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names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Building names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namibian_German_as_a_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namibian_German_as_a_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><span><span>Namibian German</span></span> as a dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namibian_German_as_a_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">German language in Namibia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik_u_Namibiji" title="Njemački jezik u Namibiji – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemački jezik u Namibiji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina_v_Namibii" title="Němčina v Namibii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Němčina v Namibii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache_in_Namibia" title="Deutsche Sprache in Namibia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Sprache in Namibia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa_keel_Namiibias" title="Saksa keel Namiibias – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa keel Namiibias" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n_en_Namibia" title="Idioma alemán en Namibia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma alemán en Namibia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%AF%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="나미비아의 독일어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나미비아의 독일어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Jamus_a_Namibiya" title="Harshen Jamus a Namibiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Jamus a Namibiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_German_na_Namibia" title="Asụsụ German na Namibia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ German na Namibia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9met_nyelv_Nam%C3%ADbi%C3%A1ban" title="Német nyelv Namíbiában – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német nyelv Namíbiában" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Немецкий язык в Намибии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Немецкий язык в Намибии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyska_spr%C3%A5ket_i_Namibia" title="Tyska språket i Namibia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyska språket i Namibia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%97" title="Німецька мова в 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibian_German&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Namibian German</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><i>Südwesterdeutsch</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><i>Namsläng</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Namibian German</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Namibia</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg/420px-NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg/630px-NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg/840px-NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Examples of German language on signs in Namibia</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> is a multilingual country in which <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> is recognised as a <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>. While <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> has been the sole official language of the country since 1990, in many areas of the country, German enjoys official status at a community level.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A national variety of German is also known as <b>Namdeutsch</b>. </p><p>German is especially widely used in central and southern Namibia and was until 1990 one of three official languages in what was then <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> and English, two other Germanic languages in Namibia. German is the mother tongue of <a href="/wiki/German_Namibians" title="German Namibians">German Namibians</a> as well as older black speakers of <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a> and <a href="/wiki/GDR_Children_of_Namibia" title="GDR Children of Namibia">Black Namibians who as children grew up</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (East Germany) during the last decades of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The German Namibian newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Zeitung_(Namibia)" title="Allgemeine Zeitung (Namibia)">Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> on its website refers to 22,000 native speakers and of several hundred thousand who know German as a second or third language. German benefits from its similarity to Afrikaans and has a prominent position in the tourism and business sectors. Many Namibian natural features, place and street names have German names. However, Germanic linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Ammon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Ammon (page does not exist)">Ulrich Ammon</a> sees the future of German in Namibia as threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WindhukSchild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/WindhukSchild.jpg/200px-WindhukSchild.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/WindhukSchild.jpg/300px-WindhukSchild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/WindhukSchild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="136" /></a><figcaption>Sign in Windhoek with directions to the German colonial-era monuments <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Windhoek" title="Christ Church, Windhoek">Christ Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alte_Feste" title="Alte Feste">Alte Feste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reiterdenkmal,_Windhoek" title="Reiterdenkmal, Windhoek">Reiterdenkmal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AllgemeineZeitungNamibia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/AllgemeineZeitungNamibia.png/200px-AllgemeineZeitungNamibia.