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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mohe_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mohe_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Mohe origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mohe_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wanyan_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wanyan_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Wanyan origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wanyan_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Qing origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liao_vassals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liao_vassals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Liao vassals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liao_vassals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goryeo-Jurchen_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goryeo-Jurchen_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Goryeo-Jurchen war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goryeo-Jurchen_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jin_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jin_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Jin dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jin_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Ming dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Manchu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Manchu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Establishment of the Manchu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Manchu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haixi,_Jianzhou,_Yeren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haixi,_Jianzhou,_Yeren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Haixi, Jianzhou, Yeren </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haixi,_Jianzhou,_Yeren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Queue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Dogs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Sex and marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jurchen people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86" title="جورشن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورشن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BA-chin" title="Lú-chin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lú-chin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Чжурчжэні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чжурчжэні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Джурчени – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джурчени" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurtxets" title="Jurtxets – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jurtxets" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE%C3%BCr%C4%8Deni" title="Džürčeni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džürčeni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen" title="Jurchen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jurchen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen" title="Jurchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jurchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurchen" title="Yurchen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yurchen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cur%C4%89enoj" title="Ĝurĉenoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝurĉenoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen" title="Jurchen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jurchen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="مردم جورجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم جورجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrchen" title="Jürchen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jürchen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83g-ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82n" title="Ńg-chṳ̂n – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ńg-chṳ̂n" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EC%A7%84" title="여진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="जुरचेन लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जुरचेन लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEurd%C5%BEi" title="Džurdži – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Džurdži" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Jurchen" title="Orang Jurchen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Jurchen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჯურჯენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯურჯენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шүршіттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шүршіттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86" title="جورشن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورشن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Зүрчид – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зүрчид" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen_(volk)" title="Jurchen (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jurchen (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="女真 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="女真" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jursjenerne" title="Jursjenerne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jursjenerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chjurchjenlar" title="Chjurchjenlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chjurchjenlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਜੁਰਚੇਨ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੁਰਚੇਨ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جرچین لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرچین لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCurd%C5%BCeni" title="Dżurdżeni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżurdżeni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurch%C3%A9ns" title="Jurchéns – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jurchéns" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Чжурчжэни – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чжурчжэни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jurchen people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEur%C4%8Deni" title="Džurčeni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džurčeni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCurczeny" title="Dżurczeny – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dżurczeny" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEurd%C5%BEi" title="Džurdži – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džurdži" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEurt%C5%A1enit" title="Džurtšenit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Džurtšenit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen" title="Jurchen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jurchen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சுரசன்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுரசன்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchens&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tungusic-speaking people in East Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Jurchen people</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:女真">女真</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:女真">女真</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:女眞">女眞</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nǚzhēn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nü3-chên1</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">South Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data">여진</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yeojin</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">North Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></th><td class="infobox-data">녀진</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nyŏjin</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Russian name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Чжурчжэни</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chzhurchzheni</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">dʒuuldʒi (女直)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Зүрчид, Зөрчид, Жүрчид[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Zürchid, Zörchid, Jürchid<a href="#cite_note-htt-2">[2]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Middle Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Middle Chinese</th><td class="infobox-data">/ɳɨʌX t͡ɕiɪn/</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Jurchen (<a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠵᡠᡧᡝᠨ Jušen, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[dʒuʃən]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 女真, Nǚzhēn <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[nỳ.ʈʂə́n]</a>) is a term used to collectively describe a number of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic-speaking</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> They lived in northeastern China, also known as <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, before the 18th century. The Jurchens were renamed <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> in 1635 by <a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Different Jurchen groups lived as hunter-gatherers, pastoralist semi-nomads, or sedentary agriculturists. Generally lacking a central authority, and having little communication with each other, many Jurchen groups fell under the influence of neighbouring dynasties, their chiefs paying tribute and holding nominal posts as effectively hereditary commanders of border guards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth_Li200211–13-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> officials of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) classified them into three groups, reflecting relative proximity to the Ming: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Jurchens" title="Jianzhou Jurchens">Jianzhou</a> (Chinese: 建州) Jurchens, some of whom were mixed with Chinese populations,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] lived in the proximity of the <a href="/wiki/Mudan_River" title="Mudan River">Mudan river</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Changbai_Mountains" title="Changbai Mountains">Changbai mountains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong</a>. They were noted as able to sew clothes similar to the Chinese, and lived by hunting and fishing, sedentary agriculture, and trading in pearls and ginseng.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haixi_Jurchens" title="Haixi Jurchens">Haixi</a> (Chinese: 海西) Jurchens, named after the Haixi or <a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua river</a>, included several populous and independent tribes, largely divided between semi-nomadic pastoralists in the west and sedentary agriculturalists in the east. They were the Jurchens most strongly influenced by the Mongols.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Jurchens" title="Wild Jurchens">Yeren</a> (Chinese: 野人, lit. 'Wild People,' or, 'savage,' 'barbarian'), a term sometimes used by Chinese and Korean commentators to refer to all Jurchens. It more specifically referred to the inhabitants of the sparsely populated north of Manchuria beyond the Liao and Songhua river valleys, supporting themselves by hunting, fishing, pig farming, and some migratory agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth_Li200211–13-8">[7]</a></li></ol> Many "Yeren Jurchens", like the <a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkh</a> (speaking a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Negidals" title="Negidals">Negidai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqen</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a>, are today considered distinct ethnic groups. The Jurchens are chiefly known for producing the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a> (1115–1234) and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> (1644–1912) <a href="/wiki/Conquest_dynasty" title="Conquest dynasty">conquest dynasties</a> on the Chinese territory. The latter dynasty, originally calling itself the <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a>, was founded by a Jianzhou commander, <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a> (r. 1616–26), who unified most Jurchen tribes, incorporated their entire population into hereditary military regiments known as the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a>, and patronized the creation of an alphabet for their language based on the Mongolian script. The term <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a>, already in official use by the Later Jin at that time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth_Li200227-9">[8]</a> was in 1635 decreed to be the sole acceptable name for that people. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CEM-36-Regno-di-Nivche-2429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/CEM-36-Regno-di-Nivche-2429.jpg/220px-CEM-36-Regno-di-Nivche-2429.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/CEM-36-Regno-di-Nivche-2429.jpg/330px-CEM-36-Regno-di-Nivche-2429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/CEM-36-Regno-di-Nivche-2429.jpg/440px-CEM-36-Regno-di-Nivche-2429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>A 1682 Italian map showing the "Kingdom of the Niuche" (i.e., Nǚzhēn) or the "Kin (Jin) Tartars", who "have occupied and are at present ruling China", north of <a href="/wiki/Liaodong" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaodong">Liaodong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></figcaption></figure> The name Jurchen is derived from a long line of other variations of the same name. The initial <a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a> form of the name was said to be Lüzhen. The variant Nrjo-tsyin (now <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 女真 Nüzhen, whence English Nurchen) appeared in the 10th century under the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-came-10">[9]</a> The Jurchens were also interchangeably known as the Nrjo-drik (now <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 女直 Nüzhi). This is traditionally explained as an effect of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_naming_taboo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese naming taboo">Chinese naming taboo</a>, with the character <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:真">真</a> being removed after the 1031 enthronement of Zhigu, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xingzong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Xingzong of Liao">Emperor Xingzong of Liao</a>, because it appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">sinified</a> form of his personal name.<a href="#cite_note-came-10">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Ulhicun" title="Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun">Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun</a>, however, argues that this was a later <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> and the original reason was uncertainty among dialects regarding the name's final -n (Nussin, Naisin).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAisin_GioroJin200712-11">[10]</a> The form Niuche was introduced to the West by <a href="/wiki/Martino_Martini" title="Martino Martini">Martino Martini</a> in his 1654 work De bello tartarico historia, and it soon appeared, e.g., on the 1660 world map by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sanson" title="Nicolas Sanson">Nicolas Sanson</a>. Jurchen (Jyrkin) is an <a href="/wiki/Anglicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicization">anglicization</a> of Jurčen,<a href="#cite_note-htt-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pella-12">[11]</a> an attempted <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstruction</a> of this unattested original form of the native name,<a href="#cite_note-pellb-13">[12]</a> which has been <a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">transcribed</a> into <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> as Trjuwk-li-tsyin (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AB%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:竹">竹</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:里">里</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:真">真</a>)<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a> as Julisen(sulaisin).