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<span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tangut people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangutz" title="Tangutz – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tangutz" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanqutlar" title="Tanqutlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tanqutlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تانقوت‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تانقوت‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ng-h%C4%81ng" title="Tóng-hāng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tóng-hāng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Тангути – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тангути" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanguts" title="Tanguts – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tanguts" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanguti" title="Tanguti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tanguti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanguten" title="Tanguten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tanguten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanguudid" title="Tanguudid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tanguudid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84" title="Τανγκούτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τανγκούτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut" title="Tangut – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tangut" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangutoj" title="Tangutoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tangutoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut_herria" title="Tangut herria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tangut herria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="تانگوت‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تانگوت‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangoutes" title="Tangoutes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tangoutes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ng-hong" title="Tóng-hong – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tóng-hong" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%95%EA%B5%AC%ED%8A%B8" title="탕구트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탕구트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="तान्गूत लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तान्गूत लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tangut" title="Orang Tangut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Tangut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolo_Tangut" title="Popolo Tangut – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Popolo Tangut" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A3%D2%93%D2%B1%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Таңғұттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Таңғұттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Таңгуттар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Таңгуттар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangutai" title="Tangutai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tangutai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangutok" title="Tangutok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tangutok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Тангуд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тангуд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut" title="Tangut – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tangut" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="タングート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タングート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanguter" title="Tanguter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tanguter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangutlar" title="Tangutlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tangutlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="تانگوت لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تانگوت لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanguci" title="Tanguci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tanguci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangutes" title="Tangutes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tangutes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Тангуты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тангуты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA" title="خەڵکانی تانگوت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵکانی تانگوت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanguti" title="Tanguti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tanguti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangutit" title="Tangutit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tangutit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanguter" title="Tanguter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tanguter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தாங்குடுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாங்குடுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangutlar" title="Tangutlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tangutlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Тангути – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тангути" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_H%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Đảng Hạng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng Hạng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E9%A0%85" title="党項 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="党項" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li 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group of Western Xia</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tangut people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="txg"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1065318431">.mw-parser-output .Tangut{font-family:"Tangut Yinchuan","Tangut N4694","New Tangut","New Tangut Std","Tangut TWU","TH-Tshyn-P1","TH-Feon-B","Noto Serif Tangut"}</style><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗼎𗾧</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E7%94%B7%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E7%94%B7%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png/220px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E7%94%B7%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E7%94%B7%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png/330px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E7%94%B7%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E7%94%B7%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Tangut officials</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/LFW2008_2403.png/37px-LFW2008_2403.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/LFW2008_2403.png/56px-LFW2008_2403.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/LFW2008_2403.png/75px-LFW2008_2403.png 2x" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a> text.