CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ruthenians - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a21c27cb-50e0-4970-8ea6-263dcc85f047","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ruthenians","wgTitle":"Ruthenians","wgCurRevisionId":1253685550,"wgRevisionId":1253685550,"wgArticleId":262838,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk)","Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2017","\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters", "Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Belarusian-language text","Articles containing Ukrainian-language text","Articles containing German-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021","Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from June 2023","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference","Ruthenians","Ruthenian people","Exonyms","Grand Duchy of Lithuania","Ukrainian studies"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ruthenians","wgRelevantArticleId":262838,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable": true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q690869","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled": false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1775"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1184"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="947"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ruthenians - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenians"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenians"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ruthenians rootpage-Ruthenians skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ruthenians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ruthenians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ruthenians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ruthenians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruthenian_terminology_in_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruthenian_terminology_in_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ruthenian terminology in Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruthenian_terminology_in_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carpatho-Ruthenian_ethnonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carpatho-Ruthenian_ethnonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Carpatho-Ruthenian ethnonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carpatho-Ruthenian_ethnonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculative_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculative_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Speculative theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculative_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruthenian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruthenian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ruthenian culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ruthenian_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ruthenian culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ruthenian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Music and Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Ruthenian_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Ruthenian_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable Ruthenian people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Ruthenian_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruthenians</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="الريطونيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الريطونيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC)" title="Русіны (гістарычны этнонім) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Русіны (гістарычны этнонім)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Русіны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Русіны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheni" title="Rutheni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rutheni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwtheniaid" title="Rwtheniaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rwtheniaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenere" title="Rutenere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rutenere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenen" title="Ruthenen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ruthenen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9_(%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8C_%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF)" title="Ρουθήνιοι (παλαιό εθνώνυμο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρουθήνιοι (παλαιό εθνώνυμο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_ruteno" title="Pueblo ruteno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo ruteno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%C3%A9niens" title="Ruthéniens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ruthéniens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_ruteno" title="Pobo ruteno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo ruteno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruteni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Rutenia" title="Orang Rutenia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ruteni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Rut%C3%A9nia" title="Wong Ruténia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Ruténia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheni" title="Rutheni – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rutheni" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C4%93%C5%86i" title="Rutēņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rutēņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C4%97nai" title="Rusėnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusėnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Рутенци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рутенци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="روثينيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روثينيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roethenen_(historisch)" title="Roethenen (historisch) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roethenen (historisch)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniers_(volk)" title="Ruteniers (volk) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ruteniers (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E4%BA%BA" title="ルーシ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーシ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusini" title="Rusini – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rusini" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenos" title="Rutenos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rutenos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC)" title="Русины (исторический этноним) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русины (исторический этноним)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Рутени – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рутени" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenler" title="Rutenler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rutenler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC)" title="Русини (історичний етнонім) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Русини (історичний етнонім)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="鲁塞尼亚人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鲁塞尼亚人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q690869#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ruthenians" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ruthenians" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ruthenians" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&oldid=1253685550" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ruthenians&id=1253685550&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRuthenians"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRuthenians"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ruthenians&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ruthenians" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q690869" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">European ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the Eastern Catholic body, the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ruthenians</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/330px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="506" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A boy with the pilgrimage flag with the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_lion" title="Ruthenian lion">Ruthenian lion</a> during the Ruthenian pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1906</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Previously <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>;</li><li>currently <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a> and the official church language <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a><hr /><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian Greek Catholic Church</a> among other Byzantine rites originally from Slavic origins.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Ruthenian</b></i> and <i><b>Ruthene</b></i> are <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonyms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> origin, formerly used in Eastern and Central Europe as common <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonyms</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and partially <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Late_medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Late medieval">late medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a> periods. The Latin term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rutheni</i></span> was used in medieval sources to describe Eastern Slavs of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, as an exonym for people of the former <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, thus including ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <i>Ruthenian</i> and related exonyms continued through the early modern period, developing several distinctive meanings, both in terms of their regional scopes and additional religious connotations (such as affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipman1912a276-277_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipman1912a276-277-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipman1912b277-279_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipman1912b277-279-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrajcar196379-94_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrajcar196379-94-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In medieval sources, the Latin term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rutheni</i></span> was commonly applied to East Slavs in general, thus encompassing all <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonyms</a> and their various forms (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">русіны</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">rusiny</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">русини</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">rusyny</i></span>). By opting for the use of exonymic terms, authors who wrote in Latin were relieved from the need to be specific in their applications of those terms, and the same quality of <i>Ruthenian</i> exonyms is often recognized in modern, mainly Western authors, particularly those who prefer to use exonyms (foreign in origin) over endonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHimka19998-9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimka19998-9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20152-5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20152-5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early modern period, the exonym <i>Ruthenian</i> was most frequently applied to the East Slavic population of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, an area encompassing territories of modern <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> from the 15th up to the 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunčić2015276-289_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunčić2015276-289-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-name_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the former <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Monarchy">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a>, the same term (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ruthenen</i>) was employed up to 1918 as an official exonym for the entire Ukrainian population within the borders of the Monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2017–201887-104_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2017–201887-104-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ruteni</i>, a misnomer that was also the name of an <a href="/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni">extinct and unrelated Celtic tribe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Gaul">Ancient Gaul</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-eou_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was used in reference to Rus' in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annales_Augustani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annales Augustani (page does not exist)">Annales Augustani</a></i> of 1089.