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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Archaisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovations_and_unique_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovations_and_unique_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Innovations and unique developments</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasal_vowel_sounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasal_vowel_sounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Nasal vowel sounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasal_vowel_sounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Råðdjärum's_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Råðdjärum's_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Råðdjärum's orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Råðdjärum's_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elfdalian_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elfdalian_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Elfdalian alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elfdalian_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Language status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preservation_and_standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_and_standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Preservation and standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation_and_standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_organisms_named_after_Elfdalian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_organisms_named_after_Elfdalian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>New organisms named after Elfdalian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_organisms_named_after_Elfdalian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Swedish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96vdalsk%C4%85" title="Övdalską – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Övdalską" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvdal%C5%A1tina" title="Elvdalština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elvdalština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvdalsk" title="Elvdalsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elvdalsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84lvdalisch" title="Älvdalisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Älvdalisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfdalia_lingvo" title="Elfdalia lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elfdalia lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_elfdaliana" title="Luenga elfdaliana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga elfdaliana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="الفدالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفدالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfdalien" title="Elfdalien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Elfdalien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84lvdalski_jezik" title="Älvdalski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Älvdalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfd%C3%A6lska" title="Elfdælska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Elfdælska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_%C3%B6vdaliana" title="Lingua övdaliana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua övdaliana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אלוודאלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלוודאלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Ӧвдаль кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ӧвдаль кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfdaals" title="Elfdaals – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elfdaals" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfdaals" title="Elfdaals – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elfdaals" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfdals" title="Elfdals – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Elfdals" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84lvdalsk" title="Älvdalsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Älvdalsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvdalsk" title="Elvdalsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elvdalsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_elfdalski" title="Język elfdalski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język elfdalski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_elfdaliana" title="Língua elfdaliana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua elfdaliana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Эльвдальский диалект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эльвдальский диалект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84lvdalska" title="Älvdalska – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Älvdalska" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84lvdalska" title="Älvdalska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Älvdalska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96vdali_kiil" title="Övdali kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Övdali kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Elfdalian" title="Jaku Elfdalian – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Elfdalian" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q254950#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">North Germanic language spoken in Sweden</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Elfdalian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Övdalian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">övdalsk, övdalską</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen_Municipality" title="Älvdalen Municipality">Älvdalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalarna_County" title="Dalarna County">Dalarna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish people">Swedish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2,400</span> (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>East Scandinavian with West Scandinavian elements (or Central Scandinavian)<sup id="cite_ref-Kroonen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroonen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian dialects">Dalecarlian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Elfdalian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elfdalian_alphabet" title="Elfdalian alphabet">Elfdalian alphabet</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian runes</a> <br />(until the 20th century)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Language_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Language Council">Swedish Language Council</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ovd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ovd">ovd</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/qer">qer</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/elfd1234">elfd1234</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84lvdalen_Municipality_in_Dalarna_County.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%C3%84lvdalen_Municipality_in_Dalarna_County.png/320px-%C3%84lvdalen_Municipality_in_Dalarna_County.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%C3%84lvdalen_Municipality_in_Dalarna_County.png/480px-%C3%84lvdalen_Municipality_in_Dalarna_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/%C3%84lvdalen_Municipality_in_Dalarna_County.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="488" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen_Municipality" title="Älvdalen Municipality">Älvdalen Municipality</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>, where Elfdalian is spoken in the southeastern half</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karta_%C3%B6ver_andel_talare_av_%C3%A4lvdalska_i_%C3%84lvdalens_socken.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karta_%C3%B6ver_andel_talare_av_%C3%A4lvdalska_i_%C3%84lvdalens_socken.svg/220px-Karta_%C3%B6ver_andel_talare_av_%C3%A4lvdalska_i_%C3%84lvdalens_socken.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karta_%C3%B6ver_andel_talare_av_%C3%A4lvdalska_i_%C3%84lvdalens_socken.svg/330px-Karta_%C3%B6ver_andel_talare_av_%C3%A4lvdalska_i_%C3%84lvdalens_socken.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karta_%C3%B6ver_andel_talare_av_%C3%A4lvdalska_i_%C3%84lvdalens_socken.svg/440px-Karta_%C3%B6ver_andel_talare_av_%C3%A4lvdalska_i_%C3%84lvdalens_socken.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Maps of settlements in Älvdalen parish, Sweden, and the percentage of the population speaking Elfdalian (2008 data).