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAisin_GioroJin200712-11">[10]</a> The ethnonyms <a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>: */siwk-[d]i[n]-s/) and Jizhen (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A8%B7%E7%9C%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:稷真">稷真</a>, Old Chinese: */tsək-ti[n]/)<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> recorded in geographical works like the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Classic of Mountains and Seas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wei" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a> are possibly cognates.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> It was the source of <a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro" title="Fra Mauro">Fra Mauro</a>'s Zorça<a href="#cite_note-pella-12">[11]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>'s Ciorcia,<a href="#cite_note-cont-17">[15]</a> reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> form of their name.<a href="#cite_note-pella-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Vajda" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward J. Vajda">Vajda</a> considers that the Jurchens' name probably derives from the Tungusic words for "<a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> people" and is cognate with the names of the <a href="/wiki/Oroch_people" title="Oroch people">Orochs</a> (urakka, uroot, urhot) of <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk</a> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Russia">Province</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orok_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Orok people">Oroks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVajda2000-18">[16]</a> ("Horse Tungus" and "Reindeer Tungus" are still the primary divisions among the Tungusic cultures.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStolberg2015-19">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juha_Janhunen" title="Juha Janhunen">Janhunen</a> argues that these records already reflect the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Mongolian_language" title="Classical Mongolian language">Classical Mongolian</a> plural form of the name, recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" title="Secret History of the Mongols">Secret History</a> as J̌ürčät (Jyrkät),<a href="#cite_note-pellb-13">[12]</a> and further reconstructed as *Jörcid,<a href="#cite_note-cont-17">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">modern Mongolian</a> form is Зүрчид (Zürčid, Suurseita)) whose medial -r- does not appear in the later <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_language" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen</a> Jucen<a href="#cite_note-cont-17">[15]</a> or Jušen (Jussin)(<a href="/wiki/Jurchen_language" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen</a>:<a href="/wiki/File:Jurchen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jurchen.png/35px-Jurchen.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jurchen.png/53px-Jurchen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jurchen.png/70px-Jurchen.png 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="108" /></a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1997232-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[c]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> Jushen(Jussin).<a href="#cite_note-cont-17">[15]</a> In Manchu, this word was more often used to describe the <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1997232-20">[18]</a>—though not <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">slaves</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qtgoTIAiKUCpgPA51_51]-22">[19]</a>—of the free Manchu people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1997232-20">[18]</a> who were themselves mostly the former Jurchens. To describe the historical people who founded the Jin dynasty, they reborrowed the Mongolian name as Jurcit(Jyrkät).<a href="#cite_note-cont-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-came-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Appearance">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Jurchen_Jin_dynasty" title="Fashion in the Jurchen Jin dynasty">Fashion in the Jurchen Jin dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qizhuang" title="Qizhuang">Manchu clothing</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a>, the Jurchens were "swarthy like Spaniards."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockhill1967153-23">[20]</a> Sin Chung-il, a Korean emissary who in 1595 had visited the Jurchen living north-west of the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a>, notes that during his visit to Fe Ala all those who served <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a> were uniform in their dress and hairstyle. They all shaved a portion of their scalp and kept the remaining hair in a <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">long plaited braid</a>. All men wore leather boots, breeches, and tunics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley199746-24">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jurchens" title="Timeline of the Jurchens">Timeline of the Jurchens</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poimali_olenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Poimali_olenia.jpg/220px-Poimali_olenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Poimali_olenia.jpg/330px-Poimali_olenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Poimali_olenia.jpg/440px-Poimali_olenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberians</a> capturing a <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mohe_origin">Mohe origin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mohe origin">edit</a>]</div> When the Jurchens first entered Chinese records in 748, they inhabited the forests and river valleys of the land which is now divided between <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai province</a>. In earlier records, this area was known as the home of the <a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a> (c. 1100 BC), the <a href="/wiki/Yilou_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yilou people">Yilou</a> (around AD 200), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuji_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuji people (page does not exist)">Wuji</a> (c. 500), and the <a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a> (c. 700).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qtgoTIAiKUCpgPA47_47–48]-25">[22]</a> Scholarship since the Qing period traces the origin of the Jurchens to the "Wanyen tribe of the Mohos" around Mt Xiaobai, or to the Heishui or <a href="/wiki/Heishui_Mohe" title="Heishui Mohe">Blackwater Mohe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang1990239–282-26">[23]</a> and some sources stress the continuity between these earlier peoples with the Jurchen<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qtgoTIAiKUCpgPA47_47]-27">[24]</a> but this remains conjectural.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qtgoTIAiKUCpgPA48_48]-28">[25]</a> The tentative ancestors of the Jurchens, the <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a> Mohe tribes, were people of the multi-ethnic kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a>. The Mohe enjoyed eating pork, practiced pig farming extensively, and were mainly sedentary. They used both pig and dog skins for coats. They were predominantly farmers and grew soybean, wheat, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, and rice in addition to hunting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorelova200213–14-29">[26]</a> Like all <a href="/wiki/Tungus_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungus people">Tungus people</a>, the Mohe practiced slavery. Horses were rare in the region they inhabited until the 10th century under the domination of the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a>. The Mohe rode reindeer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley199717-30">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wanyan_origin">Wanyan origin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wanyan origin">edit</a>]</div> There is no dated evidence of the Jurchens before the time of <a href="/wiki/Wugunai" title="Wugunai">Wugunai</a> (1021-74), when the Jurchens began to coalesce into a nation-like federation. According to tradition passed down via oral transmission, Wugunai was the 6th generation descendant of <a href="/wiki/Hanpu" title="Hanpu">Hanpu</a>, the founder of the Wanyan clan, who therefore must have lived around the year 900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994219-220-31">[28]</a> Hanpu originally came from the <a href="/wiki/Heishui_Mohe" title="Heishui Mohe">Heishui Mohe</a> tribe of Balhae. According to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">History of Jin</a>, when he came to the Wanyan tribe, it was for the repayment of a murder and a form of compensation. He had two brothers, one who stayed in <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> and the other in <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> when he left. By the time he arrived and settled among the Wanyan, he was already 60 years old and accepted as a "wise man". He succeeded in settling a dispute between two families without resorting to violence, and as a reward, was betrothed to a worthy unmarried maiden also 60 years old. The marriage was blessed with the gift of a dark ox, which was revered in Jurchen culture, and from this union came one daughter and three sons. With this, Hanpu became the chief of the Wanyan and his descendants became formal members of the Wanyan clan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2011b173-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1990414-415-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999212-213-34">[31]</a> Because Hanpu arrived from Goryeo, some South Korean scholars have claimed that Hanpu hailed from Goryeo. According to Alexander Kim, this cannot be easily identified as him being Korean because many Balhae people lived in Goryeo at that time. Later when <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Aguda" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Aguda">Aguda</a> appealed to the Balhae people in the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> for support by emphasizing their common origin, he only mentioned those who descended from the "seven Wuji tribes", which the Goguryeo people were not a part of. It seems by that point, the Jurchens saw only the <a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a> tribes as a related people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2011b173-32">[29]</a> Some western scholars consider the origin of Hanpu to be legendary in nature. Herbert Franke described the narrative provided in the History of Jin as an "ancestral legend" with a historical basis in that the Wanyan clan had absorbed immigrants from Goryeo and Balhae during the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1990414-415-33">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Mote" title="Frederick W. Mote">Frederick W. Mote</a> described it as a "tribal legend" that may have born the tribe's memories. The two brothers remaining in Goryeo and Balhae may represent ancestral ties to those two peoples while Hanpu's marriage may represent the tribe's transformation from a matrilineal to patrilineal society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999212-213-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qing_origin">Qing origin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Qing origin">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hongtaiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongtaiji">Hongtaiji</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> emperor of the Aisin Gioro clan, claimed that their progenitor, <a href="/wiki/Buk%C5%ABri_Yong%C5%A1on" title="Bukūri Yongšon">Bukūri Yongšon</a><a href="#cite_note-Crossley2000-35">[32]</a> (布庫里雍順), was conceived from a virgin birth. According to the legend, three heavenly maidens, namely Enggulen (恩古倫), Jenggulen (正古倫) and Fekulen (佛庫倫), were bathing at a lake called Bulhūri Omo near the <a href="/wiki/Changbai_Mountains" title="Changbai Mountains">Changbai Mountains</a>. A magpie dropped a piece of red fruit near Fekulen, who ate it. She then became pregnant with Bukūri Yongšon. However, another older version of the story by the Hurha (Hurka) tribe member Muksike recorded in 1635 contradicts Hongtaiji's version on location, claiming that it was in <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> province close to the <a href="/wiki/Amur_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur river">Amur river</a> where Bulhuri lake was located where the "heavenly maidens" took their bath. This was recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Jiu_Manzhou_Dang" title="Jiu Manzhou Dang">Jiu Manzhou Dang</a> and is much shorter and simpler in addition to being older. This is believed to be the original version and Hongtaiji changed it to the Changbai mountains. It shows that the Aisin Gioro clan originated in the Amur area and the Heje (<a href="/wiki/Hezhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezhen">Hezhen</a>) and other Amur valley Jurchen tribes had an oral version of the same tale. It also fits with Jurchen history since some ancestors of the Manchus originated north before the 14th-15th centuries in the Amur and only later moved south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang1990245-36">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liao_vassals">Liao vassals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liao vassals">edit</a>]</div> By the 11th century, the Jurchens had become vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>. The Jurchens in the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a> region had been tributaries of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Wang_Geon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Geon">Wang Geon</a>, who called upon them during the wars of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</a> period, but the Jurchens opportunistically switched allegiance between Liao and Goryeo multiple times. They offered tribute to both courts out of political necessity and the desire for material benefits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010220–221-37">[34]</a> In 1019, Jurchen pirates <a href="/wiki/Toi_invasion" title="Toi invasion">raided Japan</a> for slaves. The Jurchen pirates slaughtered Japanese men while seizing Japanese women as prisoners. Fujiwara Notada, the Japanese governor was killed.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> In total, 1,280 Japanese were taken prisoner, 374 Japanese were killed and 380 Japanese owned livestock were killed for food.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Only 259 or 270 were returned by Koreans from the eight ships.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> The woman Uchikura no Ishime's report was copied down.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> One of the causes of the Jurchen rebellion and the fall of the Liao was the <a href="/wiki/Droit_du_seigneur#Europe" title="Droit du seigneur">custom</a> of raping married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls by Khitan envoys, which caused resentment from the Jurchens.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> The custom of having sex with unmarried girls by Khitan was itself not a problem, since the practice of guest prostitution - giving female companions, food and shelter to guests - was common among Jurchens. Unmarried daughters of Jurchen families of lower and middle classes in Jurchen villages were provided to Khitan messengers for sex, as recorded by Hong Hao.<a href="#cite_note-L._S._Olschki-47">[44]</a> Song envoys among the Jin were similarly entertained by singing girls in Guide, Henan.