortion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> and expressed some support for an <a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Assault weapons legislation in the United States">assault weapons ban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> He stated in his autobiography that he supported <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> that levels the playing field, without giving a leg up to undeserving persons because of racial issues. Powell originally suggested the <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell">don't ask, don't tell</a> policy to President Clinton,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan2009106-147">[146]</a> though he later supported its repeal as proposed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mike_Mullen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Mullen">Mike Mullen</a> in January 2010, saying "circumstances had changed".<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">Powell on My American Journey</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?68953-1/american-journey">Booknotes interview with Powell on My American Journey, 7 January 1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Powell gained attention in 2004 when, in a conversation with <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">British Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a>, he reportedly referred to <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatives</a> within the Bush administration as "fucking crazies".<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> In a September 2006 letter to <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, Powell expressed opposition to President Bush's push for <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_military_commission" title="Guantanamo military commission">military tribunals</a> of those formerly and currently classified as <a href="/wiki/Enemy_combatants" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemy combatants">enemy combatants</a>. Specifically, he objected to the effort in Congress to "redefine Common Article 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a>". He also asserted: "The world is beginning to doubt the moral basis of our fight against terrorism".<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defending_the_Iraq_War">Defending the Iraq War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Defending the Iraq War">edit</a>]</div> At the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Aspen_Ideas_Festival" title="Aspen Ideas Festival">Aspen Ideas Festival</a> in Colorado,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Powell stated that he had spent two and a half hours explaining to President Bush "the consequences of going into an Arab country and becoming the occupiers". During this discussion, he insisted that the U.S. appeal to the United Nations first, but if diplomacy failed, he would support the invasion: "I also had to say to him that you are the President, you will have to make the ultimate judgment, and if the judgment is this isn't working and we don't think it is going to solve the problem, then if military action is undertaken I'm with you, I support you".<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> In a 2008 interview on <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, Powell reiterated his support for the 2003 decision to <a href="/wiki/2003_Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Invasion of Iraq">invade Iraq</a> in the context of his endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, stating: "My role has been very, very straightforward. I wanted to avoid a war. The president [Bush] agreed with me. We tried to do that. We couldn't get it through the U.N. and when the president made the decision, I supported that decision. And I've never blinked from that. I've never said I didn't support a decision to go to war".<a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-153">[152]</a> Powell's position on the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">Iraq War troop surge of 2007</a> was less consistent. In December 2006, he expressed skepticism that the strategy would work and whether the U.S. military had enough troops to carry it out successfully. He stated: "I am not persuaded that another surge of troops into <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> for the purposes of suppressing this communitarian violence, this civil war, will work".<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Following his endorsement of Barack Obama in October 2008, however, Powell praised <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">General David Petraeus</a> and U.S. troops, as well as the Iraqi government, concluding that "it's starting to turn around".<a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-153">[152]</a> By mid-2009, he had concluded a surge of U.S. forces in Iraq should have come sooner, perhaps in late 2003.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endorsement_of_Barack_Obama">Endorsement of Barack Obama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Endorsement of Barack Obama">edit</a>]</div> Powell donated the maximum allowable amount to <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>'s campaign in the summer of 2007<a href="#cite_note-CNN_Henry_20070809-156">[155]</a> and in early 2008, his name was listed as a possible <a href="/wiki/Running_mate" title="Running mate">running mate</a> for Republican nominee McCain's bid during the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 U.S. presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_Holland_20080305-157">[156]</a> McCain won the Republican presidential nomination, but the Democrats nominated the first black candidate, Senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> of Illinois. On 19 October 2008, Powell announced his endorsement of Obama during a <a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a> interview, citing "his ability to inspire, because of the inclusive nature of his campaign, because he is reaching out all across America, because of who he is and his rhetorical abilities", in addition to his "style and substance". He additionally referred to Obama as a "transformational figure".<a href="#cite_note-obamaendorse-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-transcript-159">[158]</a> Powell further questioned McCain's judgment in appointing <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> as the vice presidential candidate, stating that despite the fact that she is admired, "now that we have had a chance to watch her for some seven weeks, I don't believe she's ready to be president of the United States, which is the job of the vice president". He said that Obama's choice for vice president, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, was ready to be president. He also added that he was "troubled" by the "false intimations that Obama was Muslim". Powell stated that "[Obama] is a Christian – he's always been a Christian... But the really right answer is, what if he is? Is there something wrong with being a Muslim in this country? The answer's no, that's not America". Powell then mentioned <a href="/wiki/Kareem_Rashad_Sultan_Khan" title="Kareem Rashad Sultan Khan">Kareem Rashad Sultan Khan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="List of North American Muslims">Muslim American</a> soldier in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> who served and died in the Iraq War. He later stated, "Over the last seven weeks, the approach of the Republican Party has become narrower and narrower [...] I look at these kind of approaches to the campaign, and they trouble me".<a href="#cite_note-obamaendorse-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-transcript-159">[158]</a> Powell concluded his <a href="/wiki/Sunday_morning_talk_show" title="Sunday morning talk show">Sunday morning talk show</a> comments with "It isn't easy for me to disappoint Sen. McCain in the way that I have this morning, and I regret that [...] I think we need a <a href="/wiki/Transformational_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformational figure">transformational figure</a>. I think we need a president who is a <a href="/wiki/Generational_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Generational change">generational change</a> and that's why I'm supporting Barack Obama, not out of any lack of respect or admiration for Sen. John McCain".<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Later in a 12 December 2008, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> interview with <a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" title="Fareed Zakaria">Fareed Zakaria</a>, Powell reiterated his belief that during the last few months of the campaign, Palin pushed the Republican party further to the <a href="/wiki/Political_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Political right">right</a> and had a polarizing impact on it.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> When asked why he was still a Republican on Meet the Press he said, "I'm still a Republican. And I think the Republican Party needs me more than the Democratic Party needs me. And you can be a Republican and still feel strongly about issues such as immigration, and improving our education system, and doing something about some of the social problems that exist in our society and our country. I don't think there's anything inconsistent with this".<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_the_Obama_administration">Views on the Obama administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Views on the Obama administration">edit</a>]</div> In a July 2009 <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> interview with <a href="/wiki/John_King_(journalist)" title="John King (journalist)">John King</a>, Powell expressed concern over President Obama increasing the size of the federal government and the size of the federal budget deficit.<a href="#cite_note-WashTimes-163">[162]</a> In September 2010, he criticized the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a> for not focusing "like a razor blade" on the economy and job creation. Powell reiterated that Obama was a "transformational figure".<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> In a video that aired on CNN.com in November 2011, Colin Powell said in reference to Barack Obama, "many of his decisions have been quite sound. The financial system was put back on a stable basis".<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> On 25 October 2012, 12 days before the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">presidential election</a>, he gave his endorsement to President Obama for re-election during a broadcast of <a href="/wiki/CBS_This_Morning" title="CBS This Morning">CBS This Morning</a>. He considered the administration to have had success and achieved progress in foreign and domestic policy arenas. As additional reasons for his endorsement, Powell cited the changing positions and perceived lack of thoughtfulness of <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> on foreign affairs, and a concern for the validity of Romney's economic plans.<a href="#cite_note-endorses_Obama_2012-166">[165]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diane_Sawyer" title="Diane Sawyer">Diane Sawyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Stephanopoulos" title="George Stephanopoulos">George Stephanopoulos</a> during ABC's coverage of President Obama's second inauguration, Powell criticized members of the Republican Party who spread "things that demonize the president". He called on GOP leaders to publicly denounce such talk.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016_e-mail_leaks_and_criticism_of_Donald_Trump">2016 e-mail leaks and criticism of Donald Trump</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2016 e-mail leaks and criticism of Donald Trump">edit</a>]</div> Powell was very vocal on the state of the Republican Party. Speaking at a Washington Ideas forum in early October 2015, he warned the audience that the Republican Party had begun a move to the fringe right, lessening the chances of a Republican White House in the future. He also remarked on Republican presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s statements regarding immigrants, noting that there were many immigrants working in Trump hotels.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> In March 2016, Powell denounced the "nastiness" of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Republican primaries">2016 Republican primaries</a> during an interview on <a href="/wiki/CBS_This_Morning" title="CBS This Morning">CBS This Morning</a>. He compared the race to reality television, and stated that the campaign had gone "into the mud".<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> In August 2016, Powell accused the <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> campaign of trying to pin her <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_email_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillary Clinton's email controversy">email controversy</a> on him. Speaking to <a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a> magazine, Powell said, "The truth is, she was using [the private email server] for a year before I sent her a memo telling her what I did".<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> On 13 September 2016, emails were obtained that revealed Powell's private communications regarding both Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. Powell privately reiterated his comments regarding Clinton's email scandal, writing, "I have told Hillary's minions repeatedly that they are making a mistake trying to drag me in, yet they still try", and complaining that "Hillary's mafia keeps trying to suck me into it" in another email.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> In another email discussing Clinton's controversy, Powell said she should have told everyone what she did "two years ago", and said that she has not "been covering herself with glory". Writing on the <a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">2012 Benghazi attack</a> controversy surrounding Clinton, Powell said to then U.S. Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Susan Rice</a>, "Benghazi is a stupid witch hunt". Commenting on Clinton in a general sense, he mused that "Everything HRC touches she kind of screws up with hubris", and in another email stated "I would rather not have to vote for her, although she is a friend I respect".<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Powell called Donald Trump a "national disgrace", with "no sense of shame". He wrote of Trump's role in the <a href="/wiki/Birther" class="mw-redirect" title="Birther">birther</a> movement, which he called "racist". He suggested the media ignore Trump: "To go on and call him an idiot just emboldens him". The emails were obtained by the media as the result of a hack.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Powell endorsed Clinton on 25 October 2016, stating it was "because I think she's qualified, and the other gentleman is not qualified".<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Despite not running in the election, Powell received three electoral votes for president from <a href="/wiki/Faithless_electors" class="mw-redirect" title="Faithless electors">faithless electors</a> in Washington who had pledged to vote for Clinton, coming in third overall.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> After Barack Obama, he was the second black person to receive electoral votes in a presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_the_Trump_administration">Views on the Trump administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Views on the Trump administration">edit</a>]</div> In an interview in October 2019, Powell warned that the GOP needed to "get a grip" and put the country before their party, standing up to then-president Trump rather than worrying about political fallout. He said: "When they see things that are not right, they need to say something about it because our foreign policy is in shambles right now, in my humble judgment, and I see things happening that are hard to understand".<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> On 7 June 2020, Powell announced he would be voting for former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN20200607-178">[177]</a> In August, Powell delivered a speech in support of Biden's candidacy at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 Democratic National Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> In January 2021, after <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">the Capitol building was attacked</a> by Trump supporters, Powell told CNN: "I can no longer call myself a fellow Republican".<a href="#cite_note-nolongerconsider-180">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Personal life and death">edit</a>]</div> Powell married <a href="/wiki/Alma_Powell" title="Alma Powell">Alma Johnson</a> on 25 August 1962. Their son, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell_(lobbyist)" title="Michael Powell (lobbyist)">Michael Powell</a>, was the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) from 2001 to 2005. Their daughters are <a href="/wiki/Linda_Powell" title="Linda Powell">Linda Powell</a>, an actress, and Annemarie Powell. Alma died in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> As a hobby, Powell restored old <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab</a> automobiles.<a href="#cite_note-CNNinterview-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic2004-183">[182]</a> In 2013, he faced questions about his relationship with the Romanian diplomat <a href="/wiki/Corina_Cre%C8%9Bu" title="Corina Crețu">Corina Crețu</a>, after a hacked <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> email account had been made public. He acknowledged a "very personal" email relationship but denied further involvement.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> He was an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Special_Military_Funeral_for_Gen._(ret.)_Colin_Powell_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_211105-A-IW468-015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Special_Military_Funeral_for_Gen._%28ret.%29_Colin_Powell_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_211105-A-IW468-015.jpg/220px-Special_Military_Funeral_for_Gen._%28ret.%29_Colin_Powell_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_211105-A-IW468-015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Special_Military_Funeral_for_Gen._%28ret.%29_Colin_Powell_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_211105-A-IW468-015.jpg/330px-Special_Military_Funeral_for_Gen._%28ret.