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Tangut" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut characters</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Tangut people</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗼎𗾧</span>, <i>mjɨ nja̱</i> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="Tangut text">𗼇𘓐</span>, <i>mji dzjwo</i>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">党項</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dǎngxiàng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">མི་ཉག་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>mi nyak</i>; <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">Тангуд</span>) were a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> people who founded and inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia dynasty</a>. The group initially lived under <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a> authority,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff201238_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff201238-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. After the collapse of Tang dynasty, the Tanguts established the Western Xia. They spoke the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut language</a>, which was previously believed to be one of the <a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Yi languages</a> which belong to the <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> family."<sup id="cite_ref-Driem2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driem2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phylogenetic and historical linguistic accounts, however, reveal that Tangut belonged instead to the <a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic branch</a> of Tibeto-Burman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartJacquesLaiRyder2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagartJacquesLaiRyder2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaiGongGatesJacques2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaiGongGatesJacques2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaudouin2023_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaudouin2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Xia was annihilated by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in 1227, most of its written records and architecture were destroyed. Today the Tangut language and its <a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">unique script</a> are extinct; only fragments of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tangut_books" title="List of Tangut books">Tangut literature</a> remain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangut_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E5%A5%B3%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E5%A5%B3%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png/220px-%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E5%A5%B3%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E5%A5%B3%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F.png 1.5x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Tangut women</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut language</a>, otherwise known as <i>Fan</i>, belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a> language family. Like many other Sino-Tibetan languages, it is a tonal language with predominantly mono-syllabic roots, but it shares certain grammatical traits central to the Tibeto-Burman branch. It used to be debated as to whether Tangut belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Yi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Qiangic</a> subdivision of Tibeto-Burman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin2020162-163_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2020162-163-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tanguts, called the Dangxiang (<span lang="zh">党項</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn"><b>Dǎngxiàng</b></span></i>) in Chinese, are typically regarded by Chinese scholars to be synonymous with or at least related to the <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> people. Historically, "Qiang" was a collective term for the multiple ethnic groups who lived on the western borderlands of China, including the modern <a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang people</a> (Rma). The name Tangut first appears in the <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a> of 735. In their own Tangut language, the Tanguts called themselves <i>Mi-niah</i> (Miñak). Until the 19th century, the term Minjak was still used to refer to the area inhabited by Qiang people in today's Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture. Speakers of the Qiangic <a href="/wiki/Muya_language" title="Muya language">Muya language</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Kangding" title="Kangding">Kangding</a> calls themselves Minyak. Geographic names such as <a href="/wiki/Min_River_(Sichuan)" title="Min River (Sichuan)">Min river</a> and <a href="/wiki/Min_County" title="Min County">Min county</a> (Gansu) are pointed to this root. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangut_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a>, who travelled to various parts of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in the 13th century, the Tanguts were valiant and had big swarthy men among them, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Uyghurs</a>, who were "of medium size, like us".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockhill1967152_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockhill1967152-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Tangut people I saw were tall but swarthy. The Iugurs are of medium build like our own people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1990159_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1990159-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangut_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tanguts" title="Timeline of the Tanguts">Timeline of the Tanguts</a></div> <p>The early Tanguts inhabited the steppes and mountains of southeast <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> and northwest <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>. Their home originally was in the highlands of western Sichuan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These regions correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> regions of the Tibetan plateau. At some point their leader <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a> Chici, who was likely of mixed <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a> heritage, submitted to Tang China rule and was bestowed the title of Captain General of Western-Rong and the surname "Li". In the early 8th century, increasing pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> had forced the Tanguts to migrate north from their homelands in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> to the eastern <a href="/wiki/Ordos_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos region">Ordos region</a>. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> (755–763), the Tanguts were the predominant local power in what is now eastern <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin20207_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin20207-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangut_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Xia_expansion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Western_Xia_expansion.png/400px-Western_Xia_expansion.