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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dalecarlian languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_dalecarliano" title="Idioma dalecarliano – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma dalecarliano" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecte_dalecarli%C3%A0" title="Dialecte dalecarlià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dialecte dalecarlià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_dalecarliano" title="Idioma dalecarliano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma dalecarliano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalekarla_lingvo" title="Dalekarla lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dalekarla lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal%C3%A9carlien" title="Dalécarlien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dalécarlien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_dalecarliana" title="Lingua dalecarliana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua dalecarliana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalekarlijski_dijalekt" title="Dalekarlijski dijalekt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dalekarlijski dijalekt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_dalecarlica" title="Lingua dalecarlica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua dalecarlica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalm%C3%A5l" title="Dalmål – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dalmål" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalm%C3%A5l" title="Dalmål – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dalmål" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_dalecarlian-a" title="Lenga dalecarlian-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga dalecarlian-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_dalecarliano" title="Dialeto dalecarliano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dialeto dalecarliano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalm%C3%A5l" title="Dalmål – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dalmål" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalecarlian_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of Scandinavian languages of Sweden</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Dalecarlian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><i>dalmål</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Dalarna_County" title="Dalarna County">Dalarna County</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dalecarlians (<a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="West Scandinavian languages">West Scandinavian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kroonen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroonen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Dalecarlian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li> <li>Moramål<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Orsamål<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian alphabet">Dalecarlian alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian runes</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i> (<code>mis</code>)<br />Individual code:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ovd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ovd">ovd</a></code> – Elfdalian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dale1238">dale1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3189">Dalecarlian</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/110px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/165px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/220px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Dalecarlian is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (2010)</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Dalecarlian</b> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">dalmål</i>) is a group of <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a> and dialects spoken in <a href="/wiki/Dalarna_County" title="Dalarna County">Dalarna County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. Some Dalecarlian varieties can be regarded as part of the Swedish dialect group in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4strikland" title="Gästrikland">Gästrikland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a>, and northern and eastern <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stmanland" title="Västmanland">Västmanland</a>. Others represent a variety characteristic of a midpoint between West and East Scandinavian languages, significantly divergent from <a href="/wiki/Standard_Swedish" title="Standard Swedish">Standard Swedish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kroonen_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroonen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the northernmost part of the county (<i>i.e.</i>, the originally Norwegian parishes of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rna" title="Särna">Särna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idre" title="Idre">Idre</a>), a characteristic dialect reminiscent of eastern <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> is spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One usually distinguishes between the Dalecarlian <a href="/wiki/Bergslagen" title="Bergslagen">Bergslagen</a> dialects, which are spoken in south-eastern Dalarna, and Dalecarlian proper.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dialects are traditionally regarded as part of the <a href="/wiki/Svealand_dialects" title="Svealand dialects">Svealand dialect group.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wessén_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessén-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Officially, they are considered Swedish dialects due to being spoken in a region where Swedish is an official language today. The Swedish government nevertheless acknowledges that the dialects have developed independently from Old Norse, and not from Swedish itself.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In everyday speech, many also refer to Dalarna regional variants of Standard Swedish as part of the Dalecarlian dialect. Linguistically speaking, however, they are more accurately described as a lexically and morphologically "national" Swedish with characteristic Dalarna <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, one distinguishes between regionally different <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a> and genuine dialects, and <i>Dalecarlian</i> as a term is used exclusively for dialects in the latter sense. