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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_the_Qara_Khitai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_the_Qara_Khitai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Founding of the Qara Khitai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_Qara_Khitai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Qatwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Qatwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Battle of Qatwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Qatwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Territorial extent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Jin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Jin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Conflict with Jin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Jin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xiao_Tabuyan_(r._1143-1150)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xiao_Tabuyan_(r._1143-1150)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Xiao Tabuyan (r. 1143-1150)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xiao_Tabuyan_(r._1143-1150)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yelü_Yilie_(r._1150-1163)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yelü_Yilie_(r._1150-1163)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Yelü Yilie (r. 1150-1163)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yelü_Yilie_(r._1150-1163)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yelü_Pusuwan_(r._1164–1177)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yelü_Pusuwan_(r._1164–1177)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Yelü Pusuwan (r. 1164–1177)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yelü_Pusuwan_(r._1164–1177)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yelü_Zhilugu_(r._1177-1211)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yelü_Zhilugu_(r._1177-1211)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Yelü Zhilugu (r. 1177-1211)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yelü_Zhilugu_(r._1177-1211)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khwarazm_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khwarazm_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.1</span> <span>Khwarazm war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khwarazm_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.2</span> <span>Tribal conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghurid_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghurid_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.3</span> <span>Ghurid war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghurid_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Khwarazm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Khwarazm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.4</span> <span>Rise of Khwarazm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Khwarazm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellions_in_the_east" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellions_in_the_east"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.5</span> <span>Rebellions in the east</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellions_in_the_east-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuchlug's_usurpation_and_end_of_the_Khanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuchlug's_usurpation_and_end_of_the_Khanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Kuchlug's usurpation and end of the Khanate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuchlug's_usurpation_and_end_of_the_Khanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Association with China</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Association_with_China-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Association with China subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Association_with_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Seals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereigns_of_Qara_Khitai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereigns_of_Qara_Khitai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sovereigns of Qara Khitai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereigns_of_Qara_Khitai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Qara Khitai</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة القراخطائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة القراخطائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanato_Kara_Khitai" title="Khanato Kara Khitai – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Khanato Kara Khitai" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanatu_de_Kara-Kitai" title="Kanatu de Kara-Kitai – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kanatu de Kara-Kitai" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraxitaylar_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99ti" title="Qaraxitaylar dövləti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qaraxitaylar dövləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="قاراخیتایلار دؤولتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاراخیتایلار دؤولتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se_Li%C3%A2u" title="Se Liâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Se Liâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кара Китай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кара Китай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakitai" title="Karakitai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Karakitai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Kitai" title="Kara Kitai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kara Kitai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakitai" title="Karakitai – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karakitai" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanato_de_Jara-Jitai" title="Kanato de Jara-Jitai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kanato de Jara-Jitai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-%C4%A4itana_%C4%A4anato" title="Kara-Ĥitana Ĥanato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kara-Ĥitana Ĥanato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قراختاییان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قراختاییان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khitans" title="Kara-Khitans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kara-Khitans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanato_de_Kara-Khitai" title="Khanato de Kara-Khitai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Khanato de Kara-Khitai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%94" title="서요 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서요" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4" title="कारा-ख़ितान ख़ानत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कारा-ख़ितान ख़ानत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekhanan_Kara-Khitan" title="Kekhanan Kara-Khitan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekhanan Kara-Khitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Khitay" title="Kara Khitay – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kara Khitay" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ყარახატაელების სახელმწიფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყარახატაელების სახელმწიფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Қарақытай мемлекеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қарақытай мемлекеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakitaju_haniste" title="Karakitaju haniste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karakitaju haniste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakitaj%C5%B3_chanatas" title="Karakitajų chanatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karakitajų chanatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khitan" title="Kara-Khitan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kara-Khitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хар Хидан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар Хидан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Kitan" title="Kara-Kitan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kara-Kitan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%81%BC" title="西遼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西遼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khitan" title="Kara-Khitan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kara-Khitan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanat_Kara-Khitan" title="Khanat Kara-Khitan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Khanat Kara-Khitan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoraxitoylar_davlati" title="Qoraxitoylar davlati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoraxitoylar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanat_Kara_Kitaj%C3%B3w" title="Chanat Kara Kitajów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chanat Kara Kitajów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canato_Caraquitai" title="Canato Caraquitai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canato Caraquitai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Каракитайское ханство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каракитайское ханство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakitajski_kanat" title="Karakitajski kanat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karakitajski kanat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakitain_valtakunta" title="Karakitain valtakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karakitain valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khitan" title="Kara-Khitan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kara-Khitan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="காரா கிதை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காரா கிதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karah%C4%B1taylar" title="Karahıtaylar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karahıtaylar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Каракитайське ханство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каракитайське ханство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Khitan-ruled state. For the Turkic-ruled state, see <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Great Liao</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大遼</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1124–1218</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Qara_Khitai.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Qara Khitai is located in Qara Khitai"><img alt="Qara Khitai is located in Qara Khitai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Map_of_the_Qara_Khitai.png/300px-Map_of_the_Qara_Khitai.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Map_of_the_Qara_Khitai.png/450px-Map_of_the_Qara_Khitai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Map_of_the_Qara_Khitai.png/600px-Map_of_the_Qara_Khitai.png 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="1589" /></a></span><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/AD_1000" title="AD 1000"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">1160</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_70x70" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:70px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHWARAZM<br />SHAHS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_30x36" style="position:absolute; left:30px; top:36px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">CUMANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_107x33" style="position:absolute; left:107px; top:33px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KIMEK-KIPCHAKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_35x100" style="position:absolute; left:35px; top:100px; font-size:7.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7.5; line-height:9.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">SELJUK EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x95" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:95px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GHURIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_05x05" style="position:absolute; left:05px; top:05px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KIEVAN<br />RUS'</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_125x105" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:105px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GHAZNAVID<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x150" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:150px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">WESTERN<br />CHALUKYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_195x130" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:130px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">PALA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_260x30" style="position:absolute; left:260px; top:30px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHAMAG<br />MONGOL</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_245x65" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:65px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">WESTERN<br />XIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x63" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:63px; font-size:7.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7.5; line-height:9.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">QARA KHITAI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x75" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:75px; font-size:7.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7.5; line-height:9.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">QOCHO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_195x40" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:40px; font-size:7.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7.5; line-height:9.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans"><span style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Naimans</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_270x194" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:194px; font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12; line-height:14px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_1100_CE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 1100 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF"> ◁ </span></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_1300_CE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 1300 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF"> ▷ </span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Territory of the Qara Khitai ("Western Liao") and main neighbouring polities, circa 1160</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Liao.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Qara Khitai c. 1160"><img alt="Qara Khitai c. 1160" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Liao.png/300px-Western_Liao.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Liao.png/450px-Western_Liao.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Liao.png/600px-Western_Liao.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="905" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Qara Khitai <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1160</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicized</a> <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200594_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200594-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> <small>(administrative)</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPozziJanhunenWeiers2006114_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPozziJanhunenWeiers2006114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200594_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200594-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Uyghur language">Old Uyghur</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200594_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200594-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kara Khitan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sovereigns_of_Qara_Khitai">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1124–1143 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Emperor Dezong</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1144–1150 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Tabuyan" title="Xiao Tabuyan">Empress Gantian</a> (regent)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1150–1164 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Yilie" title="Yelü Yilie">Emperor Renzong</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1164–1178 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Pusuwan" title="Yelü Pusuwan">Empress Dowager Chengtian</a> (regent)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1178–1211 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Zhilugu" title="Yelü Zhilugu">Yelü Zhilugu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1211–1218 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuchlug" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a> proclaims himself king </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1124</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Fall of <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1125</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Yelü Dashi adopts the titles of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurkhan" title="Gurkhan">Gurkhan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1132</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Yelü Dashi captures <a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a> and establishes capital </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1134</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kuchlug" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a> usurps power </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1211</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Kuchlug executed by Mongols </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1218</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• All former territories fully absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1220</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1130 est.