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Western_Xia_expansion.png/600px-Western_Xia_expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Western_Xia_expansion.png/800px-Western_Xia_expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>In 881 the Tanguts, who were subjects of Tang China, assisted Tang in suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao" title="Huang Chao">Huang Chao</a> rebellion. As a reward the Tang central government granted the Tangut general <a href="/wiki/Li_Sigong" title="Li Sigong">Li Sigong</a> the three prefectures of <a href="/wiki/Xi%C3%A0_Prefecture" title="Xià Prefecture">Xia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">夏州</span>, Tangut: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="L0683 L0707">𘒂𗉔</span>), <a href="/wiki/Suizhou" title="Suizhou">Sui</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">綏州</span>, Tangut: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="L1751 L0707">𗉢𗉔</span>), and <a href="/wiki/Yinzhou_(historical_prefecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinzhou (historical prefecture)">Yin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">銀州</span>, Tangut: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="L5622 L0707">𘝰𗉔</span>) as hereditary titles under the <a href="/wiki/Dingnan_Jiedushi" title="Dingnan Jiedushi">Dingnan Jiedushi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009171_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009171-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the collapse of Tang China, multiple warlords started to form new states in the former territories of Tang China. The Tanguts expanded their realm southwest towards their old homelands. In 1002 they conquered <a href="/wiki/Lingwu" title="Lingwu">Ling Prefecture</a> and set up their first capital there under the name of Xiping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009172_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009172-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1036 they had annexed the <a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a>, even pushing into Tibetan territory and conquering <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a>. The state of Western Xia was proclaimed in 1038.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2012236_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2012236-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009171_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009171-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being subjects of Tang China previously for two centuries, the Tangut people adopted many Han/Tang Chinese culture, but also maintained their own customs, as is proven by the vast amount of literature which survived the Tangut state itself. </p><p>The Western Xia founder Li Deming's son, Li Yuanhao, enthroned as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia">Emperor Jingzong</a>, sought to differentiate the Tangut state from that of its rival Han-led Song China and started to nurture a national Tangut identity by ordering the creation of an official <a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut script</a> and by instituting laws that reinforced traditional Tangut customs. One of the laws he mandated called for citizens to wear traditional ethnic apparel and another required men to wear their hair short or shaved as opposed to the Chinese custom of wearing hair long and knotted. Abandoning the royal Chinese surnames of "Li", previously bestowed by the Tang dynasty Li royal family, and "Zhao", subsequently bestowed by the Song dynasty Zhao royal family, he adopted a Tangut surname <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="L2339 L1903">𗼨𗆟</span>, rendered in Chinese as "Weiming" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">嵬名</span>). He made Xingqing (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">興慶</span>, modern <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a>) his capital city. </p><p>In the thirteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> unified the northern grasslands of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and led his troops in six rounds of attacks against the Western Xia over a period of twenty-two years (1205, 1207, 1209–10, 1211–13, 1214–19, 1225–27). During the last spate of the Mongol attacks, Genghis died in Western Xia territory. The official Mongol history attributes his death to illness, whereas legends claim that he died from a wound inflicted in these battles. </p><p>In 1227, the capital of Western Xia was overrun by the Mongols, who devastated its buildings and written records: all was burnt to the ground except its monastery. The last emperor was killed and tens of thousands of civilians massacred. However, many Tangut families joined the Mongol Empire. Some of them led Mongol armies, e.g. Cha'an, into the conquest of China. After the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368) was established, the Tangut troops were incorporated into the Mongol army in their subsequent military conquests in central and southern China. The Tangut were considered <a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">Semu</a> under the Yuan class system, thus separating them from the North Chinese. As late as the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644), there was evidence of small Tangut communities in Anhui and Henan provinces. The people including members of the royal clan emigrated to western Sichuan, northern Tibet, even possibly northeast India, in some instances becoming local rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tangut people living in Central China preserved their language until at least the 16th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangut_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tangut society was divided into two classes: the "Red Faced" and the "Black Headed". The Red Faced Tanguts were seen as commoners while the Black Headed Tanguts made up the elite <a href="/wiki/Priestly_caste" title="Priestly caste">priestly caste</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was extremely popular among the Tangut people, many Tangut herdsmen continued to practice a kind of <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> known as Root West (Melie). The black caps worn by Root West <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamans</a> give the Black Headed caste its name. According to Tangut myth, the ancestor of the Black Headed Tanguts was a <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)#In_mythology_and_symbolism" title="Crane (bird)">heavenly white crane</a>, while the ancestor of the Red Faced Tanguts was a monkey.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tangut kings went by the title of Wuzu. </p><p>According to sources in the Tangut language, the Tangut state known now as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> was named <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1065318431"><span class="Tangut" style="display:inline-block; text-orientation: upright; -webkit-text-orientation: upright;" title="L1572 L1890 L2937 L4456">𗴂𗹭𗂧𘜶</span> translated as "Great State of White and Lofty" (<i>phôn¹ mbın² lhi̯ə tha²</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Chinese translation of this name (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">白高大國</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Báigāo Dàguó</span></i>) was occasionally used in Tangut sources,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the state was most commonly referred to as the "Great Xia" (大夏) in Chinese-language sources of the Tangut or as the "Xia State" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">夏國</span>) to the Song.