%29_Colin_Powell_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_211105-A-IW468-015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Special_Military_Funeral_for_Gen._%28ret.%29_Colin_Powell_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_211105-A-IW468-015.jpg/440px-Special_Military_Funeral_for_Gen._%28ret.%29_Colin_Powell_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_211105-A-IW468-015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6486" data-file-height="4329" /></a><figcaption>Powell's coffin is carried by an Armed Forces body bearer team at his funeral on 5 November 2021</figcaption></figure> On 18 October 2021, Powell, who was being treated for <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> died at <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center" title="Walter Reed National Military Medical Center">Walter Reed National Military Medical Center</a> of complications from <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> at the age of 84.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> He had been <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">vaccinated</a>, but his myeloma compromised his <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>; he also had early-stage <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> President Joe Biden and four of the five living former presidents issued statements calling Powell an American hero. Then-former president Donald Trump released a statement saying "He made plenty of mistakes, but anyway, may he rest in peace!" and referred to him as a "classic <a href="/wiki/Republican_In_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican In Name Only">RINO</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Garrison_10/18/2021-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Present at the funeral service at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a> were President Biden and former presidents <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, along with First Lady <a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill Biden</a> and former first ladies <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (also representing her husband, former President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, who was unable to attend following treatment for <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>) as well as many other dignitaries.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Powell is buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> in Section 60, Grave 11917.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civilian_awards_and_honors">Civilian awards and honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Civilian awards and honors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #369; color: white">Colin Powell</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Colin_Powell.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_Arms_of_Colin_Powell.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Colin_Powell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_Arms_of_Colin_Powell.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Colin_Powell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_Arms_of_Colin_Powell.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Colin_Powell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="365" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">Crest</a></th><td class="infobox-data">The head of an American bald-headed eagle erased, the erasure per bend sinister Proper.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shield_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shield (heraldry)">Shield</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Azure, two swords in saltire points downwards between four mullets Argent, on a chief of the Second a lion passant Gules.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Devoted To Public Service</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="font-size:85%; text-align:left;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding-top:0.75em;">The coat of arms of Colin Powell was granted by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lyon">Lord Lyon</a> in Edinburgh on 3 February 2004. Technically the grant was to Powell's father (a British subject) to be passed on by descent. Scotland's <a href="/wiki/King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Arms">King of Arms</a> is traditionally responsible for granting arms to Commonwealth citizens of Scottish descent. The swords and stars refer to the former general's career, as does the crest, which is the badge of the 101st Airborne (which he served as a brigade commander in the mid-1970s). The lion may be an allusion to Scotland. The shield can be shown surrounded by the insignia of an honorary Knight Commander of the Most Honorable <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> (KCB), an award the General received after the first Gulf War.</td></tr></tbody></table> Powell's civilian awards include two <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medals of Freedom</a> (the second with distinction), the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award" title="Ronald Reagan Freedom Award">Ronald Reagan Freedom Award</a>. <ul><li>In 1990, Powell received the U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Heinz" title="John Heinz">John Heinz</a> Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Awards_for_Public_Service" title="Jefferson Awards for Public Service">Jefferson Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a></li> <li>In 1991, Powell was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> by President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rodriguez2021-74">[73]</a></li> <li>In 1991, Powell was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a></li> <li>In 1991, Powell was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger_Association_of_Distinguished_Americans" title="Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans">Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a></li> <li>On 23 April 1991, Powell was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal "in recognition of his exemplary performance as a military leader and advisor to the President in planning and coordinating the military response of the United States to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the ultimate retreat and defeat of Iraqi forces and Iraqi acceptance of all United Nations Resolutions relating to Kuwait".<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a></li> <li>On 30 September 1993, Powell was awarded his second Presidential Medal of Freedom, this time with the additional "with distinction" by President <a href="/wiki/William_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="William Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2ndPMoF-73">[72]</a></li> <li>On 9 November 1993, Powell was awarded the second <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award" title="Ronald Reagan Freedom Award">Ronald Reagan Freedom Award</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. Powell served as Reagan's <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> from 1987 to 1989.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a></li> <li>In 1993, Colin Powell was created an honorary Knight Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> by Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oladipofacts-202">[201]</a></li> <li>In 1998, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer_Award" title="Sylvanus Thayer Award">Sylvanus Thayer Award</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> for his commitment to the ideals of "Duty, Honor, Country".<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a></li> <li>In 1998, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a></li> <li>The 2002 <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Medal" title="Liberty Medal">Liberty Medal</a> was awarded to Colin Powell on 4 July in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania. In his acceptance speech, Powell reminded Americans that "It is for America, the Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave, to help freedom ring across the globe, unto all the peoples thereof. That is our solemn obligation, and we will not fail".<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a></li> <li>In 2003, an elementary school named after Powell was opened in <a href="/wiki/Centreville,_Virginia" title="Centreville, Virginia">Centreville, Virginia</a>. Powell visited the school in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a></li> <li>In 2005, Powell received the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_John_T._Walker_Distinguished_Humanitarian_Service_Award" title="Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award">Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award</a> for his contributions to Africa.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a></li> <li>Powell received the 2006 <a href="/wiki/AARP" title="AARP">AARP</a> Andrus Award, the Association's highest honor.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a></li> <li>In 2005, Colin and Alma Powell were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Awards" title="Woodrow Wilson Awards">Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10.18.21ColinPowellElementaryByLuigiNovi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/10.18.21ColinPowellElementaryByLuigiNovi2.jpg/220px-10.18.21ColinPowellElementaryByLuigiNovi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/10.18.21ColinPowellElementaryByLuigiNovi2.jpg/330px-10.18.21ColinPowellElementaryByLuigiNovi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/10.18.21ColinPowellElementaryByLuigiNovi2.jpg/440px-10.18.21ColinPowellElementaryByLuigiNovi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Colin Powell Elementary School in <a href="/wiki/Union_City,_New_Jersey" title="Union City, New Jersey">Union City, New Jersey</a>, on 18 October 2021, the day Powell died</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Powell was a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award" title="Silver Buffalo Award">Silver Buffalo Award</a>, the highest adult award given by the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scouting-210">[209]</a></li> <li>A street in <a href="/wiki/Gelnhausen" title="Gelnhausen">Gelnhausen</a>, Germany, was named after him: "General-Colin-Powell-Straße".<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a></li> <li>In 2002, scholar <a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a> listed Colin Powell on his list of 100 Greatest Blacks in America.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a></li> <li>In 2009, an elementary school named for Colin Powell opened in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a>. It is in the <a href="/wiki/El_Paso_Independent_School_District" title="El Paso Independent School District">El Paso Independent School District</a>, located on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bliss" title="Fort Bliss">Fort Bliss</a> property, and serves a portion of Fort Bliss.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a></li> <li>In 2009, Powell was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a></li> <li>Powell was an honorary board member of the humanitarian organization <a href="/wiki/Wings_of_Hope_(charity)" title="Wings of Hope (charity)">Wings of Hope</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a></li> <li>From 2006, he was the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Fellowships" title="Eisenhower Fellowships">Board of Trustees for Eisenhower Fellowships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a></li> <li>In 2006, The <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace at <a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hebrew University of Jerusalem">The Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> awarded Colin Powell with the Truman Peace Prize for his efforts to conduct the "war against terrorism", through diplomatic as well as military means, and to avert regional and civil conflicts in many parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a></li> <li>In September 2012, <a href="/wiki/Union_City,_New_Jersey" title="Union City, New Jersey">Union City, New Jersey</a>, opened Colin Powell Elementary School, which was named after Powell, and which was dedicated on 7 February 2013, with governor <a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Chris Christie</a> in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Powell himself visited the school on 4 June 2013.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a></li> <li>In 2014, Colin Powell was named to the National Board of Advisors for <a href="/wiki/High_Point_University" title="High Point University">High Point University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a></li> <li>In 2024, <a href="/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County_Public_Schools" title="Prince George's County Public Schools">Prince George's County Public Schools</a> opened Colin L. Powell Academy, named after Powell, in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington,_Maryland" title="Fort Washington, Maryland">Fort Washington, Maryland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">List of African-American United States Cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">List of secretaries of state of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plame_affair" title="Plame affair">Plame affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Barn_rule" title="Pottery Barn rule">Pottery Barn rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Despite his parents' pronunciation of his name as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɒlɪn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KOL-in</a>, Powell pronounced his name <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkoʊlɪn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KOH-lin</a> from childhood on after the World War II flyer <a href="/wiki/Colin_Kelly" title="Colin Kelly">Colin Kelly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost_OnPolitcs2000-1">[1]</a> The preferred pronunciation of "Powell" rhymes with "bowel", not with "Joel".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WashingtonPost_OnPolitcs2000-1"><a href="#cite_ref-WashingtonPost_OnPolitcs2000_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/elections/gop2000guide/powellpost.htm">"Major Player: Gen. Colin L. Powell (Ret.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 28 July 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107095445/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/elections/gop2000guide/powellpost.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Major+Player%3A+Gen.+Colin+L.+Powell+%28Ret.%29&rft.date=2000-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fonpolitics%2Felections%2Fgop2000guide%2Fpowellpost.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChancellor1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Chancellor, Alexander (9 August 1993). 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Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colin+Powell%2C+trailblazing+soldier+and+statesman+who+made+case+for+Iraq+invasion%2C+dies+of+Covid+at+84&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft.aulast=Macias&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2Famp%2F2021%2F10%2F18%2Fcolin-powell-former-secretary-of-state-who-made-case-for-iraq-invasion-dies-of-covid-complications-at-84.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58957273">"Colin Powell: Former US secretary of state dies of Covid complications"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 19 October 2021. 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Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Powell+resigns+with+three+other+Cabinet+secretaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2004%2FALLPOLITICS%2F11%2F15%2Fpowell%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/38225.htm">"Secretary Powell's Letter of Resignation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretary+Powell%27s+Letter+of+Resignation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fsecretary%2Fformer%2Fpowell%2Fremarks%2F38225.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2016" class="citation web cs1">Richardson, Valerie (21 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/dec/21/colin-powell-places-third-presidential-race-electo/">"Colin Powell places third in presidential race at Electoral College"</a>. The Washington Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011814/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/dec/21/colin-powell-places-third-presidential-race-electo/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell+places+third+in+presidential+race+at+Electoral+College&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2Fdec%2F21%2Fcolin-powell-places-third-presidential-race-electo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lls.org/news/lls-statement-death-former-secretary-state-colin-powell">"LLS Statement on the Death of Former Secretary of State Colin Powell"</a>. Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. Retrieved 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LLS+Statement+on+the+Death+of+Former+Secretary+of+State+Colin+Powell&rft.pub=Leukemia+and+Lymphoma+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lls.org%2Fnews%2Flls-statement-death-former-secretary-state-colin-powell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/powell-colin-luther">"Biographies of the Secretary of State:Colin Luther Powell"</a>. US Department of State, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802072551/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/powell-colin-luther">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biographies+of+the+Secretary+of+State%3AColin+Luther+Powell&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State%2C+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fpeople%2Fpowell-colin-luther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmowski2008-13"><a href="#cite_ref-palmowski2008_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmowski2008" class="citation book cs1">Palmowski, Jan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199295678.001.0001/acref-9780199295678-e-1890">"Powell, Colin Luther"</a>. A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3d ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929567-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929567-8"><bdi>978-0-19-929567-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173498636">173498636</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019154654/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199295678.001.0001/acref-9780199295678-e-1890">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEKNwp4eHs0C">Colin Powell: American Power and Intervention From Vietnam to Iraq</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6535-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6535-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6535-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029181332/https://books.google.com/books?id=IEKNwp4eHs0C">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colin+Powell%3A+American+Power+and+Intervention+From+Vietnam+to+Iraq&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6535-7&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Christopher+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIEKNwp4eHs0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-10-18/four-things-you-didnt-know-about-colin-powell">"Four things you didn't know about Colin Powell"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 18 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018235904/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-10-18/four-things-you-didnt-know-about-colin-powell">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Four+things+you+didn%27t+know+about+Colin+Powell&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fstory%2F2021-10-18%2Ffour-things-you-didnt-know-about-colin-powell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> "Former Secretary of State Gen. Colin Powell and Mario Cuomo, former governor of New York State, each a former Shabbos goy, both share fond recollections of their youth, when they were uniquely qualified to lend a Jewish neighbor a hand." Fertig, Avi. "Glatt Kosher Adventure To The Land Down Under", The Jewish Press, November 21, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Education-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Education_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Education_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/20/us/colin-powell-fast-facts/">"Colin Powell Fast Facts"</a>. CNN. 2 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427095916/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/20/us/colin-powell-fast-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017. <q>Education: City College of New York, B.S. in geology, 1958; George Washington University, M.B.A., 1971; National War College, 1976</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colin+Powell+Fast+Facts&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2017-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2013%2F08%2F20%2Fus%2Fcolin-powell-fast-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/colinpowellschool/powellbio">"About Gen. Colin L. Powell, USA (Ret.)"</a>. The Colin Powell School for Civic and Global Leadership, The City College of New York. 2 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427100903/https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/colinpowellschool/powellbio">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017. <q>He attended New York City public schools and the City College of New York where he earned a B.S. in Geology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Gen.+Colin+L.+Powell%2C+USA+%28Ret.%29&rft.pub=The+Colin+Powell+School+for+Civic+and+Global+Leadership%2C+The+City+College+of+New+York&rft.date=2015-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccny.cuny.edu%2Fcolinpowellschool%2Fpowellbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwab2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Schwab, Nikki (30 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/colin-powell-bad-student/article/670496">"Colin Powell: bad student"</a>. Washington Examiner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224005152/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/colin-powell-bad-student/article/670496">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017. <q>My cousins became lawyers and doctors and judges and I just sort of hung around," he recalled. "I had a straight C average all the way through high school and the City College of New York – I'm not sure how I got in.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell%3A+bad+student&rft.date=2012-05-30&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=Nikki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fcolin-powell-bad-student%2Farticle%2F670496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/honoring-general-colin-powell">"Honoring General Colin Powell"</a>. National Museum of African American History and Culture. 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Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bicentennial.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=Colin+L.+Powell+%7C+GW%27s+Bicentennial+Celebration+%7C+The+George+Washington+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbicentennial.gwu.edu%2Fcolin-l-powell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BiographyChannel-27"><a href="#cite_ref-BiographyChannel_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070807232535/http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9445708&page=print">"Colin (Luther) Powell Biography (1937– )"</a>. The Biography Channel. A&E Television Networks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9445708&page=print">the original</a> on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Biography+Channel&rft.atitle=Colin+%28Luther%29+Powell+Biography+%281937%E2%80%93+%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle.do%3Fid%3D9445708%26page%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/05/22/153296714/it-worked-for-me-life-lessons-from-colin-powell">"'It Worked For Me': Life Lessons From Colin Powell"</a>. NPR. 22 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030323/https://www.npr.org/2012/05/22/153296714/it-worked-for-me-life-lessons-from-colin-powell">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27It+Worked+For+Me%27%3A+Life+Lessons+From+Colin+Powell&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F05%2F22%2F153296714%2Fit-worked-for-me-life-lessons-from-colin-powell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-colin-l-powell/#interview">"Colin Powell Biography and Interview"</a>. achievement.org. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406133433/https://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-colin-l-powell/#interview">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=achievement.org&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell+Biography+and+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.achievement.org%2Fachiever%2Fgeneral-colin-l-powell%2F%23interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journey-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Journey_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Journey_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Journey_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Journey_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Journey_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Journey_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Journey_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Journey_30-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellPersico1995" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Colin L.; Persico, Joseph E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myamericanjourne00powerich">My American Journey</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307763686" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307763686"><bdi>978-0307763686</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7059263772">7059263772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+American+Journey&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7059263772&rft.isbn=978-0307763686&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Colin+L.&rft.au=Persico%2C+Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyamericanjourne00powerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988">: 27–28  </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/powell-bio.html">"Secretary of State Colin L. Powell (biography)"</a>. The White House. 29 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108210204/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/powell-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2017. 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Retrieved 7 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgi.cnn.com%2FALLPOLITICS%2F1996%2Fconventions%2Fsan.diego%2Fplayers%2Fpowell.bio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armyhistory.org/general-colin-luther-powell/">"General Colin Luther Powell"</a>. Army History.org. Ft. Belvoir, VA: The Campaign for the National Museum of the United States Army. 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Army+History.org&rft.atitle=General+Colin+Luther+Powell&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmyhistory.org%2Fgeneral-colin-luther-powell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kearny_p179-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Kearny_p179_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearny,_Cresson_H.1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cresson_Kearny" title="Cresson Kearny">Kearny, Cresson H.</a> (1996). Jungle Snafus...And Remedies. Cave Junction, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Science & Medicine. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884067-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884067-10-5"><bdi>978-1-884067-10-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41447083">41447083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jungle+Snafus...And+Remedies&rft.place=Cave+Junction%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Oregon+Institute+of+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41447083&rft.isbn=978-1-884067-10-5&rft.au=Kearny%2C+Cresson+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteins200325–26-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteins200325–26_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteins2003">Steins 2003</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlayson2003" class="citation book cs1">Finlayson, Reggie (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaYOC27mmhAC&q=Charles+M.+Gettys+colin+powell&pg=PA55">Colin Powell</a>. Biography (A & E). Twenty-First Century Books. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822549666" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822549666"><bdi>978-0822549666</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020123656/https://books.google.com/books?id=zaYOC27mmhAC&q=Charles+M.+Gettys+colin+powell&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colin+Powell&rft.series=Biography+%28A+%26+E%29&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0822549666&rft.aulast=Finlayson&rft.aufirst=Reggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzaYOC27mmhAC%26q%3DCharles%2BM.%2BGettys%2Bcolin%2Bpowell%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAPL-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAPL_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAPL_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capl.army.mil/case-studies/wcs-single.php?id=76&title=my-lai-at-50">"My Lai at 50: Written Case Study"</a>. Center for the Army Profession and Leadership. US Army. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035946/https://capl.army.mil/case-studies/wcs-single.php?id=76&title=my-lai-at-50">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+the+Army+Profession+and+Leadership&rft.atitle=My+Lai+at+50%3A+Written+Case+Study&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapl.army.mil%2Fcase-studies%2Fwcs-single.php%3Fid%3D76%26title%3Dmy-lai-at-50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeYoung2006" class="citation book cs1">DeYoung, Karen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7baTaod_kEcC&dq=%22In%20direct%20refutation%20of%20this%20portrayal%20is%20the%20fact%20that%20relations%20between%22&pg=PT92">Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26593-7"><bdi>978-0-307-26593-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldier%3A+The+Life+of+Colin+Powell&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26593-7&rft.aulast=DeYoung&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7baTaod_kEcC%26dq%3D%2522In%2520direct%2520refutation%2520of%2520this%2520portrayal%2520is%2520the%2520fact%2520that%2520relations%2520between%2522%26pg%3DPT92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCNews_Obit-40"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCNews_Obit_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33957894">"Colin Powell: From Vietnam vet to secretary of state"</a>. BBC News. 18 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018212230/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33957894">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell%3A+From+Vietnam+vet+to+secretary+of+state&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-33957894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/32160.htm">"Interview on CNN's Larry King Live"</a>. New York: US Department of State. 4 May 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205115534/http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/32160.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+on+CNN%27s+Larry+King+Live&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft.date=2004-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fsecretary%2Fformer%2Fpowell%2Fremarks%2F32160.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrownWagner-42"><a href="#cite_ref-BrownWagner_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownWagner2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Warren; Wagner, Heather Lehr (2009). Colin Powell: Soldier and Statesman. Infobase Publishing. pp. 41, 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colin+Powell%3A+Soldier+and+Statesman&rft.pages=41%2C+43&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Heather+Lehr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolger2017" class="citation book cs1">Bolger, Daniel P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwjhDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT338">Our Year of War: Two Brothers, Vietnam, and a Nation Divided</a>. Boston, MA: Da Capo Press. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3069-0324-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3069-0324-3"><bdi>978-0-3069-0324-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Year+of+War%3A+Two+Brothers%2C+Vietnam%2C+and+a+Nation+Divided&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-3069-0324-3&rft.aulast=Bolger&rft.aufirst=Daniel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwjhDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2004" class="citation book cs1">Mann, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LhXlFku4bhoC&pg=PT136">Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143034896" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143034896"><bdi>978-0143034896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+of+the+Vulcans%3A+The+History+of+Bush%27s+War+Cabinet&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0143034896&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLhXlFku4bhoC%26pg%3DPT136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKukielski2019" class="citation book cs1">Kukielski, Philip (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1123182247">The U.S. Invasion of Grenada : legacy of a flawed victory</a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. pp. 209–10, 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7879-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7879-5"><bdi>978-1-4766-7879-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1123182247">1123182247</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227142453/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1123182247">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Invasion+of+Grenada+%3A+legacy+of+a+flawed+victory&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E10%2C+218&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1123182247&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-7879-5&rft.aulast=Kukielski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1123182247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-2021-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graham-2021_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham-2021_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham-2021_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham-2021_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2021" class="citation news cs1">Graham, Bradley (18 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/colin-powell-dead/2021/10/18/fdc71fde-c5db-11df-94e1-c5afa35a9e59_story.html">"Colin L. Powell, former secretary of state and military leader, dies at 84"</a>. The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018125314/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/colin-powell-dead/2021/10/18/fdc71fde-c5db-11df-94e1-c5afa35a9e59_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Colin+L.+Powell%2C+former+secretary+of+state+and+military+leader%2C+dies+at+84&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fcolin-powell-dead%2F2021%2F10%2F18%2Ffdc71fde-c5db-11df-94e1-c5afa35a9e59_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firewall-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Firewall_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firewall_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firewall_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1997" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Lawrence E. (1997). Firewall: The Iran–Contra Conspiracy and Cover-up. New York: Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3933-1860-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3933-1860-9"><bdi>978-0-3933-1860-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firewall%3A+The+Iran%E2%80%93Contra+Conspiracy+and+Cover-up&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-3933-1860-9&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WalshReport1-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WalshReport1_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WalshReport1_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1993" class="citation report cs1">Walsh, Lawrence (4 August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WalshReport">Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters</a> (Report). Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. xx, 70, 92, 341, 406–11, 414, 416–17, 421, 423, 427–28, 430–32, 434, 436, 438–40. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Final+Report+of+the+Independent+Counsel+for+Iran%2FContra+Matters&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=xx%2C+70%2C+92%2C+341%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E406-%3C%2Fspan%3E11%2C+414%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E416-%3C%2Fspan%3E17%2C+421%2C+423%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E427-%3C%2Fspan%3E28%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E32%2C+434%2C+436%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E438-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1993-08-04&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FWalshReport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/19/world/iran-contra-report-arms-hostages-contras-secret-foreign-policy-unraveled.html">"Arms, Hostages and Contras: How a Secret Foreign Policy Unraveled"</a>. The New York Times (National ed.). 19 November 1987. sec. A. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426004710/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DB173EF93AA25752C1A961948260">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Arms%2C+Hostages+and+Contras%3A+How+a+Secret+Foreign+Policy+Unraveled&rft.pages=sec.+A.+p.+12&rft.date=1987-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F11%2F19%2Fworld%2Firan-contra-report-arms-hostages-contras-secret-foreign-policy-unraveled.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hunter-50"><a href="#cite_ref-hunter_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShireen_T._Hunter1987" class="citation journal cs1">Shireen T. Hunter (Spring 1987). "After the Ayatollah". Foreign Policy. 66 (66): 77–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1148665">10.2307/1148665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7228">0015-7228</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1148665">1148665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=After+the+Ayatollah&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=66&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0015-7228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1148665%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1148665&rft.au=Shireen+T.+Hunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Why_arms_dealings_failed-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Why_arms_dealings_failed_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCave1994" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Cave" title="George W. Cave">Cave, George</a> (8 September 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wrmea.org/1994-september-october/why-secret-1986-us-iran-arms-for-hostages-negotiations-failed.html">"Why Secret 1986 U.S.–Iran 'Arms for Hostages' Negotiations Failed"</a>. Washington Report on Middle Eastern Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505172844/https://www.wrmea.org/1994-september-october/why-secret-1986-us-iran-arms-for-hostages-negotiations-failed.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Secret+1986+U.S.%E2%80%93Iran+%27Arms+for+Hostages%27+Negotiations+Failed&rft.pub=Washington+Report+on+Middle+Eastern+Affairs&rft.date=1994-09-08&rft.aulast=Cave&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrmea.org%2F1994-september-october%2Fwhy-secret-1986-us-iran-arms-for-hostages-negotiations-failed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brinley-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Brinley_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinley,_Joel1992" class="citation news cs1">Brinley, Joel (17 June 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/17/us/weinberger-faces-5-counts-in-iran-contra-indictment.html">"Weinberger Faces 5 Counts In Iran-Contra Indictment"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309180241/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/17/us/weinberger-faces-5-counts-in-iran-contra-indictment.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Weinberger+Faces+5+Counts+In+Iran-Contra+Indictment&rft.date=1992-06-17&rft.au=Brinley%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F06%2F17%2Fus%2Fweinberger-faces-5-counts-in-iran-contra-indictment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WalshReport2-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WalshReport2_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WalshReport2_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1993" class="citation report cs1">Walsh, Lawrence (4 August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WalshReport/Walsh%20Report%20volume%202%20Indictments%2C%20Plea%20Agreements%2C%20Interim%20Reports%20to%20the%20Congress%2C%20and%20Administrative%20Matters/mode/2up">Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters</a> (Report). Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Final+Report+of+the+Independent+Counsel+for+Iran%2FContra+Matters&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1993-08-04&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FWalshReport%2FWalsh%2520Report%2520volume%25202%2520Indictments%252C%2520Plea%2520Agreements%252C%2520Interim%2520Reports%2520to%2520the%2520Congress%252C%2520and%2520Administrative%2520Matters%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford1987" class="citation news cs1">Bamford, James (18 January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/18/magazine/carlucci-and-the-nsc.html">"Carlucci and the N.S.C."</a> The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526164929/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/18/magazine/carlucci-and-the-nsc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Carlucci+and+the+N.S.C.&rft.date=1987-01-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F01%2F18%2Fmagazine%2Fcarlucci-and-the-nsc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnoBensahel2017" class="citation web cs1">Barno, David; Bensahel, Nora (28 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2017/02/an-active-duty-national-security-advisor-myths-and-concerns/">"An Active-Duty National Security Advisor: Myths and Concerns"</a>. War on the Rocks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019145805/https://warontherocks.com/2017/02/an-active-duty-national-security-advisor-myths-and-concerns/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+on+the+Rocks&rft.atitle=An+Active-Duty+National+Security+Advisor%3A+Myths+and+Concerns&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.aulast=Barno&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bensahel%2C+Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarontherocks.com%2F2017%2F02%2Fan-active-duty-national-security-advisor-myths-and-concerns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/inauguration/transition/powell.html">"Online NewsHour: Colin Powell"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027154925/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/inauguration/transition/powell.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+NewsHour%3A+Colin+Powell&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Finauguration%2Ftransition%2Fpowell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=43048">"The 14 Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff"</a>. Joint History Office, US Department of Defense. American Forces Press Service. 10 August 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412081151/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=43048">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+14+Chairmen+of+the+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff&rft.date=1999-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenselink.mil%2Fnews%2Fnewsarticle.aspx%3Fid%3D43048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteins200395-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteins200395_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteins2003">Steins 2003</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeYoung2006a210-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeYoung2006a210_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeYoung2006a">DeYoung 2006a</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan2010100-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan2010100_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Sullivan2010">O'Sullivan 2010</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/30/usa.afghanistan">"Reluctant warrior"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>. 30 September 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921215127/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/30/usa.afghanistan">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Reluctant+warrior&rft.date=2001-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Fsep%2F30%2Fusa.afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry-2017-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perry-2017_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry-2017_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2017" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Mark (2017). The Pentagon's wars: the military's undeclared war against America's presidents. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07971-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07971-1"><bdi>978-0-465-07971-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/972386823">972386823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentagon%27s+wars%3A+the+military%27s+undeclared+war+against+America%27s+presidents&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F972386823&rft.isbn=978-0-465-07971-1&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden1999" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, Mark (1999). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grove_Atlantic" title="Grove Atlantic">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>. p. <a href="//archive.org/details/blackhawkdownsto0000bowd/page/340/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:blackhawkdownsto0000bowd/page/340/mode/1up">340</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87113-738-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87113-738-0"><bdi>0-87113-738-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40135273">40135273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Hawk+Down%3A+A+Story+of+Modern+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=iarchive%3Ablackhawkdownsto0000bowd%2Fpage%2F340%2Fmode%2F1up%7C340&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40135273&rft.isbn=0-87113-738-0&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dip-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dip_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dip_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/20/world/mission-to-haiti-diplomacy-on-the-brink-of-war-a-tense-battle-of-wills.html">"Mission to Haiti: Diplomacy – On the Brink of War, a Tense Battle of Wills"</a>. The New York Times. 20 September 1994. p. A1. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mission+to+Haiti%3A+Diplomacy+%E2%80%93+On+the+Brink+of+War%2C+a+Tense+Battle+of+Wills&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1994-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F09%2F20%2Fworld%2Fmission-to-haiti-diplomacy-on-the-brink-of-war-a-tense-battle-of-wills.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams1991" class="citation news cs1">Abrams, Jim (21 March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/ca238a618f3375dd323c17701712127e">"Schwarzkopf, Powell Up For Awards, But Fifth Star Not Given Lightly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Schwarzkopf%2C+Powell+Up+For+Awards%2C+But+Fifth+Star+Not+Given+Lightly&rft.date=1991-03-21&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fca238a618f3375dd323c17701712127e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jet-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Jet_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9LoDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22colin+powell%22+%22fifth+star%22&pg=PA8">"U.S. Sen. Kasten Pushing Effort To Award Powell With Historic Fifth Star"</a>. Jet. Vol. 79, no. 23. March 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996">0021-5996</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020123702/https://books.google.com/books?id=9LoDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22colin+powell%22+%22fifth+star%22&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2011. <q>...there is a movement afoot in the U.S. Senate to award an historic fifth star to the nation's first Black Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Gen. Colin L. Powell for his military proficiency.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=U.S.+Sen.+Kasten+Pushing+Effort+To+Award+Powell+With+Historic+Fifth+Star&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=23&rft.date=1991-03&rft.issn=0021-5996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9LoDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3D%2522colin%2Bpowell%2522%2B%2522fifth%2Bstar%2522%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italia-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Italia_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItalia1991" class="citation book cs1">Italia, Bob (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-suZ2qETI4C&q=star">Armed Forces: War in the Gulf</a>. Abdo & Daughters. pp. 44–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56239-026-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56239-026-6"><bdi>978-1-56239-026-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020123803/https://books.google.com/books?id=L-suZ2qETI4C&q=star">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2011. <q>Others want to make him a five-star general. [...] Congress is talking about giving him a fifth silver star, which is very rare.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+Forces%3A+War+in+the+Gulf&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Abdo+%26+Daughters&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-56239-026-6&rft.aulast=Italia&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL-suZ2qETI4C%26q%3Dstar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephy-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Stephy_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanopoulos1999" class="citation book cs1">Stephanopoulos, George (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YsHmpqx0Qb0C&q=%22fifth+star%22">All Too Human: A Political Education</a>. Thorndike Press. pp. 330–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7862-2016-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7862-2016-8"><bdi>978-0-7862-2016-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020123658/https://books.google.com/books?id=YsHmpqx0Qb0C&q=%22fifth+star%22">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2011. <q>Mack asked me to secretly research the procedure for awarding a fifth star to a general. [...] If Powell did challenge Clinton, the fifth star would forestall criticism of the general's military record.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Too+Human%3A+A+Political+Education&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E330-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Thorndike+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7862-2016-8&rft.aulast=Stephanopoulos&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYsHmpqx0Qb0C%26q%3D%2522fifth%2Bstar%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2007" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Nigel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiV3AAAAMAAJ&q=%22colin+powell%22+%22fifth+star%22">Bill Clinton: Mastering the Presidency</a>. PublicAffairs. pp. 190, 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-516-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-516-0"><bdi>978-1-58648-516-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020123658/https://books.google.com/books?id=HiV3AAAAMAAJ&q=%22colin+powell%22+%22fifth+star%22">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2011. <q>Moreover, for the very reason he admired Colin Powell as the most distinguished living black American, Clinton also feared the general as a potential rival. [...] Bill Clinton had denied Powell his rightful fifth star...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bill+Clinton%3A+Mastering+the+Presidency&rft.pages=190%2C+399&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-516-0&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHiV3AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522colin%2Bpowell%2522%2B%2522fifth%2Bstar%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halberstam-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Halberstam_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam2001" class="citation book cs1">Halberstam, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S8l4AAAAMAAJ&q=%22fifth+star%22">War in a Time of Peace: Bush, Clinton, and the Generals</a>. Scribner. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0212-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0212-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-0212-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020123745/https://books.google.com/books?id=S8l4AAAAMAAJ&q=%22fifth+star%22">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2011. <q>They checked it out and found that the last general to get a fifth star was Omar Bradley forty-three years earlier. Powell, they decided, was not Bradley. Besides, as George Stephanopoulos noted, if they gave him one more star, it might help him one day politically.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+a+Time+of+Peace%3A+Bush%2C+Clinton%2C+and+the+Generals&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-0212-1&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS8l4AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522fifth%2Bstar%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMAAHC-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NMAAHC_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAAHC_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAAHC_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAAHC_71-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAAHC_71-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAAHC_71-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAAHC_71-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAAHC_71-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAAHC_71-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAAHC_71-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAAHC_71-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMAAHC_71-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2016.14.1a-v?destination=edan-search/collection_search%3Fedan_q%3D%252A%253A%252A%26edan_fq%255B0%255D%3Dname%253A%2522Powell%252C%2520Colin%2520L.