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Elfdalian</b> or <b>Övdalian</b> (<span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">övdalsk</i></span> or <span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">övdalską</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈœvdɐlskãː]</a></span> in Elfdalian, <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">älvdalska</i></span> or <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">älvdalsmål</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="North Germanic language">North Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> spoken by up to 3,000 people<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who live or have grown up in the locality of <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen" title="Älvdalen">Älvdalen</a> (<i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Övdaln</i></span></i>), in the south east of <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen_Municipality" title="Älvdalen Municipality">Älvdalen Municipality</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. </p><p>Like all other modern North Germanic languages, Elfdalian developed from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, a North Germanic language spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlements during the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> until about 1300. It has developed in relative isolation since the Middle Ages and is considered to have remained closer to Old Norse than the other <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian dialects</a>. </p><p>Traditionally regarded as a Swedish dialect,<sup id="cite_ref-Stickel2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stickel2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by several criteria closer to West Scandinavian dialects,<sup id="cite_ref-Kroonen_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroonen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elfdalian is a separate language by the standard of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aftonbladet2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftonbladet2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is low mutual intelligibility between Swedish and Elfdalian, but, since education and public administration in Älvdalen are conducted in Swedish, native speakers are <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> and speak Swedish at a native level. People who speak Swedish as their sole native language, neither speaking nor understanding Elfdalian, are also common in the area. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elfdalian belongs to the Northern branch/Upper Siljan branch of the <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian dialects">Dalecarlian dialects</a> or vernaculars, which in their turn evolved from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, from which Dalecarlian vernaculars might have split as early as in the eighth or ninth century,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e., approximately when the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a> split into Western and Eastern branches. Elfdalian (and other <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian dialects">Dalecarlian language varieties</a>) is traditionally placed among the <a href="/wiki/East_Scandinavian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Scandinavian">East Scandinavian</a> languages, together with <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, based on a number of features<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Elfdalian has in common with them. According to Lars Levander,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of the <a href="/wiki/West_Scandinavian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Scandinavian">West Scandinavian</a> features that simultaneously do occur in Elfdalian are archaic traits that once were common in many Scandinavian dialects and have been preserved in the most conservative tongues east and west of <a href="/wiki/Skanderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Skanderna">Kölen</a>. However, this is rebutted by Kroonen.<sup id="cite_ref-Kroonen_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroonen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaisms">Archaisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archaisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lack of syllable lengthening.</li> <li>Retention of voiced fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>/</span>.</li> <li>Retention of nominative, accusative and dative cases.</li> <li>Retention of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> nasal vowels.</li> <li>Retention of Proto-Germanic voiced labio-velar approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span>: <span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wattn</i></span> ('water'), <span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">will</i></span> ('wants'), <span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wet</i></span> ('knows'): compare English <i>water</i>, <i>will</i>, and <i>wit</i> and Standard Swedish <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">vatten</i></span>, <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">vill</i></span> and <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">vet</i></span>.</li> <li>Retention of consonant clusters ld, nd, mb, rg, gd and ng (with audible <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span>), as in <i>ungg</i> ('young'), <i>kweld</i> ('evening'), <i>warg</i> ('wolf') and <i>lamb</i> ('lamb') from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> ungʀ, kveld, vargʀ (both with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> represented by 'v') and lamb.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovations_and_unique_developments">Innovations and unique developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Innovations and unique developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>More frequent assimilation of pre-Norse <i>mp</i>, <i>nt</i>, and <i>nk</i> to <i>pp</i>, <i>tt</i>, and <i>kk</i>, as in West Scandinavian dialects.</li> <li>Shift of <i>a</i> to <i>o</i> before Pre-Norse <i>nk</i> (but not <i>kk</i>).</li> <li>Shift of Old Norse <i>ei</i>, <i>ey</i>, and <i>au</i> to <i>ie</i>, <i>ä</i>, and <i>o</i>.</li> <li>Diphthongization of Old Norse long high vowels <i>í</i>, <i>ý</i>, <i>ú</i> to closing diphthongs <i>ai</i>, <i>åy</i>, <i>au</i>, and of long rounded mid vowels <i>ó</i>, <i>œ</i> to opening diphthongs <i>uo</i>, <i>yö</i>.</li> <li>Vowel harmony (present also in other dialects of Central Scandinavia).</li> <li>Loss of <i>h</i>: compare Elfdalian <span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">aus</i></span> with Swedish <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">hus</i></span> (or English <i>house</i>) and Elfdalian <span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">imil</i></span> with Swedish <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">himmel</i></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elfdalian is comparable to Swedish and Norwegian in the number and the quality of vowels but also has nasal vowels. It has retained the Old Norse dental, velar and labial voiced fricatives. <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricate consonants</a> occur in all <span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Uvǫ Silan</i></span> (Swedish <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Ovansiljan</i></span></i>, north of <a href="/wiki/Siljan_(lake)" title="Siljan (lake)">Siljan</a>) dialects. The realization of <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span>, an <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">apical alveolar trill</a>. Unlike many variants of Norwegian and Swedish, Elfdalian does not assimilate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rt,<span class="wrap"> </span>rd,<span class="wrap"> </span>rs,<span class="wrap"> </span>rn,<span class="wrap"> </span>rl/</span> into <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a>. The stress is generally on the first syllable of a word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s̺</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z̺</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s̺</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant">l̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The voiceless plosives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> are <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> word-initially unless following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span> are <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> respectively in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a>; the fricative allophones surface after vowels when short, and the plosive allophones surface elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</span> can surface word-initially in some pronouns and adverbs by <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>]</span> are allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> in complementary distribution; the former surfaces when <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">long</a>, when adjacent to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> and, for many speakers, before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, and the latter allophone surfaces elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> are allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> in complementary distribution; the former surfaces after a tautomorphemic vowel, and the latter surfaces before a tautomorphemic vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also sometimes realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>. The fricative allophone was historically realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</span>.