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later historiography and in modern Chinese the Tangut state is referred to as the "Western Xia" (<i>Xī Xià</i> 西夏). The <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> and other steppe tribes referred to the Tangut kingdom as "Qashi" or "Qashin", which was derived from the Middle Chinese name for <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi</a>, the region the Tanguts controlled (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">河西</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangut_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg/300px-Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg/450px-Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg/600px-Chrysographic_Tangut_Golden_Light_Sutra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1805" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Light_Sutra" title="Golden Light Sutra">Golden Light Sutra</a></i> written in the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut script</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PrayingTangutMan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PrayingTangutMan.jpg/220px-PrayingTangutMan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PrayingTangutMan.jpg/330px-PrayingTangutMan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PrayingTangutMan.jpg/440px-PrayingTangutMan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Praying Tangut man</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tanguts were primarily Buddhists. Tangut Buddhism was influenced by external elements. The entire <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a> was translated into the Tangut language over a span of 50 years and published around 1090 in about 3700 fascicles. Buddhism in the Tangut state is believed to be an amalgamation of Tibetan and Chinese traditions, among which the <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Guifeng Zongmi</a> (Chinese: 圭峰宗密, 780–841) and his master <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huayan_Chengguan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huayan Chengguan (page does not exist)">Huayan Chengguan</a> was the most influential. A number of texts previously believed to be of native Tangut origin turned out to be translations of <a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a> source texts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The degree of Tibetan impact on the formation of Tangut Buddhism still remains unexplored, especially in the light of new discoveries showing that Tangut Buddhism owed more to the local culture in <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a> than to pure Tibetan or Chinese influences. Texts belonging to the Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a> tradition demonstrate that Tangut Buddhism initially evolved along the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> lines of Buddhist transmission. </p><p>A number of Tangut Buddhist institutions, such as "Imperial Preceptor" survived the Tangut State itself and could be found during the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. One of the more definite sources of Tangut Buddhism was <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wutai" title="Mount Wutai">Mount Wutai</a>, where both Huayan and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a> flourished from the late <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> up to the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">Mongol conquest</a>. </p><p>Solonin (2005: unpaginated) links the Tanguts, the <a href="/wiki/Helan_Mountains" title="Helan Mountains">Helan Mountains</a> and the Chan teachings of both <a href="/wiki/Kim_Hwasang" title="Kim Hwasang">Kim Hwasang</a> and Baotang Wuzhu: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The origins of the Tangut Chan can also be traced deeper than previously believed: information on Bao-tang Wu-zhu (保唐无住720～794) travels in North-Western China from the <i>Notes on Transmitting the Dharma Treasure through Generations</i> implies that at the period of 760's some sort of Buddhism was spread in the region of Helanshan, where the Tangut were already residing.　Concerning the late 8th century Helanshan Buddhism, little can be said: the doctrines of the lu (律) school and the teaching of Sichuan Chan of Rev. Kim (金和尚) seem to be known there.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Worship of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> also existed in the Western Xia, which has led to some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> claims that the Tangut religion was rooted in Confucianism, but this was incomparable with the degree of popularity of Buddhism. Tangut literature is dominated by Buddhist scriptures while secular teachings including the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a> were rarely available in the Tangut language. </p><p>The Tangut state enforced strict laws pertaining to the teaching of religious beliefs and rigorously screened potential teachers. Before he was allowed to teach, a newcomer entering the state from Tibet or India first had to seek the approval of local authorities. Doctrines taught and methods used were carefully supervised to ensure there was no possibility that the Tangut people might misunderstand the teachings. Anyone found to be a fortune-teller or charlatan faced immediate persecution. Deeming it contrary to Buddhist ethical beliefs, the Tangut state strictly forbade religious teachers from accepting compensation or reward for their teaching services. </p><p>Although the state did not support an official school of Buddhism, it did protect all religious sites and objects within the country's boundaries. </p><p>As in China, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monk</a> required government approval and anyone found to have taken the vows of a monk without such government oversight faced severe punishment. Remarkably for the time, women played a role in Tangut religious practices by serving as <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">nuns</a>, a position that could only be held by a woman who had been widowed or who was an unmarried virgin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Suchan (1998) traces the influence of the first several <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapas</a> upon the Yuan and <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> courts as well as the Western Xia, and mentions <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsum_Khyenpa,_1st_Karmapa_Lama" title="Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama">Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The first several Karmapas are distinguished by their important status at the Yuan and Ming courts of China where they served as the spiritual guides to princes and emperors. Their influence also extended to the court of the Tangut Xia Kingdom where a disciple of Dusum Khyenpa was given the title "Supreme Teacher" by a Tangut Xixia King[.]