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/AllgemeineZeitungNamibia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Allgemeine Zeitung</i> is the only German-language daily newspaper in Africa and one of the highest-circulation newspapers in Namibia</figcaption></figure> <p>During the period when the territory was a German colony from 1884 to 1915, German was the only official language in <a href="/wiki/German_Southwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German Southwest Africa">German Southwest Africa</a>, as Namibia was then known. <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a>, i.e. South African whites who spoke Dutch (South African Dutch would later develop into Afrikaans) already lived in the country alongside <a href="/wiki/Orlam" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlam">Orlam</a> tribes and mixed-race <a href="/wiki/Rehoboth,_Namibia" title="Rehoboth, Namibia">Rehoboth</a> <a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a>. </p><p>South Africa took over administration of the country in 1915. However, German language privileges and education remained in place. In 1916 the <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Zeitung_(Namibia)" title="Allgemeine Zeitung (Namibia)">Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> newspaper was founded under its original name of <i>Der Kriegsbote</i>. After the end of the First World War the South African attitude to the German Namibians changed, and between 1919 and 1920 about half of the Germans were transferred out of the country. In 1920 Dutch (later to be superseded by Afrikaans) and English replaced German as the official languages of the country. </p><p>The German-speaking population wished German to be reinstated as an official language and in 1932 the Treaty of Cape Town encouraged South Africa to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was hoped that this would throw a spanner in the works against South Africa annexing South West Africa into the Union of South Africa. South Africa did not officially recognise German; however, de facto German was added to Afrikaans and English as a working language of the government. In 1984 German was officially added as an official language. </p><p>After independence in 1990, English became the sole official language of Namibia. Though German lost its official status, it continues to be used in everyday Namibian life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present">Present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree_of_use">Degree of use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Degree of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 31,000 Namibians speak German as a mother tongue, and several tens of thousands of Namibians, either white native speakers of English or Afrikaans or metropolitan black Namibians, speak German as a second language. German is taught in many schools, and is the medium for a daily newspaper, the <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Zeitung_(Namibia)" title="Allgemeine Zeitung (Namibia)">Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i>, as well as daily programming on the <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Namibian Broadcasting Corporation">Namibian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Although German (and for that matter English) is not common as a mother tongue among the black population, a number of public servants especially in the tourism sector speak German to varying degrees. </p><p>However, there are many spheres in which the German language is not or barely present at all — spheres with a small number of white people, especially in the north part of the country, but also in many neighbourhoods of Windhoek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>German is used as a medium of communication in a wide range of cultural spheres: </p> <ul><li>Churches, most notably the German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Namibia_(GELK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK)">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK)</a></li> <li>Schools (e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_H%C3%B6here_Privatschule_Windhoek" title="Deutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek">Deutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek</a>)</li> <li>Literature (German-Namibian authors include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giselher_W._Hoffmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giselher W. Hoffmann (page does not exist)">Giselher W. Hoffmann</a>)</li> <li>Radio and television (German-language programming of the <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Namibian Broadcasting Corporation">Namibian Broadcasting Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitradio_Namibia" title="Hitradio Namibia">Hitradio</a> and TV Provider <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.satelio.tv/">Satelio</a>)</li> <li>Music (e.g. artist <a href="/wiki/EES_(rapper)" title="EES (rapper)">EES</a>)</li> <li>Online media (as standard German or Namdeutsch [Namibian German] in social media, forums or online newspapers)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to 32 schools in which about 14,000 pupils learn German as a foreign language, there are about a dozen German-medium schools, including the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_H%C3%B6here_Privatschule_Windhoek" title="Deutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek">Deutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek</a> (DHPS), German schools in <a href="/wiki/Omaruru,_Namibia" title="Omaruru, Namibia">Omaruru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otjiwarongo" title="Otjiwarongo">Otjiwarongo</a> as well as five government schools. There are several additional elementary schools, German-medium high schools and a German-medium <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></i> in Windhoek. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Namibia" title="University of Namibia">University of Namibia</a> also offers German medium education in <a href="/wiki/German_studies" title="German studies">German studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business administration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signs">Signs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Signs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg/220px-NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg/330px-NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg/440px-NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Examples of multilingual signs in Namibia</figcaption></figure> <p>Signs for shops, restaurants and services are often in English and German, reflecting not only a high proportion of German-Namibian ownership but also the high number of German-speaking tourists that visit the country. However, a customer entering such a shop may well be greeted in Afrikaans; relatively fewer signs are in Afrikaans but the language retains a leading position as a spoken lingua franca in Windhoek and throughout the central and southern parts of the country. </p><p>German is also found on signs for tourists, especially those to monuments and historic buildings from the German colonial period. Other signs that include German date back before 1990, when English, Afrikaans and German shared status as official languages of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Place_names">Place names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Place names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StrassenschildMaltahoeheMariental.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/StrassenschildMaltahoeheMariental.jpg/220px-StrassenschildMaltahoeheMariental.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/StrassenschildMaltahoeheMariental.jpg/330px-StrassenschildMaltahoeheMariental.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/StrassenschildMaltahoeheMariental.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>German place names are especially prevalent in the south of the country</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NamibiaDetailFinal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NamibiaDetailFinal.jpg/220px-NamibiaDetailFinal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NamibiaDetailFinal.jpg/330px-NamibiaDetailFinal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NamibiaDetailFinal.jpg/440px-NamibiaDetailFinal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="1443" /></a><figcaption>Namibia contains many Afrikaans and German place names, except for in the northern part of the country</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike other parts of the world with large German immigration and large numbers of German place names, only few places had their name changed, for example <a href="/wiki/Luhonono" title="Luhonono">Luhonono</a>, the former <i>Schuckmannsburg</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in the south, in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Hardap_Region" title="Hardap Region">Hardap</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C7%81Karas_Region" title="ǁKaras Region">ǁKaras</a>, many place names are German or Afrikaans. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Keetmanshoop" title="Keetmanshoop">Keetmanshoop</a> (after German industrialist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Keetman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Keetman (page does not exist)">Johann Keetman</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Keetman" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Keetman">de</a>]</span> and the Afrikaans word for "hope", and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCderitz" title="Lüderitz">Lüderitz</a>, named after the German merchant <a href="/wiki/Adolf_L%C3%BCderitz" title="Adolf Lüderitz">Adolf Lüderitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lüderitzbucht_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lüderitzbucht-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carstensen Bakery in Otjiwarongo"><img alt="Carstensen Bakery in Otjiwarongo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg/120px-WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg/180px-WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg/240px-WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carstensen Bakery in <a href="/wiki/Otjiwarongo" title="Otjiwarongo">Otjiwarongo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GrootfonteinStrassenschilder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bilingual sign in Grootfontein: Goethe St(reet) Gaussstr(aße)"><img alt="Bilingual sign in Grootfontein: Goethe St(reet) Gaussstr(aße)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/GrootfonteinStrassenschilder.jpg/120px-GrootfonteinStrassenschilder.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/GrootfonteinStrassenschilder.jpg/180px-GrootfonteinStrassenschilder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/GrootfonteinStrassenschilder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="203" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bilingual sign in <a href="/wiki/Grootfontein" title="Grootfontein">Grootfontein</a>:<br />Goethe St(reet)<br />Gaussstr(aße)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Street_names">Street names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Street names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swakopmund" title="Swakopmund">Swakopmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keetmanshoop" title="Keetmanshoop">Keetmanshoop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grootfontein" title="Grootfontein">Grootfontein</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCderitz" title="Lüderitz">Lüderitz</a> many or most street names are German in origin, even though after 1990 many streets were renamed to honor black Namibian people, predominantly but not exclusively from the currently ruling <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a> party. (See for example <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Swakopmund_street_names" title="List of former Swakopmund street names">List of former Swakopmund street names</a>). Streets named before 1990 often end in "Str.", the standard abbreviation in German for <i>Straße</i>, and in Afrikaans for <i>straat</i>; streets renamed since 1990 often end in "St.", implying the English abbreviation for "Street".<sup id="cite_ref-AZ_2001_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZ_2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AZ_2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZ_2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_names">Building names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Building names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many colonial buildings and structures have retained their original German names. Examples include Windhoek's castles <a href="/wiki/Heinitzburg" title="Heinitzburg">Heinitzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwerinsburg" title="Schwerinsburg">Schwerinsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanderburg" title="Sanderburg">Sanderburg</a>, Windhoek's <a href="/wiki/Alte_Feste" title="Alte Feste">Alte Feste</a> (Old Fortress) and the <a href="/wiki/Reiterdenkmal,_Windhoek" title="Reiterdenkmal, Windhoek">Reiterdenkmal</a> (Equestrian Statue) stored in its yard. Swakopmund also has many buildings still known by their German names, for instance <a href="/wiki/Altes_Gef%C3%A4ngnis" title="Altes Gefängnis">Altes Gefängnis</a> (Old Prison). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namibian_German_as_a_dialect"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Namibian_German"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Namibian German</span></span> as a dialect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Namibian German as a dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German language as spoken in Namibia is characterised by simplification and the adoption of many words from <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Ovambo</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>. This variant of German is called variously <i>Südwesterdeutsch</i> (German <i>südwest</i>, southwest, referring to the country's former name, <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a>); while younger people also call it <i>Namsläng</i> (i.e. Namibian slang) or <i>Namdeutsch</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Namibia" title="Languages of Namibia">Languages of Namibia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624233949/http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf">"Deutsch in Namibia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Beilage der Allgemeinen Zeitung. 18 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutsch+in+Namibia&rft.pub=Beilage+der+Allgemeinen+Zeitung&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.az.com.na%2Ffileadmin%2Fpdf%2F2007%2Fdeutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language+in+Namibia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefan Fischer: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.az.com.na/lokales/erhalt-von-deutsch-and-fraglich-and.113442.php"><i>Erhalt von Deutsch "fraglich".</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111202221541/http://www.az.com.na/lokales/erhalt-von-deutsch-and-fraglich-and.113442.php">Archived</a> 2011-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Zeitung_(Namibia)" title="Allgemeine Zeitung (Namibia)">Allgemeine Zeitung</a>.</i> 13. September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.klausdierks.com/Geschichte/86.htm">"86-1932"</a>. <i>www.klausdierks.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.klausdierks.com&rft.atitle=86-1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.klausdierks.com%2FGeschichte%2F86.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language+in+Namibia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadke2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Radke, Henning (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gm.winter-verlag.de/list/articles/author/Radke,%20Henning">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Lekker dieses namtal zu lesen. Ich hou davon.' Namdeutscher Sprachgebrauch in namibischer Onlinekommunikation"</a>. <i>gm.winter-verlag.de</i>. In: Germanistische Mitteilungen (in German). pp. 109–132<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gm.winter-verlag.de&rft.atitle=%27Lekker+dieses+namtal+zu+lesen.+Ich+hou+davon.%27+Namdeutscher+Sprachgebrauch+in+namibischer+Onlinekommunikation&rft.pages=109-132&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Radke&rft.aufirst=Henning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgm.winter-verlag.de%2Flist%2Farticles%2Fauthor%2FRadke%2C%2520Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language+in+Namibia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakale2013" class="citation news cs1">Nakale, Albertina (9 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022020857/http://www.newera.com.na/articles/53580/President-divides-Kavango-into-two">"President divides Kavango into two"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Era_(Namibia)" title="New Era (Namibia)">New Era</a></i>. via allafrica.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newera.com.na/articles/53580/President-divides-Kavango-into-two">the original</a> on 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Era&rft.atitle=President+divides+Kavango+into+two&rft.date=2013-08-09&rft.aulast=Nakale&rft.aufirst=Albertina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newera.com.na%2Farticles%2F53580%2FPresident-divides-Kavango-into-two&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language+in+Namibia" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201308090372.html?viewall=1">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lüderitzbucht-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lüderitzbucht_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Schmettau2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Schmettau, Konny (28 February 2013). "Lüderitzbucht: Gründer- und Diamantenstadt" [Lüderitzbucht: Town of Pioneers and Diamonds]. <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Zeitung_(Namibia)" title="Allgemeine Zeitung (Namibia)">Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> (in German). Tourismus Namibia monthly supplement. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=L%C3%BCderitzbucht%3A+Gr%C3%BCnder-+und+Diamantenstadt&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft.aulast=von+Schmettau&rft.aufirst=Konny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language+in+Namibia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AZ_2001-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AZ_2001_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.az.com.na/politik/strae-umgetauft.2062.php"><i>Straße umgetauft.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111202214828/http://www.az.com.na/politik/strae-umgetauft.2062.php">Archived</a> 2011-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: <i>Allgemeine Zeitung.</i> 19. Dezember 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AZ_2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AZ_2003_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.az.com.na/lokales/umbenennung-sorgt-fr-irrwege.5350.php"><i>Umbenennung sorgt für Irrwege.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111202212819/http://www.az.com.na/lokales/umbenennung-sorgt-fr-irrwege.5350.php">Archived</a> 2011-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: <i>Allgemeine Zeitung.