%2522">"US Army green service uniform jacket and service medals worn by Colin L. Powell"</a>. National Museum of African American History and Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019175542/https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2016.14.1a-v?destination=edan-search%2Fcollection_search%3Fedan_q%3D%252A%253A%252A&edan_fq%255B0%255D%3Dname%253A%2522Powell%252C%2520Colin%2520L.%2522">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+African+American+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=US+Army+green+service+uniform+jacket+and+service+medals+worn+by+Colin+L.+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmaahc.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fnmaahc_2016.14.1a-v%3Fdestination%3Dedan-search%2Fcollection_search%253Fedan_q%253D%25252A%25253A%25252A%2526edan_fq%25255B0%25255D%253Dname%25253A%252522Powell%25252C%252520Colin%252520L.%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-valor-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valor_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valor_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valor_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valor_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valor_72-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valor_72-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valor_72-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valor_72-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/100351">"Colin Luther Powell"</a>. Hall of Valor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161513/https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/100351">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hall+of+Valor&rft.atitle=Colin+Luther+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvalor.militarytimes.com%2Fhero%2F100351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2ndPMoF-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2ndPMoF_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2ndPMoF_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClinton1993" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton, W. J.</a> (30 September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=47138">"Remarks on the Retirement of General Colin Powell in Arlington, Virginia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>: The American Presidency Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919002830/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=47138">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016. <q>In recognition of your legacy and service, of your courage and accomplishment, today, General Powell, I was honored to present you with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, with distinction. I want to tell all those here in attendance that this was the second Medal of Freedom you have received, the first from President Bush in 1991. And today, you became only the second American citizen in the history of the Republic to be the recipient of two Medals of Freedom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+on+the+Retirement+of+General+Colin+Powell+in+Arlington%2C+Virginia&rft.place=University+of+California%2C+Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.date=1993-09-30&rft.aulast=Clinton&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D47138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rodriguez2021-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rodriguez2021_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rodriguez2021_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2021" class="citation news cs1">Rodriguez, Jeremiah (18 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/photos-key-moments-in-former-u-s-secretary-of-state-colin-powell-s-career-1.5627779">"Photos: Key moments in former U.S. secretary of state Colin Powell's career"</a>. CTVNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018192515/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/photos-key-moments-in-former-u-s-secretary-of-state-colin-powell-s-career-1.5627779">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTVNews&rft.atitle=Photos%3A+Key+moments+in+former+U.S.+secretary+of+state+Colin+Powell%27s+career&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fworld%2Fphotos-key-moments-in-former-u-s-secretary-of-state-colin-powell-s-career-1.5627779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GWB_WH-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GWB_WH_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GWB_WH_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/powell-bio.html">"Secretary of State Colin L. Powell"</a>. georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108210204/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/powell-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov&rft.atitle=Secretary+of+State+Colin+L.+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fgovernment%2Fpowell-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geraldrfordfoundation.org/medal-for-distinguished-public-service//">"Gerald R. Ford Medal"</a>. Gerald R. Ford Medal. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Medal&rft.atitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Medal&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geraldrfordfoundation.org%2Fmedal-for-distinguished-public-service%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulgara2004-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Bulgara2004_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/39513.htm">"Remarks With Bulgarian President Georgi Purvanov At Award Ceremony for the Stara Planina First Order Medal"</a>. Presidential Palace, Coat of Arms Hall, Sofia, Bulgaria: US Department of State. 7 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302001826/http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/39513.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+With+Bulgarian+President+Georgi+Purvanov+At+Award+Ceremony+for+the+Stara+Planina+First+Order+Medal&rft.place=Presidential+Palace%2C+Coat+of+Arms+Hall%2C+Sofia%2C+Bulgaria&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft.date=2004-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fsecretary%2Fformer%2Fpowell%2Fremarks%2F39513.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulgaria2004photo-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Bulgaria2004photo_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.president.bg/en/showphoto.php?id=398">"Parvanov-Powell"</a>. President of the Republic of Bulgaria. 7 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727035917/http://www.president.bg/en/showphoto.php?id=398">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2007. <q>President Georgi Parvanov awarded US Secretary of State Colin Powell with the highest Bulgarian order "Stara Planina" for his extraordinary services to the advancement of Bulgarian-American relations and in connection with the 100th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Bulgaria and the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parvanov-Powell&rft.pub=President+of+the+Republic+of+Bulgaria&rft.date=2004-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.bg%2Fen%2Fshowphoto.php%3Fid%3D398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PowellasDemVP-79"><a href="#cite_ref-PowellasDemVP_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchram1995" class="citation news cs1">Schram, Martin (21 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19920121/1471329/dont-count-out-colin-powell">"Don't Count Out Colin Powell"</a>. The Seattle Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930004223/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19920121&slug=1471329">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Count+Out+Colin+Powell&rft.date=1995-01-21&rft.aulast=Schram&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.seattletimes.com%2Farchive%2F19920121%2F1471329%2Fdont-count-out-colin-powell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PowellasRepVP-80"><a href="#cite_ref-PowellasRepVP_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dyk1990" class="citation news cs1">Van Dyk, Ted (6 September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/06/opinion/will-powell-run-with-bush-in-92.html">"Will Powell Run With Bush in '92?"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111114222/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/06/opinion/will-powell-run-with-bush-in-92.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Will+Powell+Run+With+Bush+in+%2792%3F&rft.date=1990-09-06&rft.aulast=Van+Dyk&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F09%2F06%2Fopinion%2Fwill-powell-run-with-bush-in-92.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Lusane, Clarence (2006). Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice: Foreign Policy, Race and the New American Century. Westport, CT: Praeger, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275983093" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275983093">978-0275983093</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/238778470">238778470</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2013" class="citation news cs1">O'Reilly, Bill (29 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/transcript/bill-oreilly-a-no-spin-interview-with-colin-powell/">"Bill O'Reilly: A 'No Spin' interview with Colin Powell"</a>. 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BBC News. 15 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061106203415/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5347564.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2006. Retrieved 3 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Senators+defy+Bush+on+tribunals&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F5347564.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFR-138"><a href="#cite_ref-CFR_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/about/people/board_of_directors.html">"Board of Directors"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101103055948/http://www.cfr.org/about/people/board_of_directors.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Board+of+Directors&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fabout%2Fpeople%2Fboard_of_directors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mentor2008-139"><a href="#cite_ref-mentor2008_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/chc/wmy2008/Celebrities/colin_powell.html">"Who Mentored Colin Powell?"</a>. President and Fellows of Harvard College. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080708232924/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/chc/wmy2008/Celebrities/colin_powell.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Mentored+Colin+Powell%3F&rft.pub=President+and+Fellows+of+Harvard+College&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Fchc%2Fwmy2008%2FCelebrities%2Fcolin_powell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/blogs/washington-whispers/2008/11/11/al-gore-colin-powell-caroline-kennedy-in-obamas-administration.html">"Al Gore, Colin Powell, Caroline Kennedy in Obama's Administration? – Washington Whispers"</a>. usnews.com. 11 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503104421/http://www.usnews.com/blogs/washington-whispers/2008/11/11/al-gore-colin-powell-caroline-kennedy-in-obamas-administration.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al+Gore%2C+Colin+Powell%2C+Caroline+Kennedy+in+Obama%27s+Administration%3F+%E2%80%93+Washington+Whispers&rft.pub=usnews.com&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fblogs%2Fwashington-whispers%2F2008%2F11%2F11%2Fal-gore-colin-powell-caroline-kennedy-in-obamas-administration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/0909/Powell_advised_against_Afghan_surge.html">"Powell advised against Afghan surge"</a>. Politico. 27 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227120950/https://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/0909/Powell_advised_against_Afghan_surge.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Powell+advised+against+Afghan+surge&rft.date=2009-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fblogs%2Flaurarozen%2F0909%2FPowell_advised_against_Afghan_surge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngrid_Lunden2014" class="citation web cs1">Ingrid Lunden (14 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/14/general-colin-powell-joins-salesforce-board-of-directors-as-crm-giant-zeros-in-on-govt-deals/">"General Colin Powell Joins Salesforce Board Of Directors, As CRM Giant Zeros In On Public Sector"</a>. TechCrunch. AOL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150830041240/http://techcrunch.com/2014/03/14/general-colin-powell-joins-salesforce-board-of-directors-as-crm-giant-zeros-in-on-govt-deals/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=General+Colin+Powell+Joins+Salesforce+Board+Of+Directors%2C+As+CRM+Giant+Zeros+In+On+Public+Sector&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft.au=Ingrid+Lunden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2014%2F03%2F14%2Fgeneral-colin-powell-joins-salesforce-board-of-directors-as-crm-giant-zeros-in-on-govt-deals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2021/01/10/exp-gps-0110-powell-on-capitol-attack.cnn">"Why Colin Powell says he no longer considers himself a Republican"</a> (CNN Video). <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 10 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111001916/https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2021/01/10/exp-gps-0110-powell-on-capitol-attack.cnn">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Why+Colin+Powell+says+he+no+longer+considers+himself+a+Republican&rft.date=2021-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fvideos%2Ftv%2F2021%2F01%2F10%2Fexp-gps-0110-powell-on-capitol-attack.cnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/colin-powell-last-interview-bashed-trump-over-capitol-riot-2021-10">"Colin Powell in his final interview accused Trump of attempting to 'overturn the government' by inciting January 6 riot"</a>. Business Insider. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell+in+his+final+interview+accused+Trump+of+attempting+to+%27overturn+the+government%27+by+inciting+January+6+riot&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fcolin-powell-last-interview-bashed-trump-over-capitol-riot-2021-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozellWilcox1997" class="citation book cs1">Rozell, Mark J.; Wilcox, Clyde (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExrbUtDV1zYC">God at the Grass Roots, 1996: The Christian Right in the American Elections</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8611-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8611-7"><bdi>978-0-8476-8611-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020123820/https://books.google.com/books?id=ExrbUtDV1zYC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+at+the+Grass+Roots%2C+1996%3A+The+Christian+Right+in+the+American+Elections&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8611-7&rft.aulast=Rozell&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft.au=Wilcox%2C+Clyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DExrbUtDV1zYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2013" class="citation news cs1">Siddiqui, Sabrina (13 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/colin-powell-gun-control_n_2467890">"Colin Powell Shows Support For Gun Control Measures, Including Assault Weapons Ban"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018150743/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/colin-powell-gun-control_n_2467890">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell+Shows+Support+For+Gun+Control+Measures%2C+Including+Assault+Weapons+Ban&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fcolin-powell-gun-control_n_2467890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan2009106-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan2009106_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Sullivan2009">O'Sullivan 2009</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeYoung,_Karen2010" class="citation news cs1">DeYoung, Karen (3 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020302292.html">"Colin Powell shifts stance on 'don't ask, don't tell' policy"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822004841/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020302292.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell+shifts+stance+on+%27don%27t+ask%2C+don%27t+tell%27+policy&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft.au=DeYoung%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F02%2F03%2FAR2010020302292.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2004" class="citation news cs1">Blumenthal, Sidney (18 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/usa/story/0,12271,1353796,00.html">"Colin and the crazies"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020123703/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/18/usa.comment">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Colin+and+the+crazies&rft.date=2004-11-18&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fusa%2Fstory%2F0%2C12271%2C1353796%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2006/09/14/GR2006091400728.html">"Sen. McCain Releases Letter from Gen. Colin Powell"</a>. The Washington Post. 14 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017121552/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2006/09/14/GR2006091400728.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sen.+McCain+Releases+Letter+from+Gen.+Colin+Powell&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Fgraphic%2F2006%2F09%2F14%2FGR2006091400728.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aifestival.org/">Official website: Aspen Ideas Festival </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712175130/http://www.aifestival.org/">Archived</a> July 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227081751/http://www.aifestival.org/library/transcript/Powell-Lehrer_transcript.pdf">"Conversation with Colin Powell"</a> (PDF). Aspen Ideas Festival. July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aifestival.org/library/transcript/Powell-Lehrer_transcript.