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (390,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1210 est.<sup id="cite_ref-Turchin222_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turchin222-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (580,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty_coinage#Western_Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty coinage">cash coins</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qocho_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Qocho Kingdom">Qocho Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Qara Khitai</b>, or <b>Kara Khitai</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">哈剌契丹</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">喀喇契丹</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kālā Qìdān</span></i> or Chinese: <span lang="zh">黑契丹</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hēi Qìdān</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Black <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>'),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>Western Liao</b> (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">西遼</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xī Liáo</span></i>), officially the <b>Great Liao</b> (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">大遼</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dà Liáo</span></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganStewart201757_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganStewart201757-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreatLiao_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreatLiao-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a dynastic regime based in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC" title="Yelü">Yelü</a> clan of the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinicized1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinicized1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being a <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a> of the Khitan-led <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>, Western Liao was culturally <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicized</a> to a large extent, especially among the elites consisting of Liao refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinicized1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinicized1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinicized2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinicized2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinicized3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinicized3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dynasty was founded by <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a> (Emperor Dezong), who led the remnants of the Liao dynasty from <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> to Central Asia after fleeing from the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> conquest of northern China. The empire was usurped by the <a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a> under <a href="/wiki/Kuchlug" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a> in 1211; traditional Chinese, Persian, and Arab sources consider the usurpation to be the end of the dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran20052_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran20052-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though the empire would not fall until the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Mongol conquest</a> in 1218. Some remnants of the Qara Khitai would form the <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh-Khanids" title="Qutlugh-Khanids">Qutlugh-Khanid dynasty</a> in southern Iran. </p><p>The territories of the Qara Khitai corresponded to parts of modern-day <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a> kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Kankalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankalis">Kankalis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> were <a href="/wiki/Vassal_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassal states">vassal states</a> of the Qara Khitai at some point in history. Chinese and Muslim historiographical sources, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i>, considered the Qara Khitai to be a legitimate <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Chinese dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksaboutThe_Empire_of_the_Qara_Khitai_in_EurasiahtmlidB934LaVBaz8CpgPA93_93]"Though_firmly_located_in_Central_Asia,_the_Qara_Khitai_or_Western_Liao_is_considered_by_the_''Liao_Shi''_to_be_a_legitimate_Chinese_dynasty,_whose_basic_annals_follow_that_of_the_proper_Liao"_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksaboutThe_Empire_of_the_Qara_Khitai_in_EurasiahtmlidB934LaVBaz8CpgPA93_93]"Though_firmly_located_in_Central_Asia,_the_Qara_Khitai_or_Western_Liao_is_considered_by_the_''Liao_Shi''_to_be_a_legitimate_Chinese_dynasty,_whose_basic_annals_follow_that_of_the_proper_Liao"-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathay" title="Cathay">Cathay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names of China</a></div> <p>The Qara Khitai took on trappings of a Chinese state and inherited the dynastic name "Great Liao".<sup id="cite_ref-GreatLiao_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreatLiao-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganStewart201756–57_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganStewart201756–57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChineseCulture_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChineseCulture-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese historians generally refer to the empire as the "Western Liao", emphasizing its continuation from the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>. </p><p>The name "Qara Khitai", commonly used by Central Asian tribes to refer to the dynasty, is also commonly used in Western scholarly works. The term is often translated as the <i>Black Khitans</i> in Mongolian, but its original meaning is unclear today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005216–217_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005216–217-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Modern Mongolian, "Kara-Khitan" is rendered "Хар Хятан" (Khar Khyatan). Since no direct records from the empire survive today, the only surviving historical records about the empire come from foreign sources. </p><p>"Black Khitans" (黑契丹) has also been seen used in Chinese. "Qara," which literally means "black," corresponds with the Liao's dynastic color black and its dynastic element water, according to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">five elements</a> (wuxing).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jurchens referred to the empire as "Dashi" or "Dashi Linya" (after its founder), to reduce any claims the empire may have had to the old territories of the Liao dynasty. Muslim historians initially referred to the state simply as "Khitay" or "Khitai;" they may have adopted this form of "Khitan" via the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghurs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kocho</a> in whose language the final -n or -ń became -y.<sup id="cite_ref-khitay_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khitay-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only after the Mongol conquest did the state begin to be referred to in the Muslim world as the "Kara-Khitai" or "Qara-Khitai."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005215–217_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005215–217-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khitan is the origin of "<a href="/wiki/Cathay" title="Cathay">Cathay</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">European name for China</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:258px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MongolHuntersSong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MongolHuntersSong.jpg/326px-MongolHuntersSong.jpg" decoding="async" width="326" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MongolHuntersSong.jpg/489px-MongolHuntersSong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MongolHuntersSong.jpg/652px-MongolHuntersSong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a> in the 10th century, forebears of the Kara-Khitans.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:258px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG/158px-A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG" decoding="async" width="158" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG/237px-A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG/316px-A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Chinese portrayal of a "Black Khitan" (黑契丹), i.e. Kara-Khitan man, from <i><a href="/wiki/Sancai_Tuhui" title="Sancai Tuhui">Sancai Tuhui</a></i>.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Khitans" title="Timeline of the Khitans">Timeline of the Khitans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Qara Khitai empire, also known as the Western Liao dynasty, was the remnant offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Khitans" class="mw-redirect" title="Khitans">Khitan</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>. From 1114 to 1125, the <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchen</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> conquered the Liao. In 1122, two groups of Khitans fled westward to escape the Jin invasion. One of these groups was led by <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a>, who joined the Liao emperor, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tianzuo_of_Liao" title="Emperor Tianzuo of Liao">Tianzuo</a>, at the border of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> kingdom. Dashi was captured by the Jin in 1123 and forced to lead them to Tianzuo's camp, resulting in the capture of the entire Liao imperial family except for Tianzuo and one of his sons. Dashi later rejoined Tianzuo but the emperor was captured in early 1125 and died at the Jin court in 1128.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994149–151_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994149–151-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_the_Qara_Khitai">Founding of the Qara Khitai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Founding of the Qara Khitai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khitans_eating,_tomb_mural,_Chifeng_city,_Inner_Mongolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg/220px-Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg/330px-Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg/440px-Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption>Khitan tomb mural, Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1124, Yelü Dashi fled northwest and established his headquarter at the military garrison of Kedun (Zhenzhou) on the <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_River" title="Orkhon River">Orkhon River</a>. Dashi secured the allegiance of the garrison forces numbering 20,000 and set himself up as <i>gurkhan</i> (universal khan).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994151_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994151-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He conquered two Jin tribes in 1129.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200532_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200532-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1130, Dashi led his host further west in search of new territory. Within a year, he had established himself as suzerain of <a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a> and gained a foothold in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>. In 1131, he attacked the <a href="/wiki/Karakhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanids">Karakhanids</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> but was repelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994151_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994151-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200537_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200537-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later returned in 1134 and conquered the Karakhanid city of <a href="/wiki/Balasaghun" class="mw-redirect" title="Balasaghun">Balasaghun</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>), resulting in the vassalization of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Kankalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankalis">Kankalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a>.In 1137, he defeated the Western Karakhanids near <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a> and annexed <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>. Yelü Dashi's host was further bolstered by 10,000 Khitans who had previously been subjects of the Karakhanids. They went on to conquer <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200539-41_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200539-41-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Qatwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Western Karakhanids were vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> and the Karakhanid ruler Mahmud II appealed to his Seljuk overlord <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a> for protection. In 1141, Sanjar with his army arrived in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. The Khitans were invited by the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmians</a> (also a vassal of the Seljuks) to conquer the lands of the Seljuks and responded to an appeal to intervene by the <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a> who were involved in a conflict with the Karakhanids and Seljuks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200541–43_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200541–43-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khitan forces ranging from 20,000 to 700,000 depending on the source met in battle with Seljuk forces numbering 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1999238_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1999238-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200161_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200161-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowell1953442_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowell1953442-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many Muslim sources suggested that the Khitan forces greatly outnumbered the Seljuks, some contemporary Muslim authors also reported that the battle was fought between forces of equal size.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200162_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200162-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khitans were also said to have been given a reinforcement of 30,000–50,000 Karluk horsemen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200543–44_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200543–44-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan" title="Battle of Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan</a> took place on the Qatwan steppe, north of Samarkand, on 9 September 1141.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200543_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200543-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970160_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970160-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khitans attacked the Seljuk forces simultaneously, encircled them, and forced the Seljuq center into a <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadi</a> called Dargham, about 12 km from Samarkand. Encircled from all directions, the Seljuq army was destroyed and Sanjar barely escaped. Figures of the dead ranged from 11,000 to 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200544_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200544-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those captured at the battle were Seljuq military commanders and Sanjar's wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200544_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200544-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seljuk defeat resulted in the loss of all of Transoxiana to the Khitans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>f </p><p>After his victory, Yelü Dashi spent 90 days in Samarkand, accepting the loyalty of Muslim nobles and appointing Mahmud's brother Ibrahim as the new ruler of Samarkand. Dashi allowed the Muslim Burhan family to continue to rule <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>. After this battle, Khwarazm became a vassal state of the Khitans. In 1142, Dashi sent Erbuz to Khwarazm to pillage the province, which forced <a href="/wiki/Atsiz" title="Atsiz">Atsiz</a> to agree to pay 30,000 dinars annual tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200544_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200544-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_extent">Territorial extent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Territorial extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Qara Khitai in 1143 constituted a realm encompassing a territory roughly equivalent to modern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajikstan">Tajikstan</a>, and south <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. Under the empire's direct rule was the region around their capital, <a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a>. Around it were the subject kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a>, the eastern and western <a href="/wiki/Karakhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanids">Karakhanids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a> tribes. Its western border was defined by the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>, but the Khitans were active in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> until the 1180s while <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> remained under their rule until 1198. In the north they bordered the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a> until 1175 when they retreated further south. The southern boundary stretched from Balkh to <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Hami</a>. The boundary of the empire in the east is hard to define but the Khitans exercised some sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> until 1175.