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative early modern Latinisation, <i>Rucenus</i> (plural <i>Ruceni</i>) was, according to <a href="/wiki/Boris_Unbegaun" title="Boris Unbegaun">Boris Unbegaun</a>, derived from <i>Rusyn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baron <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_von_Herberstein" title="Sigismund von Herberstein">Herberstein</a>, describing the land of <i>Russia</i> (Rus'), inhabited by the <i>Rutheni</i> who call themselves <i>Russi</i>, claimed that the first of the governors who rule <i>Russia</i> (Rus') is the Grand Duke of Moscow, the second is the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the third is the King of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyl'nikov199946_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyl'nikov199946-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_XVII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_XVII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5.png/220px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_XVII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_XVII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5.png/330px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_XVII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_XVII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5.png/440px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_XVII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5.png 2x" data-file-width="4444" data-file-height="2755" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Muscovy Abatis Line in the 17th century printed in 1916 in Saint Petersburg demonstrates understanding of the pre-Peter's epoch.</figcaption></figure><p>According to professor <a href="/wiki/John-Paul_Himka" title="John-Paul Himka">John-Paul Himka</a> from the University of Alberta the word <i>Rutheni</i> did not include the modern Russians, who were known as <i>Moscovitae</i> throughout Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasili III of Russia</a>, who ruled the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a> in the 16th century, was known in European Latin sources as <i>Rhuteni Imperator</i>, do to a self proclaimed title <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">"Tsar of Rus' (Russia)"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Margeret" title="Jacques Margeret">Jacques Margeret</a> in his book "Estat de l'empire de Russie, et grande duché de Moscovie" of 1607 said that the name "Muscovites" for the population of <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom (Empire) of Russia</a> is an error.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During conversations, they called themselves <i>rusaki</i> (which is a colloquial term for <i>Russians</i>) and only the citizens of the capital called themself "Muscovites". Margeret considered that this error is worse than calling all the French "Parisians".<sup id="cite_ref-Margeret1983_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margeret1983-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyl'nikov199984_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyl'nikov199984-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor David Frick from the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute has also found in Vilnius the documents from 1655, which demonstrate that Moscovitae were sometimes referred in Lithuania as Rutheni (as former part of Kievan Rus').<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 16th century Portuguese poet <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Vaz_de_Cam%C3%B5es" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís Vaz de Camões">Luís Vaz de Camões</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a>" (Canto III, 11)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> clearly writes "...Entre este mar e o Tánais vive estranha Gente: Rutenos, Moscos e Livónios, Sármatas outro tempo..." differentiating between Ruthenians and Muscovites. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1587_Planisferio_de_Urbano_Monti._Europe_region_Ukraine_(Russia),_Moscovia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1587_Planisferio_de_Urbano_Monti._Europe_region_Ukraine_%28Russia%29%2C_Moscovia.jpg/220px-1587_Planisferio_de_Urbano_Monti._Europe_region_Ukraine_%28Russia%29%2C_Moscovia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1587_Planisferio_de_Urbano_Monti._Europe_region_Ukraine_%28Russia%29%2C_Moscovia.jpg/330px-1587_Planisferio_de_Urbano_Monti._Europe_region_Ukraine_%28Russia%29%2C_Moscovia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1587_Planisferio_de_Urbano_Monti._Europe_region_Ukraine_%28Russia%29%2C_Moscovia.jpg/440px-1587_Planisferio_de_Urbano_Monti._Europe_region_Ukraine_%28Russia%29%2C_Moscovia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibits.stanford.edu/nhdmaps/catalog/tp840sm1056">1587 Map of the World</a> <a href="/wiki/Urbano_Monti" title="Urbano Monti">Urbano Monti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ruthenians of different regions in 1836: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1, 2. <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galician</a> Ruthenians;</li><li>3. <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian</a> Ruthenians;</li><li>4, 5. <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolian</a> Ruthenians.</li></ul></div><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Poland">partition of Poland</a>, the term Ruthenian referred exclusively to people of the Rusyn- and Ukrainian-speaking areas of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Transcarpathia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Ukraine-Moscovia_1507_Planisferio_de_Johannes_Ruysch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Russia-Ukraine-Moscovia_1507_Planisferio_de_Johannes_Ruysch.jpg/220px-Russia-Ukraine-Moscovia_1507_Planisferio_de_Johannes_Ruysch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Russia-Ukraine-Moscovia_1507_Planisferio_de_Johannes_Ruysch.jpg/330px-Russia-Ukraine-Moscovia_1507_Planisferio_de_Johannes_Ruysch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Russia-Ukraine-Moscovia_1507_Planisferio_de_Johannes_Ruysch.jpg/440px-Russia-Ukraine-Moscovia_1507_Planisferio_de_Johannes_Ruysch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>1507 - "A more universal map of the known world from recently completed observations" <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ruysch" title="Johannes Ruysch">Johannes Ruysch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the request of <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Levytsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Mykhailo Levytsky">Mykhailo Levytsky</a>, in 1843, the term Ruthenian became the official name for the Rusyns and Ukrainians within the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko" title="Ivan Franko">Ivan Franko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a> in their passports were identified as Ruthenians (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Rusini</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900, more and more Ruthenians began to call themselves with the self-designated name Ukrainians.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalism</a> during the mid-19th century, use of "Ruthenian" and cognate terms declined among Ukrainians and fell out of use in Eastern and Central Ukraine. Most people in the western region of Ukraine followed suit later in the 19th century. During the early 20th century, the name <i>Ukrajins'ka mova</i> ("Ukrainian language") became accepted by much of the Ukrainian-speaking literary class in the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, new states emerged and dissolved; borders changed frequently. After several years, the Rusyn and Ukrainian speaking areas of eastern Austria-Hungary found themselves divided between the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. </p><p>When commenting on the partition of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in March 1939, US diplomat <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George Kennan</a> noted, "To those who inquire whether these <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Rusyns" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpatho-Rusyns">peasants</a> are Russians or Ukrainians, there is only one answer. They are Neither. They are simply <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Rusyns" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpatho-Rusyns">Ruthenians</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Paul R. Magocsi emphasizes that modern Ruthenians have "the sense of a nationality distinct from Ukrainians" and often associate Ukrainians with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a> or Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1995221-231_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1995221-231-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the expansion of Soviet Ukraine following World War II, several groups who had not previously considered themselves Ukrainians were merged into the Ukrainian identity.<sup id="cite_ref-EnB_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruthenian_terminology_in_Poland">Ruthenian terminology in Poland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ruthenian terminology in Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelm1861R.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Chelm1861R.jpg/220px-Chelm1861R.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Chelm1861R.jpg/330px-Chelm1861R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Chelm1861R.jpg/440px-Chelm1861R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Ruthenians of Kholm (<a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a>) in 1861.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%88%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%88%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%88%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%88%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%88%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%88%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%88%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ruthenians of <a href="/wiki/Podlachia" title="Podlachia">Podlachia</a> in the second half of the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Interbellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Interbellum">interbellum</a> period of the 20th century, the term <i>rusyn</i> (<i>Ruthenian</i>) was also applied to people from the <i><a href="/wiki/Kresy_Wschodnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kresy Wschodnie">Kresy Wschodnie</a></i> (the eastern borderlands) in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, and included Ukrainians, Rusyns, and Lemkos, or alternatively, members of the <a href="/wiki/Uniate_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniate Church">Uniate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholic Churches</a>. In Galicia, the Polish government actively replaced all references to "Ukrainians" with the old word <i>rusini</i> ("Ruthenians"). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Polish_census_of_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish census of 1921">Polish census of 1921</a> considered Ukrainians no other than Ruthenians, meanwhile Belarusians have already become a separate nation, which in Polish is literally translated as "White Ruthenians" (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Białorusini</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Polish_Census_1921_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polish_Census_1921-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the <a href="/wiki/Polish_census_of_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish census of 1931">Polish census of 1931</a> counted Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn as separate language categories, and the census results were substantially different from before.<sup id="cite_ref-Polish_Census_1931_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polish_Census_1931-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyn</a>-American historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Paul Robert Magocsi</a>, Polish government policy in the 1930s pursued a strategy of tribalization, regarding various ethnographic groups—i.e., <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a>, as well as Old Ruthenians and <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukrainian_Russophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ukrainian Russophiles">Russophiles</a>—as different from other Ukrainians and offered instructions in Lemko vernacular in state schools set up in the westernmost <a href="/wiki/Lemkivshchyna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemkivshchyna">Lemko Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010638-639_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010638-639-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polish_Census_1931_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polish_Census_1931-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Polish_census_of_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish census of 1931">Polish census of 1931</a> listed "Belarusian", "Rusyn" and "Ukrainian" (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">białoruski, ruski, ukraiński</i>, respectively) as separate languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Zielinski_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zielinski-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carpatho-Ruthenian_ethnonyms">Carpatho-Ruthenian ethnonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Carpatho-Ruthenian ethnonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusyn people">Rusyn people</a></div> <p>By the end of the 19th century, another set of terms came into use in several western languages, combining regional <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian mountains">Carpathian</a> with <i>Ruthenian</i> designations, and thus producing composite terms such as: Carpatho-Ruthenes or Carpatho-Ruthenians. Those terms also acquired several meanings, depending on the shifting geographical scopes of the term <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>. Those meanings were also spanning from wider uses as designations for all East Slavs of the Carpathian region, to narrower uses, focusing on those local groups of East Slavs who did not accept a modern Ukrainian identity, but rather opted to keep their traditional <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyn</a> identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20152-14_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20152-14-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The designations Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn were banned in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> by the end of World War II in June 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-EnB_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruthenians who identified under the Rusyn ethnonym and considered themselves to be a national and linguistic group separate from Ukrainians and Belarusians were relegated to the Carpathian diaspora and formally functioned among the large immigrant communities in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1995221-231_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1995221-231-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EnB_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cross-European revival took place only with the collapse of communist rule in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-EnB_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has resulted in political conflict and accusations of intrigue against Rusyn activists, including criminal charges. The Rusyn minority is well represented in Slovakia. The single category of people who listed their ethnicity as Rusyn was created in the 1920s; however, no generally accepted standardised Rusyn language existed.<sup id="cite_ref-multi_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After World War II, following the practice in the Soviet Union, Ruthenian ethnicity was disallowed. This Soviet policy maintained that the Ruthenians and their language were part of the Ukrainian ethnic group and language. At the same time, the Greek Catholic church was banned and replaced with the Eastern Orthodox church under the Russian Patriarch, in an atmosphere which repressed all religions. Thus, in Slovakia, the former Ruthenians were technically free to register as any ethnicity but Ruthenian.<sup id="cite_ref-multi_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The government of Slovakia has proclaimed Rusyns (<i>Rusíni</i>) to be a distinct national minority (1991) and recognised <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn language</a> as a distinct language (1995).<sup id="cite_ref-eou_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speculative_theories">Speculative theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Speculative theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg/220px-Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg/330px-Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg/440px-Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Latin memorial plate from 1521, that mentions king <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> as <i>Rex Rhutenorum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Petersfriedhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Petersfriedhof">Petersfriedhof</a>, Salzburg).</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 19th century, several speculative theories emerged regarding the origin and nature of medieval and early modern uses of <i>Ruthenian</i> terms as designations for East Slavs. Some of those theories were focused on a very specific source, a memorial plate from 1521, that was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Catacombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacombe">catacombe</a> Chapel of St Maximus in <a href="/wiki/Petersfriedhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Petersfriedhof">Petersfriedhof</a>, the burial site of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Abbey,_Salzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Abbey, Salzburg">St Peter's Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>). The plate contains Latin inscription that mentions Italian ruler <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> (476–493) as king of "Rhutenes" or "Rhutenians" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Rex Rhvtenorvm</i>), and narrates a story about the martyrdom of St Maximus during an invasion of several peoples into <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> in 477. Due to the very late date (1521) and several anachronistic elements, the content of that plate is considered as legendary.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEРыбалка2020281-307_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEРыбалка2020281-307-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of that, some authors (mainly non-scholars) employed that plate as a "source" for several theories that were trying to connect Odoacer with ancient Celtic <a href="/wiki/Ruthenes_(Celtic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenes (Celtic tribe)">Ruthenes</a> from Gaul, thus also providing an apparent bridge towards later medieval authors who labeled East Slavs as <i>Ruthenes</i> or <i>Ruthenians</i>. On those bases, an entire strain of speculative theories was created, regarding the alleged connection between ancient Gallic Ruthenes and later East Slavic "Ruthenians".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEШелухин192920-27_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEШелухин192920-27-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted by professor <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Paul R. Magocsi</a>, those theories should be regarded as "inventive tales" of "creative" writers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201058-59_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201058-59-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201550-51_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201550-51-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a></div> <p>From the 9th century, <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> – now part of the modern states of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> – was known in Western Europe by <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' (name)">a variety of names</a> derived from Rus'. From the 12th century, the land of Rus' was usually known in Western Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinised</a> name <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ruthenians#Dubious" title="Talk:Ruthenians">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kievan Rus', also known as Ruthenia, c. 1230"><img alt="Kievan Rus', also known as Ruthenia, c. 1230" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg/145px-001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg/217px-001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg/290px-001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, also known as Ruthenia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1230</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe,_Casimir_Delamarre,_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1868 linguistic, ethnographic, and political map of Eastern Europe by Casimir Delamarre   Ruthenians and Ruthenian language"><img alt="1868 linguistic, ethnographic, and political map of Eastern Europe by Casimir Delamarre   Ruthenians and Ruthenian language" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg/115px-Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg/172px-Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg/229px-Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1868 linguistic, ethnographic, and political map of Eastern Europe by Casimir Delamarre <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fdeeb9; color:black;"> </span> Ruthenians and Ruthenian language</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%AB_1907_%D0%A1-%D0%9F._%D0%A0%D0%98..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1907 linguistic and ethnographic map that indicates Ukrainians as "Little Russians or Ruthenians""><img alt="1907 linguistic and ethnographic map that indicates Ukrainians as "Little Russians or Ruthenians"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%AB_1907_%D0%A1-%D0%9F._%D0%A0%D0%98..jpg/180px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%AB_1907_%D0%A1-%D0%9F._%D0%A0%D0%98..jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%AB_1907_%D0%A1-%D0%9F._%D0%A0%D0%98..jpg/270px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%AB_1907_%D0%A1-%D0%9F._%D0%A0%D0%98..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%AB_1907_%D0%A1-%D0%9F._%D0%A0%D0%98..jpg/360px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%AB_1907_%D0%A1-%D0%9F._%D0%A0%D0%98..