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_California_Press-48">[45]</a> There is no evidence that guest prostitution of unmarried Jurchen girls to Khitan men was resented by the Jurchens. It was only when the Khitans forced aristocratic Jurchen families to give up their beautiful wives as guest prostitutes to Khitan messengers that the Jurchens became resentful. This suggests that in Jurchen upper classes, only a husband had the right to his married wife while among lower class Jurchens, the virginity of unmarried girls and sex with Khitan men did not impede their ability to marry later.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> The Jurchens and their Manchu descendants had Khitan linguistic and grammatical elements in their personal names like suffixes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoong_Teik_Toh2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZSNMGosP0cACpgPA34_34],_35,_36-50">[47]</a> Many Khitan names had a "ju" suffix.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoong_Teik_Toh2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZSNMGosP0cACpgPA31_31]-51">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goryeo-Jurchen_war">Goryeo-Jurchen war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Goryeo-Jurchen war">edit</a>]</div> The Jurchens in the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a> region were tributaries of Goryeo since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo" title="Taejo of Goryeo">Taejo of Goryeo</a> (r. 918-943), who called upon them during the wars of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</a> period. Taejo relied heavily on a large Jurchen cavalry force to defeat <a href="/wiki/Later_Baekje" title="Later Baekje">Later Baekje</a>. The Jurchens switched allegiances between Liao and Goryeo multiple times depending on which they deemed the most appropriate. The Liao and Goryeo competed to gain the allegiance of Jurchen settlers who effectively controlled much of the border area beyond Goryeo and Liao fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-Breuker_2010-52">[49]</a> These Jurchens offered tribute but expected to be rewarded richly by the Goryeo court in return. However the Jurchens who offered tribute were often the same ones who raided Goryeo's borders. In one instance, the Goryeo court discovered that a Jurchen leader who had brought tribute had been behind the recent raids on their territory. The frontier was largely outside of direct control and lavish gifts were doled out as a means of controlling the Jurchens. Sometimes Jurchens submitted to Goryeo and were given citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010221-222-53">[50]</a> Goryeo inhabitants were forbidden from trading with Jurchens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010222-54">[51]</a> The tributary relations between Jurchens and Goryeo began to change under the reign of Jurchen leader <a href="/wiki/Wuyashu" title="Wuyashu">Wuyashu</a> (r. 1103–1113) of the <a href="/wiki/Wanyan" title="Wanyan">Wanyan</a> clan. The Wanyan clan was intimately aware of the Jurchens who had submitted to Goryeo and used their power to break the clans' allegiance to Goryeo, unifying the Jurchens. The resulting conflict between the two powers led to Goryeo's withdrawal from Jurchen territory and acknowledgment of Jurchen control over the contested region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010223-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbankFranke1994221-57">[54]</a> As the geopolitical situation shifted, Goryeo unleashed a series of military campaigns in the early 12th century to regain control of its borderlands. Goryeo had already been in conflict with the Jurchens before. In 984, Goryeo failed to control the Yalu River basin due to conflict with the Jurchens.<a href="#cite_note-거란의_고려침입-58">[55]</a> In 1056, Goryeo repelled the Eastern Jurchens and afterward destroyed their stronghold of over 20 villages.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> In 1080, <a href="/wiki/Munjong_of_Goryeo" title="Munjong of Goryeo">Munjong of Goryeo</a> led a force of 30,000 to conquer ten villages. However by the rise of the Wanyan clan, the quality of Goryeo's army had degraded and it mostly consisted of infantry. There were several clashes with the Jurchens, usually resulting in Jurchen victory with their mounted cavalrymen. In 1104, the Wanyan Jurchens reached <a href="/wiki/Chongju" title="Chongju">Chongju</a> while pursuing tribes resisting them. Goryeo sent Lim Gan to confront the Jurchens, but his untrained army was defeated, and the Jurchens took Chongju castle. Lim Gan was dismissed from office and reinstated, dying as a civil servant in 1112. The war effort was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Yun_Kwan" title="Yun Kwan">Yun Kwan</a>, but the situation was unfavorable and he returned after making peace.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1984127-61">[58]</a> Yun Kwan believed that the loss was due to their inferior cavalry and proposed to the king that an elite force known as the <a href="/wiki/Byeolmuban" title="Byeolmuban">Byeolmuban</a> (別武班; "Special Warfare Army") be created. it existed apart from the main army and was made up of cavalry, infantry, and a Hangmagun ("Subdue Demon Corps"). In December 1107, Yun Kwan and O Yŏnch’on set out with 170,000 soldiers to conquer the Jurchens. The army won against the Jurchens and built Nine Fortresses over a wide area on the frontier encompassing Jurchen tribal lands, and erected a monument to mark the boundary. However due to unceasing Jurchen attacks, diplomatic appeals, and court intrigue, the Nine Fortresses were handed back to the Jurchens. In 1108, Yun Kwan was removed from office and the Nine Fortresses were turned over to the Wanyan clan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010224-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2014793-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1984127-128-64">[61]</a> It is plausible that the Jurchens and Goryeo had some sort of implicit understanding where the Jurchens would cease their attacks while Goryeo took advantage of the conflict between the Jurchens and Khitans to gain territory. According to Breuker, Goryeo never really had control of the region occupied by the Nine Fortresses in the first place and maintaining hegemony would have meant a prolonged conflict with militarily superior Jurchen troops that would prove very costly. The Nine Fortresses were exchanged for Poju (<a href="/wiki/Uiju_County" title="Uiju County">Uiju</a>), a region the Jurchens later contested when Goryeo hesitated to recognize them as their suzerain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010225-226-65">[62]</a> Later, Wuyashu's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Jin" title="Emperor Taizu of Jin">Aguda</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a>. When the Jin was founded, the Jurchens called Goryeo their "parent country" or "father and mother" country. This was because it had traditionally been part of their system of tributary relations, its rhetoric, advanced culture, as well as the idea that it was "bastard offspring of Koryŏ".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010137-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> The Jin also believed that they shared a common ancestry with the <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> people in the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2011b173-32">[29]</a> The Jin went on to conquer the Liao dynasty in 1125 and capture the Song capital of <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> in 1127 (<a href="/wiki/Jingkang_incident" title="Jingkang incident">Jingkang incident</a>). The Jin also put pressure on Goryeo and demanded that Goryeo become their subject. While many in Goryeo were against this, Yi Cha-gyöm was in power at the time and judged peaceful relations with the Jin to be beneficial to his own political power. He accepted the Jin demands and in 1126, the king of Goryeo declared himself a Jin vassal (tributary).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1984128-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Franke-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-EWJ-70">[67]</a> However the Goryeo king retained his position as "Son of Heaven" within Goryeo. By incorporating Jurchen history into that of Goryeo and emphasizing the Jin emperors as bastard offspring of Goryeo, and placing the Jin within the template of a "northern dynasty", the imposition of Jin suzerainty became more acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010229-230-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jin_dynasty">Jin dynasty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jin dynasty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">Jin–Song Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jin_Dynasty_1141_(no_borders).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jin_Dynasty_1141_%28no_borders%29.png/220px-Jin_Dynasty_1141_%28no_borders%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jin_Dynasty_1141_%28no_borders%29.png/330px-Jin_Dynasty_1141_%28no_borders%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jin_Dynasty_1141_%28no_borders%29.png/440px-Jin_Dynasty_1141_%28no_borders%29.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>China in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1141.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Jin" title="Emperor Taizu of Jin">Wanyan Aguda</a>, chief of the <a href="/wiki/Wanyan" title="Wanyan">Wanyan</a> tribe, unified the various Jurchen tribes in 1115 and declared himself emperor. In 1120 he seized <a href="/wiki/Chifeng" title="Chifeng">Shangjing</a>, also known as Linhuang Prefecture (臨潢府), the northern capital of the Liao dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999195-72">[69]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">Jin–Song Wars</a>, the Jurchens invaded the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a> and overran most of northern China. The Jurchens initially created the puppet regimes of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Da_Qi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Da Qi (page does not exist)">Da Qi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Da_Chu" title="Da Chu">Da Chu</a> but later adopted a dynastic name and became known as "<a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a>" 金, which means "gold", not to be confused with the earlier Jin 晋 dynasties named after the region around <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> provinces. The name of the Jurchen dynasty in Chinese — meaning "<a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>"—is derived from the "Gold River" (<a href="/wiki/Jurchen_language" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen</a>: antʃu-un; <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: Aisin) in their ancestral homeland. The Jurchens who settled into urban communities eventually intermarried with other ethnicities in China. The Jin rulers themselves came to follow <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> norms. The Jin dynasty captured the Northern Song dynasty's capital, <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Bianjing</a>, in 1127. Their armies pushed the Song all the way south to the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> and eventually settled on a border with the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a>. Poor Jurchen families in the southern Routes (Daming and Shandong) Battalion and Company households tried to live the lifestyle of wealthy Jurchen families and avoid doing farming work by selling their own Jurchen daughters into slavery and renting their land to Han tenants. The Wealthy Jurchens feasted and drank and wore damask and silk. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">History of Jin</a> (Jinshi) says that <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Shizong of Jin">Emperor Shizong of Jin</a> took note and attempted to halt these things in 1181.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2011-73">[70]</a> After 1189, the Jin dynasty became increasingly involved in conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>. By 1215, after losing much territory to the Mongols, the Jurchens moved their capital south from <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Zhongdu</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>. The Jin emperor <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Yongji" title="Wanyan Yongji">Wanyan Yongji</a>'s daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> in exchange for relieving the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zhongdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zhongdu">Mongol siege upon Zhongdu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Mongol_siege_of_Kaifeng" title="Mongol siege of Kaifeng">a siege</a> lasting about a year, Kaifeng fell to the Mongols in 1233. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Aizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Aizong of Jin">Emperor Aizong</a> fled to Caizhou for shelter, but Caizhou also <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caizhou" title="Siege of Caizhou">fell to the Mongols</a> in 1234, marking the end of the Jin dynasty. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_dynasty">Ming dynasty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ming dynasty">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg/180px-A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg/270px-A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg/360px-A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>A Jurchen man hunting from his horse, from a 15th-century ink and color painting on silk.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jurchen_woodblock_print.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jurchen_woodblock_print.png/180px-Jurchen_woodblock_print.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Jurchen_woodblock_print.png 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>A late Ming era woodblock print of a Jurchen warrior.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria under Ming rule</a></div> Chinese chroniclers of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> distinguished three different groups of Jurchens: the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Jurchens" title="Wild Jurchens">Wild Jurchens</a> (野人女真; yěrén Nǚzhēn) of what became <a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Haixi_Jurchens" title="Haixi Jurchens">Haixi Jurchens</a> (海西女真) of modern <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang Province</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Jurchens" title="Jianzhou Jurchens">Jianzhou Jurchens</a> of modern <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin Province</a>. They led a pastoral-agrarian lifestyle, hunting, fishing, and engaging in limited agriculture. In 1388, the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a> dispatched a mission to establish contact with the Odoli, Huligai and T'owen tribes. The issue of controlling the Jurchens was a point of contention between Joseon Korea and the early Ming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2010301-75">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> (r. 1402–1424) found allies among the various Jurchen tribes against the Mongols. He bestowed titles and surnames to various Jurchen chiefs and expected them to send periodic tribute. One of the Yongle Emperor's consorts was a Jurchen princess, which resulted in some of the eunuchs serving him being of Jurchen origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitamura197054-76">[73]</a> Chinese <a href="/wiki/Commandery_(China)" title="Commandery (China)">commanderies</a> were established over tribal military units under their own hereditary tribal leaders. In the Yongle period, 178 commanderies were set up in Manchuria. Later on, horse markets were established in the northern border towns of <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong</a>. Increased contact with the Chinese gave Jurchens the more complex and sophisticated organizational structures.