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200546_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200546-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Jin">Conflict with Jin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conflict with Jin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simultaneously during the invasion of Central Asia, Dashi also sent invasion forces to attack the Jin and retake Liao territory, however these efforts proved fruitless and ended in defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994153_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994153-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200540_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200540-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yelü Dashi had originally hoped to recapture northern China from the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> and restore the territories once held by the Liao dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganStewart201756_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganStewart201756-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Restore_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Restore-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he soon discovered the relative weakness of his empire vis-a-vis the Jin dynasty and gave up the idea<sup id="cite_ref-Restore_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Restore-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a disastrous attack on the Jin dynasty in 1134.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Liao continued to defy Jin supremacy in 1146, and continued sending scouts and small military units against the Jin in 1156, 1177, 1185, 1188. This indicates that for the first 2 generations there remained considerable interest in reconquest.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xiao_Tabuyan_(r._1143-1150)"><span id="Xiao_Tabuyan_.28r._1143-1150.29"></span>Xiao Tabuyan (r. 1143-1150)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Xiao Tabuyan (r. 1143-1150)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/330px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/495px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/660px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Khitan horseman.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Yelü Dashi died, his wife and paternal cousin, <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Tabuyan" title="Xiao Tabuyan">Xiao Tabuyan</a> (1143-1150), became regent for their son. Tabuyan used the honorific titles of empress Gantian, Gurkhan, and Dashi. Her successors retained the titles of Gurkhan and Dashi. While the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i> states that Tabuyan was merely a regent, Muslim sources state that she held unlimited power over the realm as is implied by her titles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200548-49_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200548-49-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taking advantage of Dashi's death, the Oghuz invaded <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> but were likely driven off sometime before 1152, when they were located in <a href="/wiki/Khuttal" title="Khuttal">Khuttal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>. In 1143, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuk</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a> and occupied <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Atsiz" title="Atsiz">Atsiz</a> once again became a Seljuk subject, in practice he continued to pay tribute to the Qara Khitai. According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a>, Atsiz was only spared due to Sanjar's fear of the Khitans. Sanjar may have also wielded power in Transoxiana until his death, as implied by an 1148 coin minted in Bukhara. In 1144, Qocho offered tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a>. The Jin sent a messenger named Niange Hannu to the Qara Khitai. When he met Tabuyan in 1146, he refused to dismount in her presence and proclaimed that he had come from a superior court as an emissary of the Son of Heaven and demanded her to show obeisance to the Jin court. When he threatened that the Jin were ready to send an army to invade their lands, the empress executed him. His fate only became known to the Jin in 1175 as a result of deserters from the Qara Khitai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200549-50_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200549-50-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yelü_Yilie_(r._1150-1163)"><span id="Yel.C3.BC_Yilie_.28r._1150-1163.29"></span>Yelü Yilie (r. 1150-1163)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Yelü Yilie (r. 1150-1163)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The son, <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Yilie" title="Yelü Yilie">Yelü Yilie</a>, ruled from 1150 to 1163. The only known act he was involved in according to the <i>History of Liao</i> during his 13 year reign was taking a census of people over 18 years old. The result was 84,500 households in total. The small number, less than <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>'s 100,000 households in the pre-Mongol era, was likely due to being geographically limited to only Balasagun and the surrounding area that the Khitans directly ruled. It is unknown if even the sedentary population was counted in the census.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200550_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200550-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Yilie's reign, the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz</a> rebelled against <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. The Khitans were at least partly responsible for this due to displacing the Oghuz in Transoxiana and pushing them into Balkh, where they were heavily taxed by Sanjar due to his losses at Qatwan. The Oghuz rebellion was caused by the governor of Balkh, Amir Qumach, who had enlisted Oghuz support against the <a href="/wiki/Ghurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurids">Ghurids</a> in 1152. However the Oghuz defected to the Ghurids, allowing them to temporarily occupy Balkh. After retaking the city, Qumach increased the tax burdens on the Oghuz. In 1153, the Oghuz killed a Seljuk tax collector and Qumach retaliated by attacking them. In the conflict that followed, Qumach and his sons were killed, and Sanjar was defeated and captured. The Oghuz plundered Khorasan whil Sanjar escaped captivity in 1156 but failed to restore his former authority. He died the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200551_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200551-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no evidence that the Khitans were directly involved in the conflict of Khorasan, however the Turkic leaders all paid tribute to them to gain their favor during this time. The lack of Khitan involvement may be due to conflict with the Jin to the east. In 1156, a Jin army led by Po Longdun met with a Qara Khitan raiding group several hundred strong at Kedun. The Khitan force withdrew after negotiations. Khitans under Jin rule rebelled in 1161. One of the rebel leaders, Saba, planned to defect to the Qara Khitai, but was killed by another Khitan leader, Yelü Wowo, who proclaimed himself the new Khitan emperor. Wowo was killed by the Jurchens in 1163.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200552_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200552-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qara Khitai played a key role in the conflict between their vassals: the Karluks, Karakhanids, and Khwarazm. In early 1156, the Karluks killed Ibrahim Tabghach Khan, the Western Karakhanid ruler of Samarkand. Ibrahim was succeeded by his son, Mahmud, for a year before Ibrahim's brother, Ali Chaghri Khan, took power. Ali wanted to avenge his brother and soon after his accession, killed one of the Karluk leaders. In early 1156, the Karluks fled to Khwarazm and sought the help of its ruler, <a href="/wiki/Il-Arslan" title="Il-Arslan">Il-Arslan</a>, who sent an army against Samarkand. Ali sent for help from his sovereign, the Qara Khitai, who instructed the ruler of the Eastern Karakhanids to come to his aid. The Eastern Karakhanids sent 10,000 riders to reinforce Samarkand, however the Khwarazmian force was too large to comfortably engage, and a truce was achieved with the help of religious dignitaries. The Karluks were reinstalled to their former posts and Il-Arslan returned to Khwarazm. The Karluks continued to cause trouble for Samarkand until the Qara Khitai ordered the Western Karakhanids to drive them from Bukhara and Samarkand to Kashgar. Mas'ud Tabghach Khan, the brother of Ibrahim, took the occasion to purge Transoxiana of the Karluks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200553-54_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200553-54-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yelü_Pusuwan_(r._1164–1177)"><span id="Yel.C3.BC_Pusuwan_.28r._1164.E2.80.931177.29"></span>Yelü Pusuwan (r. 1164–1177)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Yelü Pusuwan (r. 1164–1177)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Pusuwan" title="Yelü Pusuwan">Yelü Pusuwan</a> (r. 1164–1177) was explicitly chosen for succession by her brother, <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Yilie" title="Yelü Yilie">Yelü Yilie</a>. Known as Empress Chengtian, Pusuwan refocused the Qara Khitai's attention westward. In 1165, the Qara Khitai participated in Mas'ud Tabghach Khan's invasion of Balkh and <a href="/wiki/Andkhoy_(city)" title="Andkhoy (city)">Andkhud</a>, then under Oghuz domination, and incorporated Balkh under Qara Khitai rule lasting until 1198. In 1172, the Qara Khitai crossed the Amu Darya to attack Khwarazm, whose ruler <a href="/wiki/Il-Arslan" title="Il-Arslan">Il-Arslan</a> had neglected to pay tribute. Il-Arslan fell ill on the way to battle and let a Karluk commander lead his forces while he remained behind. The Khwarazmian army was soundly defeated and Il-Arslan returned to Khwarazm where he died in March 1172. However no new tribute collection agreement was enforced, possibly due to satisfaction from the spoils that the Qara Khitai had already collected from their victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200554-55_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200554-55-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il-Arslan's death led to a succession struggle between his two sons in which the Qara Khitai were involved. The younger son, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Shah_of_Khwarezm" title="Sultan Shah of Khwarezm">Sultan Shah</a>, was enthroned with the aid of his mother, <a href="/wiki/Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Il-Arslan)" title="Terken Khatun (wife of Il-Arslan)">Terken Khatun</a>, who ruled in his name. The older brother, <a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Tekish" title="Ala al-Din Tekish">Tekish</a>, fled to the Qara Khitai court and asked for their support in installing him as the new ruler of Khwarazm in return for a share of its treasures and annual tribute. Pusuwan sent her husband, Xiao Duolubu, with a large army to support Tekish's claim. Sultan Shah and his mother fled Khwarazm and Tekish was enthroned on 11 December, 1172. Terken Khatun enlisted the help of <a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyid_al-Din_Ai-Aba" title="Mu'ayyid al-Din Ai-Aba">Mu'ayyid al-Din Ai-Aba</a>, a former Seljuk amir, to fight for their cause. However he was defeated and executed in Khwarazm in July 1174. Sultan Shah and his mother then fled to <a href="/wiki/Dehistan/Mishrian" title="Dehistan/Mishrian">Dihistan</a>, which Tekish then conquered and put to death Terken Khatun. Sultan Shah fled to Tughan Shah, the son of Mu'ayyid, in <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, and then to the <a href="/wiki/Ghurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurids">Ghurids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200555-56_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200555-56-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tekish soon fell out with the Qara Khitai. Despite owing his crown to them, Tekish found the conduct of their emissaries to be insulting and their demands exceeding the original agreement. In the mid 1170s, Tekish killed the leader of the emissaries who was part of the Qara Khitai royal family, and ordered the Khwarazmian notables (<i>ayan</i>) to kill every Qara Khitai who entered Khwarazm. Pusuwan summoned Sultan Shah, who had already been in contact wih the Qara Khitai court after realizing the Ghurids would not challenge Tekish for his claim, and sent a large army with him led by her husband to oust Tekish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200557-58_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200557-58-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the conflict with Khwarazm, the Qara Khitai also faced rebellions by tribes to the north and east. In the early 1170s, the Qara Khitai sent an imperial son-in-law named Abensi against the Yebulian and other tribes in the north. Abensi could not defeat them and the conflict lasted until 1175. In the same year, the Naimans and Kangly surrendered to the Jin. In 1177, the Qara Khitai sent spies into Jin territory and news of them reached the Jin court. In response, the Jin resettled the Khitans in the northwest to the northeast. In addition, the border market of <a href="/wiki/Suide_County" title="Suide County">Suide</a> was closed due to fear that it was being used as a hub for spies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200557_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200557-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While her husband was away, Pusuwan developed a romantic relationship with his brother, Xiao Fuguzhi. She planned to get rid of her husband in order to spend more time with his brother, however her father-in-law caught wind of her plans and conducted a coup. Xiao Wolila surrounded the palace with his troops and killed both his son and the empress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200557-58_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200557-58-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yelü_Zhilugu_(r._1177-1211)"><span id="Yel.C3.BC_Zhilugu_.28r._1177-1211.29"></span>Yelü Zhilugu (r. 1177-1211)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Yelü Zhilugu (r. 1177-1211)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khwarazm_war">Khwarazm war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Khwarazm war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xiao Wolila installed <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Zhilugu" title="Yelü Zhilugu">Yelü Zhilugu</a> (r. 1178–1211), the second son of <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Yilie" title="Yelü Yilie">Yelü Yilie</a>, on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200560_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200560-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of Zhilugu's accession, a large Qara Khitai army under the command of the late empress's husband, Xiao Duolubu, was accompanying Sultan Shah to Khwarazm. Tekish managed to halt the Qara Khitai advance by flooding the Amu Darya's dikes and blocking their path. Xiao Duolubu decided to retreat but Sultan Shah offered him a large sum in return for leaving part of his troops behind. These troops accompanied Sultan Shah to fight against the Oghuz in Khorasan. In 1181, they helped him seize <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarakhs" title="Sarakhs">Sarakhs</a>, Nasa, and <a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200560-61_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200560-61-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1181, the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> under Qara Ozan Khan, established in a marriage alliance with Tekish, attacked <a href="/wiki/Talas,_Kyrgyzstan" title="Talas, Kyrgyzstan">Talas</a> in Qara Khitai territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200561_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200561-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1182, Tekish attacked Bukhara. According to his own description, the city dwellers preferred the rule of non-believers to his Muslim army. Tekish captured the city but it is uncertain how long he held it. The lack of references as well as dismissive portrayal of his time there, referred to as "the business in Transoxania,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200562_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200562-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably implies a short duration. By 1193, Bukhara was again ruled by the Karakhanid vassal of the Qara Khitai. Praises of Ibrahim Arslan Khan, the Karakhanid ruler, were sung by the Bukharan <i>sadr</i> around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200562_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200562-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conflict between Tekish and his brother Sultan Shah continued in Khorasan until 1193 when Sultan Shah died. Although Tekish took precautions to guard the Amu Darya against Qara Khitai support of his brother during the conflict, the Qara Khitai offered no further responses to the matter. It is likely that there was a rapprochement between Tekish and the Qara Khitai court before 1194 and at the very latest before 1198, when the Qara Khitai aided Tekish against the Ghurids. The cessation of hostilities was probably a financial agreement as several Muslim sources assert that Tekish dutifully paid tribute to the Qara Khitai and ordered his son to continue to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200562-63_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200562-63-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tribal_conflict">Tribal conflict</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tribal conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the east, there is some vague evidence according to <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> spy reports that the Qara Khitai had tried to ally with the <a href="/wiki/Tanguts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanguts">Tangut</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> dynasty to attack the Jin in 1185. Although nothing came of it, the Jin evidently took the Qara Khitai threat seriously. In 1188, Wanyan Xiang, a leading Jin official, came back from a tribute collecting mission among the northern tribes and presented to the emperor a detailed program and map to prevent their subjects from defecting to the Qara Khitai. Wanyan Xiang was promoted for his contributions. In 1190, one of the Qara Khitai subject tribes surrendered to the Jin, which may have been the result of this new policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200564_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200564-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1190s, the khan of the <a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toghrul" title="Toghrul">Toghrul</a>, fled to the Qara Khitai seeking military support after he was ousted by his own family. When no support was forthcoming, Toghrul returned to Mongolia in 1196 seeking <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Temüjin">Temüjin</a>'s help. Toghrul later made an alliance with the Jin, through which he received his other title, Ong Khan, in 1197.