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalecarlian_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Varieties of Dalecarlian are generally classified geographically as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Österdalarna</b> dialects <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nedansiljan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nedansiljan (page does not exist)">Nedansiljan</a>, south of the <a href="/wiki/Siljan_(lake)" title="Siljan (lake)">Siljan lake</a>: <a href="/wiki/Socken" title="Socken">sockens</a> <a href="/wiki/Boda,_Sweden" title="Boda, Sweden">Boda</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttvik" title="Rättvik">Rättvik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bjurs%C3%A5s" title="Bjursås">Bjursås</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%85l_(Sweden)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ål (Sweden) (page does not exist)">Ål</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siljansn%C3%A4s" title="Siljansnäs">Siljansnäs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leksand" title="Leksand">Leksand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagnef" title="Gagnef">Gagnef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mockfj%C3%A4rd" title="Mockfjärd">Mockfjärd</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovansiljan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ovansiljan (page does not exist)">Ovansiljan</a>, north of the <a href="/wiki/Siljan_(lake)" title="Siljan (lake)">Siljan lake</a>: sockens <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ore_Municipality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ore Municipality (page does not exist)">Ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orsa_Municipality" title="Orsa Municipality">Orsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5mhus" title="Våmhus">Våmhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen_Municipality" title="Älvdalen Municipality">Älvdalen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mora_Municipality,_Sweden" title="Mora Municipality, Sweden">Mora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venjan" title="Venjan">Venjan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soller%C3%B6n" title="Sollerön">Sollerön</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Västerdalarna</b> dialects: <ul><li>Lower <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4sterdalarna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Västerdalarna (page does not exist)">Västerdalarna</a>: sockens <a href="/wiki/Malung" title="Malung">Malung</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%84ppelbo" title="Äppelbo">Äppelbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rna,_Vansbro_Municipality" title="Järna, Vansbro Municipality">Järna</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A5s" title="Nås">Nås</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Floda_Municipality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Floda Municipality (page does not exist)">Floda</a>.</li> <li>Upper Västerdalarna: sockens <a href="/wiki/Lima,_Sweden" title="Lima, Sweden">Lima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transtrand" title="Transtrand">Transtrand</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Floda and Mockfjärd dialects are sometimes considered a separate group, but are typically listed as subdialects. </p><p>Dalecarlian proper (especially in Älvdalen, Mora and Orsa, to some extent also in Ore, Rättvik and Leksand), as well as western Dalecarlian varieties are markedly different from Swedish,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are considered to be distinct language varieties by linguists.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a> is the one of the Dalecarlian languages that best preserved their older features.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It attracted interest from researchers early on because of its major divergences from others Swedish dialects. In many ways, it is very archaic and reminiscent of Old Norse, though it has in other ways distinguished itself from the Norse branch and developed special features that are seldom seen in other dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152–1153_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152–1153-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Characteristic of the dialect group are its plentiful linguistic differences even between bordering varieties, often changing from village to village, or even within a single village. For other Swedish speakers, Dalecarlian varieties are virtually incomprehensible without dedicated language lessons. However, this does not apply to the Rättvik and Leksand dialects as much. They are more easily understood and can be considered to form a transitional stage between the Dalecarlian languages and a dialect of Swedish with Dalecarlian remnants. Such transitional varieties also include the Ål, Bjursås and Gagnef dialects. The Gagnef dialect is closer to western Dalecarlian varieties, which to some extent can also be regarded as transitional dialects, but which in many respects take on a more independent position, especially in the upper parishes. They may show similarities with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian dialects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a quite large difference between Gagnef and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_Tuna_socken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stora Tuna socken (page does not exist)">Stora Tuna</a> dialect, which belongs to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalecarlian_Bergslagen_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalecarlian Bergslagen dialects (page does not exist)">Dalecarlian Bergslagen dialects</a>, a relatively uniform and fairly normal Swedish dialect complex that covers the entire southern Dalarna (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_Kopparbergs_socken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stora Kopparbergs socken (page does not exist)">Stora Kopparberg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedemora_socken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedemora socken (page does not exist)">Hedemora</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4sterbergslagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Västerbergslagen (page does not exist)">Västerbergslagen</a>). The most unique within this complex are the dialects of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sv%C3%A4rdsj%C3%B6_socken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svärdsjö socken (page does not exist)">Svärdsjö</a> and western