</li> <li>Sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s̺<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡z̺<span class="wrap"> </span>s̺/</span> are released as <a href="/wiki/Apico-alveolar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Apico-alveolar consonant">apico-alveolar</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o<span class="wrap"> </span>oː/</span> are heard as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span> in some parts of Övdaln.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Nasal vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ỹ<span class="wrap"> </span>ỹː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ũ<span class="wrap"> </span>ũː</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪ̃ː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʏ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ʏ̃ː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">õ<span class="wrap"> </span>õː</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̃ː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">œ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>œ̃ː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐ̃</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̃ː</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>æ̃ː</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ãː</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̃ː/</span> are heard primarily in Övdaln, whereas <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>æ̃ː/</span> are heard in other parts nearby.</li> <li>Sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̃ː/</span> are heard as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/õ<span class="wrap"> </span>õː/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ũ<span class="wrap"> </span>ũː/</span> in some parts of Övdaln.</li></ul> <p>The close vowel sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>iː/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ĩ<span class="wrap"> </span>ĩː/</span> are not present in Elfdalian.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yœ<span class="wrap"> </span>yœː</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uo<span class="wrap"> </span>uoː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪɛː</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔyː</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ajː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">awː</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">Triphthongs</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">juo</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uo<span class="wrap"> </span>uoː/</span> can be realized in some village dialects as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʏæ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʏæː]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔy/</span> is realized in some village dialects <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔj]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/juo/</span> is realized in some dialects as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jʏæ]</span>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Nasal diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ỹœ<span class="wrap"> </span>ỹœː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ũo<span class="wrap"> </span>ũoː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ̃ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪ̃ɛː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ãjː</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">Triphthongs</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">jũo</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ũo<span class="wrap"> </span>ũoː/</span> can be realized in some village dialects as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʏæ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ʏæ̃ː]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jũo/</span> is realized in some dialects as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jʏæ̃]</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasal_vowel_sounds">Nasal vowel sounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nasal vowel sounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elfdalian has nasal versions of most vowels. They have several origins, belonging to different layers of history, but most involve the loss of a nasal consonant, with lengthening and nasalisation of a preceding vowel. </p> <ul><li>Late Proto-Germanic loss of <i>*n</i> before <i>*h</i>, which was lost in early Norse, but the nasalisation remained: <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">gą̊tt</i></span></i> "doorway" (Proto-Germanic <i><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">ganhtiz</i></span></i>).</li> <li>Old Norse loss of nasal consonants before <i>*s</i>: <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">gą̊ss</i></span></i> "goose" (Proto-Germanic <i><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">gans</i></span></i>), <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">įster</i></span></i> "lard" (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Low German language">Middle Low German</a>: <i lang="gml">inster</i>).</li> <li>Old Norse loss of <i>*n</i> before <i>*l</i> and <i>*r</i>: <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">ųor</i></span></i> "our" (Proto-Norse <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">unzraz</i></span></i>).</li> <li>Old Norse loss of word-final <i>*n</i> but only monosyllables: <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">ą̊</i></span></i> "on" (Proto-Germanic <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">an</i></span>), <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">sją̊</i></span></i> "to see" (Proto-Germanic <i><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">sehwaną</i></span></i>), <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">tųo</i></span></i> "two (accusative)" (Proto-Germanic <i><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">twanz</i></span></i>) and the prefix <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">ųo-</i></span></i> "un-" (Proto-Germanic <i><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">un-</i></span></i>).</li> <li>Central Scandinavian loss of word-final <i>-n</i> if it had been preserved in Old Norse generally; The change affected neither Standard Swedish, nor final geminate <i>-nn</i>. The shift occurred in primarily the definite noun suffix of feminine nouns but also <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">ą̊</i></span></i> "she" and a few other words.</li> <li>Secondary post-Norse loss of <i>n</i> before <i>s</i>: <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">rįesa</i></span></i> "to wash" (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">hreinsa</i>), <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wįster</i></span></i> "left" (Old Norse <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">vinstri</i></span></i> with /w/-sound)</li> <li>Spontaneous (non-etymological) nasality: <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">rįesa</i></span></i> "to travel" (from <a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>: <i lang="nds">rēsen</i>), <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">kęse</i></span></i> "cheese" (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">kæsir</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">caseus</i>).</li> <li>Before nasal consonants. This case of nasalisation is allophonic and is not indicated in the orthography.