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200564-65_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200564-65-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ghurid_war">Ghurid war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ghurid war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1198, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurids">Ghurid</a> rulers, seized Balkh from the vassal of the Qara Khitai. The Qara Khitai were urged by the Khwarazm Shah Tekish (who was also in conflict with the Ghurids) not to let this slide, as the other Ghurid ruler <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad">Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad</a> would seize Khwarazm and Transoxiana. The Qara Khitai invaded Ghurid lands around Kurzuban (around modern <a href="/wiki/Taloqan" title="Taloqan">Taloqan</a>). At first they were victorious, killing and capturing many Ghurid soldiers, but they were surprised by an attack in the night. When Ghiyath al-Din's reinforcements arrived in the morning, the Qara Khitai army was badly defeated, suffering 12,000 losses. The Qara Khitai turned to Tekish for compensation for the damage incurred and sent Xiao Duolubu to Khwarazm to collect. Tekish in turn asked the Ghurids for help. Ghiyath al-Din agreed to help with the compensation on the condition that Tekish offered his obedience to the Caliph and returned territories taken earlier by the Qara Khitai. As a result, Khwarazm managed to provide some manner of compensation to the Qara Khitai for their losses incurred fighting against the Ghurids, using Ghurid funds. Tekish died in 1200 and his son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II of Khwarazm">Muhammad II of Khwarazm</a> started his reign as a tributary of the Qara Khitai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200565-66_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200565-66-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ghurids took advantage of Tekish's death to conquer certain parts of Khorasan, including Merv and Sarakhs, where they installed Hindu Khan, Muhammad II's nephew, as their subject. In September 1201, Muhammad II marched on Merv. Hindu Khan tried to escape to the Qara Khitai, but he was killed before reaching them. Muhammad II's conflict with the Ghurids in Khorasan continued for several years. In 1204, Muhammad of Ghor attacked Khwarazm directly. Muhammad II hurried back to Khwarazm and opened the dikes and burned the meadows in an effort to slow the Ghurid advance. The Khwarazmian forces suffered a heavy defeat against the Ghurids near a canal east of <a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Gurganj</a> and Muhammad II fled to the Qara Khitai. The Qara Khitai sent to his aid a force of 10,000 or 40,000 led by Tayangu and the Karakhanid rulers <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Ibrahim" title="Uthman ibn Ibrahim">Uthman ibn Ibrahim</a> and his cousin Taj al-Din Bilge Khan, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a>. The Ghurids retreated south upon receiving news of Qara Khitai reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200568_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200568-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sequence of events after the Ghurid retreat is unclear. One version of events has the Ghurids being pursued by Khwarazmian forces until they fell into Qara Khitai hands. Another version states that the Ghurids first won a victory against the Qara Khitai before being overtaken from exhaustion. According to another version, the Ghurids split their forces while fleeing from the Khwarazmian army and the Qara Khitai caught them in the desert. The Qara Khitai then attacked the Ghurids with 20,000 horsemen while a strong wind blowing towards the Ghurids resulted in a Qara Khitai victory. All versions of events, however, agree that the Qara Khitai chased the Ghurids to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andkhud" title="Battle of Andkhud">Andkhud</a>, a village between Merv and Balkh, where Muhammad of Ghor took refuge in a castle. As the Qara Khitai were about to capture him, Uthman intervened and negotiated the Ghurids' surrender. This act has been attributed to solidarity between Muslim leaders. According to one account, Uthman advised the Ghurids to move their forces in and out of the castle by night to create the appearance of reinforcements arriving, thereby boosting their negotiating position. Tayangu and the Qara Khitai agreed to let Muhammad of Ghor go in return for a ransom payment. According to one account, the payment was everything Muhammad of Ghor had in his possession, while another account states that the payment was much more modest, consisting of one elephant and an additional payment. The Ghurids kept Balkh and the Amu Darya was agreed upon as the border between the two realms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200568-69_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200568-69-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad of Ghor later returned to avenge himself against the Qara Khitai. In the summer of 1205, the Ghurid viceroy in Balkh seized <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Tirmidh</a> and destroyed a Qara Khitai army stationed there. Plans were underway for a bridge to be built across the Amu Darya to facilitate a Ghurid invasion of Transoxiana. However before any of this came to fruition, Muhammad of Ghor was killed on 13 March, 1206 and the Ghurid invasion came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200570_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200570-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_Khwarazm">Rise of Khwarazm</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rise of Khwarazm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muhammad II of Khwarazm convinced the governor of Tirmidh to surrender and returned it to Qara Khitai control. In return, the Qara Khitai recognized the Khwarazm Shah's suzerainty over all of Khorasan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200570-71_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200570-71-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad II saw the Qara Khitai's recognition of his claims as a sign of weakness and started interfering in Transoxiana in 1207 when Sanjar, son of a shield maker, revolted against local leadership in Bukhara. Representatives of the Burhan family, who were responsible for tax collection, went to the Qara Khitai court for help. While the Qara Khitai reaffirmed the Burhan family's position, they offered no concrete assistance. In the absence of Qara Khitai backing, the notables of Bukhara and Samarkand sought out Muhammad II for help. Before challenging the Qara Khitai, Muhammad II made preparations by compromising with the Ghurids on certain domains and enlisting the aid of the Karakhanid ruler <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Ibrahim" title="Uthman ibn Ibrahim">Uthman ibn Ibrahim</a>, who had been insulted by the Qara Khitai's refusal to grant him a royal princess in marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200572_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200572-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1207, Muhammad II entered Bukhara and exiled Sanjar to Khwarazm. The Qara Khitai sent an army against him and warfare continued for some time before Tort-Aba, the new Khwarazmian commissioner in Samarkand, and the <i>isfahbad</i> of Kabud-Jama (in <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a>) defected to the Qara Khitai. Both sides retreated but the Qara Khitai took many captives. There are accounts that Muhammad II was actually taken captive at one point but was not recognized and released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200572-73_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200572-73-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Muhammad II's absence, his brother Ali Shah (viceroy in Tabaristan) and Kozli (commander in <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>) had tried to set themselves up as rulers of Khorasan. When Muhammad II returned, Kozli fled and both he and his son were killed soon after, and Ali Shah fled to <a href="/wiki/Firuzkuh" title="Firuzkuh">Firuzkuh</a>. Muhammad II restored his position in Khorasan by conquering Herat and Firuzkuh. In 1208-9, Ali Shah was executed. Khwarazm returned to paying tribute to the Qara Khitai in 1209-10 when Muhammad II was planning a campaign against the Kipchaks. Not wanting to sever relations with the Qara Khitai at that moment, Muhammad II left the matter of tribute to his mother, who welcomed the Qara Khitai emissaries with great respect. However Mahmud Tai, the Qara Khitai's chief vizier, was unconvinced and reported that Muhammad II was unlikely to pay tribute again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200573-74_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200573-74-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late in the period it expanded far to the south as the <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezmian Empire">Khwarezmian Empire</a> until it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in 1220, two years after the Qara Kitai. In the south the Kara-Khanid vassals were lightly held and engaged in various conflicts with each other, the Qara Kitai, Khwarezm and the Gurids.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rebellions_in_the_east">Rebellions in the east</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rebellions in the east"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1204, the Qara Khitai put down a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>. In 1209, <a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a> rebelled against the Qara Khitai. The Qara Khitai commissioner was chased into a high building where he was put to death. The Uyghur ruler, <a href="/wiki/Barchuq_Art_Tegin" title="Barchuq Art Tegin">Barchuq Art Tegin</a>, reported the incident to the Qara Khitai, but at this point individuals at Qocho had already started defecting to the Mongols. When <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s messengers arrived at Qocho, the Uyghur ruler offered his allegiance to the Mongol khan. Genghis gave Barchuq his daughter in return for his attendance at court as well as a sizable tribute. In late 1209 or early 1210, when <a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a> refugees arrived in Qocho, Barchuq attacked them and drove them off. He made haste to report his loyal behaviour to Genghis, accompanying it with tribute. In 1211, the Uyghur Idiqut had an audience with Genghis on the <a href="/wiki/Kerulen_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerulen River">Kerulen River</a>. In the same year, another vassal of the Qara Khitai, the Karluk Arslan Khan surrendered to Genghis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200574-75_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200574-75-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuchlug's_usurpation_and_end_of_the_Khanate"><span id="Kuchlug.27s_usurpation_and_end_of_the_Khanate"></span>Kuchlug's usurpation and end of the Khanate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kuchlug's usurpation and end of the Khanate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kuchlug" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai</a></div> <p>In 1208, a Naiman prince, <a href="/wiki/Kuchlug" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a>, fled his homeland after being defeated by Mongols. Kuchlug was welcomed by the Qara Khitai, and was allowed to marry Zhilugu's daughter. However, in 1211, Kuchlug revolted, and later captured Yelü Zhilugu while the latter was hunting. Zhilugu was allowed to remain as the nominal ruler but died two years later, and many historians regarded his death as the end of the Qara-Khitai empire. In 1216, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> dispatched his general <a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a> to pursue Kuchlug; Kuchlug fled, but in 1218, he was finally captured and decapitated. The Mongols fully conquered the former territories of the Qara-Khitai in 1220. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khitan_hairstyles_per_Chinese_sources.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Khitan_hairstyles_per_Chinese_sources.jpg/220px-Khitan_hairstyles_per_Chinese_sources.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Khitan_hairstyles_per_Chinese_sources.jpg/330px-Khitan_hairstyles_per_Chinese_sources.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Khitan_hairstyles_per_Chinese_sources.jpg/440px-Khitan_hairstyles_per_Chinese_sources.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2379" data-file-height="3873" /></a><figcaption>Khitan hairstyles per Chinese sources</figcaption></figure> <p>The Qara Khitais became absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>; a segment of the Qara-Khitan troops had previously already joined the Mongol army fighting against Kuchlug. Another segment of the Qara-Khitans, in a dynasty founded by <a href="/wiki/Buraq_Hajib" title="Buraq Hajib">Buraq Hajib</a>, survived in <a href="/wiki/Kerman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman Province">Kirman</a> as a vassal of the Mongols, but ceased to exist as an entity during the reign of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ljait%C3%BC" title="Öljaitü">Öljaitü</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200587_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200587-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qara-Khitans were dispersed widely all over Eurasia as part of the Mongol army. In the 14th century, they began to lose their ethnic identity, traces of their presence however may be found as clan names or toponyms from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>. Today a Khitay tribe still lives in northern Kyrgyzstan.