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="931" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1907 linguistic and ethnographic map that indicates <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russians</a> or Ruthenians"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_hungary_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1911 map depicting the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with Ruthenians in light green"><img alt="1911 map depicting the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with Ruthenians in light green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Austria_hungary_1911.jpg/180px-Austria_hungary_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Austria_hungary_1911.jpg/270px-Austria_hungary_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Austria_hungary_1911.jpg/360px-Austria_hungary_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1521" data-file-height="1155" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1911 map depicting the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with Ruthenians in light green</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1927 Polish map that indicates Ukrainians as "Ruthenians" ("Rusini"), and Belarusians as "White Ruthenians" ("Białorusini")"><img alt="1927 Polish map that indicates Ukrainians as "Ruthenians" ("Rusini"), and Belarusians as "White Ruthenians" ("Białorusini")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg/180px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg/270px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg/360px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_1927_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83..jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1927 Polish map that indicates Ukrainians as "Ruthenians" ("Rusini"), and <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> as "White Ruthenians" ("Białorusini")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seat_of_Ukraine_Republic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1918 map of Ukraine. Caption says following: "In the ruled area Ukrainian (Ruthenian) speech predominates…""><img alt="1918 map of Ukraine. Caption says following: "In the ruled area Ukrainian (Ruthenian) speech predominates…"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Seat_of_Ukraine_Republic.jpg/180px-Seat_of_Ukraine_Republic.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Seat_of_Ukraine_Republic.jpg/270px-Seat_of_Ukraine_Republic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Seat_of_Ukraine_Republic.jpg/360px-Seat_of_Ukraine_Republic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="982" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1918 map of Ukraine. Caption says following: "In the ruled area Ukrainian (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>) speech predominates…" </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruskie_grupy_etniczne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ethnographic groups of Ruthenians, from "Rusini, zarys etnografii na Rusi" (1928)[39]"><img alt="Ethnographic groups of Ruthenians, from "Rusini, zarys etnografii na Rusi" (1928)[39]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ruskie_grupy_etniczne.jpg/180px-Ruskie_grupy_etniczne.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ruskie_grupy_etniczne.jpg/270px-Ruskie_grupy_etniczne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ruskie_grupy_etniczne.jpg/360px-Ruskie_grupy_etniczne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="831" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ethnographic groups of Ruthenians, from "Rusini, zarys etnografii na <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Rusi</a>" (1928)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruthenian_culture">Ruthenian culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ruthenian culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1727_book_in_Ruthenian_language_of_Heorhij_Hennadij_Bizancij_printed_in_Trnava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1727_book_in_Ruthenian_language_of_Heorhij_Hennadij_Bizancij_printed_in_Trnava.jpg/101px-1727_book_in_Ruthenian_language_of_Heorhij_Hennadij_Bizancij_printed_in_Trnava.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1727_book_in_Ruthenian_language_of_Heorhij_Hennadij_Bizancij_printed_in_Trnava.jpg/151px-1727_book_in_Ruthenian_language_of_Heorhij_Hennadij_Bizancij_printed_in_Trnava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1727_book_in_Ruthenian_language_of_Heorhij_Hennadij_Bizancij_printed_in_Trnava.jpg/202px-1727_book_in_Ruthenian_language_of_Heorhij_Hennadij_Bizancij_printed_in_Trnava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7480" data-file-height="12133" /></a><figcaption>Book in Ruthenian language printed in Trnava (1727)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian language</a></div> <p>The Ruthenian language (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>: рускаꙗ мова, рускїй ѧзыкъ) was an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonymic</a> <a href="/wiki/Linguonym" title="Linguonym">linguonym</a> for a closely related group of <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a> linguistic <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a>, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> regions of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. By the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> (<i>White Ruthenian</i>), <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> (<i>Ruthenian</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Carpathians" title="Ukrainian Carpathians">Carpathian</a> Ruthenian</i>) languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2017–2018119-135_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2017–2018119-135-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Uniate_Church" title="Ruthenian Uniate Church">Ruthenian Uniate Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus%27" title="Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'">Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion in Ukraine</a></div><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Volodymyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Volodymyr">baptism of Volodymyr</a> began a long history of the dominance of Eastern Orthodoxy in <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>. The Rus' accepted Christianity in its <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine form</a> at the same time as the Poles accepted it in its <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin form</a>, Lithuanians largely remained <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> to the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> before their nobility embraced the Latin form upon the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">political union</a> with the Poles. The eastward expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been facilitated by amicable treaties and inter-marriages of the nobility when faced with the external threat of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg/220px-Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg/330px-Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg/440px-Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption>Religions in the Commonwealth (1573), orthodox Christianity in green, Catholicism in yellow</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> was generally divided into two large areas: <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> with dominance of Catholicism, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> with Orthodox and Byzantine influences. The border between them was roughly marked by the <a href="/wiki/Bug_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug River">Bug River</a>. This placed the area now known as <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> in a unique position where these two influences mixed and interfered. </p><p>The first Latin Church diocese in White Ruthenia was established in <a href="/wiki/Tura%C5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Turaŭ">Turaŭ</a> between 1008 and 1013. Catholicism was a traditionally dominant religion of Belarusian <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a>) and of a large part of the population of western and northwestern parts of Belarus. Before the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> was dominant in White Ruthenia. The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Krewo" title="Union of Krewo">Union of Krewo</a> in 1385 broke this monopoly and made <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> the religion of the ruling class. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jogaila" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogaila">Jogaila</a>, then ruler of the Grand <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Duchy of Lithuania">Duchy of Lithuania</a>, ordered the whole population of Lithuania to convert to Catholicism. One and a half years after the Union of Krewo, the <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a></i></span> (Vilnius) episcopate was created which received a lot of land from the Lithuanian dukes. By the mid-16th century Catholicism became strong in Lithuania and bordering with it north-west parts of White Ruthenia, but the Orthodox church was still dominant. </p><p>In the 14th century, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> sanctioned the creation of two additional metropolitan sees: the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Halych" title="Metropolis of Halych">Metropolis of Halych</a> (1303) and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Lithuania" title="Metropolis of Lithuania">Metropolis of Lithuania</a> (1317). </p><p>Metropolitan Roman (1355–1362) of Lithuania and Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Alexius,_Metropolitan_of_Kiev" title="Alexius, Metropolitan of Kiev">Alexius of Kiev</a> both claimed the see. Both metropolitans travelled to Constantinople to make their appeals in person. In 1356, their cases were heard by a Patriarchal Synod. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod" title="Holy Synod">Holy Synod</a> confirmed that Alexis was the Metropolitan of Kiev while Roman was also confirmed in his see at Novogorodek. In 1361, the two sees were formally divided. Shortly afterwards, in the winter of 1361/62, Roman died. From 1362 to 1371, the vacant see of Lithuania–Halych was administered by Alexius. By that point, the Lithuanian metropolis was effectively dissolved. </p><p>Following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a>, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev" title="Isidore of Kiev">Isidore of Kiev</a> returned to Moscow in 1441 as a Ruthenian cardinal. He was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Moscow">Grand Duke of Moscow</a> and accused of <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>. The Grand Duke deposed Isidore and in 1448 installed own candidate as Metropolitan of Kyiv — <a href="/wiki/Jonah_of_Moscow" title="Jonah of Moscow">Jonah</a>. This was carried out without the approval of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Gregory_III_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory III of Constantinople">Gregory III of Constantinople</a>. When Isidore died in 1458, he was succeeded as metropolitan in the Patriarchate of Constantinople by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Bulgarian" title="Gregory the Bulgarian">Gregory the Bulgarian</a>. Gregory's canonical territory was the western part of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> lands — the states of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">episcopal seat</a> was in the city of <a href="/wiki/Navahrudak" class="mw-redirect" title="Navahrudak">Navahrudak</a> which is today located in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. It was later moved to <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> — the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitans_and_patriarchs_of_Moscow#Metropolitans_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus'_(permanent_residence_in_Moscow,_1325–1461)" title="List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow">parallel succession to the title</a> ensued between Moscow and Vilnius. The Metropolitans of Kiev are the predecessors of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'</a> that was formed in the 16th century. </p><p>The Ruthenian Uniate Church was created in 1595–1596 by those clergy of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox churches">Eastern Orthodox churches</a> who subscribed to the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union of Brest</a>. In the process, they switched their allegiances <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">and jurisdiction</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. It had a single metropolitan territory — the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev,_Galicia_and_all_Ruthenia_(Ruthenian_Uniate_Church)" title="Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia (Ruthenian Uniate Church)">Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia</a>. The formation of the church led to a high degree of confrontation among Ruthenians, such as the murder of the <a href="/wiki/Hierarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarch">hierarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Josaphat_Kuntsevych" title="Josaphat Kuntsevych">Josaphat Kuntsevych</a> in 1623. Opponents of the union