</li></ul> <p>Nasal vowels are quite rare in Nordic languages, and Elfdalian and a few other neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian dialects">Dalecarlian</a> dialects<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the only ones that preserve nasal vowels from Proto-Norse; all other Nordic dialects with nasal vowels have developed them later as a result of the loss of a nasal consonant: compare <a href="/wiki/Kalix_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalix dialect">Kalix dialect</a> hąt and gås with Elfdalian hand and gą̊s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In common with some other <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian dialects">Dalecarlian</a> <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernaculars</a> spoken north of <a href="/wiki/Siljan_(lake)" title="Siljan (lake)">Lake Siljan</a>, Elfdalian retains numerous old grammatical and phonological features that have not changed considerably since <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. Elfdalian is thus considered to be the most conservative and best preserved vernacular in the Dalecarlian branch. Having developed in relative isolation since the Middle Ages, many linguistic innovations also present occur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elfdalian has a morphological structure inherited from its Old Norse ancestor. Verbs are conjugated according to person and number and nouns have four <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>, like Modern <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. The Old Norse three-gender system has been retained. Like the other North Germanic languages, nouns have definite and indefinite forms, rather than a separate definite article (as in English). The length of the root syllable plays a major role in the Elfdalian declensional and conjugational system. The declension of <span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">warg</i></span>, "wolf" (long-syllabic, strong masculine noun) was as follows in what is sometimes called "Classic Elfdalian" (as described by Levander 1909): </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Declension of <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">warg</i></span></i> ('wolf') </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>indefinite </th> <th>definite </th> <th>indefinite </th> <th>definite </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">warg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wargen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">warger</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wargär</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">warg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wardjin</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">warga</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wargą</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wardje</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wardjem</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wargum</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wargum(e)</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>(<span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wardjes</i></span>) </td> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wardjemes</i></span> </td> <td>— </td> <td><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">wargumes</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many speakers retain the distinct dative case, which is used especially after prepositions and also certain verbs (such as <span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">jåpa</i></span>, "help").<sup id="cite_ref-dahl_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dahl-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinction between nominative and accusative has been lost in indefinite nouns,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is the spelling difference not reflective of pronunciation? (January 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the inherited genitive been replaced by new forms created by attaching <span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">-es</i></span> to the dative (see Dahl & <a href="/wiki/Maria_Koptjevskaja-Tamm" title="Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm">Koptjevskaja-Tamm</a> 2005), a trend that was well underway even in Classic Elfdalian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike other Swedish vernaculars, the syntax of Elfdalian was investigated in the early 20th century (Levander 1909). Although Elfdalian syntax has attracted increased attention, a majority of its syntactic elements are still unresearched. In May–June 2007, a group of linguists from the pan-Scandinavian NORMS network<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conducted fieldwork in Älvdalen especially aimed at investigating the syntactic properties of the language. </p><p>Presented with the help of generative syntax, the following features have been identified: </p> <ul><li>Only first- and second-person plural pronouns (Rosenkvist 2006, 2010) can be dropped grammatically.</li> <li>First-person plural pronouns may be dropped only if they appear directly in front of the finite verb. <a href="/wiki/Raising_(syntax)" title="Raising (syntax)">Verb raising</a> occurs, but there is variation between generations (Garbacz 2006, 2010).</li> <li>Multiple subjects seem to occur in clauses with the adverbial <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">sakta</i></span></i>, "actually", or the verb <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">lär</i></span></i> "is possible" (Levander 1909:109).</li></ul> <dl><dd><i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Du ir sakt du uvendes duktin dalsk.</i></span></i></dd> <dd>literally: "You are <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ADVL</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> you very good speak-Övdalian"</dd> <dd>"You are actually very good at speaking Övdalian"</dd></dl> <p>That has recently been studied more closely from a generative perspective by Rosenkvist (2007). </p><p>Other syntactic properties are negative concord, stylistic inversion, long distance reflexives, verb controlled datives, agent-verb word order in coordinated clauses with deleted subjects, etc. Some of the properties are archaic features that existed in <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a>, but others are innovations, but none of them has been studied in any detail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen" title="Älvdalen">Älvdalen</a>, Germanic <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a> survived in use longer than anywhere else. The last record of the Elfdalian Runes is from the early 20th century;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian runes</a>. Älvdalen can be said to have had its own alphabet during the 17th and 18th century. </p><p>Due to the great phonetic differences between Swedish and Elfdalian, the use of Swedish orthography for Elfdalian has been unpredictable and varied, such as the one applied in the Prytz's play from 1622, which contains long passages in Elfdalian, or in the Elfdalian material published in the periodical <i>Skansvakten</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A first attempt to create a separate Elfdalian orthography was made in 1982 by Lars Steensland. Bengt Åkerberg elaborated it, and it was applied in some books and used in language courses<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is based on Loka dialect and is highly phonetic. It has many diacritics (Sapir 2006). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Råðdjärum's_orthography"><span id="R.C3.A5.C3.B0dj.C3.A4rum.27s_orthography"></span>Råðdjärum's orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Råðdjärum's orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2005, a uniform standard orthography for Elfdalian was presented by <span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Råðdjärum</i></span> (lit. "Let us confer"), The Elfdalian Language Council, and accepted by <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Ulum Dalska</i></span></i> (lit. "Let us speak Dalecarlian"), The Organization for the Preservation of Elfdalian.