</i> 19. Juni 2003.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marianne Zappen-Thomson: <i>Deutsch als Fremdsprache in Namibia.</i>, Klaus-Hess-Verlag, Windhoek 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-933117-15-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-933117-15-1">3-933117-15-1</a>.</li> <li>Joe Pütz: <i>Das grosse Dickschenärie.</i> Peters Antiques, Windhoek Namibia 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99916-50-46-6" title="Special:BookSources/99916-50-46-6">99916-50-46-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EES_(rapper)" title="EES (rapper)">Erik Sell</a>: <i>Esisallesoreidt, Nam Släng - Deutsch, Deutsch - NAM Släng.</i> EeS Records, Windhoek Namibia, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B005AU8R82">B005AU8R82</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_language_in_Namibia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschinnamibia.org">Deutsch in Namibia (DiN) Initiative</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011070225/http://www.deutschinnamibia.org/">Archived</a> 2012-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.az.com.na/">Allgemeine Zeitung Windhoek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dngev.de/">Deutsch-Namibische Gesellschaft</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117130617/http://www.edsnet.na/Resources/european_languages/German.htm">Deutsch Quellenverzeichnis bei http://www.edsnet.na/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.ifa.de/index.php?id=wietersheim">IFA: Deutsche Sprachpolitik: Takt oder Taktik?</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071224074824/http://cms.ifa.de/info/dossiers/auswaertige-kulturpolitik-in-europa/ziele/stephan-muehr/">IFA: Deutsche Sprachpolitik: Korrekt bis zur Selbstaufgabe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2003/1495/pdf/keil.pdf">Postkoloniale deutsche Literatur in Namibia</a> (PDF file; 1.49 MB)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Namibia" title="Template:Languages of Namibia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Namibia" title="Template talk:Languages of Namibia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Namibia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Namibia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Namibia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Namibia" title="Languages of Namibia">Languages of Namibia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshiwambo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshiwambo language">Oshiwambo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwanyama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwanyama language">Kwanyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndonga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndonga language">Ndonga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Other Bantu languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Otjiherero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangali_language" title="Kwangali language">Rukwangali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Setswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemba_language" title="Zemba language">Zemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gciriku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gciriku language">Gciriku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fwe_language" title="Fwe language">Fwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhane_language" title="Kuhane language">Kuhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbukushu_language" title="Mbukushu language">Thimbukushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Shiyeyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama/Damara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">ǃXóõ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_languages" title="ǃKung languages">Kung-Ekoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%82Kx%27ao-%C7%81%27ae" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂKx'ao-ǁ'ae">ǂKxʼauǁʼein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwe_language" title="Khwe language">Kxoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Sign_Language" title="Namibian Sign Language">Namibian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Varieties_of_German_spoken_outside_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_language_varieties_outside_Europe" title="Template:German language varieties outside Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_language_varieties_outside_Europe" title="Template talk:German language varieties outside Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_language_varieties_outside_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German language varieties outside Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Varieties_of_German_spoken_outside_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Varieties of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> spoken outside Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Namibia: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Namibian German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nataler_Deutsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nataler Deutsch (page does not exist)">Nataler Deutsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas German">Texas German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_German" title="Wisconsin German">Wisconsin German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Alemán Coloniero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentinien-schwyzert%C3%BCtsch_dialect" title="Argentinien-schwyzertütsch dialect">Argentinian Swiss German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_German" title="Brazilian German">Brazilian German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect#Brazilian_Municipalities_that_have_co-official_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">Ostpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Paraná Volga German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia and the Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiautschou_German_pidgin" title="Kiautschou German pidgin">Kiautschou German pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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