<sup id="cite_ref-khitay_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khitay-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Khitans ruled from their capital at <a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a> (in today's <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>), directly controlling the central region of the empire. The rest of their empire consisted of highly autonomous vassalized states, primarily <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezm</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kankalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankalis">Kankalis</a>, and the Western, Eastern, and Fergana <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanids</a>. The late-arriving <a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a> also became vassals, before usurping the empire under <a href="/wiki/Kuchlug" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200546_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200546-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khitan rulers inherited many administrative elements from the Liao dynasty, including the use of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> administration and imperial trappings. The empire also adopted the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Gurkhan" title="Gurkhan">Gurkhan</a></i> (universal Khan). The Khitans used the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>, maintained Chinese imperial and administrative titles, gave its emperors reign names, used Chinese-styled coins, and sent imperial seals to its vassals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200593–131_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200593–131-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most of its administrative titles were derived from Chinese, the empire also adopted local administrative titles, such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tayangyu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tayangyu (page does not exist)">tayangyu</a></i> (Turkic) and <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>. </p><p>The Khitans maintained their old customs, even in Central Asia. They remained nomads, adhered to their traditional dress, and maintained the religious practices followed by the Liao dynasty Khitans. The ruling elite tried to maintain the traditional marriages between the Yelü king clan and the Xiao queen clan, and were highly reluctant to allow their princesses to marry outsiders. The Qara-Khitai Khitans followed a mix of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and traditional Khitan religion, which included <a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">fire worship</a> and tribal customs, such as the tradition of sacrificing a gray ox with a white horse. In an innovation unique to the Qara Khitai, the Khitans paid each of their soldiers a salary. </p><p>The empire ruled over a diverse population that was quite different from its rulers. The majority of the population was sedentary, although the population suddenly became more nomadic during the end of the empire, due to the influx of <a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a>. The majority of their subjects were Muslims, although a significant minority practiced Buddhism and <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>. Although Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a> were the primary languages of administration, the empire also administered in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200594_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200594-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Association_with_China">Association with China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Association with China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CEM-19-Asiae-nova-description-1610-Jodocus-Hondius-2538.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/CEM-19-Asiae-nova-description-1610-Jodocus-Hondius-2538.jpg/220px-CEM-19-Asiae-nova-description-1610-Jodocus-Hondius-2538.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/CEM-19-Asiae-nova-description-1610-Jodocus-Hondius-2538.jpg/330px-CEM-19-Asiae-nova-description-1610-Jodocus-Hondius-2538.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/CEM-19-Asiae-nova-description-1610-Jodocus-Hondius-2538.jpg/440px-CEM-19-Asiae-nova-description-1610-Jodocus-Hondius-2538.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>European maps showed the land of "Kara-Kithay" somewhere in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> centuries after the collapse of the Qara Khitai. This 1610 map by <a href="/wiki/Jodocus_Hondius" title="Jodocus Hondius">Jodocus Hondius</a> places it north of <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Chinese historiography</a>, the Qara Khitai is most commonly called the "Western Liao" (西遼) and is considered to be an orthodox <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Chinese dynasty</a>, as is the case for the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksaboutThe_Empire_of_the_Qara_Khitai_in_EurasiahtmlidB934LaVBaz8CpgPA93_93]_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksaboutThe_Empire_of_the_Qara_Khitai_in_EurasiahtmlidB934LaVBaz8CpgPA93_93]-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of the Qara Khitai was included in the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i> (one of the <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories" title="Twenty-Four Histories">Twenty-Four Histories</a></i>), which was compiled officially during the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> by <a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> et al.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksaboutThe_Empire_of_the_Qara_Khitai_in_EurasiahtmlidB934LaVBaz8CpgPA93_93]_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksaboutThe_Empire_of_the_Qara_Khitai_in_EurasiahtmlidB934LaVBaz8CpgPA93_93]-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, various dynasties of non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> ethnic origins gained prestige by portraying themselves as the legitimate dynasty of China. Qara Khitai monarchs used the title of "<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Chinese emperor</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Millward2007_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millward2007-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biran_2001_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biran_2001-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were also called the "Khan of Chīn".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200534_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200534-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qara Khitai used the "image of China" to legitimize their rule to the Central Asians. The Chinese emperor, together with the rulers of the Turks, Arabs, India and the Byzantine Romans, were known to Islamic writers as the world's "five great kings".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200597_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200597-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qara Khitai kept the trappings of a Chinese state, such as Chinese coins, Chinese imperial titles, the Chinese writing system, tablets, seals, and used Chinese products like porcelain, mirrors, jade and other Chinese customs. The adherence to Liao Chinese traditions has been suggested as a reason why the Qara Khitai did not convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005102,_196–201_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005102,_196–201-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the Chinese trappings, there were comparatively few Han Chinese among the population of the Qara Khitai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200596–_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200596–-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Han Chinese had lived in Kedun during the Liao dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200527–_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200527–-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1124 migrated with the Khitans under <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a> along with other people of Kedun, such as the <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Bohai</a>, Jurchen, and Mongol tribes, as well as other Khitans in addition to the Xiao consort clan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005146_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005146-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qara Khitai's rule over the Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> has the effect of reinforcing the view among some Muslim writers that Central Asia was linked to China even though the Tang dynasty had lost control of the region a few hundred years before. <a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Zaman_al-Marwazi" title="Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi">Marwazī</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Transoxania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transoxania">Transoxania</a> was a former part of China,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200598–99_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200598–99-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Fakhr al-Dīn Mubārak Shāh defined China as part of "<a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>", and the cities of <a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balāsāghūn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashghar</a> were considered part of China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200599–101_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200599–101-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The association of Khitai with China meant that the most enduring trace of the Khitan's power is names that are derived from it, such as <a href="/wiki/Cathay" title="Cathay">Cathay</a>, which is the medieval Latin appellation for China. Names derived from Khitai are still current in modern usage, such as the Russian, Bulgarian, Uzbek and Mongolian names for China.<sup id="cite_ref-khitay_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khitay-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the use of the name Khitai to mean "China" or "Chinese" by <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> speakers within China, such as the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, is considered pejorative by the Chinese authorities, who tried to ban it.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seals">Seals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Seals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Seal (East Asia)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khitan_script_official_seal_of_the_Western_Liao_State_-_Russian_Studies_of_Chinese_Numismatics_and_Sigillography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Khitan_script_official_seal_of_the_Western_Liao_State_-_Russian_Studies_of_Chinese_Numismatics_and_Sigillography.png/170px-Khitan_script_official_seal_of_the_Western_Liao_State_-_Russian_Studies_of_Chinese_Numismatics_and_Sigillography.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Khitan_script_official_seal_of_the_Western_Liao_State_-_Russian_Studies_of_Chinese_Numismatics_and_Sigillography.png/255px-Khitan_script_official_seal_of_the_Western_Liao_State_-_Russian_Studies_of_Chinese_Numismatics_and_Sigillography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Khitan_script_official_seal_of_the_Western_Liao_State_-_Russian_Studies_of_Chinese_Numismatics_and_Sigillography.png/340px-Khitan_script_official_seal_of_the_Western_Liao_State_-_Russian_Studies_of_Chinese_Numismatics_and_Sigillography.png 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a> inscription on a <a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)#Government_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Chinese-style official seal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Autumn of the year 2019 a <a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Chinese type bronze seal</a> was discovered near a <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a> that was located near the <a href="/wiki/Ustyurt_Plateau" title="Ustyurt Plateau">Ustyurt Plateau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seal has a weight of 330 grams and has the dimensions of 50x52x13 millimeters with a handle that is 21 millimeters in height.<sup id="cite_ref-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription of the seal is written in <a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a> and contains 20 characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first seal that could be confidently attributed to the a Western Liao period as it is attributed to have been created during the 3rd month of the year Tianxi 20 (or the year 1197 in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>) during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Zhilugu" title="Yelü Zhilugu">Yelü Zhilugu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of this seal further indicated that the Qara Khitai Khanate adopted the Chinese administrative practice, as such seals were commonly used in the Imperial Chinese government apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020 it is unclear if the same regulations on seals existed in Qara Khitai as did in imperial China and if the sizes of Western Liao seals were standardised or not.<sup id="cite_ref-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sovereigns_of_Qara_Khitai">Sovereigns of Qara Khitai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sovereigns of Qara Khitai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Liao_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Liao dynasty">List of emperors of the Liao dynasty</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sovereigns of Qara Khitai (Western Liao) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple names</a> (廟號 miàohào) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous names</a> (諡號 shìhào) </th> <th>Birth Names </th> <th>Convention<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="there had been an in-text note here expressing uncertainty that this Convention column was correct (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th> <th>Period of Reign </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Era names</a> (年號 niánhào) and their according range of years </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dezong (德宗 Dézōng) </td> <td>Emperor Tianyou Wulie (天祐武烈皇帝 Tiānyòu Wǔliè Huángdì) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a> (耶律大石 Yēlǜ Dàshí or 耶律達實 Yēlǜ Dáshí)<sup><b>1</b></sup> </td> <td>use birth name </td> <td>1124–1144 </td> <td>Yanqing (延慶 Yánqìng) 1124 or 1125–1134<br />Kangguo (康國 Kāngguó) 1134–1144 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Not applicable</i> </td> <td>Empress Gantian (感天皇后 Gǎntiān Huánghòu) (<a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Tabuyan" title="Xiao Tabuyan">Xiao Tabuyan</a> (蕭塔不煙 Xiāo Tǎbùyān) </td> <td>"Western Liao" + posthumous name </td> <td>1144–1150 </td> <td>Xianqing (咸清 Xiánqīng) 1144–1150 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng) </td> <td><i>did not exist</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Yilie" title="Yelü Yilie">Yelü Yilie</a> (耶律夷列 Yēlǜ Yíliè) </td> <td>"Western Liao" + temple name </td> <td>1150–1164 </td> <td>Shaoxing (紹興 Shàoxīng) or Xuxing (Xùxīng 續興)<sup><b>2</b></sup> 1150–1164 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Not applicable</i> </td> <td>Empress Dowager Chengtian (承天太后 Chéngtiān Tàihòu) (regent) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Pusuwan" title="Yelü Pusuwan">Yelü Pusuwan</a> (耶律普速完 Yēlǜ Pǔsùwán) </td> <td>"Western Liao" + posthumous name </td> <td>1164–1178 </td> <td>Chongfu (崇福 Chóngfú) 1164–1178 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>did not exist</i> </td> <td>Mozhu (末主 Mòzhǔ "Last Lord") or Modi (末帝 Mòdì "Last Emperor") </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Zhilugu" title="Yelü Zhilugu">Yelü Zhilugu</a> (耶律直魯古 Yēlǜ Zhílǔgǔ) </td> <td>use birth name </td> <td>1178–1211 </td> <td>Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxī or Tiānxǐ 天喜)<sup><b>3</b></sup> 1178–1218 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>did not exist</i> </td> <td><i>did not exist</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuchlug" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a> (屈出律 Qūchūlǜ) </td> <td>use birth name </td> <td>1211–1218 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="font-size: smaller;"><b><sup>1</sup></b> "Dashi" might be the Chinese title "Taishi", meaning "vizier"; or, it could mean "Stone" in Turkish, as the Chinese transliteration suggests.