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new orthography has already been applied by Björn Rehnström in his book <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Trair byönner frą̊ Övdalim</i></span></i> 'Three Bears from Älvdalen' published in 2007. Råðdjärum's orthography was also used in Bo Westling's translation of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry" title="Antoine de Saint-Exupéry">Saint-Exupéry</a></i></span>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince" title="The Little Prince">The Little Prince</a></i>, <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Lisslprinsn</i></span></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elfdalian_alphabet">Elfdalian alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Elfdalian alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian_alphabet" title="Elfdalian alphabet">Elfdalian alphabet</a></div> <p>The Elfdalian alphabet consists of the following letters<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="37"><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian_alphabet" title="Elfdalian alphabet">The Elfdalian alphabet</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Upper case</b> </td> <td width="10" align="center">A </td> <td width="10" align="center">Ą </td> <td width="10" align="center">B </td> <td width="10" align="center">C </td> <td width="10" align="center">D </td> <td width="10" align="center">Ð </td> <td width="10" align="center">E </td> <td width="10" align="center">Ę </td> <td width="10" align="center">F </td> <td width="10" align="center">G </td> <td width="10" align="center">H </td> <td width="10" align="center">I </td> <td width="10" align="center">Į </td> <td width="10" align="center">J </td> <td width="10" align="center">K </td> <td width="10" align="center">L </td> <td width="10" align="center">M </td> <td width="10" align="center">N </td> <td width="10" align="center">O </td> <td width="10" align="center">P </td> <td width="10" align="center">Q </td> <td width="10" align="center">R </td> <td width="10" align="center">S </td> <td width="10" align="center">T </td> <td width="10" align="center">U </td> <td width="10" align="center">Ų </td> <td width="10" align="center">V </td> <td width="10" align="center">W </td> <td width="10" align="center">X </td> <td width="10" align="center">Y </td> <td width="10" align="center">Y̨ </td> <td width="10" align="center">Z </td> <td width="10" align="center">Å </td> <td width="10" align="center">Ą̊ </td> <td width="10" align="center">Ä </td> <td width="10" align="center">Ö </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lower case</b> </td> <td align="center">a </td> <td align="center">ą </td> <td align="center">b </td> <td align="center">c </td> <td align="center">d </td> <td align="center">ð </td> <td align="center">e </td> <td align="center">ę </td> <td align="center">f </td> <td align="center">g </td> <td align="center">h </td> <td align="center">i </td> <td align="center">į </td> <td align="center">j </td> <td align="center">k </td> <td align="center">l </td> <td align="center">m </td> <td align="center">n </td> <td align="center">o </td> <td align="center">p </td> <td align="center">q </td> <td align="center">r </td> <td align="center">s </td> <td align="center">t </td> <td align="center">u </td> <td align="center">ų </td> <td align="center">v </td> <td align="center">w </td> <td align="center">x </td> <td align="center">y </td> <td align="center">y̨ </td> <td align="center">z </td> <td align="center">å </td> <td align="center">ą̊ </td> <td align="center">ä </td> <td align="center">ö </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <p>Other than the letters occurring in the Swedish alphabet, Elfdalian has letters with <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a>, denoting <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a>: Ąą, Ęę, Įį, Ųų, Y̨y̨ and Ą̊ą̊. Additionally, it uses the letter <a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">eth</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Ð</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ð</span>) for the voiced dental fricative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_status">Language status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Language status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tv%C3%A5spr%C3%A5kiga_v%C3%A4gskyltar_i_%C3%84lvdalen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tv%C3%A5spr%C3%A5kiga_v%C3%A4gskyltar_i_%C3%84lvdalen.png/220px-Tv%C3%A5spr%C3%A5kiga_v%C3%A4gskyltar_i_%C3%84lvdalen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tv%C3%A5spr%C3%A5kiga_v%C3%A4gskyltar_i_%C3%84lvdalen.png/330px-Tv%C3%A5spr%C3%A5kiga_v%C3%A4gskyltar_i_%C3%84lvdalen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tv%C3%A5spr%C3%A5kiga_v%C3%A4gskyltar_i_%C3%84lvdalen.png/440px-Tv%C3%A5spr%C3%A5kiga_v%C3%A4gskyltar_i_%C3%84lvdalen.png 2x" data-file-width="3623" data-file-height="3023" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual street signs in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and Elfdalian</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2009, Elfdalian had around 2,000 speakers and is in danger of <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">language death</a>. However, it is possible that it will receive an official status as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in Sweden, which would entail numerous protections and encourage its use in schools and by writers and artists. The Swedish Parliament was due to address the issue in 2007, but has not yet done so.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> has urged the Swedish government to reconsider the status of Elfdalian on a total of five occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Committee of Experts now encourages the Swedish authorities to investigate the status of Elfdalian through an independent scientific study.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the Committee of Experts concluded that Elfdalian fulfils the criteria of a Part II language, and asked the Swedish authorities to include reporting on Elfdalian in its next periodical report as the language covered by Part II of the Charter, which the Swedish Ministry of Culture has not done in its 8th periodical report to the Council of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation_and_standardization">Preservation and standardization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Preservation and standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Ulum Dalska</i></span></i>, The Organization for the Preservation of Elfdalian, was established in 1984 with the aim of preserving and documenting the Elfdalian language. In 2005, <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Ulum Dalska</i></span></i> launched a process aimed at bringing about an official recognition of Elfdalian as a language by the Swedish authorities. </p><p><i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Råðdjärum</i></span></i>, The Elfdalian Language Committee was established in August 2004 within <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Ulum Dalska</i></span></i>, its first task being to create a new standard orthography for Elfdalian. In March 2005, the new orthography created by <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Råðdjärum</i></span></i> was accepted by the <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Ulum Dalska</i></span></i> at their annual meeting. <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Råðdjärum</i></span></i> consists of five permanent members: linguist <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sten_Dahl" title="Östen Dahl">Östen Dahl</a>, dialectologist Gunnar Nyström, teacher Inga-Britt Petersson, linguist and coordinator of the committee Dr. Yair Sapir, and linguist Lars Steensland. </p><p>As an initiative from <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Ulum Dalska</i></span></i> to encourage children to speak Elfdalian, all school children in Älvdalen who finish the ninth grade and can prove that they can speak Elfdalian receive a 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a> <a href="/wiki/Stipend" title="Stipend">stipend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An online version of Lars Steensland's 2010 Elfdalian dictionary was published in September 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2016, <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Radio" title="Sveriges Radio">Swedish Radio</a> reported that the Älvdalen City Council had decided that, starting in autumn 2016, the local <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> would operate solely through the medium of Elfdalian.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_organisms_named_after_Elfdalian">New organisms named after Elfdalian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: New organisms named after Elfdalian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, a new genus <i>Elfdaliana</i> of deep-sea <a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranch</a> molluscs was named after the Elfdalian language in reference to evolutionary basal characters of the new genus never before reported for the family, just as Elfdalian preserves ancestral features of Old Norse.<sup id="cite_ref-Martynov_A.,_Korshunova_T._2015._32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martynov_A.,_Korshunova_T._2015.