Bergslagen, which are approaching <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4lsingem%C3%A5l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hälsingemål (page does not exist)">Hälsingemål</a> and Western Dalecarlian proper, respectively (via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grang%C3%A4rde_socken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grangärde socken (page does not exist)">Grangärde</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Floda_socken,_Dalarna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Floda socken, Dalarna (page does not exist)">Floda</a>). Dalecarlian Bergslagen dialects are also spoken in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stmanland" title="Västmanland">Västmanland</a>. The Dalecarlian Bergslagen dialects are quite closely connected with the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Svealand_Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Svealand Swedish">Svealand Swedish</a>, perhaps most with the dialects of eastern Västmanland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalecarlian_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with most dialects in northern and central Sweden, the Dalecarlian dialects have <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a>, which are most commonly <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> of consonants with a preceding supradental /r/ or /l/.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>rs</i> often becomes <i>ss</i> (compare Dalecarlian <i>koss</i>, "cross" and Swedish <i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kors#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:kors">kors</a></i>), while the cluster <i>rn</i> becomes <i>r</i> in southern Dalarna, up to and including Rättvik, Leksand and Västerdalarna (compare Dalecarlian <i>bar</i> to Swedish <i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/barn#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:barn">barn</a></i>, English <i><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bairn#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:bairn">bairn</a></i></i>, or Dalecarlian <i>björ</i>, "bear" to Swedish <i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bj%C3%B6rn#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:björn">björn</a></i>). In Dalecarlian proper, north of Gagnef, the consonant clusters <i>nn</i>, <i>rt</i> and <i>rd</i> are often preserved without assimilation. The /l/ sound is not usually supradental after /i/ and /e/ except in Dalecarlian proper, where /l/ has developed in its own direction and where it can even appear as partially supradental at the beginning of words, as in, e.g. <i>låta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalecarlian has lost the -n and -t in unstressed suffixes. For example, the Dalecarlian definitive form <i>sola</i> or <i>sole</i> ("the sun") corresponds to Swedish <i><i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solen#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:solen">solen</a></i></i>, and Dalecarlian <i>gata</i> ("the street") to Swedish <i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gatan#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:gatan">gatan</a></i>. Similarly, Dalecarlian <a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">supine</a> form <i>biti</i> ("bitten") has lost the -t suffix that is still present in Swedish <i><i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bitit#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:bitit">bitit</a></i></i>. As with other Upper Swedish dialects, the Dalecarlian dialects often pronounce the sound /i/ in suffixes where Standard Swedish has /e/. An example of this would be Dalecarlian <i>funnin</i> ("found") and Swedish <i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/funnen#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:funnen">funnen</a></i>, as well as Dalecarlian <i>muli</i> ("cloudy") and Swedish <i><i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mulet#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:mulet">mulet</a></i></i>, Dalecarlian <i>härvil</i> ("yarn winder") and Swedish <i>härvel</i>. They also retain /g/ within the consonant clusters <i>rg</i> and <i>lg</i>, whereas Swedish has shifted to /j/ (Dalecarlian /varg/, Swedish /varj/, "wolf"). Dalecarlian also keeps long vowels in front of <i>m</i> in many words where Swedish does not, such as <i>tîma</i> (/ti:ma/, Swedish <i>timme</i> /tim:e/, "hour"), <i>tôm</i> (/tu:m/, Swedish <i>tom</i> /tum/, "empty"), and /j/ after /k/ and /g/ in words such as <i>äntja</i> (Swedish <i><i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A4nka#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:änka">änka</a></i></i>, "widow") and <i>bryddja</i> (Swedish <i><i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brygga#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:brygga">brygga</a></i></i>, "bridge"). As in the northern <a href="/wiki/Svealand_dialects" title="Svealand dialects">Svealand</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Norrland_dialects" title="Norrland dialects">Norrland dialects</a>, /g/ and /k/ have been softened to /ɕ/ or /j/ even in medial positions of certain words, such as <i>sättjin</i> or <i>sättjen</i> (Swedish <i><i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/s%C3%A4cken#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:säcken">säcken</a></i></i>, "sack, bag"), <i>botja</i> or <i>botje</i> (Swedish <i><i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boken#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:boken">boken</a></i></i>, "the book") and <i>nyttjil</i> (Swedish <i><i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nyckel#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:nyckel">nyckel</a></i></i>, "key"). These traits characterise all Dalecarlian dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Characteristic for the phonology of Lower and Upper Dalarna dialects especially, with the exception of Dalecarlian proper, is the use of open and final <i>a</i>, which is used in a completely different way than in Standard Swedish. The open can occur as far and the closed as short, for example hara hare with open a in first, end in second syllable, katt, bakka, vagn with end, skabb, kalv with open a; open å sound (o) is often replaced by a sound between å and ö; The u sound has a sound similar to the Norwegian u; ä and e are well separated; the low-pitched vocals often have a sound of ä. Among the most interesting features of the dialects in Älvdalen, Mora and Orsa is that they still largely retain the nasal vocal sounds that were previously found in all Nordic dialects. Furthermore, it is noticed that the long i, y, u diphthongs, usually to ai, åy, au, for example Dalecarlian ais, Swedish is English ice, Dalecarlian knåyta, Swedish knyta, English tie, Dalecarlian aute, Swedish ute, English out. v has the Old Norse pronunciation w (like w in English),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> l is usually omitted in front of g, k, p, v, for example, Dalecarlian kåv, Swedish kalf, English calf, Dalecarlian fok and such Swedish folk, English people. h is omitted, for example, Dalecarlian and, Swedish and English hand (in the Älvdals-, Orsa- and Mora dialects, as well as in Rättvik and parts of Leksand).