<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the fall of the Western Xia, the influx of refugees into Tibet led to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Pehar_Gyalpo" title="Pehar Gyalpo">Pehar deity</a> into <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, eventually in the important role as the state oracle, the <a href="/wiki/Nechung_Oracle" title="Nechung Oracle">Nechung Oracle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangut_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hongfo_Pagoda_Arhat_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue head of a Buddhist arhat, Western Xia dynasty, from Hongfo Pagoda, Helan County, Ningxia"><img alt="Statue head of a Buddhist arhat, Western Xia dynasty, from Hongfo Pagoda, Helan County, Ningxia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hongfo_Pagoda_Arhat_head.jpg/90px-Hongfo_Pagoda_Arhat_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hongfo_Pagoda_Arhat_head.jpg/135px-Hongfo_Pagoda_Arhat_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hongfo_Pagoda_Arhat_head.jpg/180px-Hongfo_Pagoda_Arhat_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue head of a Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> dynasty, from <a href="/wiki/Hongfo_Pagoda" title="Hongfo Pagoda">Hongfo Pagoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helan_County" title="Helan County">Helan County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_-_Tangut_Horseman_-_13.100.19_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tangut Horseman"><img alt="Tangut Horseman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anonymous_-_Tangut_Horseman_-_13.100.19_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/104px-Anonymous_-_Tangut_Horseman_-_13.100.19_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anonymous_-_Tangut_Horseman_-_13.100.19_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/157px-Anonymous_-_Tangut_Horseman_-_13.100.19_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Anonymous_-_Tangut_Horseman_-_13.100.19_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/209px-Anonymous_-_Tangut_Horseman_-_13.100.19_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tangut Horseman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangut_servants.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tangut bride"><img alt="Tangut bride" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tangut_servants.jpg/83px-Tangut_servants.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tangut_servants.jpg/124px-Tangut_servants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tangut_servants.jpg/166px-Tangut_servants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tangut bride</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xixia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western Xia tomb mound"><img alt="Western Xia tomb mound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Xixia.jpg/120px-Xixia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Xixia.jpg/180px-Xixia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Xixia.jpg/240px-Xixia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Western Xia tomb mound</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangut_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tangut_books" title="List of Tangut books">List of Tangut books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingnan_Jiedushi" title="Dingnan Jiedushi">Dingnan Jiedushi</a>, de facto independent Tangut kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> (also called the Tangut Empire)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangut_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff201238-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff201238_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2012">Skaff 2012</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Driem2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Driem2001_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem2001" class="citation book cs1">van Driem, George (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC&pg=PA460"><i>Handbuch Der Orientalistik</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12062-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12062-9"><bdi>90-04-12062-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+Der+Orientalistik&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-04-12062-9&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfiavPYCz4dYC%26pg%3DPA460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangut+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESagartJacquesLaiRyder2019-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartJacquesLaiRyder2019_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSagartJacquesLaiRyder2019">Sagart et al. (2019)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaiGongGatesJacques2020-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaiGongGatesJacques2020_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaiGongGatesJacques2020">Lai et al. (2020)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaudouin2023-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaudouin2023_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaudouin2023">Beaudouin (2023)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2020162-163-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin2020162-163_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVovin2020">Vovin 2020</a>, p. 162-163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERockhill1967152-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockhill1967152_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRockhill1967">Rockhill 1967</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1990159-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1990159_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1990">Jackson 1990</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Waugh_(historian)" title="Daniel Waugh (historian)">Waugh, Daniel C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/tanguts/essay.html">"The Tanguts"</a>. <i>depts.<a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">washington.edu</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=depts.washington.edu&rft.atitle=The+Tanguts&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Fexhibit%2Ftanguts%2Fessay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangut+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin20207-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin20207_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVovin2020">Vovin 2020</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009171-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009171_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009171_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009172-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009172_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2012236-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2012236_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2012">Skaff 2012</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707033014/http://wenhua.eco.gov.cn/3/6/1/20090522/3176.html">"西夏法制地理—关于契丹、党项与女真遗裔问题(三)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E6%B3%95%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E2%80%94%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E3%80%81%E5%85%9A%E9%A1%B9%E4%B8%8E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E9%81%97%E8%A3%94%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%28%E4%B8%89%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwenhua.eco.gov.cn%2F3%2F6%2F1%2F20090522%2F3176.