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> dealt with the Jurchen military through appeals to material benefits and launching punitive expeditions. To appease them the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> court handed out titles and degrees, trading with them, and sought to acculturate them by having Korean women marry Jurchens and integrating them into Korean culture. These measures were unsuccessful and fighting continued between the Jurchen and the Koreans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2006138-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2010144-78">[75]</a> This relationship between the Jurchens and Koreans was ended by the Ming which envisioned the Jurchens as a form of protective border to the north.<a href="#cite_note-剑桥15-79">[76]</a> In 1403, Ahacu, chieftain of Huligai, paid tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a>. Soon after, <a href="/wiki/Mentemu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentemu">Mentemu</a>, chieftain of Odoli clan of the <a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Jurchens" title="Jianzhou Jurchens">Jianzhou Jurchens</a>, defected from paying tribute to Korea, becoming a tributary to China instead. <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseon" title="Taejo of Joseon">Yi Seong-gye</a>, the first ruler of Joseon, asked the Ming dynasty to send Mentemu back but was refused.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> The Yongle Emperor was determined to wrest the Jurchens out of Korean influence and have China dominate them instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang200829-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDardess201218-82">[79]</a> The Koreans tried to persuade Mentemu to reject the Ming dynasty's overtures but were unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrich19761066-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson200213-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtVhvh6ibLJcCpgPA286_286-7]-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang200830-86">[83]</a> The Jurchen tribes presented tribute to the Ming dynasty in succession.<a href="#cite_note-开国史21-87">[84]</a> They were divided in 384 guards by the Ming dynasty<a href="#cite_note-剑桥15-79">[76]</a> and the Jurchen became vassals to the Ming emperors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosmo20073-88">[85]</a> The name given to the Jurchen land by the Ming dynasty was <a href="/wiki/Nurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurgan">Nurgan</a>. Later, a Korean army led by <a href="/wiki/Yi-Il" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi-Il">Yi-Il</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a> would expel them from Korea.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1409, the Ming government created the Nurgan Command Post (奴兒干都司) at Telin (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tyr,_Russia" title="Tyr, Russia">Tyr, Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> about 100 km upstream from <a href="/wiki/Nikolayevsk-on-Amur" title="Nikolayevsk-on-Amur">Nikolayevsk-on-Amur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>) in the vicinity of Heilongjiang. The Jurchens came under the nominal administration of the Nurgan Command Post which lasted only 25 years and was abolished in 1434. Leaders of the Haixi and Jianzhou tribes did, however, accept the Ming titles.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From 1411 to 1433, the Ming eunuch <a href="/wiki/Yishiha" title="Yishiha">Yishiha</a> (who himself was a <a href="/wiki/Haixi_Jurchens" title="Haixi Jurchens">Haixi Jurchen</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a>) led ten large missions to win over the allegiance of the Jurchen tribes along the <a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a>. His fleet sailed down the Songhua into the Amur, and set up the Nurgan Command at Telin near the mouth of the Amur River. These missions are not well recorded in the Ming histories, but there exist two stone steles erected by Yishiha at the site of the Yongning Temple, a Guanyin temple commissioned by him at Telin.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> The inscriptions on the steles are in four languages: Chinese, Jurchen, Mongol, and Tibetan. There is probably quite a lot of propaganda in the inscriptions, but they give a detailed record of the Ming court's efforts to assert suzerainty over the Jurchen. When Yishiha visited Nurgan for the 3rd time in 1413, he built a temple called Yongning Temple at Telin and erected the <a href="/wiki/Yongning_Temple_Stele" title="Yongning Temple Stele">Yongning Temple Stele</a> in front of it. Yishiha paid his 10th visit to Nurgan in 1432, during which he rebuilt the Yongning Temple and re-erected a stele in front of it. The stele bore the heading "Record of Re-building Yongning Temple". The setting up of the Nurgan Command Post and the repeated declarations to offer blessings to this region by Yishiha and others were all recorded in this and the first steles.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the ninth year of the Ming <a href="/wiki/Xuande_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuande emperor">Xuande emperor</a> the <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria under Ming rule</a> suffered from famine forcing them to sell their daughters into slavery and moving to Liaodong to beg for help and relief from the Ming dynasty government.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_Manchu">Establishment of the Manchu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Establishment of the Manchu">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_era_northeast_asian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ming_era_northeast_asian.png/250px-Ming_era_northeast_asian.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ming_era_northeast_asian.png/375px-Ming_era_northeast_asian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ming_era_northeast_asian.png/500px-Ming_era_northeast_asian.png 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic map prior to <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity_in_the_Eight_Banners" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic identity in the Eight Banners">Ethnic identity in the Eight Banners</a></div> Over a period of 30 years from 1586, <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a>, a chieftain of the <a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Jurchens" title="Jianzhou Jurchens">Jianzhou Jurchens</a>, united the Jurchen tribes. In 1635, his son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a>, renamed his people the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> as a clear break from their past as Chinese vassals.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> During the Ming dynasty, the Koreans of <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> referred to the Jurchen-inhabited lands north of the Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen as part of the "superior country" (sangguk) which they called Ming China.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> The Qing deliberately excluded references and information that showed the Jurchens (Manchus) as subservient to the Ming dynasty, when composing the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a> to hide their former subservient relationship. The <a href="/wiki/Veritable_Records_of_Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Veritable Records of Ming">Veritable Records of Ming</a> were not used to source content on Jurchens during Ming rule in the History of Ming because of this.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng Emperor</a> attempted to rewrite the historical record and claim that the Aisin Gioro were never subjects of past dynasties and empires trying to cast <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a>'s acceptance of Ming titles like Dragon Tiger General (longhu jiangjun 龍虎將軍) by claiming he accepted to "please Heaven".<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> During the Qing dynasty, the two original editions of the books of the "Qing Taizu Wu Huangdi Shilu" and the "Manzhou Shilu Tu" (Taizu Shilu Tu) were kept in the palace, forbidden from public view because they showed that the Manchu Aisin Gioro family had been ruled by the Ming dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Our gurun (tribe, state) originally had the names Manju, Hada, Ula, Yehe, and Hoifa. Formerly ignorant persons have frequently called [us] jušen. The term jušen refers to the Coo Mergen of Sibe barbarians and has nothing to do with our gurun. Our gurun establishes the name Manju. Its rule will be long and transmitted over many generations. Henceforth persons should call our gurun its original name, Manju, and not use the previous demeaning name.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu,_1769,_Qilang_people_(%E5%A5%87%E6%A5%9E).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Qilang_people_%28%E5%A5%87%E6%A5%9E%29.jpg/220px-Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Qilang_people_%28%E5%A5%87%E6%A5%9E%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Qilang_people_%28%E5%A5%87%E6%A5%9E%29.jpg/330px-Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Qilang_people_%28%E5%A5%87%E6%A5%9E%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Qilang_people_%28%E5%A5%87%E6%A5%9E%29.jpg/440px-Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Qilang_people_%28%E5%A5%87%E6%A5%9E%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qilang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Qilang people">Qilang people</a> (奇楞). <a href="/wiki/Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu" title="Huang Qing Zhigong Tu">Huang Qing Zhigong Tu</a>, 1769</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-3815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-3815.jpg/180px-Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-3815.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-3815.jpg/270px-Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-3815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-3815.jpg/360px-Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-3815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bixi" title="Bixi">Bixi</a> from the grave of a 12th-century Jurchen leader in today's <a href="/wiki/Ussuriysk" title="Ussuriysk">Ussuriysk</a></figcaption></figure> Jurchen culture shared many similarities with the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of Siberian-Manchurian tundra and coastal peoples. Like the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, they took pride in feats of strength, horsemanship, archery, and hunting. Both Mongols and Jurchens used the title <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> for the leaders of a political entity, whether "emperor" or "chief". A particularly powerful chief was called <a href="/wiki/Beile" class="mw-redirect" title="Beile">beile</a> ("prince, nobleman"), corresponding with the Mongolian <a href="/wiki/Beki" title="Beki">beki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Baig" class="mw-redirect" title="Baig">baig</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a>. Also like the Mongols and the Turks, the Jurchens did not observe <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>. According to tradition, any capable son or nephew could be chosen to become leader. Unlike the Mongols,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiN9Tdfdap5MCpgPA217_217]-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERachewiltz1993112-103">[100]</a> the Jurchens were a sedentary<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVajda2000-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> and agrarian society. They farmed grain and millet as their primary cereal crops, grew flax and raised oxen, pigs, sheep, and horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidST6TRNuWmHsCpgPA416_416]-105">[102]</a> "At the most", the Jurchen could only be described as "semi-nomadic" while the majority of them were sedentary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010220–221-37">[34]</a> Jurchen similarities and differences with the Mongols were emphasized to various degrees by <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a> out of political expediency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdue2009127-106">[103]</a> Nurhaci once said to the Mongols that "the languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same with us Manchus (Jušen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later, Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based on any real shared culture, but rather on pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism". He said to the Mongols, "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson200231-107">[104]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, the Jurchens lived in sub-clans (mukun or hala mukun) of ancient clans (hala). Not all clan members were blood related, and division and integration of different clans was common. Jurchen households (boo) lived as families (booigon) consisting of five to seven blood-related family members and a number of slaves. Households formed squads (tatan) to engage in tasks related to hunting and food gathering and formed companies (niru) for larger activities, such as war.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haixi,_Jianzhou,_Yeren">Haixi, Jianzhou, Yeren</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Haixi, Jianzhou, Yeren">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Haixi_Jurchens" title="Haixi Jurchens">Haixi Jurchens</a> were "semi-agricultural, the <a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Jurchens" title="Jianzhou Jurchens">Jianzhou Jurchens</a> and Maolian (毛怜) Jurchens were sedentary, while hunting and fishing was the way of life of the "Wild Jurchens".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtyhT9SZRLS8CpgPA266_266]-108">[105]</a> Hunting, horseback archery, horsemanship, livestock raising, and sedentary agriculture were all practiced by Jianzhou Jurchens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawski1996834-109">[106]</a> The Jurchen way of life (economy) was described as agricultural. They farmed crops and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">raised animals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurmMühlhäuslerTyron1996828-110">[107]</a> Jurchens practiced slash-and-burn agriculture in the areas north of <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReardon-Anderson2000504-111">[108]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"建州毛憐則渤海大氏遺孽，樂住種，善緝紡，飲食服用，皆如華人，自長白山迤南，可拊而治也。 The (people of) Jianzhou and Mao Lian are the descendants of the Ta family of Balhae. They love to be sedentary and sow, and they are skilled in spinning and weaving. As for food, clothing and utensils, they are the same as (those used by) the Chinese. (Those living) south of Changbai Mountain are apt to be soothed and governed." <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>据魏焕《皇明九边考》卷二《辽东镇边夷考》<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Translation from Sino-J̌ürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403–1424 by Henry Serruys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerruys195522-113">[110]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queue">Queue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Queue">edit</a>]</div> In 1126, the Jurchens initially ordered male <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> within their conquered territories to adopt the Jurchen hairstyle by shaving the front of their heads and adopting Jurchen dress, but the order was later lifted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang198497–8-114">[111]</a> Jurchens were impersonated by Han rebels who wore their hair in the Jurchen <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queue</a> to strike fear within their population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidST6TRNuWmHsCpgPA417-115">[112]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, the Manchus, who descended from the Jurchens, similarly made Han Chinese men shave the front of their head and wear the rest of their hair in a <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queue</a>, or soncoho (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠣᠨᠴᠣᡥᠣ) (辮子; biànzi), the traditional Manchu hairstyle.