<br /> <p><b><sup>2</sup></b> Recently discovered Western Liao coins have the era name "Xuxing", suggesting that the era name "Shaoxing" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <b><sup>3</sup></b> A recently discovered Western Liao coin with the era name "Tianxi" (天喜) suggests that the era name "Tianxi" (天禧) recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_China" title="Category:History of China">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage mw-no-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China"><img alt="History of China in Chinese characters and seal script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/200px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/300px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/400px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #f0faff; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></b></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #eeffe8; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> BCE)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 256 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1046–771 BCE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(771–256 BCE)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 476 BCE</span>)</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a> <span class="nowrap">(475–221 BCE)</span></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(221–207 BCE)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206 BCE – 220 CE)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206–202 BCE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(202 BCE – 9 CE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(9–23 CE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(25–220 CE)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(220–280 CE)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Wu</a></b></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–420)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Western_Jin_(266–316)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–316)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(317–420)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and<br />Southern dynasties</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(420–589)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(581–618)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(618–907)</span> <ul><li><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhou" title="Wu Zhou">Wu Zhou</a> <span class="nowrap">(690–705)</span></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and<br />Ten Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(907–979)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1279)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1127)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1127–1279)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(916–1125)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1038–1227)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1115–1234)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1271–1368)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1368–1644)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1644–1912)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Modern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern China">Modern</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fff0f6; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(mainland, 1912–1949)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fff0f6; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic<br />of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(Taiwan,<br />1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art#History_and_development" title="Chinese art">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">Education history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_China" title="Legal history of China">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in China">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_history_of_China" title="Media history of China">Media history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China#History" title="Music of China">Music history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_music" title="Timeline of Chinese music">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in China">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Science and technology history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_China" title="Cartography of China">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries" title="List of Chinese discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">Inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">Transport history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">Women's history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_China" title="Template:History of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_China" title="Template talk:History of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:History of Xinjiang">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History of <span class="fn org label">Xinjiang</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/100px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/150px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/200px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1774" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Han Protectorate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Officials</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval and early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang Protectorates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">West</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Ming ruled Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yettishar" title="Yettishar">Yettishar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, Republic of China</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">1st East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">2nd East Turkestan Republic</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Production and Construction Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template talk:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Kazakhstan" title="Category:History of Kazakhstan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">History of <span class="fn org label">Kazakhstan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Kazakhstan"><img alt="Emblem of Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/50px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/75px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan#Khanate" title="History of Kazakhstan">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan#Khanate" title="History of Kazakhstan">Khanates</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–555</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Turkic (Göktürks)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 552–745</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 665–744</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kimek_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek Khanate">Kimek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 743–1220</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 750–1055</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 840–1212</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qara Khitai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1124–1218</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1206–1368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1240s–1446</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1428-1465</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1465–1847</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Kazakhstan in the Russian Empire">Post-nomadic period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Governor-Generalship_of_the_Steppes" title="Governor-Generalship of the Steppes">Governor-Generalship of the Steppes</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1882–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Alash Autonomy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1920%E2%80%9325)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)">Kirghiz ASSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1920–1925</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Kazakh ASSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1925–1936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1936–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kazakhstan">Republic of Kazakhstan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_healthcare_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of healthcare in Kazakhstan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Kazakhstan">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Kazakhstan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Eastern Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Kazakhstan">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Judaism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kazak_military_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of Kazak military history">Outline of Kazak military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_Central_Asia#Kazakhstan" title="Bibliography of the history of Central Asia">Bibliography of Kazak history</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template:History of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template talk:History of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Kazakhstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Category:History of Kyrgyzstan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">History of <span class="fn org label">Kyrgyzstan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Emblem of Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg/50px-Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg/75px-Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg/100px-Kyrgyzstan_flag_tunduk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Timeline</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Early_history" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 542–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 329–312 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 312–189 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 250–152 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 204–53 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han China</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 101 BC–185 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 30–375</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 301–376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–555</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 383–386</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 386–403</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 440–560</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Islamic_Empires_(710–1218)" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Medieval history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 539–1207</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Göktürk Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 557–603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 559–628</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 603–657</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 657–751</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 706–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 750–875</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 791–840</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 794–842</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 840–1089</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1089–1141</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qara Khitai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1141–1212</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1212–1221</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#The_Mongols_and_their_successors_(1218–1740)" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1218–1266</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1266–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1347–1514</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–1446</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1370–1505</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1437–1471</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1465–1757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1501–1709</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1514–1705</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1680–1758</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Khanate of Kokand</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1709–1876</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1757–1841</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1841–1876</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Russian_Empire:_1876–1917" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Russian Vassalage</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1876–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Urkun" class="mw-redirect" title="Urkun">Urkun</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1916–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomy" title="Turkestan Autonomy">Turkestan Autonomy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#The_Soviet_Era:_1917–1991" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Soviet rule</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkestan ASSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1924</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kara-Kirghiz_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast">Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1924–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1926%E2%80%931936)" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)">Kyrgyz ASSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1926–1936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kyrgyz SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1936–1991</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Independent_Kyrgyzstan:_1991–present" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Independent Kyrgyzstan</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">1st Kyrgyz Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2005</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2010 Kyrgyz Revolution">2nd Kyrgyz Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2020 Kyrgyz Revolution">3rd Kyrgyz Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template:History of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template talk:History of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_central_steppe" title="History of the central steppe">History of the central steppe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200594-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200594_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200594_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200594_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200594_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1991165_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1991">Grousset 1991</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPozziJanhunenWeiers2006114-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPozziJanhunenWeiers2006114_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPozziJanhunenWeiers2006">Pozzi, Janhunen & Weiers 2006</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Taagepera, Rein</a> (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Quarterly" title="International Studies Quarterly">International Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3): 497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053">10.1111/0020-8833.00053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR 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(December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a>. <i>Journal of World-Systems Research</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 222. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwsr.pitt.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjwsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F369%2F381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1927" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Harold (1927). <i>Genghis Khan: Emperor of All Men</i>. International Collectors Library. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan%3A+Emperor+of+All+Men&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=International+Collectors+Library&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganStewart201757-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganStewart201757_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganStewart2017">Morgan & Stewart 2017</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreatLiao-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GreatLiao_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreatLiao_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=51HjAAAAMAAJ&q=西辽国号大辽"><bdi lang="zh">中国历史大辞典：辽夏金元史</bdi></a> (in Chinese (China)). 1986. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%9A%E8%BE%BD%E5%A4%8F%E9%87%91%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2&rft.pages=131&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D51HjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%E8%A5%BF%E8%BE%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B7%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%BD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinicized1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinicized1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinicized1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicker2000" class="citation book cs1">Sicker, Martin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlWsMcwZ9vEC&q=qara+khitai+sinicized&pg=PA57"><i>The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275968922" title="Special:BookSources/9780275968922"><bdi>9780275968922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World+in+Ascendancy%3A+From+the+Arab+Conquests+to+the+Siege+of+Vienna&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780275968922&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxlWsMcwZ9vEC%26q%3Dqara%2Bkhitai%2Bsinicized%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinicized2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinicized2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&q=qara+khitai+sinicized&pg=PA166"><i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813513041" title="Special:BookSources/9780813513041"><bdi>9780813513041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780813513041&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHzGvqRbV_IC%26q%3Dqara%2Bkhitai%2Bsinicized%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinicized3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinicized3_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomaroff2006" class="citation book cs1">Komaroff, Linda (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mUgyAQAAQBAJ&q=qara+khitai+sinicized&pg=PA77"><i>Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan</i></a>. Brill. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047418573" title="Special:BookSources/9789047418573"><bdi>9789047418573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Legacy+of+Genghis+Khan&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789047418573&rft.aulast=Komaroff&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmUgyAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dqara%2Bkhitai%2Bsinicized%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran20052-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran20052_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran2020" class="citation journal cs1">Biran, Michal (30 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/Biran%202020%20Qara%20Khitai%20Oxford%20Research%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Asian%20History.pdf">"The Qara Khitai"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.013.59">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027772-7"><bdi>978-0-19-027772-7</bdi></a>. <q>The Qara Khitai or Western Liao 西遼 dynasty (1124–1218) is the only dynasty that did not rule any part of China proper but is still considered a Chinese dynasty by both Chinese and Muslim historiography.