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangut+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_60934e870100dzph.html">党益民：党项羌文明与西夏湮灭之谜</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vip.book.sina.com.cn/book/catalog.php?book=71250">《王族的背影》作者：唐荣尧</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">eds. 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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674088467" title="Special:BookSources/9780674088467"><bdi>9780674088467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual%2C+4th+edition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center+distributed+by+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780674088467&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangut+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan2001" class="citation cs2">Yuan, Shu (2001), <i>Bóyángbǎn Tōngjiàn jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代</i>, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-32-4273-7" title="Special:BookSources/957-32-4273-7"><bdi>957-32-4273-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%B3y%C3%A1ngb%C7%8En+T%C5%8Dngji%C3%A0n+j%C3%ACsh%C3%ACb%C4%9Bnm%C3%B2+28+d%C3%AC%C3%A8rc%C3%AChu%C3%A0ngu%C3%A1nsh%C3%ADd%C3%A0i+%E6%9F%8F%E6%A5%8A%E7%89%88%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%AB28%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.pub=Yu%C7%8Enli%C3%BA+ch%C5%ABb%C7%8Ensh%C3%ACy%C3%A8+g%C7%94f%C3%A8n+y%C7%92uxi%C3%A0n+g%C5%8Dngs%C4%AB&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=957-32-4273-7&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Shu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangut+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2000" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), <i>Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies)</i>, U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892641371" title="Special:BookSources/0892641371"><bdi>0892641371</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sui-Tang+Chang%27an%3A+A+Study+in+the+Urban+History+of+Late+Medieval+China+%28Michigan+Monographs+in+Chinese+Studies%29&rft.pub=U+OF+M+CENTER+FOR+CHINESE+STUDIES&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0892641371&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor+Cunrui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangut+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2009" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), <i>Historical Dictionary of Medieval China</i>, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810860537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810860537"><bdi>978-0810860537</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+China&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0810860537&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor+Cunrui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangut+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXue1992" class="citation cs2">Xue, Zongzheng (1992), <i>Turkic peoples</i>, 中国社会科学出版社</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkic+peoples&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=Zongzheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangut+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangut_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tangut.htm">http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tangut.htm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://kepping.net">http://kepping.net</a> Last works and documents of <a href="/wiki/Ksenia_Kepping" title="Ksenia Kepping">Ksenia Kepping</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/xixia.html">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/xixia.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090918215626/http://www.archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=3935">The Tangut Royal Tombs – Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. 1993. The Tangut Royal Tombs near Yinchuan. In Muqarnas X: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Margaret B. Sevcenko, ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Xia_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Xia_wars" title="Song–Xia wars">Song–Xia wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">Mongol conquest of Western Xia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tangut people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia_coinage" title="Western Xia coinage">Western Xia coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia_rulers_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Xia rulers family tree">Western Xia rulers family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia_mausoleums" title="Western Xia mausoleums">Western Xia mausoleums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Western_Xia" title="Fashion in Western Xia">Fashion in Western Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baisigou_Square_Pagoda" title="Baisigou Square Pagoda">Baisigou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Language <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut Script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangut_numerals" title="Tangut numerals">Tangut numerals</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template talk:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> peoples in China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Dongyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Âu Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong%27ou" title="Dong'ou">Dong'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Lạc Việt">Lạc Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanyue" title="Shanyue">Shanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangyue" title="Yangyue">Yangyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanman" title="Nanman">Nanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelang" title="Yelang">Yelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpa" title="Sumpa">Sumpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirong" title="Xirong">Xirong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanrong" title="Quanrong">Quanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Beidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunwei" title="Chunwei">Chunwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifang" title="Guifang">Guifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Shanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yilou" title="Yilou">Yilou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaxiasiyi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty."><img alt="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/250px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/375px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/500px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuanman" title="Cuanman">Cuanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanid">Karakhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khereid">Khereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tujue">Tujue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha Mongol">Khalkha Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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