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dogs">Dogs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dogs">edit</a>]</div> Although their <a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a> ancestors did not revere dogs, the Jurchens began to revere dogs around the time of the Ming dynasty and passed this tradition on to the Manchus. It was prohibited in Jurchen culture to use dog skin, and forbidden for Jurchens to harm, kill, or eat dogs. The Jurchens believed that the "utmost evil" was the usage of dog skin by Koreans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAisin_GioroJin200718-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_and_marriage">Sex and marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sex and marriage">edit</a>]</div> Pre-marital sex was probably accepted in lower class Jurchen society since the practice of guest prostitution - providing visitors with sex - did not impede their ability to marry later. The Jurchens also allowed marriage with in-laws, a practice considered taboo in Chinese society.<a href="#cite_note-L._S._Olschki-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-University_of_California_Press-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Abduction marriages</a> were common.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Burial">edit</a>]</div> Until recently, it was uncertain what kind of burial rites existed among the Jurchens. In July 2012, Russian archaeologists discovered a Jurchen burial ground in <a href="/wiki/Partizansky_District,_Primorsky_Krai" title="Partizansky District, Primorsky Krai">Partizansky District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorye</a> in Russia. Fifteen graves dating to the 12th or 13th century were found, consisting of the grave of a chieftain placed in the centre, with the graves of 14 servants nearby. All the graves contained pots with ashes, prompting the scientists to conclude that the Jurchens cremated the corpses of their dead. The grave of the chieftain also contained a quiver with arrows and a bent sword. The archaeologists propose that the sword was purposely bent, to signify that the owner would no longer need it in earthly life. The researchers planned to return to Primorye to establish whether this was a singular burial or a part of the larger burial ground.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> Only the Mongols and the northern "wild" Jurchen were semi-nomadic, unlike the mainstream Jianzhou Jurchens descended from the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>, who were farmers that foraged, hunted, herded and harvested crops in the Liao and Yalu river basins. They gathered ginseng root, pine nuts, hunted for came pels in the uplands and forests, raised horses in their stables, and farmed millet and wheat in their fallow fields. They engaged in dances, wrestling and drinking strong liquor as noted during midwinter by the Korean Sin Chung-il when it was very cold. These Jurchens who lived in the northeast's harsh cold climate sometimes half sunk their houses in the ground which they constructed of brick or timber and surrounded their fortified villages with stone foundations on which they built wattle and mud walls to defend against attack. Village clusters were ruled by beile, hereditary leaders. They fought each other and dispensed weapons, wives, slaves and lands to their followers in them. This was how the Jurchens who founded the Qing lived and how their ancestors lived before the Jin. Alongside Mongols and Jurchen clans there were migrants from Liaodong provinces of Ming China and Korea living among these Jurchens in a cosmopolitan manner. Nurhaci, who was hosting Sin Chung-il, was uniting all of them into his own army, having them adopt the Jurchen hairstyle of a long queue and a shaved forecrown and wearing leather tunics. His armies had black, blue, red, white and yellow flags. These became the Eight Banners, initially capped to 4 then growing to 8 with three different types of ethnic banners as Han, Mongol and Jurchen were recruited into Nurhaci's forces. Jurchens like Nurhaci spoke both their native Tungusic language and Chinese, adopting the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> for their own language, unlike the Jin Jurchen's use of the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a>. They adopted <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian values</a> and practiced <a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_the_Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamanism in the Qing dynasty">shamanist traditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> Most Jurchens raised pigs and stock animals and were farmers.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2011-73">[70]</a> The Qing stationed the "New Manchu" Warka foragers in <a href="/wiki/Ning%27an" title="Ning'an">Ningguta</a> and attempted to turn them into normal agricultural farmers but then the Warka just reverted to hunter gathering and requested money to buy cattle for beef broth. The Qing wanted the Warka to become soldier-farmers and imposed this on them, but the Warka simply left their garrison at Ningguta and went back to the <a href="/wiki/Sungari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungari">Sungari</a> to their homes to herd, fish and hunt. The Qing accused them of desertion.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Jurchens practiced <a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_the_Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamanism in the Qing dynasty">shamanic rituals</a> and believed in a supreme sky goddess (abka hehe, literally sky woman). The Jurchens of the Jin dynasty practiced <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, which became the prevalent religion of the Jurchens, and <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> The Jurchen word for "sorceress" was shanman.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> influence during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> the gender of the female sky deity was switched to a male sky father, Abka Enduri (abka-i enduri, abka-i han).<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> The early <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen script</a> was invented in 1120 by <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Xiyin" title="Wanyan Xiyin">Wanyan Xiyin</a>, acting on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Jin" title="Emperor Taizu of Jin">Wanyan Aguda</a>. It was based on the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan script</a> that was inspired in turn by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese characters</a>. The written Jurchen language died out soon after the fall of the Jin dynasty. The Translators' Bureau of the Ming tributary bureaucracy received a communication from the Jurchens in 1444 stating that nobody among them understood the Jurchen script, so all letters sent to them should be written in <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley199738-126">[123]</a> Until the end of the 16th century, when <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> became the new literary language, the Jurchens used a combination of Mongolian and Chinese. The pioneering work on studies of the Jurchen script was done by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grube" title="Wilhelm Grube">Wilhelm Grube</a> at the end of the 19th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217" title="Haplogroup C-M217">Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483)</a><a href="#cite_note-WeiYanYuHuang-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-YanTachibanaWeiYu-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-DidYouKnowDNA-129">[126]</a> has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but completely absent from Han Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-DidYouKnowDNA-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a> also showed that the haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951 of the Aisin Gioro family came to southeastern Manchuria after migrating from their place of origin in the Amur river's middle reaches, originating from ancestors related to <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daurs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Transbaikal" title="Transbaikal">Transbaikal</a> area. The <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a> speaking peoples mostly have C3c-M48 as their subclade of C3 which drastically differs from the C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro which originates from Mongolic speaking populations like the Daur. Jurchen (Manchus) are a Tungusic people. The Mongol Genghis Khan's haplogroup C3b1a3a1-F3796 (C3*-Star Cluster) is a fraternal "brother" branch of C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro.<a href="#cite_note-WeiYanYuHuang-127">[124]</a> A genetic test was conducted on 7 men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with 3 of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci. 3 of them turned out to share the C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, 2 of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees. The other 4 tested were unrelated.<a href="#cite_note-YanTachibanaWeiYu-128">[125]</a> The Daur Ao clan carries the unique haplogroup subclade C2b1a3a2-F8951, the same haplogroup as Aisin Gioro and both Ao and Aisin Gioro only diverged merely a couple of centuries ago from a shared common ancestor. Other members of the Ao clan carry haplogroups like N1c-M178, C2a1b-F845, C2b1a3a1-F3796 and C2b1a2-M48. People from northeast China, the Daur Ao clan and Aisin Gioro clan are the main carriers of haplogroup C2b1a3a2-F8951. The Mongolic C2*-Star Cluster (C2b1a3a1-F3796) haplogroup is a fraternal branch to Aisin Gioro's C2b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In fiction">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative History">Alternative History</a> timeline of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Agent_of_Byzantium" title="Agent of Byzantium">Agent of Byzantium</a>, the Jurchens migrate westwards, reach Europe and become a serious threat to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups in Chinese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean%E2%80%93Jurchen_border_conflicts" title="Korean–Jurchen border conflicts">Korean–Jurchen border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jurchen_chieftains" title="List of Jurchen chieftains">List of Jurchen chieftains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanai people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toi_invasion" title="Toi invasion">Toi invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> In the past, scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Abel-R%C3%A9musat" title="Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat">Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat</a> (apud Viktorova, 1980)<a href="#cite_note-viktorova1980-3">[3]</a> Fan Zuoguai and Han Feimu (apud Zarrow, 2015) proposed that the Jurchens and other Tungusic peoples descended from the <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu people</a>;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> this proposal has been critiqued by <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographer</a> Lydia Viktorova and <a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">sinologist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Edwin G. Pulleyblankas</a> being based on merely phonetic similarity between Tungus and modern Mandarin pronunciation Dōnghú; Tung-hu (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʊ́ŋ.xǔ]</a>) of 东胡; 東胡.<a href="#cite_note-viktorova1980-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The Japanese government and Franke give the modern Mandarin pronunciation Zhulizhen(Sylissäin).<a href="#cite_note-came-10">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> First attested in a late 15th-century glossary for the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> Bureau of Translators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1997232-20">[18]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927124359/http://www.apu.ac.jp/~yoshim/part2-4.pdf">"遼朝國號非「哈喇契丹(遼契丹)」考"</a> [The State Name of the Liao Dynasty was not “Qara Khitai (Liao Khitai )”] (PDF). 愛新覚羅烏拉熙春女真契丹学研究 (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apu.ac.jp/~yoshim/part2-4.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%84%9B%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%9A%E7%BE%85%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%86%99%E6%98%A5%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.atitle=%E9%81%BC%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%99%9F%E9%9D%9E%E3%80%8C%E5%93%88%E5%96%87%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%28%E9%81%BC%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%29%E3%80%8D%E8%80%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apu.ac.jp%2F~yoshim%2Fpart2-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-htt-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-htt_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-htt_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoong_Teik_Toh2005">Hoong Teik Toh 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSNMGosP0cAC&pg=PA28">28</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-viktorova1980-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-viktorova1980_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viktorova1980_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViktorova1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viktorova, Lydia Leonidovna (1980). Mongols: Origin of the People and Source of Culture (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. p. 183. <q>Это отчасти связано с недостаточным количеством материалов, отчасти - с допущенными ошибками. Например, фонетическое отождествление древнего народа дунху (восточные ху) с тунгусами, сделанное в начале XIX в. Абелем Ремюса лишь на принципе звукового сходства дунху - тунгус, привело к тому, что всех потомков дунху долгое время считали предками тунгусов. (rough translation: 'This is due to the insufficient amount of materials and partly due to the mistakes made. For example, the phonetic identification of the ancient people of the Donghu (Eastern Hu) with the Tungus, made at the beginning of the 19th century by Abel-Rémusat only on the principle of sound similarity between Donghu and Tungus. This led to the fact that for a long time all the descendants of the Donghu were considered the ancestors of the Tungus.')