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Asian+History&rft.atitle=The+Qara+Khitai&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.013.59&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027772-7&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmongol.huji.ac.il%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FBiran%25202020%2520Qara%2520Khitai%2520Oxford%2520Research%2520Encyclopedia%2520of%2520Asian%2520History.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksaboutThe_Empire_of_the_Qara_Khitai_in_EurasiahtmlidB934LaVBaz8CpgPA93_93]"Though_firmly_located_in_Central_Asia,_the_Qara_Khitai_or_Western_Liao_is_considered_by_the_''Liao_Shi''_to_be_a_legitimate_Chinese_dynasty,_whose_basic_annals_follow_that_of_the_proper_Liao"-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksaboutThe_Empire_of_the_Qara_Khitai_in_EurasiahtmlidB934LaVBaz8CpgPA93_93]"Though_firmly_located_in_Central_Asia,_the_Qara_Khitai_or_Western_Liao_is_considered_by_the_''Liao_Shi''_to_be_a_legitimate_Chinese_dynasty,_whose_basic_annals_follow_that_of_the_proper_Liao"_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Empire_of_the_Qara_Khitai_in_Eurasia.html?id=B934LaVBaz8C&pg=PA93">93</a>, "Though firmly located in Central Asia, the Qara Khitai or Western Liao is considered by the <i>Liao Shi</i> to be a legitimate Chinese dynasty, whose basic annals follow that of the proper Liao".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganStewart201756–57-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganStewart201756–57_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganStewart2017">Morgan & Stewart 2017</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChineseCulture-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChineseCulture_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchouenborg2016" class="citation book cs1">Schouenborg, Laust (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-CglDwAAQBAJ&q=qara+khitai+official+Great+Liao&pg=PA133"><i>International Institutions in World History: Divorcing International Relations Theory from the State and Stage Models</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315409887" title="Special:BookSources/9781315409887"><bdi>9781315409887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Institutions+in+World+History%3A+Divorcing+International+Relations+Theory+from+the+State+and+Stage+Models&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315409887&rft.aulast=Schouenborg&rft.aufirst=Laust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-CglDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dqara%2Bkhitai%2Bofficial%2BGreat%2BLiao%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005216–217-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005216–217_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Yuan Julian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23276848">"Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China"</a>. <i>Journal of Song-Yuan Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (44): 325–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsys.2014.0000">10.1353/sys.2014.0000</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147099574">147099574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Song-Yuan+Studies&rft.atitle=Legitimation+Discourse+and+the+Theory+of+the+Five+Elements+in+Imperial+China&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=325-364&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsys.2014.0000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147099574%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yuan+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23276848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khitay-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khitay_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khitay_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khitay_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinor1998" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sinor, D. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028140938/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20kitan%20and%20the%20kara%20khitay.pdf">"Chapter 11 – The Kitan and the Kara Kitay"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.), <i>History of Civilisations of Central Asia</i>, vol. 4 part I, UNESCO Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103467-1</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20kitan%20and%20the%20kara%20khitay.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 October 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11+%E2%80%93+The+Kitan+and+the+Kara+Kitay&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilisations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103467-1&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fsites%2Fsilkroad%2Ffiles%2Fknowledge-bank-article%2Fvol_IVa%2520silk%2520road_the%2520kitan%2520and%2520the%2520kara%2520khitay.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005215–217-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005215–217_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, pp. 215–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994149–151-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994149–151_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett1994">Twitchett 1994</a>, pp. 149–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994151-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994151_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994151_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett1994">Twitchett 1994</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200532-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200532_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200537-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200537_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200539-41-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200539-41_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 39-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200541–43-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200541–43_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, pp. 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1999238-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1999238_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsimov1999">Asimov 1999</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200161-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200161_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2001">Biran 2001</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowell1953442-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowell1953442_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNowell1953">Nowell 1953</a>, p. 442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200162-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200162_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2001">Biran 2001</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200543–44-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200543–44_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200543-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200543_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970160-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970160_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200544-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200544_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200544_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200544_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200546-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200546_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200546_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994153-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett1994153_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett1994">Twitchett 1994</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200540-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200540_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorganStewart201756-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorganStewart201756_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorganStewart2017">Morgan & Stewart 2017</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Restore-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Restore_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Restore_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran2001b" class="citation book cs1">Biran, Michael (2001b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndPZAQAAQBAJ&q=Yelü+Dashi+return+northern+China&pg=PT19"><i>Chinggis Khan: Selected Readings</i></a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780742045" title="Special:BookSources/9781780742045"><bdi>9781780742045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinggis+Khan%3A+Selected+Readings&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781780742045&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DndPZAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DYel%C3%BC%2BDashi%2Breturn%2Bnorthern%2BChina%26pg%3DPT19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John K. Fairbank, in <i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States</i> (Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1994), p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichal_Biran2005" class="citation book cs1">Michal Biran (2005). <i>The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521842263" title="Special:BookSources/0521842263"><bdi>0521842263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Qara+Khitai+in+Eurasian+History%3A+Between+China+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0521842263&rft.au=Michal+Biran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200548-49-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200548-49_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 48-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200549-50-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200549-50_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 49-50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200550-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200550_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200551-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200551_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200552-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200552_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200553-54-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200553-54_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 53-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200554-55-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200554-55_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 54-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200555-56-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200555-56_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 55-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200557-58-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200557-58_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200557-58_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 57-58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200557-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200557_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200560-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200560_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200560-61-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200560-61_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 60-61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200561-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200561_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200562-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200562_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200562_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200562-63-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200562-63_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 62-63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200564-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200564_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200564-65-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200564-65_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 64-65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200565-66-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200565-66_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 65-66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200568-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200568_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200568-69-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200568-69_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 68-69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200570-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200570_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200570-71-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200570-71_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 70-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200572-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200572_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200572-73-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200572-73_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 72-73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200573-74-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200573-74_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 73-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biran, pp. 48–80 for the complex details</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200574-75-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200574-75_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 74-75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200587-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200587_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200593–131-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200593–131_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, pp. 93–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksaboutThe_Empire_of_the_Qara_Khitai_in_EurasiahtmlidB934LaVBaz8CpgPA93_93]-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksaboutThe_Empire_of_the_Qara_Khitai_in_EurasiahtmlidB934LaVBaz8CpgPA93_93]_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksaboutThe_Empire_of_the_Qara_Khitai_in_EurasiahtmlidB934LaVBaz8CpgPA93_93]_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Empire_of_the_Qara_Khitai_in_Eurasia.html?id=B934LaVBaz8C&pg=PA93">93</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millward2007-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millward2007_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2007" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA42"><i>Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 42–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3"><bdi>978-0-231-13924-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pages=42-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13924-3&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FVsWq31MtMC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biran_2001-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biran_2001_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran2001" class="citation journal cs1">Biran, Michal (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210011401/http://www.eacenter.huji.ac.il/uploaded/fck/21.%20like%20a%20mighty%20wall(1).pdf">"Like a Might Wall: The armies of the Qara Khitai"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam</i>. <b>25</b>: 46. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eacenter.huji.ac.il/uploaded/fck/21.%20like%20a%20mighty%20wall%281%29.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Studies+in+Arabic+and+Islam&rft.atitle=Like+a+Might+Wall%3A+The+armies+of+the+Qara+Khitai&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eacenter.huji.ac.il%2Fuploaded%2Ffck%2F21.%2520like%2520a%2520mighty%2520wall%25281%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200534-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200534_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200597-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200597_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005102,_196–201-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005102,_196–201_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, pp. 102, 196–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200596–-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200596–_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, pp. 96–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200527–-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200527–_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, pp. 27–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005146-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005146_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200598–99-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200598–99_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200599–101-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200599–101_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, pp. 99–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_A._MillwardPeter_C._Perdue2004" class="citation book cs1">James A. Millward; Peter C. Perdue (2004). S.F.Starr (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>Xinjiang: China's Muslim Boarderland</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317451372" title="Special:BookSources/9781317451372"><bdi>9781317451372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Boarderland&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781317451372&rft.au=James+A.