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conversation+with+Colin+Powell&rft.pub=Aspen+Ideas+Festival&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aifestival.org%2Flibrary%2Ftranscript%2FPowell-Lehrer_transcript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-edition.cnn.com-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/19/powell.transcript/">"Powell: Support for Obama doesn't mean Iraq war wrong"</a>. CNN. 19 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020123714/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/19/powell.transcript/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Powell%3A+Support+for+Obama+doesn%27t+mean+Iraq+war+wrong&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2008-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FPOLITICS%2F10%2F19%2Fpowell.transcript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlatell2006" class="citation web cs1">Klatell, James M. (17 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/powell-we-are-losing-in-iraq/">"Powell: We Are Losing In Iraq"</a>. CBS News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130111311/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/17/ftn/main2274583.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2011. 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Retrieved 25 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell+calls+Trump+%27national+disgrace%27+in+hacked+emails&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fonpolitics%2F2016%2F09%2F13%2Fcolin-powell-hacked-emails%2F90341788%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2016" class="citation web cs1">Blumenthal, Paul (14 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/colin-powell-hillary-clinton_us_57d96524e4b09d7a6880bf1c">"Colin Powell Attacked Hillary Clinton's 'Hubris' In Leaked Emails"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915181356/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/colin-powell-hillary-clinton_us_57d96524e4b09d7a6880bf1c">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell+Attacked+Hillary+Clinton%27s+%27Hubris%27+In+Leaked+Emails&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fcolin-powell-hillary-clinton_us_57d96524e4b09d7a6880bf1c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2016" class="citation news cs1">Blake, Aaron (14 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/14/here-are-the-juiciest-colin-powell-comments-about-trump-and-clinton-from-his-leaked-emails/">"Here are the juiciest Colin Powell comments about Trump and Clinton from his hacked emails"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611000603/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/14/here-are-the-juiciest-colin-powell-comments-about-trump-and-clinton-from-his-leaked-emails/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Here+are+the+juiciest+Colin+Powell+comments+about+Trump+and+Clinton+from+his+hacked+emails&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2016%2F09%2F14%2Fhere-are-the-juiciest-colin-powell-comments-about-trump-and-clinton-from-his-leaked-emails%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2016" class="citation news cs1">Blake, Aaron (7 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/30/heres-the-growing-list-of-big-name-republicans-supporting-hillary-clinton/">"78 Republican politicians, donors and officials who are supporting Hillary Clinton"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818161636/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/30/heres-the-growing-list-of-big-name-republicans-supporting-hillary-clinton/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=78+Republican+politicians%2C+donors+and+officials+who+are+supporting+Hillary+Clinton&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2016%2F06%2F30%2Fheres-the-growing-list-of-big-name-republicans-supporting-hillary-clinton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner2016" class="citation web cs1">Brunner, Jim (19 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/four-washington-electors-break-ranks-and-dont-vote-for-clinton/">"Four Washington state electors break ranks and don't vote for Clinton"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Four+Washington+state+electors+break+ranks+and+don%27t+vote+for+Clinton&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fseattle-news%2Fpolitics%2Ffour-washington-electors-break-ranks-and-dont-vote-for-clinton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/results">"Electoral College Results"</a>. National Archives. 12 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019042904/https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/results">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Electoral+College+Results&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Felectoral-college%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2019" class="citation news cs1">Russo, Amy (6 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/colin-powell-republicans-terrified-of-speaking-out-need-to-get-a-grip-195747765.html">"Colin Powell: Republicans Terrified Of Speaking Out Need To 'Get A Grip'"</a>. Yahoo! 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Retrieved 25 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell%3A+Republicans+Terrified+Of+Speaking+Out+Need+To+%27Get+A+Grip%27&rft.date=2019-10-06&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fcolin-powell-republicans-terrified-of-speaking-out-need-to-get-a-grip-195747765.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN20200607-178"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN20200607_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2020" class="citation news cs1">Cole, Devan (7 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/07/politics/colin-powell-biden-trump-2020-cnntv/index.html">"Colin Powell says he will vote for Joe Biden for president"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607150330/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/07/politics/colin-powell-biden-trump-2020-cnntv/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell+says+he+will+vote+for+Joe+Biden+for+president&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Devan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F06%2F07%2Fpolitics%2Fcolin-powell-biden-trump-2020-cnntv%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2020" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Kate (19 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/18/politics/colin-powell-biden-convention/index.html">"Colin Powell touts Biden's character at DNC: 'We need to restore those values to the White House'"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020123817/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/18/politics/colin-powell-biden-convention/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colin+Powell+touts+Biden%27s+character+at+DNC%3A+%27We+need+to+restore+those+values+to+the+White+House%27&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F08%2F18%2Fpolitics%2Fcolin-powell-biden-convention%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nolongerconsider-180"><a href="#cite_ref-nolongerconsider_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitofsky2021" class="citation news cs1">Pitofsky, Marina (10 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/news/533575-colin-powell-i-can-no-longer-call-myself-a-fellow-republican">"Colin Powell: 'I can no longer call myself a fellow Republican'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111015444/https://thehill.com/homenews/news/533575-colin-powell-i-can-no-longer-call-myself-a-fellow-republican">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell%3A+%27I+can+no+longer+call+myself+a+fellow+Republican%27&rft.date=2021-01-10&rft.aulast=Pitofsky&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fnews%2F533575-colin-powell-i-can-no-longer-call-myself-a-fellow-republican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavaid2024" class="citation news cs1">Javaid, Maham (29 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2024/07/29/alma-powell-death/">"Alma Powell, civic leader and widow of Colin Powell, dies at 86"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Alma+Powell%2C+civic+leader+and+widow+of+Colin+Powell%2C+dies+at+86&rft.date=2024-07-29&rft.aulast=Javaid&rft.aufirst=Maham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fobituaries%2F2024%2F07%2F29%2Falma-powell-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNNinterview-182"><a href="#cite_ref-CNNinterview_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2005" class="citation interview cs1">Powell, Colin (17 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0510/17/lkl.01.html">"Interview transcript"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Larry_King_Live" title="Larry King Live">Larry King Live</a> (Interview). Interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Larry_King" title="Larry King">Larry King</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828062641/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0510/17/lkl.01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Larry+King+Live&rft.atitle=Interview+transcript&rft.date=2005-10-17&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0510%2F17%2Flkl.01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic2004-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic2004_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2004" class="citation interview cs1">Powell, Colin (2 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130204025253/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/09/a-conversation-with-colin-powell/303436/">"A Conversation with Colin Powell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> (Interview). Interviewed by P. J. O'Rourke. Washington, D.C. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/09/a-conversation-with-colin-powell/303436/">the original</a> on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=A+Conversation+with+Colin+Powell&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2004%2F09%2Fa-conversation-with-colin-powell%2F303436%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/colin-powell-no-affair-not-article-1.1415208">"Colin Powell insists 'there was no affair then and there is not one now' with diplomat"</a>. Daily News. New York. 2 August 2013. 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Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBN+News&rft.atitle=Former+Secretary+of+State+Colin+Powell+Dies+of+COVID+Complications&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cbn.com%2Fcbnnews%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2Foctober%2Fformer-secretary-of-state-colin-powell-dies-of-covid-complications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoard2021" class="citation web cs1">Board, Daily News Editorial (18 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-edit-colin-powell-20211018-4jt4hyrxwbaphlps6eojogfiky-story.html">"Son of NYC: Colin Powell's legacy of integrity"</a>. Daily News. 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Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Son+of+NYC%3A+Colin+Powell%27s+legacy+of+integrity&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft.aulast=Board&rft.aufirst=Daily+News+Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fopinion%2Fny-edit-colin-powell-20211018-4jt4hyrxwbaphlps6eojogfiky-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.episcopalchurch.org/publicaffairs/statement-from-presiding-bishop-michael-curry-on-the-passing-of-gen-colin-powell-former-secretary-of-state/">"Statement from Presiding Bishop Michael Curry on the passing of Gen. Colin Powell, former secretary of state"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Episcopal+Church&rft.atitle=Statement+from+Presiding+Bishop+Michael+Curry+on+the+passing+of+Gen.+Colin+Powell%2C+former+secretary+of+state&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalchurch.org%2Fpublicaffairs%2Fstatement-from-presiding-bishop-michael-curry-on-the-passing-of-gen-colin-powell-former-secretary-of-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacias2021" class="citation web cs1">Macias, Amanda (18 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/18/colin-powell-former-secretary-of-state-who-made-case-for-iraq-invasion-dies-of-covid-complications-at-84.html">"Colin Powell, former secretary of State who made case for Iraq invasion, dies of Covid complications at 84"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Colin+Powell%2C+top+U.S.+soldier+and+diplomat%2C+dies+of+COVID-19+complications&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft.aulast=Dunham&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Mohammed%2C+Arshad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Fex-joint-chiefs-staff-powell-dies-covid-complications-facebook-post-2021-10-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrison_10/18/2021-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Garrison_10/18/2021_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2021" class="citation web cs1">Garrison, Joey (18 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/10/18/colin-powell-remembered-biden-former-presidents/8505549002/">"'Country before self ... before all else': US presidents remember Colin Powell as American hero"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018223151/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/10/18/colin-powell-remembered-biden-former-presidents/8505549002/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. 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Walker Memorial Dinner - CSPAN To Broadcast"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllAfrica" title="AllAfrica">AllAfrica</a>. 4 October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120133642/http://allafrica.com/stories/200510040022.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllAfrica&rft.atitle=Africare+to+Honor+General+Colin+Powell+at+2005+Africare+Bishop+John+T.+Walker+Memorial+Dinner+-+CSPAN+To+Broadcast&rft.date=2005-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200510040022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichissin2006" class="citation web cs1">Richissin, Todd (2 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2006-05-02-0605020355-story.html">"AARP honors Colin Powell with Andrus Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620024828/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2006-05-02-0605020355-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2021. 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Powell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Wilson Center</a>. 18 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018210515/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/statement-ambassador-mark-green-passing-general-colin-l-powell">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+from+Ambassador+Mark+Green+on+the+Passing+of+General+Colin+L.+Powell&rft.pub=Wilson+Center&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Farticle%2Fstatement-ambassador-mark-green-passing-general-colin-l-powell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scouting-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Scouting_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scoutingmagazine.org/silverbuffalo/">"List of Silver Buffalo recipients"</a>. Scouting Magazine. 30 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709072231/https://scoutingmagazine.org/silverbuffalo/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scouting+Magazine&rft.atitle=List+of+Silver+Buffalo+recipients&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscoutingmagazine.org%2Fsilverbuffalo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308044613/http://www.1-33rdar.org/genpowell.htm">"GEN Colin Powell"</a>. 8 March 2016. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GEN+Colin+Powell&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1-33rdar.org%2Fgenpowell.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-963-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-963-8">1-57392-963-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> According to the Fort Bliss Bugle, as of October 24, 2013, nine schools have been named for Colin Powell. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/colin-luther-powell">"Colin Luther Powell"</a>. American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 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Retrieved 29 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=.%3A+The+Official+Wings+Of+Hope+Homepage+%3A.&rft.pub=Wings-of-hope.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwings-of-hope.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830152415/http://www.efworld.org/about/eisenhower_fellowships_board.php">"efworld"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efworld.org/about/eisenhower_fellowships_board.php">the original</a> on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=efworld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efworld.org%2Fabout%2Feisenhower_fellowships_board.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230434/http://www.afhu.org/files/HUArticles/Powell%20Friendship%20with%20Israel%20Means%20Friendship%20with%20Arabs.pdf">"Powell: Friendship with Israel means friendship with Arabs"</a> (PDF). afhu.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhu.org/files/HUArticles/Powell%20Friendship%20with%20Israel%20Means%20Friendship%20with%20Arabs.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Powell%3A+Friendship+with+Israel+means+friendship+with+Arabs&rft.pub=afhu.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhu.org%2Ffiles%2FHUArticles%2FPowell%2520Friendship%2520with%2520Israel%2520Means%2520Friendship%2520with%2520Arabs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> McDonald, Terrence T. (February 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/jjournal-news/index.ssf/2013/02/gov_christie_attends_union_cit.html">"Gov. Christie visits Union City school opening, hears Democratic mayor praise him"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426222531/http://www.nj.com/jjournal-news/index.ssf/2013/02/gov_christie_attends_union_cit.html">Archived</a> April 26, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/NJ.com" title="NJ.com">NJ.com</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Wenik, Ian (June 9, 2013). "Saluting the general". <a href="/wiki/The_Union_City_Reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="The Union City Reporter">The Union City Reporter</a>. pp. 1, 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highpoint.edu/nationalboard/">"National Board of Advisors"</a>. National Board of Advisors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818141608/https://www.highpoint.edu/nationalboard/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Board+of+Advisors&rft.atitle=National+Board+of+Advisors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highpoint.edu%2Fnationalboard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/prince-georges-county/__trashed-26/3549368/">"Prince George's County prepares to open Colin L. Powell Academy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_4_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC 4 Washington">NBC 4 Washington</a>. 