called church members "<a href="/wiki/Uniate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniate">Uniates</a>", although Catholic documents no longer use the term due to its perceived negative overtones. In 1620, these dissenters erected their own metropolis — the "<a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev,_Galicia_and_all_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia">Metropolis of Kyev, Galicia and all Ruthenia</a>". </p><p>In the 16th century, a crisis began in Christianity: the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> began in Catholicism and a period of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> began in an Orthodox area. From the mid-16th century <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> ideas began spreading in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>. The first Protestant Church in Belarus was created in Brest by <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_%22the_Black%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł">Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł</a>. Protestantism did not survive due to the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation_in_Poland" title="Counter-Reformation in Poland">Counter-Reformation in Poland</a>. </p><p>Both the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth and the Ruthenian Church underwent a period of decay. The Ruthenian Church was the church of a people without statehood. The Poles considered the Ruthenians a conquered people. Over time, the Lithuanian military and political ascendancy did away with the Ruthenian autonomies. The disadvantageous political status of the Ruthenian people also affected the status of their church and undermined her capacity for reform and renewal. Furthermore, they could not expect support from the Mother Church in Constantinople or from their co-religionists in Moscow. Thus, the Ruthenian church was in a weaker position than the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth. </p><p>Until 1666, when <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Nikon of Moscow">Patriarch Nikon</a> was deposed by <a href="/wiki/Russian_tsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian tsar">the tsar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> had been independent of the State. In 1721, the first Russian Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter I</a>, abolished completely the patriarchate and effectively made the church a department of the government, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod" title="Most Holy Synod">Most Holy Synod</a> composed of senior bishops and lay bureaucrats appointed by the emperor himself. Over time, Imperial Russia would style itself a protector and patron of all Orthodox Christians, especially those within the Ottoman Empire. </p><p> Domination of <a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">tsarist-ruled Ukraine</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Russia" title="Great Russia">Russian Empire</a> (from 1721) eventually led to the decline of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Uniate Catholicism</a> (officially founded in 1596) in the Ukrainian lands under Tsarist control.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rutheni_1563.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rutheni_1563.jpg/140px-Rutheni_1563.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rutheni_1563.jpg/210px-Rutheni_1563.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rutheni_1563.jpg/279px-Rutheni_1563.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Ruthenians (Rutheni), an illustration in a book by Pietro Bertelli, 1563.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_Dance">Music and Dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music and Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Music of Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music of Ukraine</a></div> <p>Musical scores titled "<i>Baletto Ruteno</i>" or "<i>Horea Rutenia</i>", meaning Ruthenian <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a> can be found in European collections during the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish</a> rule of Ruthenia, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Tablature" title="Gdańsk Tablature">Gdańsk lute tablature</a> of 1640.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Rurikids" title="Symbols of the Rurikids">Symbols of the Rurikids</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Cossack Hetmanate used since the 17th century"><img alt="Flag of the Cossack Hetmanate used since the 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> used since the 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_1480.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Ruthenia (Galicia-Volhynia) featuring the Ruthenian lion (1480)"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Ruthenia (Galicia-Volhynia) featuring the Ruthenian lion (1480)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_1480.jpg/91px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_1480.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_1480.jpg/137px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_1480.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_1480.jpg/182px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_1480.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1571" data-file-height="2068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Ruthenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galicia-Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia-Volhynia">Galicia-Volhynia</a>) featuring the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_lion" title="Ruthenian lion">Ruthenian lion</a> (1480)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ruthenian_Voivodeship_from_Stematographia_(1701).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Ruthenian Voivodeship from Stematographia (1701)"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Ruthenian Voivodeship from Stematographia (1701)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ruthenian_Voivodeship_from_Stematographia_%281701%29.jpg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ruthenian_Voivodeship_from_Stematographia_%281701%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ruthenian_Voivodeship_from_Stematographia_%281701%29.jpg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ruthenian_Voivodeship_from_Stematographia_%281701%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ruthenian_Voivodeship_from_Stematographia_%281701%29.jpg/171px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ruthenian_Voivodeship_from_Stematographia_%281701%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of Arms of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian Voivodeship</a> from Stematographia (1701)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karta_pocztowa_wydawnictwa_Salonu_Malarzy_Polskich_w_Krakowie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms for the proposed Pol.–Lith.–Ruth. Commonwealth, which never came into being. It consisted of the Polish White Eagle, the Lithuanian Pahonia and the Ruthenian Archangel Michael (19th century)"><img alt="Coat of arms for the proposed Pol.–Lith.–Ruth. Commonwealth, which never came into being. It consisted of the Polish White Eagle, the Lithuanian Pahonia and the Ruthenian Archangel Michael (19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Karta_pocztowa_wydawnictwa_Salonu_Malarzy_Polskich_w_Krakowie.jpg/76px-Karta_pocztowa_wydawnictwa_Salonu_Malarzy_Polskich_w_Krakowie.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Karta_pocztowa_wydawnictwa_Salonu_Malarzy_Polskich_w_Krakowie.jpg/114px-Karta_pocztowa_wydawnictwa_Salonu_Malarzy_Polskich_w_Krakowie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Karta_pocztowa_wydawnictwa_Salonu_Malarzy_Polskich_w_Krakowie.jpg/152px-Karta_pocztowa_wydawnictwa_Salonu_Malarzy_Polskich_w_Krakowie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3179" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms for the proposed <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Ruthenian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth">Pol.–Lith.–Ruth. Commonwealth</a>, which never came into being. It consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">White Eagle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pahonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahonia">Pahonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Michael">Archangel Michael</a> (19th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_COA_Je%C5%82owicki_knazi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Jełowicki noble family"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Jełowicki noble family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/POL_COA_Je%C5%82owicki_knazi.png/118px-POL_COA_Je%C5%82owicki_knazi.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/POL_COA_Je%C5%82owicki_knazi.png/177px-POL_COA_Je%C5%82owicki_knazi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/POL_COA_Je%C5%82owicki_knazi.png/235px-POL_COA_Je%C5%82owicki_knazi.png 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1114" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%82owicki_family" title="Jełowicki family">Jełowicki</a> noble family</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Sapieh%C3%B3w.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Sapieha noble family"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Sapieha noble family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Herb_Sapieh%C3%B3w.PNG/120px-Herb_Sapieh%C3%B3w.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Herb_Sapieh%C3%B3w.PNG/180px-Herb_Sapieh%C3%B3w.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Herb_Sapieh%C3%B3w.PNG/240px-Herb_Sapieh%C3%B3w.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Sapieha" title="Sapieha">Sapieha</a> noble family</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_COA_Ostrogski_I.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Ostrogski noble family"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Ostrogski noble family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/POL_COA_Ostrogski_I.png/120px-POL_COA_Ostrogski_I.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/POL_COA_Ostrogski_I.png/180px-POL_COA_Ostrogski_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/POL_COA_Ostrogski_I.png/240px-POL_COA_Ostrogski_I.png 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogski_family" title="Ostrogski family">Ostrogski</a> noble family</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Ogi%C5%84skich.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Ogiński noble family"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Ogiński noble family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Herb_Ogi%C5%84skich.PNG/120px-Herb_Ogi%C5%84skich.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Herb_Ogi%C5%84skich.PNG/180px-Herb_Ogi%C5%84skich.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Herb_Ogi%C5%84skich.PNG/240px-Herb_Ogi%C5%84skich.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Ogi%C5%84ski_family" title="Ogiński family">Ogiński</a> noble family</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_COA_Gozdawa_III.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Pac noble family"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Pac noble family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/POL_COA_Gozdawa_III.svg/91px-POL_COA_Gozdawa_III.svg.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/POL_COA_Gozdawa_III.svg/137px-POL_COA_Gozdawa_III.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/POL_COA_Gozdawa_III.svg/183px-POL_COA_Gozdawa_III.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="988" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Pac_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Pac family">Pac</a> noble family</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_COA_Chodkiewicz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Chodkiewicz noble family"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Chodkiewicz noble family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/POL_COA_Chodkiewicz.svg/93px-POL_COA_Chodkiewicz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/POL_COA_Chodkiewicz.svg/140px-POL_COA_Chodkiewicz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/POL_COA_Chodkiewicz.svg/187px-POL_COA_Chodkiewicz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Chodkiewicz" title="Chodkiewicz">Chodkiewicz</a> noble family</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_II.