</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongols%3A+Origin+of+the+People+and+Source+of+Culture&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Viktorova&rft.aufirst=Lydia+Leonidovna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrow2015" class="citation book cs1">Zarrow, Peter (23 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sJ2NCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA191">Educating China: Knowledge, Society and Textbooks in a Modernizing World, 1902–1937</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11547-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11547-7"><bdi>978-1-107-11547-7</bdi></a>. <q>Fan and Han noted that the Jurchens were of the Eastern Hu race (Donghuzu)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Educating+China%3A+Knowledge%2C+Society+and+Textbooks+in+a+Modernizing+World%2C+1902%E2%80%931937&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11547-7&rft.aulast=Zarrow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsJ2NCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> *Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1983). "The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic China," in The Origins of Chinese Civilization, University of California Press, pp. 411–466. quote (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GK1hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA452">p. 452</a>): "The chance similarity in modern pronunciation of Tung Hu "Eastern Hu,' and Tungus led to the once widely held assumption that the Eastern Hu were Tungusic in language. This is a vulgar error with no real foundation." </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeWiles2014" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (13 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cw0pAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222">Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-4316-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-4316-2"><bdi>978-0-7656-4316-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Jin dynasty was established by the Jurchen people, ancestors of the Manchus who later founded the Qing dynasty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Women%3A+Tang+Through+Ming%2C+618-1644&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-4316-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Lily+Xiao+Hong&rft.au=Wiles%2C+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCw0pAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth_Li200211–13-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth_Li200211–13_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth_Li200211–13_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoth_Li2002">Roth Li 2002</a>, pp. 11–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth_Li200227-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth_Li200227_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoth_Li2002">Roth Li 2002</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-came-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-came_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-came_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-came_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-came_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranke1994">Franke (1994)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA216">216</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAisin_GioroJin200712-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAisin_GioroJin200712_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAisin_GioroJin200712_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAisin_GioroJin2007">Aisin Gioro & Jin 2007</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-pella-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pella_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pella_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pella_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPelliot1959">Pelliot (1959)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-c-104/V-1/page/0382.html.en">366</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-pellb-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pellb_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pellb_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPelliot1959">Pelliot (1959)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-c-104/V-1/page/0383.html.en">367</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf">Baxter-Sagart</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031025054135/http://www.jianbo.org/Jwcw/Zhoushu2.htm">《汲冢周书》</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-cont-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cont_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cont_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cont_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cont_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cont_17-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFJanhunen2004">Janhunen 2004</a>, pp. 67 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVajda2000-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVajda2000_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVajda2000_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVajda2000">Vajda 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStolberg2015-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStolberg2015_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStolberg2015">Stolberg 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1997232-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1997232_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1997232_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1997232_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1997232_20-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1997">Kane 1997</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qtgoTIAiKUCpgPA51_51]-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qtgoTIAiKUCpgPA51_51]_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElliott2001">Elliott 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA51">51</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERockhill1967153-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockhill1967153_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRockhill1967">Rockhill 1967</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley199746-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossley199746_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossley1997">Crossley 1997</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qtgoTIAiKUCpgPA47_47–48]-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qtgoTIAiKUCpgPA47_47–48]_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElliott2001">Elliott 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA47">47–48</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang1990239–282-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang1990239–282_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuang1990">Huang 1990</a>, pp. 239–282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qtgoTIAiKUCpgPA47_47]-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qtgoTIAiKUCpgPA47_47]_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElliott2001">Elliott 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA47">47</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qtgoTIAiKUCpgPA48_48]-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_qtgoTIAiKUCpgPA48_48]_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElliott2001">Elliott 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA48">48</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorelova200213–14-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorelova200213–14_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorelova2002">Gorelova 2002</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley199717-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossley199717_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossley1997">Crossley 1997</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994219-220-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994219-220_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranke1994">Franke 1994</a>, p. 219-220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2011b173-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2011b173_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2011b173_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2011b173_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim2011b">Kim 2011b</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1990414-415-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1990414-415_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1990414-415_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranke1990">Franke 1990</a>, p. 414-415. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999212-213-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote1999212-213_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote1999212-213_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMote1999">Mote 1999</a>, p. 212-213. </li> <li id="cite_note-Crossley2000-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Crossley2000_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_Kyle_Crossley2000" class="citation book cs1">Pamela Kyle Crossley (15 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&pg=PA198">A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology</a>. University of California Press. pp. 198–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92884-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92884-8"><bdi>978-0-520-92884-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Translucent+Mirror%3A+History+and+Identity+in+Qing+Imperial+Ideology&rft.pages=198-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000-02-15&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92884-8&rft.au=Pamela+Kyle+Crossley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWn4iv_RJv8oC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang1990245-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang1990245_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuang1990">Huang 1990</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010220–221-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010220–221_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010220–221_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreuker2010">Breuker 2010</a>, pp. 220–221. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakekoshi2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Takekoshi_Yosabur%C5%8D" title="Takekoshi Yosaburō">Takekoshi, Yosaburō</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ujfVq9v4zoC&q=japanese+woman+1019+toi&pg=PA134">The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan, Volume 1</a> (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415323797" title="Special:BookSources/0415323797"><bdi>0415323797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Aspects+of+the+History+of+the+Civilization+of+Japan%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=134&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0415323797&rft.aulast=Takekoshi&rft.aufirst=Yosabur%C5%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ujfVq9v4zoC%26q%3Djapanese%2Bwoman%2B1019%2Btoi%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatten2006" class="citation book cs1">Batten, Bruce L. (31 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5YBEAAAQBAJ&q=japanese+woman+1019+toi&pg=PA102">Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500-1300</a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 102, 101, 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824842925" title="Special:BookSources/9780824842925"><bdi>9780824842925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gateway+to+Japan%3A+Hakata+in+War+and+Peace%2C+500-1300&rft.pages=102%2C+101%2C+100&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006-01-31&rft.isbn=9780824842925&rft.aulast=Batten&rft.aufirst=Bruce+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5YBEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Djapanese%2Bwoman%2B1019%2Btoi%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang2006" class="citation book cs1">Kang, Jae-eun (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XB4UYXNQK1wC&pg=PA75">"5: Goryeo, the Land of Buddhism"</a>. The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Translated by Lee, Suzanne. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931907309" title="Special:BookSources/9781931907309"><bdi>9781931907309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+Goryeo%2C+the+Land+of+Buddhism&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Scholars%3A+Two+Thousand+Years+of+Korean+Confucianism&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Homa+%26+Sekey+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781931907309&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Jae-eun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXB4UYXNQK1wC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShivelyMcCullough1988" class="citation book cs1">Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H., eds. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eiTWWfoyuyAC&pg=PA95">The Cambridge History of Japan</a>. Volume 2: Heian Japan (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521223539" title="Special:BookSources/0521223539"><bdi>0521223539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Japan&rft.series=Volume+2%3A+Heian+Japan&rft.pages=95&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0521223539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeiTWWfoyuyAC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdolphsonKamensMatsumoto2007" class="citation book cs1">Adolphson, Mikael S.; Kamens, Edward; Matsumoto, Stacie, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UjB8yiiGDykC&q=japanese+woman+1019+toi&pg=PA376">Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries</a>. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824830137" title="Special:BookSources/9780824830137"><bdi>9780824830137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heian+Japan%2C+Centers+and+Peripheries&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780824830137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUjB8yiiGDykC%26q%3Djapanese%2Bwoman%2B1019%2Btoi%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TbFuAAAAMAAJ&q=japanese+woman+1019+toi">Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 2</a>. Kodansha. 1983. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870116223" title="Special:BookSources/0870116223"><bdi>0870116223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kodansha+Encyclopedia+of+Japan%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0870116223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTbFuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Djapanese%2Bwoman%2B1019%2Btoi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbree1988" class="citation book cs1">Embree, Ainslie Thomas, ed. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFIYAAAAIAAJ&q=japanese+woman+1019+toi">Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 1</a> (2nd, illustrated ed.). Scribner. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684188988" title="Special:BookSources/0684188988"><bdi>0684188988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+History%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=371&rft.edition=2nd%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0684188988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTFIYAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Djapanese%2Bwoman%2B1019%2Btoi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJdMAQAAIAAJ&q=japanese+woman+1019+toi">朝鮮學報, Issues 198-201</a>. 朝鮮學會. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1%2C+Issues+198-201&rft.pub=%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJdMAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Djapanese%2Bwoman%2B1019%2Btoi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillman1995" class="citation book cs1">Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdYGiGan4o8C&pg=PA27">China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History</a> (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791422739" title="Special:BookSources/0791422739"><bdi>0791422739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Under+Jurchen+Rule%3A+Essays+on+Chin+Intellectual+and+Cultural+History&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0791422739&rft.aulast=Tillman&rft.aufirst=Hoyt+Cleveland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIdYGiGan4o8C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-L._S._Olschki-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L._S._Olschki_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L._S._Olschki_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLanciotti1980">Lanciotti 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQAqAAAAYAAJ&q=%22guest+prostitution+means+that+the+host+provides%22">32</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_California_Press-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_California_Press_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_California_Press_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranke1983" class="citation book cs1">Franke, Herbert (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onbiqV5iqVAC&pg=PA136">"FIVE Sung Embassies: Some General Observations"</a>. In Rossabi, Moris (ed.). China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520043839" title="Special:BookSources/0520043839"><bdi>0520043839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=FIVE+Sung+Embassies%3A+Some+General+Observations&rft.btitle=China+Among+Equals%3A+The+Middle+Kingdom+and+Its+Neighbors%2C+10th-14th+Centuries&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0520043839&rft.aulast=Franke&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonbiqV5iqVAC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLanciotti1980">Lanciotti 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQAqAAAAYAAJ&q=%22particularly+of+the+upper+classes%22">33</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoong_Teik_Toh2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZSNMGosP0cACpgPA34_34],_35,_36-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoong_Teik_Toh2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZSNMGosP0cACpgPA34_34],_35,_36_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoong_Teik_Toh2005">Hoong Teik Toh 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSNMGosP0cAC&pg=PA34">34</a>, 35, 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoong_Teik_Toh2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZSNMGosP0cACpgPA31_31]-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoong_Teik_Toh2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZSNMGosP0cACpgPA31_31]_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoong_Teik_Toh2005">Hoong Teik Toh 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSNMGosP0cAC&pg=PA31">31</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Breuker_2010-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Breuker_2010_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreuker2010">Breuker 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZx0VvujPqcC&dq=jurchen+sedentary&pg=PA221">220–221</a>. "The Jurchen settlements in the Amnok River region had been tributaries of Koryŏ since the establishment of the dynasty, when T'aejo Wang Kŏn heavily relied on a large segment of Jurchen cavalry to defeat the armies of Later Paekche. The position and status of these Jurchen is hard to determine using the framework of the Koryŏ and Liao states as reference, since the Jurchen leaders generally took care to steer a middle course between Koryŏ and Liao, changing sides or absconding whenever that was deemed the best course. As mentioned above, Koryŏ and Liao competed quite fiercely to obtain the allegiance of the Jurchen settlers who in the absence of large armies effectively controlled much of the frontier area outside the Koryŏ and Liao fortifications. These Jurchen communities were expert in handling the tension between Liao and Koryŏ, playing out divide-and-rule policies backed up by threats of border violence. It seems that the relationship between the semi-nomadic Jurchen and their peninsular neighbours bore much resemblance to the relationship between Chinese states and their nomad neighbours, as described by Thomas Barfield." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010221-222-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010221-222_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreuker2010">Breuker 2010</a>, p. 221-222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010222-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010222_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreuker2010">Breuker 2010</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010223-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010223_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreuker2010">Breuker 2010</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillmanWest1995" class="citation book cs1">Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdYGiGan4o8C&pg=PA27">China Under Jurchen Rule</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2273-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2273-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-2273-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Under+Jurchen+Rule&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2273-1&rft.aulast=Tillman&rft.aufirst=Hoyt+Cleveland&rft.au=West%2C+Stephen+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIdYGiGan4o8C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbankFranke1994221-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbankFranke1994221_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTwitchettFairbankFranke1994">Twitchett, Fairbank & Franke 1994</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-거란의_고려침입-58"><a href="#cite_ref-거란의_고려침입_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contents.history.go.kr/front/kc/main.do?levelId=kc_i200300"><bdi lang="ko">거란의 고려침입</bdi></a>. 한국사 연대기 (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a>. Retrieved 22 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC+%EC%97%B0%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%B0&rft.atitle=%EA%B1%B0%EB%9E%80%EC%9D%98+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%B9%A8%EC%9E%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontents.history.go.kr%2Ffront%2Fkc%2Fmain.do%3FlevelId%3Dkc_i200300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF신천식" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">신천식. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0008888"><bdi lang="ko">김단(金旦)</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a> (in Korean).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=%EA%B9%80%EB%8B%A8%28%E9%87%91%E6%97%A6%29&rft.au=%EC%8B%A0%EC%B2%9C%EC%8B%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FArticle%2FE0008888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0066626"><bdi lang="ko">여진정벌</bdi></a>. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%EC%97%AC%EC%A7%84%EC%A0%95%EB%B2%8C&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FContents%2FIndex%3Fcontents_id%3DE0066626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1984127-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1984127_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1984">Lee 1984</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010224-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010224_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreuker2010">Breuker 2010</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2014793-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2014793_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2014">Brown 2014</a>, p. 793. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1984127-128-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1984127-128_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1984">Lee 1984</a>, p. 127-128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010225-226-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010225-226_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreuker2010">Breuker 2010</a>, p. 225-226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010137-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010137_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreuker2010">Breuker 2010</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYi1984" class="citation book cs1">Yi, Ki-baek (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&q=%22they+looked+upon+Koryo+in+particular+as+their+parent+country%22">A New History of Korea</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2"><bdi>978-0-674-61576-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-674-61576-2&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Ki-baek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC%26q%3D%2522they%2Blooked%2Bupon%2BKoryo%2Bin%2Bparticular%2Bas%2Btheir%2Bparent%2Bcountry%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1984128-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1984128_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1984">Lee 1984</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-Franke-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Franke_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTwitchettFairbankFranke1994">Twitchett, Fairbank & Franke 1994</a>, p. 229: "the king of Koryŏ declared himself a vassal of Chin in the summer of 1126." </li> <li id="cite_note-EWJ-70"><a href="#cite_ref-EWJ_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthall2014">Ebrey & Walthall 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6F2XLmIVAaYC&pg=PA171">[1]</a>, p. 171, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>: "In the case of the Jurchen Jin, the [Goryeo] court decided to transfer its tributary relationship from the Liao to Jin before serious violence broke out." Also p.172: "Koryŏ enrolled as a Jin tributary". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010229-230-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010229-230_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreuker2010">Breuker 2010</a>, p. 229-230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999195-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote1999195_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMote1999">Mote 1999</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schneider_2011-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2011_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_2011_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2011" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider, Julia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2045182">"The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors"</a>. Journal of Song-Yuan Studies. 41 (41): 389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsys.2011.0030">10.1353/sys.2011.0030</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-2045182">1854/LU-2045182</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496214">23496214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162237648">162237648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Song-Yuan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Jin+Revisited%3A+New+Assessment+of+Jurchen+Emperors&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=389&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-2045182&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162237648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23496214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsys.2011.0030&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ugent.be%2Fpublication%2F2045182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadbridge2018" class="citation book cs1">Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RHOFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire</a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108636629" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108636629"><bdi>978-1108636629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Making+of+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.pages=94&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1108636629&rft.aulast=Broadbridge&rft.aufirst=Anne+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRHOFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2010301-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2010301_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2010">Wang 2010</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitamura197054-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitamura197054_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitamura1970">Mitamura 1970</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2006138-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2006138_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeth2006">Seth 2006</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2010144-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2010144_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeth2010">Seth 2010</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-剑桥15-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-剑桥15_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-剑桥15_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson2002">Peterson 2002</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeng2006">Meng 2006</a>, p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang200829-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang200829_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhang2008">Zhang 2008</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDardess201218-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDardess201218_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDardess2012">Dardess 2012</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrich19761066-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodrich19761066_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodrich1976">Goodrich 1976</a>, p. 1066. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson200213-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson200213_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson2002">Peterson 2002</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtVhvh6ibLJcCpgPA286_286-7]-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtVhvh6ibLJcCpgPA286_286-7]_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark1998">Clark 1998</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&pg=PA286">286-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang200830-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang200830_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhang2008">Zhang 2008</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-开国史21-87"><a href="#cite_ref-开国史21_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeng2006">Meng 2006</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosmo20073-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosmo20073_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCosmo2007">Cosmo 2007</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903021101/http://www.adm.khv.ru/invest2.nsf/Tourism/ArchaeologicalRus/A1BC40C4DD0B1605CA25730E00193997">"Объекты туризма — Археологические. Тырские храмы"</a> [Tourism objects - Archaeological. Tyr temples] (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adm.khv.ru/invest2.nsf/Tourism/ArchaeologicalRus/A1BC40C4DD0B1605CA25730E00193997">the original</a> on 3 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0+%E2%80%94+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adm.khv.ru%2Finvest2.nsf%2FTourism%2FArchaeologicalRus%2FA1BC40C4DD0B1605CA25730E00193997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> (Regional government site explaining the location of the Tyr (Telin) temples: just south of the Tyr village) </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShih-Shan_Henry_Tsai2002" class="citation book cs1">Shih-Shan Henry Tsai (2002). Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. University of Washington Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295981245" title="Special:BookSources/0295981245"><bdi>0295981245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perpetual+Happiness%3A+The+Ming+Emperor+Yongle&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0295981245&rft.au=Shih-Shan+Henry+Tsai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OuSsxBuALQYC">Google Books</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/China/XV/1400-1420/Stela1410/text.htm">Telin Stele</a> (from: "Политика Минской империи в отношении чжурчженей (1402 -1413 гг.)" (The Jurchen policy of the Ming Empire), in "Китай и его соседи в древности и средневековье" (China and its neighbors in antiquity and the Middle Ages), Moscow, 1970. (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200312144319/https://www.itsfun.com.tw/%E4%BA%A6%E5%A4%B1%E5%93%88/wiki-3774856-0311736">"亦失哈"</a> [It's also lost] (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itsfun.com.tw/%E4%BA%A6%E5%A4%B1%E5%93%88/wiki-3774856-0311736">the original</a> on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020. <q>宣德九年，女真地区灾荒，女真人被迫卖儿鬻女，四处流亡，逃向辽东的女真难民，希望得到官府的赈济。[In the ninth year of Xuande, the Jurchen region was famine, and the Jurchens were forced to sell their sons and wives and went into exile. They fled to the Jurchen refugees in Liaodong, hoping to get relief from the government.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%A6%E5%A4%B1%E5%93%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itsfun.com.tw%2F%25E4%25BA%25A6%25E5%25A4%25B1%25E5%2593%2588%2Fwiki-3774856-0311736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428053435/http://hlj.ifeng.com/culture/history/detail_2014_07/08/2559681_0.shtml">"亦失哈八下东洋"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ifeng.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifeng.com">Ifeng.com</a>. 8 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hlj.ifeng.com/culture/history/detail_2014_07/08/2559681_0.shtml">the original</a> on 28 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ifeng.com&rft.atitle=%E4%BA%A6%E5%A4%B1%E5%93%88%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%9C%E6%B4%8B&rft.date=2014-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhlj.ifeng.com%2Fculture%2Fhistory%2Fdetail_2014_07%2F08%2F2559681_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummel1943" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr." title="Arthur W. Hummel Sr.">Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.</a>, ed. (1943). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Abahai">"Abahai" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period" title="Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period">Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abahai&rft.btitle=Eminent+Chinese+of+the+Ch%27ing+Period&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossnick1972" class="citation book cs1">Grossnick, Roy A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RpdRAAAAMAAJ&q=In+1635,+doubtless+on+the+advice+of+his+Chinese+councilors,+Abahai+forbade+the+use+of+the+names,">Early Manchu Recruitment of Chinese Scholar-officials</a>. 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Japan Society of Human Genetics: 775–780. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs10038-019-0622-4">10.1038/s10038-019-0622-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31148597">31148597</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171094135">171094135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Relating+Clans+Ao+and+Aisin+Gioro+from+northeast+China+by+whole+Y-chromosome+sequencing&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=775-780&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171094135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31148597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs10038-019-0622-4&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Chi-Zao&rft.au=Wei%2C+Lan-Hai&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ling-Xiang&rft.au=Wen%2C+Shao-Qing&rft.au=Yu%2C+Xue-Er&rft.au=Shi%2C+Mei-Sen&rft.au=Li%2C+Hui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAisin_GioroJin2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Ulhicun" title="Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun">Aisin Gioro, Ulhicun</a>; Jin, Shi (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/lt/rb/601/601PDF/aisin.pdf">"Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the Rise of the Manchu State (1368–1636)"</a> (PDF), Ritsumeikan Bungaku, pp. 12–34</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manchuria+from+the+Fall+of+the+Yuan+to+the+Rise+of+the+Manchu+State+%281368%E2%80%931636%29&rft.btitle=Ritsumeikan+Bungaku&rft.pages=12-34&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Aisin+Gioro&rft.aufirst=Ulhicun&rft.au=Jin%2C+Shi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ritsumei.ac.jp%2Facd%2Fcg%2Flt%2Frb%2F601%2F601PDF%2Faisin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1999" class="citation cs2">Arnold, Lauren (1999), Mark Stephen Mir (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRunTSqY7msC">Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures: The Franciscan Mission to China and Its Influence on the Art of the West, 1250–1350</a>, Desiderata Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRunTSqY7msC&pg=PA179">p. 179</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780967062808" title="Special:BookSources/9780967062808"><bdi>9780967062808</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princely+Gifts+and+Papal+Treasures%3A+The+Franciscan+Mission+to+China+and+Its+Influence+on+the+Art+of+the+West%2C+1250%E2%80%931350&rft.pages=p.+179&rft.pub=Desiderata+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780967062808&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRunTSqY7msC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBretschneider2013" class="citation cs2">Bretschneider, E. (2013), "Pei Shi Ki", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fc9YAQAAQBAJ">Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century, Vol. I</a>, London: Routledge, Trench, Trübner, & Co., p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fc9YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">25</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136380211" title="Special:BookSources/9781136380211"><bdi>9781136380211</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pei+Shi+Ki&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Researches+from+Eastern+Asiatic+Sources%3A+Fragments+towards+the+Knowledge+of+the+Geography+and+History+of+Central+and+Western+Asia+from+the+13th+to+the+17th+Century%2C+Vol.+I&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Trench%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner%2C+%26+Co.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136380211&rft.aulast=Bretschneider&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfc9YAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreuker2010" class="citation cs2">Breuker, Remco E. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZx0VvujPqcC">Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty</a>, Brill's Korean Studies Library, vol. 1, Leiden: Brill, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZx0VvujPqcC&dq=jurchen+sedentary&pg=PA221">220</a>-221, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004183254" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004183254"><bdi>978-9004183254</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Establishing+a+Pluralist+Society+in+Medieval+Korea%2C+918-1170%3A+History%2C+Ideology+and+Identity+in+the+Kory%C5%8F+Dynasty&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill%27s+Korean+Studies+Library&rft.pages=220-221&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004183254&rft.aulast=Breuker&rft.aufirst=Remco+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZx0VvujPqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2014" class="citation cs2">Brown, Kerry (2014), Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography, Berkshire Publishing Group LLC</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berkshire+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Biography&rft.pub=Berkshire+Publishing+Group+LLC&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan1988" class="citation cs2">Chan Hok-lam (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA182">"The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te Reigns, 1399–1435"</a>, in Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett; John K. Fairbank (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C">The Cambridge History of China</a>, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Pt. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA182">182–304</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521243327" title="Special:BookSources/0521243327"><bdi>0521243327</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chien-wen%2C+Yung-lo%2C+Hung-hsi%2C+and+Hs%C3%BCan-te+Reigns%2C+1399%E2%80%931435&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Volume+7%3A+The+Ming+Dynasty%2C+1368%E2%80%931644%2C+Pt.+1&rft.pages=182-304&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0521243327&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Hok-lam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtyhT9SZRLS8C%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1998" class="citation cs2">Clark, Donald N. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&pg=PA272">"Sino-Korean Tributary Relations under the Ming"</a>, in Denis C. Twitchett; Frederick W. 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Foster and Charles Hartman for Cambridge University Press in 1982, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&pg=PA356">356</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521497817" title="Special:BookSources/9780521497817"><bdi>9780521497817</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Monde+Chinois+%5BA+History+of+Chinese+Civilization%5D&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=translated+by+J.R.+Foster+and+Charles+Hartman+for+Cambridge+University+Press+in+1982&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780521497817&rft.aulast=Gernet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djqb7L-pKCV8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrich1976" class="citation cs2">Goodrich, Luther Carrington, ed. 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href="http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/5/4/0/3/pages254039/p254039-29.php">29</a>, 30, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/5/4/0/3/pages254039/p254039-1.php">the original</a> on 20 April 2014, retrieved 18 April 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Traditional+East+Asian+Structure+from+the+Perspective+of+Sino-Korean+Relations&rft.pages=29%2C+30&rft.pub=International+Relations+Department+The+London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Feng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitation.allacademic.com%2Fmeta%2Fp_mla_apa_research_citation%2F2%2F5%2F4%2F0%2F3%2Fpages254039%2Fp254039-1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJurchen+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/jurchen.htm">Jurchen script</a></li> <li>(in Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404083447/http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/twain/1279/indexeng.htm">The Jurchen language and Script Website</a> (Chinese Traditional Big5 code page) via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ria.ru/science/20120727/710417211.html">The Russian news about the discovery of the Jurchen burial ground, July 2012</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575044">Japan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jin_dynasty_(1115–1234)_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)_topics" title="Template:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)_topics" title="Template talk:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingkang_incident" title="Jingkang incident">Jingkang incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huangtiandang" title="Battle of Huangtiandang">Huangtiandang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yancheng" title="Battle of Yancheng">Yancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangdao" title="Battle of Tangdao">Tangdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caishi" title="Battle of Caishi">Caishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shaoxing" title="Treaty of Shaoxing">Treaty of Shaoxing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1194_Yellow_River_flood" title="1194 Yellow River flood">1194 Yellow River flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yehuling" title="Battle of Yehuling">Yehuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dachangyuan" title="Battle of Dachangyuan">Dachangyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Daohuigu" title="Battle of Daohuigu">Daohuigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanfengshan" title="Battle of Sanfengshan">Sanfengshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_siege_of_Kaifeng" title="Mongol siege of Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caizhou" title="Siege of Caizhou">Caizhou</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jurchen people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan clan">Wanyan clan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_coinage_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huining_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Huining Prefecture">Huining Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongdu" title="Zhongdu">Zhongdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanqing_Temple" title="Yanqing Temple">Yanqing Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaocheng_Jin_Tripitaka" title="Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka">Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">History of Jin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tungusic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tungusic_peoples" title="Template:Tungusic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tungusic_peoples" title="Template talk:Tungusic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tungusic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tungusic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tungusic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evens" title="Evens">Evens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_people" title="Solon people">Solons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negidals" title="Negidals">Negidals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchers" title="Duchers">Duchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_people" title="Udege people">Udeges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroch_people" title="Oroch people">Orochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_people" title="Taz people">Taz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a> (controversial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilou" title="Yilou">Yilou</a> (controversial)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuji_(people)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuji (people) (page does not exist)">Wuji</a> (controversial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> (controversial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohes</a> (controversial, including <a href="/wiki/Heishui_Mohe" title="Heishui Mohe">Heishui Mohe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumo_Mohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumo Mohe">Sumo Mohe</a> etc.)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jurchens</a> (including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Five_state_tribes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Five state tribes (page does not exist)">Five state tribes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Jurchens" title="Jianzhou Jurchens">Jianzhou Jurchens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haixi_Jurchens" title="Haixi Jurchens">Haixi Jurchens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_Jurchens" title="Wild Jurchens">Wild Jurchens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Sibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulch_people" title="Ulch people">Ulchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orok_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Orok people">Oroks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate extinct group</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template talk:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> peoples in China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Dongyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Âu Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong%27ou" title="Dong'ou">Dong'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Lạc Việt">Lạc Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanyue" title="Shanyue">Shanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangyue" title="Yangyue">Yangyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanman" title="Nanman">Nanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelang" title="Yelang">Yelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpa" title="Sumpa">Sumpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirong" title="Xirong">Xirong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanrong" title="Quanrong">Quanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Beidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunwei" title="Chunwei">Chunwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifang" title="Guifang">Guifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Shanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yilou" title="Yilou">Yilou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Huaxiasiyi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty."><img alt="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/250px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/375px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/500px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="456" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuanman" title="Cuanman">Cuanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanid">Karakhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jurchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khereid">Khereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tujue">Tujue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha Mongol">Khalkha Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&oldid=1257931324">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurchen_people&oldid=1257931324</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jurchens" 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