+Millward&rft.au=Peter+C.+Perdue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXuvqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Western-Liao-Dynasty-seal-2019-discovery_83-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_A._BelyaevA.A._MospanovS.V._Sidorovich2020" class="citation journal cs1">Vladimir A. Belyaev; A.A. Mospanov; S.V. Sidorovich (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42322090">"Recently discovered Khitan script official seal of the Western Liao State (Russian Studies of Chinese Numismatics and Sigillography)"</a>. <i>Numismatique Asiatique</i>. <b>33</b>. <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numismatique+Asiatique&rft.atitle=Recently+discovered+Khitan+script+official+seal+of+the+Western+Liao+State+%28Russian+Studies+of+Chinese+Numismatics+and+Sigillography%29.&rft.volume=33&rft.date=2020-03&rft.au=Vladimir+A.+Belyaev&rft.au=A.A.+Mospanov&rft.au=S.V.+Sidorovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F42322090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelyaevNastichSidorovich2012" class="citation journal cs1">Belyaev, V.A.; Nastich, V.N.; Sidorovich, S.V. (2012). "The coinage of Qara Khitay: a new evidence (on the reign title of the Western Liao Emperor Yelü Yilie)". <i>Proceedings of the 3rd Simone Assemani Symposium, September 23–24, 2011, Rome</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+3rd+Simone+Assemani+Symposium%2C+September+23%E2%80%9324%2C+2011%2C+Rome&rft.atitle=The+coinage+of+Qara+Khitay%3A+a+new+evidence+%28on+the+reign+title+of+the+Western+Liao+Emperor+Yel%C3%BC+Yilie%29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Belyaev&rft.aufirst=V.A.&rft.au=Nastich%2C+V.N.&rft.au=Sidorovich%2C+S.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelyaev_(别利亚耶夫)Sidorovich_(西多罗维奇)2022" class="citation journal cs1">Belyaev (别利亚耶夫), V.A.; Sidorovich (西多罗维奇), S.V. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeno.ru/data3/tianxiyuanbao.pdf">"天喜元宝"辨—记新发现的西辽钱币"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>中国钱币</i>: 36–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%92%B1%E5%B8%81&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E5%96%9C%E5%85%83%E5%AE%9D%22%E8%BE%A8%E2%80%94%E8%AE%B0%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E8%A5%BF%E8%BE%BD%E9%92%B1%E5%B8%81&rft.pages=36-38&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Belyaev+%28%E5%88%AB%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%29&rft.aufirst=V.A.&rft.au=Sidorovich+%28%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%9A%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%29%2C+S.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeno.ru%2Fdata3%2Ftianxiyuanbao.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qara_Khitai&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1999" class="citation book cs1">Asimov, M. S. (1999). <i>The Historical, Social and Economic setting</i>. Motilal Banarsidass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical%2C+Social+and+Economic+setting&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michal_Biran" title="Michal Biran">Biran, Michal</a> (2005). <i>The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World</i>. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521842266" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521842266"><bdi>978-0521842266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Qara+Khitai+in+Eurasian+History%3A+Between+China+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Islamic+Civilization&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0521842266&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1991" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1991). <i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganStewart2017" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, David; Stewart, Sarah, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gbqKDwAAQBAJ&q=qara+khitai+dynastic+name"><i>The Coming of the Mongols</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786733832" title="Special:BookSources/9781786733832"><bdi>9781786733832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Mongols&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781786733832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbqKDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dqara%2Bkhitai%2Bdynastic%2Bname&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowell1953" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Nowell, Charles E. (1953). "The Historical Prester John". <i>Speculum</i>. 28, No. 3 (Jul).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Prester+John&rft.volume=28%2C+No.+3+%28Jul%29&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Nowell&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPozziJanhunenWeiers2006" class="citation book cs1">Pozzi, Alessandra; Janhunen, Juha Antero; Weiers, Michael, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C"><i>Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05378-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05378-5"><bdi>978-3-447-05378-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tumen+Jalafun+Jecen+Aku%3A+Manchu+Studies+in+Honour+of+Giovanni+Stary&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05378-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbmP_1KIQ_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchett1994" class="citation cs2">Twitchett, Denis (1994), "The Liao", <i>The Cambridge History of China</i>, Volume 6,<i> Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521243319" title="Special:BookSources/0521243319"><bdi>0521243319</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Liao&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+6%2C+Alien+Regime+and+Border+States%2C+907%E2%80%931368&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=43-153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0521243319&rft.aulast=Twitchett&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQara+Khitai" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emperors_of_the_Liao_dynasty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liao_emperors" title="Template talk:Liao emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liao emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emperors_of_the_Liao_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaoji" title="Abaoji">Taizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Taizong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Shizong of Liao">Shizong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Muzong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Muzong of Liao">Muzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Jingzong of Liao">Jingzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shengzong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Shengzong of Liao">Shengzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xingzong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Xingzong of Liao">Xingzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daozong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Daozong of Liao">Daozong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tianzuo_of_Liao" title="Emperor Tianzuo of Liao">Tianzuo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="font-size:36px;">遼</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Liao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Dezong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Tabuyan" title="Xiao Tabuyan">Empress Gantian</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Yilie" title="Yelü Yilie">Renzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Pusuwan" title="Yelü Pusuwan">Empress Dowager Chengtian</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Zhilugu" title="Yelü Zhilugu">Mozhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchlug" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liao_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Liao dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liao_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Liao dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liao_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liao dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liao_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War" title="Goryeo–Khitan War">Goryeo–Khitan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_conflict_in_the_Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War" title="First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War">First conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_conflict_in_the_Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War" title="Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War">Second conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_conflict_in_the_Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War" title="Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War">Third conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanyuan_Treaty" title="Chanyuan Treaty">Chanyuan Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Liao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan" title="Battle of Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelü clan">Yelü clan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Liao_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Liao dynasty">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_for_Yel%C3%BC_Yanning" title="Memorial for Yelü Yanning">Memorial for Yelü Yanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Liao_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linhuangfu" title="Linhuangfu">Shangjing Linhuangfu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty_coinage" title="Liao dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongolic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongolic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_heartland" title="Mongol heartland">Mongol heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_Grave_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab Grave culture">Slab Grave culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_Mongol_clans" title="List of modern Mongol clans">Modern clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongolian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_symbol" title="Soyombo symbol">Soyombo symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_clan" title="Yujiulü clan">Yujiulü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Qifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didouyu" title="Didouyu">Didouyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC" title="Yelü">Yelü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonos_tribe" title="Chonos tribe">Chonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlos_Mongols" title="Gorlos Mongols">Gorlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalairs" title="Jalairs">Jalair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katagans" title="Katagans">Katagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olkhonud" title="Olkhonud">Olkhonud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongud" title="Ongud">Ongud</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara%27unas" title="Qara'unas">Qara'unas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunud">Sunud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taichiud" title="Taichiud">Taichiud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkhad" title="Darkhad">Darkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariganga_Mongols" title="Dariganga Mongols">Dariganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotogoid" title="Khotogoid">Khotogoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartuul" title="Sartuul">Sartuul</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Southern_Mongols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Southern Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">Asud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Dorbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Dorbet">Eastern Dorbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols" title="Kharchin Mongols">Kharchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols" title="Khorchin Mongols">Khorchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaruud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaruud">Jaruud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urad_Mongols" title="Urad Mongols">Urad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Czemchin_Mongols" title="Üzemchin Mongols">Üzemchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Uriankhai" title="Altai Uriankhai">Altai Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baatud" title="Baatud">Baatud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantuu" title="Chantuu">Chantuu</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choros_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Choros people">Choros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rbet_Oirat" title="Dörbet Oirat">Dörbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khoton</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyk</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Buzava" title="Buzava">Buzava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myangad" title="Myangad">Myangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olot_people" title="Olot people">Olot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sart_Kalmyks" title="Sart Kalmyks">Sart Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhchin" title="Zakhchin">Zakhchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyot</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaq</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazara</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_people" title="Moghol people">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatso" title="Khatso">Khatso</a> (<i>Yunnan Mongol</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Mongols" title="Sichuan Mongols">Sichuan Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogwo_Arig" title="Sogwo Arig">Sogwo Arig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvan</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Donghu_and_Xianbei" title="Template:Donghu and Xianbei">Donghu and Xianbei</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:Turco-Mongol" title="Template:Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a><br /> <sup>*</sup>Mongolized ethnic groups.<sup>**</sup>Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inner_Asia" title="Template talk:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> history series</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Mongolia_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate range of Inner Asia"><img alt="Approximate range of Inner Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/120px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/180px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/240px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Han dynasty in Inner Asia">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">against Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">against Western Turks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Eastern Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">against Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Tarim Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">against Northwest khanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Ming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">against Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">against Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">against Dzungar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Inner_Asia" title="The Cambridge History of Inner Asia">The Cambridge History of Inner Asia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tartary" title="Chinese Tartary">Chinese Tartary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" title="Template:Historical polities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Historical polities in Xinjiang (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical polities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical polities in Xinjiang</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Pre-Mongol Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a> (5th century BC–5th century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule Kingdom</a> (200 BC-709 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan Kingdom</a> (?–77 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> (60 BC–107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a> (?-460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a> (77 BC–630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> (460-640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> (?–789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Yanqi</a> (?–9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a> (?–1006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> (640-790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> (840–1212)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a> (843–1209)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qara Khitai</a> (1124–1218)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mongol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> (1225–1370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (1347–1680s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a> (1389–1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a> (1487-1660?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a> (1514–1705)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> (1634–1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a> (1696–1930)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang under Qing rule</a> (1757-1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang (ROC)</a> (1912-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> (1949-)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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