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Radziwiłł noble family"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Radziwiłł noble family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_II.svg/114px-POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_II.svg/172px-POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_II.svg/229px-POL_COA_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_family" title="Radziwiłł family">Radziwiłł</a> noble family</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alex_K_Danylo_Apostol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Doroshenko noble family"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Doroshenko noble family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alex_K_Danylo_Apostol.svg/101px-Alex_K_Danylo_Apostol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alex_K_Danylo_Apostol.svg/152px-Alex_K_Danylo_Apostol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alex_K_Danylo_Apostol.svg/203px-Alex_K_Danylo_Apostol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Doroshenko_family" title="Doroshenko family">Doroshenko</a> noble family</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alex_K_Myhailo_Hanenko.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Khanenko noble family"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Khanenko noble family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alex_K_Myhailo_Hanenko.svg/102px-Alex_K_Myhailo_Hanenko.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alex_K_Myhailo_Hanenko.svg/152px-Alex_K_Myhailo_Hanenko.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alex_K_Myhailo_Hanenko.svg/203px-Alex_K_Myhailo_Hanenko.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Khanenko" title="Mykhailo Khanenko">Khanenko</a> noble family</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alex_K_Pavlo_Teteria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Teteria noble family"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Teteria noble family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Alex_K_Pavlo_Teteria.svg/101px-Alex_K_Pavlo_Teteria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Alex_K_Pavlo_Teteria.svg/152px-Alex_K_Pavlo_Teteria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Alex_K_Pavlo_Teteria.svg/203px-Alex_K_Pavlo_Teteria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Teteria" title="Pavlo Teteria">Teteria</a> noble family</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alex_K_Pavlo_Polubotok.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Polubotok noble family"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Polubotok noble family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alex_K_Pavlo_Polubotok.svg/102px-Alex_K_Pavlo_Polubotok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alex_K_Pavlo_Polubotok.svg/152px-Alex_K_Pavlo_Polubotok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alex_K_Pavlo_Polubotok.svg/203px-Alex_K_Pavlo_Polubotok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Polubotok" title="Pavlo Polubotok">Polubotok</a> noble family</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alex_K_Ivan_Vygovskyi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Vyhovsky noble family"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Vyhovsky noble family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alex_K_Ivan_Vygovskyi.svg/102px-Alex_K_Ivan_Vygovskyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alex_K_Ivan_Vygovskyi.svg/153px-Alex_K_Ivan_Vygovskyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alex_K_Ivan_Vygovskyi.svg/204px-Alex_K_Ivan_Vygovskyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vyhovsky" title="Ivan Vyhovsky">Vyhovsky</a> noble family</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Ruthenian_people">Notable Ruthenian people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable Ruthenian people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr the Great">Volodymyr the Great</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 958–1015), <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">Grand Prince of Kiev</a>, Ruthenian <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianizer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 978–1054), <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">Grand Prince of Kiev</a>, under which <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> reached its territorial peak and golden age</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Monomakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr Monomakh">Volodymyr Monomakh</a> (1053–1125), <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">Grand Prince of Kiev</a>, who kept the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> together and protected <a href="/wiki/Rus_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus land">Rus' land</a> from nomadic incursions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danylo_of_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Danylo of Galicia">Danylo of Galicia</a> (1201–1264), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">prince of Galicia-Volhynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">Grand Prince of Kiev</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ruthenia" title="King of Ruthenia">King of Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Ostrogski" title="Konstanty Ostrogski">Konstanty Ostrogski</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1460–1530), a <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility" title="Ruthenian nobility">Ruthenian prince</a> and magnate of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Samogitia</a> and later a <a href="/wiki/Hetmans_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Grand Hetman of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxelana" title="Roxelana">Roxelana</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1504–1558), also known as Haseki Hürrem Sultan, wife of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_Smotrytsky" title="Meletius Smotrytsky">Meletius Smotrytsky</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1577–1633), an archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a>, writer, religious and pedagogical activist of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a> linguist<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1595–1657), a <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility" title="Ruthenian nobility">Ruthenian nobleman</a>, military commander of <a href="/wiki/Cossacks#Ukrainian_Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a> and founding father of the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mazepa" title="Ivan Mazepa">Ivan Mazepa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1639–1709), the Hetman of the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patron_of_the_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron of the arts">patron of arts</a>, under which rule Hetmanate was reunited and prospered, marking the end of its <a href="/wiki/The_Ruin_(Ukrainian_history)" title="The Ruin (Ukrainian history)">Ruin age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Doroshenko" title="Petro Doroshenko">Petro Doroshenko</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1595–1657), a <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> political and military leader, <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right-bank Ukraine</a> (1665–1672)<sup id="cite_ref-doroshenko_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doroshenko-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Carpatho-Ruthenian_Orthodox_Diocese" class="mw-redirect" title="American Carpatho-Ruthenian Orthodox Diocese">American Carpatho-Ruthenian Orthodox Diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Carpathian Ruthenia">Coat of arms of Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%27,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" title="Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Ruthenian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility" title="Ruthenian nobility">Ruthenian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Russophilia" title="Galician Russophilia">Galician Russophilia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Robert_Magocsi" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paul Robert Magocsi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rusyn-people">"Rusyn"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rusyn&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.au=Paul+Robert+Magocsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRusyn-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926091117/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/5622732"><bdi lang="ru">РУСИНЫ</bdi></a> [Rusyns]. <i>Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия</i> (in Russian). [<i>Great Russian Encyclopedia</i> - electronic version]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/5622732">the original</a> on 26 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%AB&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+-+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fethnology%2Ftext%2F5622732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipman1912a276-277-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipman1912a276-277_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipman1912a">Shipman 1912a</a>, p. 276-277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipman1912b277-279-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipman1912b277-279_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipman1912b">Shipman 1912b</a>, p. 277-279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrajcar196379-94-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrajcar196379-94_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrajcar1963">Krajcar 1963</a>, p. 79-94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohdewaldFrickWiederkehr2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rohdewald, Stefan; Frick, David A.; Wiederkehr, Stefan (2007). <i>Litauen und Ruthenien: Studien zu einer transkulturellen Kommunikationsregion (15.–18. Jahrhundert)</i> [<i>Lithuania and Ruthenia: studies of a transcultural communication zone (15th–18th centuries)</i>] (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05605-2"><bdi>978-3-447-05605-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173071153">173071153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Litauen+und+Ruthenien%3A+Studien+zu+einer+transkulturellen+Kommunikationsregion+%2815.%E2%80%9318.+Jahrhundert%29&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173071153&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05605-2&rft.aulast=Rohdewald&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Frick%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Wiederkehr%2C+Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eou-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eou_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimka" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John-Paul_Himka" title="John-Paul Himka">Himka, John-Paul</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuthenians.htm">"Ruthenians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ruthenians&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.aulast=Himka&rft.aufirst=John-Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CR%255CU%255CRuthenians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimka19998-9-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHimka19998-9_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHimka1999">Himka 1999</a>, p. 8-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20152-5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20152-5_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2015">Magocsi 2015</a>, p. 2-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunčić2015276-289-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunčić2015276-289_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunčić2015">Bunčić 2015</a>, p. 276-289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-name-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-name_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1529), Part. 1., Art. 1.: <i>"На первей преречоным прелатом, княжатом, паном, хоруговым, шляхтам и местом преречоных земель <b>Великого князства Литовского, Руского, Жомойтского и иных</b> дали есмо: ..."</i>; According to.: Pervyi ili Staryi Litovskii Statut // Vremennik Obschestva istorii i drevnostei Rossiiskih. 