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">In the same way, many words have gained an initial /h/, such as <i>häven</i>, <i>hälsklig</i> or <i>hägde</i>. These features are shared with the older Uppland dialects.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A pair of Nordic diphthongs is still present in the western dialects of <a href="/wiki/Lima,_Sweden" title="Lima, Sweden">Lima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transtrand" title="Transtrand">Transtrand</a>. The diphthong [au], which shifted to [œ] in Swedish, is retained in these dialects as <i>ôu</i>, for example <i>dôu</i> (Swedish <i><i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%C3%B6d#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:död">död</a></i></i>, "death"). The old Swedish diphthongs <i>ei</i> and <i>öy</i> (which in Swedish became <i>e</i> and <i>ö</i> respectively) are pronounced as <i>äi</i> (for example <i>skäi</i>, Swedish <i><i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sked#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:sked">sked</a></i></i>, "spoon" and <i>häi</i>, Swedish <i><i lang="sv"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C3%B6#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:hö">hö</a></i></i>, "hay").<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalecarlian_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalecarlian_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kroonen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kroonen_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroonen_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKroonen" class="citation web cs1">Kroonen, Guus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inss.ku.dk/ansatte/?pure=files/35220983/elfdalian.pdf">"On the origins of the Elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and Germanic etymology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics</i>. University of Copenhagen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>In many aspects, Elfdalian, takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However, it shares some innovations with West Nordic, but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old Swedish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Nordic+Studies+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+the+origins+of+the+Elfdalian+nasal+vowels+from+the+perspective+of+diachronic+dialectology+and+Germanic+etymology&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finss.ku.dk%2Fansatte%2F%3Fpure%3Dfiles%2F35220983%2Felfdalian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalecarlian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mora1274">"Glottolog 4.8 - Moramål"</a>. <i>glottolog.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Moram%C3%A5l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fmora1274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalecarlian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/orsa1234">"Glottolog 4.8 - Orsamål"</a>. <i>glottolog.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Orsam%C3%A5l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Forsa1234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalecarlian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNordisk_familjebok1906">Nordisk familjebok 1906</a>, p. 1152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengt Pamp, Svenska dialekter, Lund 1978, sid. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wessén-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wessén_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessén1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wessén, Elias (1969). <i>Våra folkmål</i> (in Swedish) (9th ed.). Stockholm: Fritze.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C3%A5ra+folkm%C3%A5l&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Fritze&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Wess%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Elias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalecarlian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isof.se/stod-och-sprakrad/vanliga-fragor-och-svar/fragor-och-svar/vad-ar-skillnaden-mellan-sprak-och-dialekt">"Vad är skillnaden mellan språk och dialekt?"</a>. <i>www.isof.se</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.isof.se&rft.atitle=Vad+%C3%A4r+skillnaden+mellan+spr%C3%A5k+och+dialekt%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isof.se%2Fstod-och-sprakrad%2Fvanliga-fragor-och-svar%2Ffragor-och-svar%2Fvad-ar-skillnaden-mellan-sprak-och-dialekt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalecarlian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dale1238">"Glottolog 4.8 - Dalecarlian"</a>. <i>glottolog.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Dalecarlian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fdale1238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalecarlian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl2015" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Östen (2015). <i>Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars</i>. Studies in Diversity Linguistics. Berlin: Language Science Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-944675-57-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-944675-57-2"><bdi>978-3-944675-57-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammaticalization+in+the+North%3A+Noun+phrase+morphosyntax+in+Scandinavian+vernaculars&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Studies+in+Diversity+Linguistics&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-944675-57-2&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=%C3%96sten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalecarlian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2013/495851/IPOL-CULT_NT(2013)495851_EN.pdf">"Endangered languages and linguistic diversity in the European Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Parliament</i>. March 2013. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Parliament&rft.atitle=Endangered+languages+and+linguistic+diversity+in+the+European+Union&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FRegData%2Fetudes%2Fnote%2Fjoin%2F2013%2F495851%2FIPOL-CULT_NT%282013%29495851_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalecarlian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152–1153-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061152–1153_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNordisk_familjebok1906">Nordisk familjebok 1906</a>, p. 1152–1153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordisk_familjebok19061153–1154_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNordisk_familjebok1906">Nordisk familjebok 1906</a>, p. 1153–1154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetzell2023" class="citation cs2">Petzell, Erik M. (2023-04-19), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-945">"Swedish"</a>, <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-945">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-945</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-31</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Swedish&rft.date=2023-04-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-945&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Petzell&rft.aufirst=Erik+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Flinguistics%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalecarlian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessén1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wessén, Elias (1969). <i>Svensk språkhistoria</i> [<i>History of the Swedish language</i>] (in Swedish). Vol. 1 (8th ed.). Lund. pp. 37–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk+spr%C3%A5khistoria&rft.place=Lund&rft.pages=37-38&rft.edition=8th&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Wess%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Elias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalecarlian+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Nationalencyklopedin</i> (in Swedish). Vol. 4. p. 352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalencyklopedin&rft.pages=352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalecarlian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalecarlian_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordisk_familjebok1906" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbe/0610.html">"Dalarna"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbe/"><i>Nordisk familjebok</i></a> [<i>Nordic Family Encyclopedia</i>]. Uggleupplagan (in Swedish). Vol. 5 (Cestius – Degaas). Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag. 1906. pp. 1140–1155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dalarna&rft.btitle=Nordisk+familjebok&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.series=Uggleupplagan&rft.pages=1140-1155&rft.pub=Nordisk+familjeboks+f%C3%B6rlags+aktiebolag&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fnfbe%2F0610.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalecarlian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Adolf Noreen "Dalmålet. I. Inledning till dalmålet. II. Ordlista öfver dalmålet i Ofvansiljans fögderi" ur Svenska landsmålen IV, Stockholm 1881 + 1882</li> <li>Säve, Carl (1903). <i>Dalmålet</i>.</li> <li>Levander, Lars. <i>Dalmålet: beskrivning och historia I-II</i>. Uppsala, pp. 1925–28.</li> <li>Pamp, Bengt (1978). <i>Svenska dialekter</i>. Lund.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalecarlian_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoreen1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Noreen" title="Adolf Noreen">Noreen, Adolf</a> (1911). "Dalmålet". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/naspristud/2/0100.html"><i>Spridda studier. Samling 2</i></a> [<i>Scattered studies. Collection 2</i>] (in Swedish). Stockholm. pp. 96–108. 482241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dalm%C3%A5let&rft.btitle=Spridda+studier.+Samling+2&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=96-108&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Noreen&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fnaspristud%2F2%2F0100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalecarlian+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalecarlian_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Svealand/Dalarna/index.html">Listen to Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedia.ling.gu.se/Svealand/Dalarna/Leksand/index.html">Leksandsmål – Sanfrid Blomquist</a> (choose "äldre man", older man)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927001608/http://www.nordiska.uu.se/arkiv/konferenser/alvdalska/konferensbidrag/Dahl.pdf">Map of different variants of Dalecarlian</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>, from an article about <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a>)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbe/0616.html">Dalarna: Dalarnas folkspråk</a></i>, runeberg.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Sweden" title="Template:Languages of Sweden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Sweden" title="Template talk:Languages of Sweden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Sweden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Sweden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Sweden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Languages of Sweden</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_minority_languages_of_Sweden" title="Official minority languages of Sweden">Recognized minority languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" title="Pite Sámi">Pite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Kalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlax Romani">Vlax dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish" title="Gutnish">Gutnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalecarlian_languages&oldid=1254186042">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalecarlian_languages&oldid=1254186042</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Germanic_languages" title="Category:North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dalarna" title="Category:Dalarna">Dalarna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_dialects" title="Category:Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_without_speaker_estimate" title="Category:Language articles without speaker estimate">Language articles without speaker estimate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_which_need_ISO_639-3_comment" title="Category:Languages which need ISO 639-3 comment">Languages which need ISO 639-3 comment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> 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