-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ovd">Elfdalian</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroonen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kroonen_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroonen_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroonen_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKroonen" class="citation web cs1">Kroonen, Guus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inss.ku.dk/ansatte/?pure=files/35220983/elfdalian.pdf">"On the origins of the Elfdalian nasal vowels from the perspective of diachronic dialectology and Germanic etymology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics</i>. University of Copenhagen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206012822/http://inss.ku.dk/ansatte/?pure=files/35220983/elfdalian.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>In many aspects Elfdalian takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However it shares some innovations with West Nordic but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old Swedish</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Nordic+Studies+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+the+origins+of+the+Elfdalian+nasal+vowels+from+the+perspective+of+diachronic+dialectology+and+Germanic+etymology&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finss.ku.dk%2Fansatte%2F%3Fpure%3Dfiles%2F35220983%2Felfdalian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garbacz, Piotr (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hf.uio.no/iln/om/organisasjon/tekstlab/aktuelt/arrangementer/arkiv/alvdalska.pdf">Älvdalska – ett mindre känt nordiskt språk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124025018/https://www.hf.uio.no/iln/om/organisasjon/tekstlab/aktuelt/arrangementer/arkiv/alvdalska.pdf">Archived</a> 24 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [Elfdalian – a lesser known Nordic language]. s. 1. Oslo universitet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarke" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barke, Anders. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213010101/http://www.alvdalen.se/sv/Alvdalska/Vad%2Dar%2DAlvdalska/">"Vad är Älvdalska?"</a> [What is Elfdalian?]. <i>Älvdalens kommun</i> (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alvdalen.se/sv/Alvdalska/Vad-ar-Alvdalska/">the original</a> on 13 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%84lvdalens+kommun&rft.atitle=Vad+%C3%A4r+%C3%84lvdalska%3F&rft.aulast=Barke&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alvdalen.se%2Fsv%2FAlvdalska%2FVad-ar-Alvdalska%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stickel2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stickel2010_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Ekberg, Lena (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFYa2ooeVXgC&pg=PA90">"The National Minority Languages in Sweden"</a>. In Gerhard Stickel (ed.). <i>National, Regional and Minority Languages in Europe: Contributions to the Annual Conference 2009 of Efnil in Dublin</i>. Peter Lang. pp. 87–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60365-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60365-9"><bdi>978-3-631-60365-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+National+Minority+Languages+in+Sweden&rft.btitle=National%2C+Regional+and+Minority+Languages+in+Europe%3A+Contributions+to+the+Annual+Conference+2009+of+Efnil+in+Dublin&rft.pages=87-92&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-631-60365-9&rft.aulast=Ekberg&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFYa2ooeVXgC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aftonbladet2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aftonbladet2007_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlDahlbergDelsingHalvarsson2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahl, Östen; Dahlberg, Ingrid; Delsing, Lars-Olof; Halvarsson, Herbert; Larsson, Gösta; Nyström, Gunnar; Olsson, Rut; Sapir, Yair; Steensland, Lars; Williams, Henrik (8 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/article11053696.ab">"Älvdalskan är ett språk – inte en svensk dialekt"</a> [Elfdalian is a language – not a Swedish dialect]. <i>Aftonbladet</i> (in Swedish). Stockholm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825120038/http://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/article11053696.ab">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftonbladet&rft.atitle=%C3%84lvdalskan+%C3%A4r+ett+spr%C3%A5k+%E2%80%93+inte+en+svensk+dialekt&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=%C3%96sten&rft.au=Dahlberg%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Delsing%2C+Lars-Olof&rft.au=Halvarsson%2C+Herbert&rft.au=Larsson%2C+G%C3%B6sta&rft.au=Nystr%C3%B6m%2C+Gunnar&rft.au=Olsson%2C+Rut&rft.au=Sapir%2C+Yair&rft.au=Steensland%2C+Lars&rft.au=Williams%2C+Henrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftonbladet.se%2Fdebatt%2Farticle11053696.ab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahl, Östen (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spraktidningen.se/artiklar/2008/11/alvdalska-eget-sprak-eller-varsting-bland-dialekter">"Älvdalska – eget språk eller värsting bland dialekter?"</a> [Elfdalian – its own language or an outstanding dialect?]. <i>Språktidningen</i> (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207110314/http://spraktidningen.se/artiklar/2008/11/alvdalska-eget-sprak-eller-varsting-bland-dialekter">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5ktidningen&rft.atitle=%C3%84lvdalska+%E2%80%93+eget+spr%C3%A5k+eller+v%C3%A4rsting+bland+dialekter%3F&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=%C3%96sten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspraktidningen.se%2Fartiklar%2F2008%2F11%2Falvdalska-eget-sprak-eller-varsting-bland-dialekter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZach2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zach, Kristine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://othes.univie.ac.at/26671/1/2013-02-27_0748117.pdf">"Das Älvdalische — Sprache oder Dialekt? (Diplomarbeit)"</a> [Elfdalian — Language or dialect? (Masters thesis)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217105905/http://othes.univie.ac.at/26671/1/2013-02-27_0748117.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+%C3%84lvdalische+%E2%80%94+Sprache+oder+Dialekt%3F+%28Diplomarbeit%29&rft.pub=University+of+Vienna&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Zach&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fothes.univie.ac.at%2F26671%2F1%2F2013-02-27_0748117.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levander, Lars, <i>Dalmålet</i>, vol. 1, 1925, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garbacz, Piotr (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hf.uio.no/iln/om/organisasjon/tekstlab/aktuelt/arrangementer/arkiv/alvdalska.pdf">Älvdalska – ett mindre känt nordiskt språk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124025018/https://www.hf.uio.no/iln/om/organisasjon/tekstlab/aktuelt/arrangementer/arkiv/alvdalska.pdf">Archived</a> 24 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. s. 1. Oslo universitet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levander, Lars (1925), Dalmålet. Beskrivning och historia., "1", Uppsala</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapirLundgren2024" class="citation book cs1">Sapir, Y.; Lundgren, O. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10196780/1/A-Grammar-of-Elfdalian.pdf"><i>A Grammar of Elfdalian</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: UCL Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-539-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-539-2"><bdi>978-1-78735-539-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Elfdalian&rft.place=London&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-78735-539-2&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Lundgren%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F10196780%2F1%2FA-Grammar-of-Elfdalian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapirLundgren2024" class="citation book cs1">Sapir, Y.; Lundgren, O. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10196780/1/A-Grammar-of-Elfdalian.pdf"><i>A Grammar of Elfdalian</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: UCL Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-539-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-539-2"><bdi>978-1-78735-539-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Elfdalian&rft.place=London&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-78735-539-2&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Lundgren%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F10196780%2F1%2FA-Grammar-of-Elfdalian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapirLundgren2024" class="citation book cs1">Sapir, Y.; Lundgren, O. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10196780/1/A-Grammar-of-Elfdalian.pdf"><i>A Grammar of Elfdalian</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: UCL Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-539-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-539-2"><bdi>978-1-78735-539-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Elfdalian&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-78735-539-2&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Lundgren%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F10196780%2F1%2FA-Grammar-of-Elfdalian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapirLundgren2024" class="citation book cs1">Sapir, Y.; Lundgren, O. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10196780/1/A-Grammar-of-Elfdalian.pdf"><i>A Grammar of Elfdalian</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: UCL Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-539-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-539-2"><bdi>978-1-78735-539-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Elfdalian&rft.place=London&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-78735-539-2&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Lundgren%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F10196780%2F1%2FA-Grammar-of-Elfdalian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir2006" class="citation book cs1">Sapir, Yair (2006). <i>Elfdalian, the Vernacular of Övdaln</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elfdalian%2C+the+Vernacular+of+%C3%96vdaln&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Yair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoëthius1918" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boëthius, Johannes (1918). <i>Orsamålet. 1, Ljudlära</i> (in Swedish). Uppsala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orsam%C3%A5let.+1%2C+Ljudl%C3%A4ra&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Bo%C3%ABthius&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dahl-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dahl_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlDavidTrudgill2009" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Östen; David, Gil; Trudgill, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KopbpgAJ87UC&pg=PA55">"Testing the Assumption of Complexity Invariance: The Case of Elfdalian and Swedish"</a>. In Geoffrey Sampson (ed.). <i>Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 50–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156766-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156766-7"><bdi>978-0-19-156766-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Testing+the+Assumption+of+Complexity+Invariance%3A+The+Case+of+Elfdalian+and+Swedish&rft.btitle=Language+Complexity+as+an+Evolving+Variable&rft.pages=50-63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-156766-7&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=%C3%96sten&rft.au=David%2C+Gil&rft.au=Trudgill%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKopbpgAJ87UC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://norms.uit.no/">Nordic Center of Excellence in Microcomparative Syntax</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103224430/http://norms.uit.no/">Archived</a> 3 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/interpellation/alvdalskan-som-nationellt-minoritetssprak_h810575/">"Älvdalskan som nationellt minoritetsspråk (Interpellation 2020/21:575 av Robert Stenkvist (SD))"</a>. <i>www.riksdagen.se</i> (in Swedish). 25 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riksdagen.se&rft.atitle=%C3%84lvdalskan+som+nationellt+minoritetsspr%C3%A5k+%28Interpellation+2020%2F21%3A575+av+Robert+Stenkvist+%28SD%29%29&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riksdagen.se%2Fsv%2Fdokument-och-lagar%2Fdokument%2Finterpellation%2Falvdalskan-som-nationellt-minoritetssprak_h810575%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulumdalska.se/alvdalskan/skriva-pa-alvdalska/">"Skriva på älvdalska – Ulum Dalska"</a> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skriva+p%C3%A5+%C3%A4lvdalska+%E2%80%93+Ulum+Dalska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulumdalska.se%2Falvdalskan%2Fskriva-pa-alvdalska%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulumdalska.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/alvdalsk_ortografi.pdf">"Älvdalska språkrådets förslag till älvdalsk stavning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.ulumdalska.se</i>. Råðdjärum. 16 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ulumdalska.se&rft.atitle=%C3%84lvdalska+spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5dets+f%C3%B6rslag+till+%C3%A4lvdalsk+stavning&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulumdalska.se%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2Falvdalsk_ortografi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multietn.uu.se/information/elfdalian_english.html">Uppsala University, Second Conference on Elfdalian, Älvdalen 12–14 June 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302044736/http://www.multietn.uu.se/information/elfdalian_english.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alvdalen.se/uppleva-och-gora/alvdalska.html">"Särdrag och status | Älvdalska"</a>. <i>www.alvdalen.se</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alvdalen.se&rft.atitle=S%C3%A4rdrag+och+status+%7C+%C3%84lvdalska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alvdalen.se%2Fuppleva-och-gora%2Falvdalska.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/report/EvaluationReports/SwedenECRML4_en.pdf">"Report of the Committee of Experts on Sweden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. October 2011. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420162435/http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/Report/EvaluationReports/SwedenECRML4_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Committee+of+Experts+on+Sweden&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdg4%2Feducation%2Fminlang%2Freport%2FEvaluationReports%2FSwedenECRML4_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_of_Experts_of_the_European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages2020" class="citation web cs1">Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/swedenecrml7-en3c-pdf/16809fbaab">"Seventh evaluation report on Sweden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817014806/https://rm.coe.int/swedenecrml7-en3c-pdf/16809fbaab">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seventh+evaluation+report+on+Sweden&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Committee+of+Experts+of+the+European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frm.coe.int%2Fswedenecrml7-en3c-pdf%2F16809fbaab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/swedenpr8-en/1680a2bc07">Eighth periodical report presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter.</a> Council of Europe. Accessed 5 November 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehnström2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rehnström, Björn (25 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dt.se/nyheter/alvdalen/1.3461598-far-6000-for-att-prata-alvdalska">"Får 6000 för att prata älvdalska"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dalarnas_Tidningar" title="Dalarnas Tidningar">Dalarnas Tidningar</a></i> (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723231221/https://www.dt.se/nyheter/alvdalen/1.3461598-far-6000-for-att-prata-alvdalska">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dalarnas+Tidningar&rft.atitle=F%C3%A5r+6000+f%C3%B6r+att+prata+%C3%A4lvdalska&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.aulast=Rehnstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dt.se%2Fnyheter%2Falvdalen%2F1.3461598-far-6000-for-att-prata-alvdalska&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://älvdalsk.ordbok.gratis">Elfdalian–Swedish dictionary.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505183958/http://xn--lvdalsk-4wa.ordbok.gratis/">Archived</a> 5 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 1 October 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=161&artikel=6391217">"Barn i förskolan ska språkbada i älvdalska"</a> [Children in preschool will be immersed in Elfdalian]. <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Radio" title="Sveriges Radio">Sveriges Radio</a>. 16 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170124193449/http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=161&artikel=6391217">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Barn+i+f%C3%B6rskolan+ska+spr%C3%A5kbada+i+%C3%A4lvdalska&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsverigesradio.se%2Fsida%2Fartikel.aspx%3Fprogramid%3D161%26artikel%3D6391217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-35831359"><i>Swedish nursery to teach rare Viking-era language</i></a>, British Broadcasting Corp., 17 March 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005081921/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-35831359">archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swedish+nursery+to+teach+rare+Viking-era+language&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corp.