1854. Book 18, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2017–201887-104-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2017–201887-104_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2017–2018">Moser 2017–2018</a>, p. 87-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02185/html/171.html">"Magyarország népessége"</a>. <i>mek.oszk.hu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mek.oszk.hu&rft.atitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+n%C3%A9pess%C3%A9ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F02100%2F02185%2Fhtml%2F171.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_von_Herberstein" title="Sigismund von Herberstein">Sigismund von Herberstein</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ezs8AAAAcAAJ&q=ruthenicum">Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyl'nikov199946-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyl'nikov199946_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyl'nikov1999">Myl'nikov 1999</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeake2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Speake, Jennifer, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/literatureoftrav0002unse/page/834/mode/2up">"Muscovy"</a>. <i>Literature of travel and exploration: An encyclopedia</i>. Volume Two: G to P. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 831–834. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-247-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-247-0"><bdi>978-1-57958-247-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muscovy&rft.btitle=Literature+of+travel+and+exploration%3A+An+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Volume+Two%3A+G+to+P&rft.pages=831-834&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-247-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliteratureoftrav0002unse%2Fpage%2F834%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Лобин А. Н. Послание государя Василия III Ивановича императору Карлу V от 26 июня 1522 г.: Опыт реконструкции текста // Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, № 1. Санкт-Петербург, 2013. C. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margeret1983-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Margeret1983_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning1983" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, Chester (15 June 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=atYFs7aWsLkC"><i>The Russian Empire and Grand Duchy of Muscovy: A Seventeenth-Century French Account</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 7, 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7701-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7701-8"><bdi>978-0-8229-7701-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Empire+and+Grand+Duchy+of+Muscovy%3A+A+Seventeenth-Century+French+Account&rft.pages=7%2C+106&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1983-06-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7701-8&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Chester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DatYFs7aWsLkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyl'nikov199984-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyl'nikov199984_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyl'nikov1999">Myl'nikov 1999</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrick2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frick, David (2005). "The Councilor and the baker's wife: Ruthenians and their language in seventeenth-century Vilnius". In Vyacheslav V. Ivanov; Julia Verkholantsev (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/50193"><i>Speculum Slaviae Orientalis: Muscovy, Ruthenia and Lithuania in the late Middle ages</i></a>. UCLA Slavic studies; new series (in English and Russian). Vol. IV. Moscow: Новое изд-во : Novoe izdatel'stvo. pp. 45–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785983790285" title="Special:BookSources/9785983790285"><bdi>9785983790285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Councilor+and+the+baker%27s+wife%3A+Ruthenians+and+their+language+in+seventeenth-century+Vilnius&rft.btitle=Speculum+Slaviae+Orientalis%3A+Muscovy%2C+Ruthenia+and+Lithuania+in+the+late+Middle+ages&rft.place=Moscow&rft.series=UCLA+Slavic+studies%3B+new+series&rft.pages=45-67&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4-%D0%B2%D0%BE+%3A+Novoe+izdatel%27stvo&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9785983790285&rft.aulast=Frick&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanistika.lt%2Fcontent%2F50193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fabio Renato Villela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crFxDwAAQBAJ&dq=Entre+este+mar+e+o+T%C3%A1nais+vive+estranha+Gente%3A+Rutenos%2C+Moscos+e+Liv%C3%B3nios%2C+S%C3%A1rmatas+outro+tempo&pg=PA118">Os Lusíadas, Canto III, 11</a>. Adaptação De Os LusÍadas Ao Português Atual.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tania-soleil.com/luis-de-camoes-os-lusiadas-3/">Luís de Camões «Os Lusíadas. Canto Terceiro»</a>. www.tania-soleil.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panayir, D. (16 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109054715/http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/02/16/24676/">"Москвофільство. Як галичани вчили росіян любити Росію"</a> [Moscowphilia. How Galicians taught Russians to love Russia.] <i>Istorychna Pravda</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrayinska Pravda">Ukrayinska Pravda</a></i>); <span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report on Conditions in Ruthenia March 1939, From Prague After Munich: Diplomatic Papers 1938-1940, (<a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1995221-231-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1995221-231_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1995221-231_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi1995">Magocsi 1995</a>, p. 221-231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnB-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EnB_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnB_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnB_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnB_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Robert_Magocsi" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paul Robert Magocsi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rusyn-people">"Rusyn"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>Today the name Rusyn refers to the spoken language and variants of a literary language codified in the 20th century for Carpatho-Rusyns living in Ukraine (Transcarpathia), Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Serbia (the Vojvodina). ... Subcarpathian Rus was ceded by Czechoslovakia to the Soviet Union and became the Transcarpathian oblast (region) of the Ukrainian S.S.R. The designations Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn were banned, and the local East Slavic inhabitants and their language were declared to be Ukrainian. Soviet policy was followed in neighbouring communist Czechoslovakia and Poland, where the Carpatho-Rusyn inhabitants (Lemko Rusyns in the case of Poland) were henceforth officially designated Ukrainians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rusyn&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.au=Paul+Robert+Magocsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRusyn-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polish_Census_1921-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polish_Census_1921_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Główny Urząd Statystyczny [Central Statistical Office] (1932). "Ludnosc: Ludnosc wedlug wyznania religijnego i narodowosci" [Population: Population by religious denomination and nationality]. <i>Polish Census 1931</i> p. 56, table 11. <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polish_Census_1931-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polish_Census_1931_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polish_Census_1931_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Główny Urząd Statystyczny [Central Statistical Office] "Ludnosc. Ludnosc wedlug wyznania i plci oraz jezyka ojczystego" [Population: Population by religion, gender and native language]. <i>Polish Census 1931</i> p. 15; table 10. <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010638-639-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2010638-639_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 638-639.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zielinski-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zielinski_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henryk Zieliński, Historia Polski 1914-1939, (1983) Wrocław: Ossolineum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317212240/http://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a18_1/apache_media/VUNVGMLANSCQQFGYHCN3VDLK12A9U5.pdf">"Główny Urząd Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, drugi powszechny spis ludności z dn. 9.XII 1931 r. - Mieszkania i gospodarstwa domowe ludność"</a> [Central Statistical Office of the Polish Republic, the second census dated 9.XII 1931 - Abodes and household populace] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Polish). Central Statistical office of the Polish Republic. 1938. p. 15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a18_1/apache_media/VUNVGMLANSCQQFGYHCN3VDLK12A9U5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej%2C+drugi+powszechny+spis+ludno%C5%9Bci+z+dn.+9.XII+1931+r.+-+Mieszkania+i+gospodarstwa+domowe+ludno%C5%9B%C4%87&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Central+Statistical+office+of+the+Polish+Republic&rft.date=1938&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatlibr.stat.gov.pl%2Fexlibris%2Faleph%2Fa18_1%2Fapache_media%2FVUNVGMLANSCQQFGYHCN3VDLK12A9U5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20152-14-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20152-14_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2015">Magocsi 2015</a>, p. 2-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multi-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multi_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVotruba1998" class="citation book cs1">Votruba, Martin (1998). "Linguisitic Minorities in Slovakia". In Christina Bratt Paulston; Donald Peckham (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHB1kFCB4wYC"><i>Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe</i></a>. Multilingual Matters. pp. 258–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85359-416-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85359-416-4"><bdi>1-85359-416-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguisitic+Minorities+in+Slovakia&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Minorities+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=258-259&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85359-416-4&rft.aulast=Votruba&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHB1kFCB4wYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stift-stpeter.at/de/kloster/index.asp?dat=Friedhof-Katakomben">Friedhof und Katakomben im Stift St. Peter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEРыбалка2020281-307-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEРыбалка2020281-307_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFРыбалка2020">Рыбалка 2020</a>, p. 281-307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEШелухин192920-27-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEШелухин192920-27_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFШелухин1929">Шелухин 1929</a>, p. 20-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201058-59-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201058-59_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2010">Magocsi 2010</a>, p. 58-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201550-51-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201550-51_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2015">Magocsi 2015</a>, p. 50-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rewasz.pl/rusini-zarys-etnografii-rusi.html">"Rusini. Zarys etnografii Rusi"</a>. <i>rewasz.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rewasz.pl&rft.atitle=Rusini.+Zarys+etnografii+Rusi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frewasz.pl%2Frusini-zarys-etnografii-rusi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2017–2018119-135-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2017–2018119-135_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2017–2018">Moser 2017–2018</a>, p. 119-135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/244768154">"Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and culture | WorldCat.org"</a>. <i>search.worldcat.