21 February 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prince+George%27s+County+prepares+to+open+Colin+L.+Powell+Academy&rft.date=2024-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcwashington.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fprince-georges-county%2F__trashed-26%2F3549368%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeYoung2006a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeYoung" title="Karen DeYoung">DeYoung, Karen</a> (2006a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soldierlifeofcol00deyo">Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-4170-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-4170-8"><bdi>1-4000-4170-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71313158">71313158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldier%3A+The+Life+of+Colin+Powell&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71313158&rft.isbn=1-4000-4170-8&rft.aulast=DeYoung&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoldierlifeofcol00deyo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFeber2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">LaFeber, Walter</a> (2009). "The Rise and Fall of Colin Powell and the Powell Doctrine". <a href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a>. 124: 71–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-165X.2009.tb00642.x">10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00642.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Colin+Powell+and+the+Powell+Doctrine&rft.volume=124&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-165X.2009.tb00642.x&rft.aulast=LaFeber&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2019" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Jeffrey J. (2019). Colin Powell: Imperfect Patriot. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Press" title="University of Notre Dame Press">University of Notre Dame Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-268-10512-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-268-10512-9"><bdi>978-0-268-10512-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1077560739">1077560739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colin+Powell%3A+Imperfect+Patriot&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1077560739&rft.isbn=978-0-268-10512-9&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2010" class="citation book cs1">O'Sullivan, Christopher (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colinpowellpolit0000osul">Colin Powell: A Political Biography</a>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5187-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5187-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-5187-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colin+Powell%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5187-9&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolinpowellpolit0000osul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellPersico1995" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Colin L.; Persico, Joseph E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myamericanjourne00powerich">My American Journey</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307763686" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307763686"><bdi>978-0307763686</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7059263772">7059263772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+American+Journey&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7059263772&rft.isbn=978-0307763686&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Colin+L.&rft.au=Persico%2C+Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyamericanjourne00powerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteins2003" class="citation book cs1">Steins, Richard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colinpowellbiogr00stei">Colin Powell: A Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32266-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32266-X"><bdi>0-313-32266-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51118331">51118331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colin+Powell%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51118331&rft.isbn=0-313-32266-X&rft.aulast=Steins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolinpowellbiogr00stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellKoltz2012" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Colin L.; Koltz, Tony (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/itworkedformeinl0000powe">It Worked for Me: In Life and Leadership</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-213512-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-213512-4"><bdi>978-0-06-213512-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/757483449">757483449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Worked+for+Me%3A+In+Life+and+Leadership&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F757483449&rft.isbn=978-0-06-213512-4&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Colin+L.&rft.au=Koltz%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitworkedformeinl0000powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaimondo1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Raimondo" title="Justin Raimondo">Raimondo, Justin</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h-Iy3rfBa4oC">Colin Powell and the Power Elite</a>. America First Political Action Committee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883-95903-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883-95903-6"><bdi>978-1-883-95903-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43444712">43444712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colin+Powell+and+the+Power+Elite&rft.pub=America+First+Political+Action+Committee&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43444712&rft.isbn=978-1-883-95903-6&rft.aulast=Raimondo&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh-Iy3rfBa4oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColin+Powell" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Colin Powell at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Colin_Powell" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Colin Powell">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Colin_Powell" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Colin Powell">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" class="extiw" title="q:Colin Powell">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Colin_Luther_Powell" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Colin Luther Powell">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150851" class="extiw" title="d:Q150851">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?326">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlierose.com/guests/484">Colin Powell</a> on <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)">Charlie Rose</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0694068/">Colin Powell</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150851#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/colin-powell">Colin Powell</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/colin-powell">Colin Powell</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150851#P3106" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Rodman" title="Peter Rodman">Peter Rodman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_National_Security_Advisor" title="Deputy National Security Advisor">Deputy National Security Advisor</a> 1986–1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Negroponte" title="John Negroponte">John Negroponte</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Frank Carlucci</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> 1987–1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> 2001–2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Crowe" title="William J. Crowe">William Crowe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> 1989–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_E._Jeremiah" title="David E. Jeremiah">David Jeremiah</a> Acting</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award" title="Ronald Reagan Freedom Award">Ronald Reagan Freedom Award</a> 1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Molinari" title="Susan Molinari">Susan Molinari</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Keynote Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000</a> Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zell_Miller" title="Zell Miller">Zell Miller</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Template:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Template talk:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a> 1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Marco_Rubio_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Marco Rubio as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)121" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Template:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Template talk:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet2436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colin Powell</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> (2005–2009) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul H. O'Neill</a> (2001–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">John W. Snow</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gale_Norton" title="Gale Norton">Gale Norton</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne" title="Dirk Kempthorne">Dirk Kempthorne</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Veneman" title="Ann Veneman">Ann Veneman</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Mike Johanns</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Schafer" title="Ed Schafer">Ed Schafer</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Evans" title="Donald Evans">Donald Evans</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez" title="Carlos Gutierrez">Carlos Gutierrez</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Mel Martínez</a> (2001–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Jackson" title="Alphonso Jackson">Alphonso Jackson</a> (2004–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Preston" title="Steve Preston">Steve Preston</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Peters" title="Mary E. Peters">Mary E. Peters</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Spencer Abraham</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Paige" title="Rod Paige">Rod Paige</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Spellings" title="Margaret Spellings">Margaret Spellings</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Principi" title="Anthony Principi">Anthony Principi</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Jim Nicholson</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peake" title="James Peake">James Peake</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level847" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman" title="Christine Todd Whitman">Christine Todd Whitman</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Johnson_(politician,_born_1951)" title="Stephen L. Johnson (politician, born 1951)">Stephen L. Johnson</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Mitch Daniels</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2006–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nussle" title="Jim Nussle">Jim Nussle</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick">Robert Zoellick</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2005–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Schwab" title="Susan Schwab">Susan Schwab</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Walters" title="John P. Walters">John P. Walters</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff1093" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CJCS" title="Template:CJCS"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CJCS" title="Template talk:CJCS"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CJCS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CJCS"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff1093" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Radford" title="Arthur W. Radford">Radford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Farragut_Twining" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Farragut Twining">Twining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Wheeler" title="Earle Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hinman_Moorer" title="Thomas Hinman Moorer">Moorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scratchley_Brown" title="George Scratchley Brown">G. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Jones" title="David C. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Vessey_Jr." title="John William Vessey Jr.">Vessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Crowe" title="William J. Crowe">Crowe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Jeremiah" title="David E. Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shalikashvili" title="John Shalikashvili">Shalikashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Shelton" title="Hugh Shelton">Shelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Myers" title="Richard Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pace" title="Peter Pace">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mullen" title="Michael Mullen">Mullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dempsey" title="Martin Dempsey">Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunford" title="Joseph Dunford">Dunford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Milley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Q._Brown_Jr." title="Charles Q. Brown Jr.">C. Q. Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_U.S._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_U.S._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_U.S._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_U.S._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_U.S._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_U.S._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="709" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_national_security_advisors86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_security_advisors" title="Template:National security advisors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_security_advisors" title="Template talk:National security advisors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_security_advisors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National security advisors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_national_security_advisors86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">United States national security advisors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cutler" title="Robert Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillon_Anderson" title="Dillon Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harding_Jackson" title="William Harding Jackson">Jackson</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cutler" title="Robert Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">Bundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Rostow" title="Walt Rostow">Rostow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Scowcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Brzezinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_V._Allen" title="Richard V. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Nance" title="James W. Nance">Nance</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Clark_Jr." title="William P. Clark Jr.">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McFarlane_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert McFarlane (American politician)">McFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Poindexter" title="John Poindexter">Poindexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Scowcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lake" title="Anthony Lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Berger" title="Sandy Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">C. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Jones" title="James L. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Donilon" title="Thomas E. Donilon">Donilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">S. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Kellogg" title="Keith Kellogg">Kellogg</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._R._McMaster" title="H. R. McMaster">McMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kupperman" title="Charles Kupperman">Kupperman</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._O%27Brien" title="Robert C. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Sullivan" title="Jake Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Waltz" title="Michael Waltz">Waltz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="White House Logo"><img alt="White House Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/75px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/113px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/150px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="58" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NAACP_Image_Award_–_President&#039;s_Award68" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_President%27s_Award" title="Template:NAACP Image Award – President's Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_President%27s_Award" title="Template talk:NAACP Image Award – President's Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_President%27s_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP Image Award – President's Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_–_President&#039;s_Award68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_President%27s_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – President's Award">NAACP Image Award – President's Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Rev. Jesse Jackson</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jheryl_Busby" title="Jheryl Busby">Jheryl Busby</a> (1988)</li> <li>Antoinette Stroman & <a href="/wiki/Ryan_White" title="Ryan White">Ryan White</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kent Amos & Carmen Amos (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Gumbel" title="Bryant Gumbel">Bryant Gumbel</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Herman" title="Alexis Herman">Alexis Herman</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauryn_Hill" title="Lauryn Hill">Lauryn Hill</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavis_Smiley" title="Tavis Smiley">Tavis Smiley</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tom_Joyner" title="Tom Joyner">Tom Joyner</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Williams" title="Venus Williams">Venus</a> & <a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._D._Jakes" title="T. D. Jakes">T. D. Jakes</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Taylor" title="Susan L. Taylor">Susan L. Taylor</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_O%27Brien" title="Soledad O'Brien">Soledad O'Brien</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Jones" title="Van Jones">Van Jones</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colin Powell</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stuntmen%27s_Association" title="Black Stuntmen's Association">Black Stuntmen's Association</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Washington" title="Kerry Washington">Kerry Washington</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Legend" title="John Legend">John Legend</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Bunch" title="Lonnie Bunch">Lonnie Bunch</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihanna" title="Rihanna">Rihanna</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LeBron_James" title="LeBron James">LeBron James</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a> & <a href="/wiki/Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex" title="Meghan, Duchess of Sussex">Meghan, Duchess of Sussex</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Union" title="Gabrielle Union">Gabrielle Union</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dwyane_Wade" title="Dwyane Wade">Dwyane Wade</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usher_(musician)" title="Usher (musician)">Usher</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Soldier&#039;s_Medal1791" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Recipients_of_the_Soldier%27s_Medal" title="Template:Recipients of the Soldier's Medal"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Recipients_of_the_Soldier%27s_Medal" title="Template talk:Recipients of the Soldier's Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Recipients_of_the_Soldier%27s_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Recipients of the Soldier's Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Soldier&#039;s_Medal1791" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Medal" title="Soldier's Medal">Soldier's Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Allen" title="Marty Allen">Marty Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Andreotta" title="Glenn Andreotta">Glenn Andreotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clift_Andrus" title="Clift Andrus">Clift Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Bank" title="Aaron Bank">Aaron Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Leroy_Bondsteel" title="James Leroy Bondsteel">James Leroy Bondsteel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Boswell" title="Leonard Boswell">Leonard Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Brooks" title="Allison Brooks">Allison Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Buckley" title="William Francis Buckley">William Francis Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Cleland" title="Max Cleland">Max Cleland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Colburn" title="Lawrence Colburn">Lawrence Colburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Corley" title="John Thomas Corley">John Thomas Corley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_A._Downing" title="Wayne A. Downing">Wayne A. Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Leslie_Futch" title="Theodore Leslie Futch">Theodore Leslie Futch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galvin_(general)" title="John Galvin (general)">John Galvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Gedeon" title="Elmer Gedeon">Elmer Gedeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Gober" class="mw-redirect" title="Hershel W. Gober">Hershel W. Gober</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Goodman" title="John F. Goodman">John F. Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Grange_Jr." title="David E. Grange Jr.">David E. Grange Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Grady" title="Ed Grady">Ed Grady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Ellen_Greenwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Ellen Greenwood">Edith Ellen Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Gritz" title="Bo Gritz">Bo Gritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hartzog" title="William W. Hartzog">William W. Hartzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Hayden" title="Mike Hayden">Mike Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Herbert_(lieutenant_colonel)" title="Anthony Herbert (lieutenant colonel)">Anthony Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hessian" title="Patrick J. Hessian">Patrick J. Hessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Holleder" title="Don Holleder">Don Holleder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoover" title="Bob Hoover">Bob Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_D._Hoyle" title="Eli D. Hoyle">Eli D. Hoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kerner_Jr." title="Otto Kerner Jr.">Otto Kerner Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Kimsey" title="Melbourne Kimsey">Melbourne Kimsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_K._Kyle" title="Darwin K. Kyle">Darwin K. Kyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Lawson" title="Richard L. Lawson">Richard L. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reis_Leming" title="Reis Leming">Reis Leming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Andrew_MacGillivary" title="Charles Andrew MacGillivary">Charles Andrew MacGillivary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Matheny" title="William A. Matheny">William A. Matheny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._McDonnell" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles J. McDonnell">Charles J. McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_N._Merritt" title="Jack N. Merritt">Jack N. Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_J._Meyer" title="Leo J. Meyer">Leo J. Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mucci" title="Henry Mucci">Henry Mucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Mu%C3%B1iz" title="José Antonio Muñiz">José Antonio Muñiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alexander_Parrott" title="Thomas Alexander Parrott">Thomas Alexander Parrott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Peregory" title="Frank D. Peregory">Frank D. Peregory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Rawlings" title="Edwin W. Rawlings">Edwin W. Rawlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Scholtes" title="Richard Scholtes">Richard Scholtes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Schoyer" title="Preston Schoyer">Preston Schoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Silvasy_Jr." title="Stephen Silvasy Jr.">Stephen Silvasy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Singlaub" title="John K. Singlaub">John K. Singlaub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alek_Skarlatos" title="Alek Skarlatos">Alek Skarlatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Speer" title="Christopher Speer">Christopher Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donn_A._Starry" title="Donn A. Starry">Donn A. Starry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Stilwell_Jr." title="Joseph Warren Stilwell Jr.">Joseph Warren Stilwell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tackaberry" title="Thomas Tackaberry">Thomas Tackaberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thompson_Jr." title="Hugh Thompson Jr.">Hugh Thompson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_L._Tinker" title="Clarence L. Tinker">Clarence L. Tinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Treadwell" title="Jack L. Treadwell">Jack L. Treadwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Valenzuela" title="Alfred Valenzuela">Alfred Valenzuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_L._Van_Autreve" title="Leon L. Van Autreve">Leon L. Van Autreve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wade_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Wade (general)">David Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Welch" title="Ron Welch">Ron Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Wenstrup" title="Brad Wenstrup">Brad Wenstrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tankersley_Williams" title="Samuel Tankersley Williams">Samuel Tankersley Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_K._Wilson_Jr." title="Walter K. Wilson Jr.">Walter K. Wilson Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Names are in alphabetical order</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spingarn_Medal_winners26" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template talk:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spingarn_Medal_winners26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Everett_Just" title="Ernest Everett Just">Ernest Everett Just</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Charles Young (United States Army officer)">Charles Young</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burleigh" title="Harry Burleigh">Harry Burleigh</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Braithwaite" title="William Stanley Braithwaite">William Stanley Braithwaite</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Archibald Grimké">Archibald Grimké</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Sidney Gilpin</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Roland_Hayes" title="Roland Hayes">Roland Hayes</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Overton" title="Anthony Overton">Anthony Overton</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson" title="Mordecai Wyatt Johnson">Mordecai Wyatt Johnson</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Hunt" title="Henry A. Hunt">Henry A. Hunt</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Berry_Harrison" title="Richard Berry Harrison">Richard Berry Harrison</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Max_Yergan" title="Max Yergan">Max Yergan</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/William_T._B._Williams" title="William T. B. Williams">William T. B. Williams</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_(educator)" title="John Hope (educator)">John Hope</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li>1938: no award</li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Louis_T._Wright" title="Louis T. Wright">Louis T. Wright</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles R. Drew</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian" title="Percy Lavon Julian">Percy Lavon Julian</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Channing_Heggie_Tobias" title="Channing Heggie Tobias">Channing Heggie Tobias</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Keaton_Staupers" title="Mabel Keaton Staupers">Mabel Keaton Staupers</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Williams" title="Paul R. Williams">Paul R. Williams</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_K._Lawless" title="Theodore K. Lawless">Theodore K. Lawless</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Murphy" title="Carl J. Murphy">Carl J. Murphy</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/John_H._Johnson" title="John H. Johnson">John H. Johnson</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mitchell_Jr." title="Clarence Mitchell Jr.">Clarence Mitchell Jr.</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sullivan" title="Leon Sullivan">Leon Sullivan</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Riles" title="Wilson Riles">Wilson Riles</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Damon_Keith" title="Damon Keith">Damon Keith</a></li> <li>1975: no award</li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a></li> <li>1978: no award</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Rayford_Logan" title="Rayford Logan">Rayford Logan</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Elijah Mays</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></li> <li>1984: no award</li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Patterson" title="Frederick D. Patterson">Frederick D. Patterson</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a></li> <li>1991: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colin Powell</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/A._Leon_Higginbotham_Jr." title="A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.">A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rowan" title="Carl Rowan">Carl Rowan</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Earl_G._Graves_Sr." title="Earl G. Graves Sr.">Earl G. Graves Sr.</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carter" title="Robert L. Carter">Robert L. Carter</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Muse_Freeman" title="Frankie Muse Freeman">Frankie Muse Freeman</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_R._Jones" title="Nathaniel R. Jones">Nathaniel R. Jones</a></li> <li>2017: no award</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gaspard" title="Patrick Gaspard">Patrick Gaspard</a></li> <li>2020: no award</li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Cato_T._Laurencin" title="Cato T. Laurencin">Cato T. Laurencin</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150851#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3613" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150851#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3613" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150851#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108588433">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79113153">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/236203/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjHk639M9wYjK9k4fJkXd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119077817">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87926095">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12496187m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12496187m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00515602">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV096570">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35511980">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2003163174&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1626416">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p144500582">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8007299">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000204727&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000385552&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000100467">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200202020">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810683983505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007439632405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059740315806706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14370292">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09456895?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0b037f31-163e-4538-9ed6-550950a3dc12">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/979921">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119077817.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119077817">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/073950408">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10571551">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nd6s13">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68g9rsz">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&oldid=1274950491">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&oldid=1274950491</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colin_Powell" title="Category:Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1937_births" title="Category:1937 births">1937 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2021_deaths" title="Category:2021 deaths">2021 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_people" title="Category:20th-century African-American people">20th-century African-American people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_people" title="Category:21st-century African-American people">21st-century African-American people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_United_States_government_officials" title="Category:21st-century United States government officials">21st-century United States government officials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers">21st-century American 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3,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Charlie Rose guest\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 71,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 94,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Powell, Colin\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Enum\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 2,\n [\"GW Bush cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Guardian topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatnote group\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Indented plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Coat of arms\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"JCS\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"N/a\"] = 1,\n [\"NAACP Image Award – President's Award\"] = 1,\n [\"NSAA\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"New York Times topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 6,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Recipients of the Soldier's Medal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 3,\n [\"Ribbon devices\"] = 29,\n [\"Rp\"] = 12,\n [\"S-ach\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 6,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 6,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-mil\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 6,\n [\"See below\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 16,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spingarn Medal\"] = 1,\n [\"USSecState\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikinews\"] = 1,\n [\"Xref\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","620","29.8"],["dataWrapper 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