&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs-news-from-elsewhere-35831359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martynov_A.,_Korshunova_T._2015.-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martynov_A.,_Korshunova_T._2015._32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartynovKorshunova2015" class="citation journal cs1">Martynov, Alexander; Korshunova, Tatiana (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmollus%2Feyv003">"A new deep-sea genus of the family Polyceridae (Nudibranchia) possesses a gill cavity, with implications for the cryptobranch condition and a 'Periodic Table' approach to taxonomy"</a>. <i>Journal of Molluscan Studies</i>. <b>81</b> (3): 365–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmollus%2Feyv003">10.1093/mollus/eyv003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molluscan+Studies&rft.atitle=A+new+deep-sea+genus+of+the+family+Polyceridae+%28Nudibranchia%29+possesses+a+gill+cavity%2C+with+implications+for+the+cryptobranch+condition+and+a+%27Periodic+Table%27+approach+to+taxonomy&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=365-379&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmollus%2Feyv003&rft.aulast=Martynov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Korshunova%2C+Tatiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmollus%252Feyv003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/ovd" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/ovd">Elfdalian test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Dahl, Östen and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Koptjevskaja-Tamm" title="Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm">Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm</a>. 2005. The resilient dative and other remarkable cases in Scandinavian vernaculars. Ms. University of Stockholm.</li> <li>Garbacz, Piotr (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hf.uio.no/iln/om/organisasjon/tekstlab/aktuelt/arrangementer/arkiv/alvdalska.pdf">Älvdalska – ett mindre känt nordiskt språk</a>. s. 1. Oslo universitet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a>, entry <i>älvdalsmål</i>, subentry <i>Dalarna</i></li> <li>Sapir, Yair. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkr.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:773379/FULLTEXT02.pdf">Elfdalian, the Vernacular of Övdaln</a> In: Rapport från första konferensen om älvdalska (Report from the First Conference about Elfdalian), Gunnar Nyström (ed.).</li> <li>Garbacz, Piotr. 2006.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lu.se/o.o.i.s?id=12588&postid=748366">Verb movement and negation in Övdalian. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 78: 173–190.</a> (PDF)</li> <li>Levander, Lars. 1925. Dalmålet. Beskrivning och historia.</li> <li>Levander, Lars. 1909. <i>Älvdalsmålet i Dalarna</i> (Doctoral thesis published in <i>Svenska landsmål</i>, 1909, (105).</li> <li>Rosenkvist, Henrik. 2006. Null Subjects in Övdalian. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 78:141–171.</li> <li>Rosenkvist, Henrik. 2007. Subject Doubling in Oevdalian. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 80:77–102.</li> <li>Rosenkvist, Henrik. 2010. Null referential subjects in Övdalian. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 33.3:231–267.</li> <li>Garbacz, Piotr. 2010. 2008a. Bisatsledföljden i älvdalska. In <a href="/wiki/Kerstin_Johannesson" title="Kerstin Johannesson">Jóhannesson, K.</a> et al. (eds.) <i>Nog ordat? Festskrift till Sven-Göran Malmgren den 25 April 2008.</i> 105–112. Meijebergs institut för svensk etymologisk forskning.</li> <li>Garbacz, P. 2008b. Negationens syntax i älvdalskan. In Bukowski, P. et al. (eds.) <i>Perspektiv på svenska språket och litteraturen</i> 193–202. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.</li> <li>Garbacz, Piotr. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lu.se/o.o.i.s?id=12588&postid=1567392">Word Order in Övdalian. A Study in Variation and Change. Lundastudier i nordisk språkvetenskap 70. Lund University.</a> (PDF)</li> <li>Melerska, Dorota. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/jspui/handle/10593/825">Vem är ”en riktig älvdaling”? Identitetsmarkörer i dagens Älvdalen. <i>Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia</i>, vol. 11, 2010, pp. 123–133</a> (PDF)</li> <li>Melerska, Dorota. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/jspui/handle/10593/1054">Älvdalskan – mellan språkdöd och revitalisering. PhD-thesis. Adam Mickiewicz University</a> (PDF)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/may/01/maja-daniels-photographer-alvdalen-sweden-witch-hunts-elf-dalia-weirdest-norse">"Witch hunts, mystics and race cars: inside the weirdest village in Sweden"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Witch+hunts%2C+mystics+and+race+cars%3A+inside+the+weirdest+village+in+Sweden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2019%2Fmay%2F01%2Fmaja-daniels-photographer-alvdalen-sweden-witch-hunts-elf-dalia-weirdest-norse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/72068044-a23c-11e2-8971-00144feabdc0.html#slide0">"In the mists of Älvdalen"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211151229/https://www.ft.com/content/72068044-a23c-11e2-8971-00144feabdc0#slide0">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=In+the+mists+of+%C3%84lvdalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2F72068044-a23c-11e2-8971-00144feabdc0.html%23slide0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElfdalian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/elfdalian.htm">Omniglot: Elfdalian alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606053832/http://www.nordiska.uu.se/arkiv/konferenser/alvdalska/Sapir.pdf">Yair Sapir: Elfdalian, the Vernacular of Övdaln – an article with an outline of Elfdalian (history, background, linguistic features, present</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/fight-on-to-preserve-elfdalian-swedens-lost-forest-language-41642">Guus Kroonen: Fight on to preserve Elfdalian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m0000tcr">The Last Elfdalians, BBC Sounds</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish">Swedish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Swedish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dalsk.ordbok.gratis">Elfdalian-swedish dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823193935/http://www.alvdalen.se/upload/Dokument/kultur_fritid/%c3%84lvdalskan/alvdalsk_ortografi.pdf">Förslag till en enhetlig stavning för älvdalska</a> ("Project for a unified orthography for Elfdalian").</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?searchId=1&pid=diva2:431173">Volume of The First Conference on Elfdalian / <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Fuost konferensn um övdalskų</i></span></i>, with English summaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?searchId=1&pid=diva2:431171">Volume of The Second Conference on Elfdalian / <i><span title="Elfdalian-language text"><i lang="ovd">Oðer råðstemną um övdalskų</i></span></i>, with English summaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/sprak/dialekter/lyssna-pa-dialekter/dalarna/alvdalen.html">SOFI</a> the Institute for Language and Folklore – Älvdalen</li> <li>Mikael Parkvall, <i>Sveriges språk. Vem talar vad och var?</i>. RAPPLING 1. Rapporter från Institutionen för lingvistik vid Stockholms universitet. 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920233246/http://www.xn--sprkfrsvaret-vcb4v.se/sf/fileadmin/PDF/Parkvall_spraakstatistik.pdf">[1]</a>, pp. 29–72</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Sweden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Sweden" title="Template:Languages of Sweden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Sweden" title="Template talk:Languages of Sweden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Sweden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Sweden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Sweden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Languages of Sweden</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_minority_languages_of_Sweden" title="Official minority languages of Sweden">Recognized minority languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" title="Pite Sámi">Pite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Kalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlax Romani">Vlax dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elfdalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish" title="Gutnish">Gutnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&oldid=1255939422">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&oldid=1255939422</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dalarna" 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