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.worldcat.org&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+Rusyn+history+and+culture+%7C+WorldCat.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F244768154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.day.kyiv.ua/en/article/culture/successor-ukrainian-sages">"A Successor to the Ukrainian Sages"</a>. <i>m.day.kyiv.ua</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m.day.kyiv.ua&rft.atitle=A+Successor+to+the+Ukrainian+Sages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.day.kyiv.ua%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fculture%2Fsuccessor-ukrainian-sages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/release/11773160-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0"><i>Хорея Козацька - Бенкет Духовний. Частина Друга</i></a>, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+-+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9.+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Frelease%2F11773160-%25D0%25A5%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%258F-%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0-%25D0%2591%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582-%25D0%2594%25D1%2583%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9-%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0-%25D0%2594%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Cambridge_Companion_to_Modern_Russian_Culture2012" class="citation book cs1">The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture (2012). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107002524" title="Special:BookSources/9781107002524"><bdi>9781107002524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Modern+Russian+Culture&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107002524&rft.au=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Modern+Russian+Culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doroshenko-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doroshenko_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CO%5CDoroshenkoPetro.htm">Petro Doroshenko</a> at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunčić2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bunčić, Daniel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83527423.pdf">"On the dialectal basis of the Ruthenian literary language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Die Welt der Slaven</i>. <b>60</b> (2): 276–289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+der+Slaven&rft.atitle=On+the+dialectal+basis+of+the+Ruthenian+literary+language&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=276-289&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bun%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F83527423.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimka1999" class="citation book cs1">Himka, John-Paul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2yhkvCx60IC"><i>Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine: The Greek Catholic Church and the Ruthenian National Movement in Galicia, 1870-1900</i></a>. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1812-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1812-4"><bdi>978-0-7735-1812-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Nationality+in+Western+Ukraine%3A+The+Greek+Catholic+Church+and+the+Ruthenian+National+Movement+in+Galicia%2C+1870-1900&rft.place=Montreal+%26+Kingston&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1812-4&rft.aulast=Himka&rft.aufirst=John-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2yhkvCx60IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuchnowskiSielezinMaj2018" class="citation book cs1">Juchnowski, Jerzy; Sielezin, Jan R.; Maj, Ewa (2018). <i>The Image of "White" and "Red" Russia in the Polish Political Thought of the 19th and 20th Century</i>. Berlin: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3726%2Fb14194">10.3726/b14194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-75751-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-75751-2"><bdi>978-3-631-75751-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158160059">158160059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+of+%22White%22+and+%22Red%22+Russia+in+the+Polish+Political+Thought+of+the+19th+and+20th+Century&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158160059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3726%2Fb14194&rft.isbn=978-3-631-75751-2&rft.aulast=Juchnowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft.au=Sielezin%2C+Jan+R.&rft.au=Maj%2C+Ewa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrajcar1963" class="citation journal cs1">Krajcar, Jan (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=69zjAAAAMAAJ">"A Report on the Ruthenians and their Errors, prepared for the Fifth Lateran Council"</a>. <i>Orientalia Christiana Periodica</i>. <b>29</b>: 79–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia+Christiana+Periodica&rft.atitle=A+Report+on+the+Ruthenians+and+their+Errors%2C+prepared+for+the+Fifth+Lateran+Council&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=79-94&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Krajcar&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D69zjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitwin1987" class="citation journal cs1">Litwin, Henryk (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/Content/30516/WA303_48794_1987-55_APH_03_o.pdf">"Catholicization among the Ruthenian Nobility and Assimilation Processes in the Ukraine during the Years 1569-1648"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Poloniae Historica</i>. <b>55</b>: 57–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Poloniae+Historica&rft.atitle=Catholicization+among+the+Ruthenian+Nobility+and+Assimilation+Processes+in+the+Ukraine+during+the+Years+1569-1648&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=57-83&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Litwin&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F30516%2FWA303_48794_1987-55_APH_03_o.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litopys.org.ua/rizne/magocie.htm">"The Rusyn Question"</a>. <i>Political Thought: Ukrainian Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>2–3</b>: 221–231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Thought%3A+Ukrainian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Rusyn+Question&rft.volume=2-3&rft.pages=221-231&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litopys.org.ua%2Frizne%2Fmagocie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsiPop2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a>; Pop, Ivan I., eds. (2005) [2002]. <i>Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture</i> (2. rev. ed.). Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Rusyn+History+and+Culture&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=2.+rev.&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2010) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1zVKTTsXUC"><i>A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples</i></a> (2. rev. ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-1021-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine%3A+The+Land+and+Its+Peoples&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=2.+rev.&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1021-7&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTA1zVKTTsXUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shron3.chtyvo.org.ua/Magochii_Pavlo_Robert/The_Fourth_Rus_A_New_Reality_in_a_New_Europe_anhl.pdf">"The Fourth Rus': A New Reality in a New Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Ukrainian Studies</i>. 35-36 (2010-2011): 167–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Fourth+Rus%27%3A+A+New+Reality+in+a+New+Europe&rft.volume=35-36+%282010-2011%29&rft.pages=167-177&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshron3.chtyvo.org.ua%2FMagochii_Pavlo_Robert%2FThe_Fourth_Rus_A_New_Reality_in_a_New_Europe_anhl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzj2DAAAQBAJ"><i>With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns</i></a>. Budapest-New York: Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5053-46-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-5053-46-7"><bdi>978-615-5053-46-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Their+Backs+to+the+Mountains%3A+A+History+of+Carpathian+Rus%27+and+Carpatho-Rusyns&rft.place=Budapest-New+York&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-615-5053-46-7&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzj2DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoser2017–2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Moser, Michael A. (2017–2018). "The Fate of the Ruthenian or Little Russian (Ukrainian) Language in Austrian Galicia (1772-1867)". <i>Harvard Ukrainian Studies</i>. 35 (2017-2018) (1/4): 87–104. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983536">44983536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Fate+of+the+Ruthenian+or+Little+Russian+%28Ukrainian%29+Language+in+Austrian+Galicia+%281772-1867%29&rft.volume=35+%282017-2018%29&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=87-104&rft.date=2017%2F2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44983536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyl'nikov1999" class="citation book cs1">Myl'nikov, Alexander (1999). <i>The Picture of the Slavic World: The View from the Eastern Europe: Views of Ethnic Names and Ethnicity (XVIth–beginning of the XVIIIth century)</i>. St. Petersburg: Петербургское востоковедение. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85803-117-X" title="Special:BookSources/5-85803-117-X"><bdi>5-85803-117-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Picture+of+the+Slavic+World%3A+The+View+from+the+Eastern+Europe%3A+Views+of+Ethnic+Names+and+Ethnicity+%28XVIth%E2%80%93beginning+of+the+XVIIIth+century%29&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=5-85803-117-X&rft.aulast=Myl%27nikov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Nakonechny" title="Yevhen Nakonechny">Nakonechny, Ye</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518154841/http://www.library.lviv.ua/e-library/lsl-editions/Nakonechnyj_J_Ukradene_Imja_2001/">УКРАДЕНЕ ІМ'Я чому русини стали українцями</a></i> [<i>Stolen Name: Why Ruthenians Became Ukrainians</i>] <span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span>. Stefanyk Science Library (<a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine</a>). Lviv, 2001.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFРыбалка2020" class="citation journal cs1">Рыбалка, Андрей А. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novogardia.info/index.php/1k/article/download/194/187">"Сны аббата Килиана"</a>. <i>Novogardia: Международный журнал по истории и исторической географии Средневековой Руси</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 281–307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novogardia%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=281-307&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%90.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novogardia.info%2Findex.php%2F1k%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F194%2F187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlivka1973" class="citation book cs1">Slivka, John (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LyPbsgEACAAJ"><i>Correct nomenclature: Greek rite or Byzantine rite: Rusin or Ruthenian: Rusin or Slovak?</i></a>. New York: Slivka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Correct+nomenclature%3A+Greek+rite+or+Byzantine+rite%3A+Rusin+or+Ruthenian%3A+Rusin+or+Slovak%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Slivka&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Slivka&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLyPbsgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlivka1989" class="citation book cs1">Slivka, John (1989) [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIM9AAAAYAAJ"><i>Who are we? Nationality: Rusin, Russian, Ruthenian, Slovak? Ecclesiastical name: Greek Rite Catholic, Byzantine Rite Catholic?</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Slivka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+are+we%3F+Nationality%3A+Rusin%2C+Russian%2C+Ruthenian%2C+Slovak%3F+Ecclesiastical+name%3A+Greek+Rite+Catholic%2C+Byzantine+Rite+Catholic%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Slivka&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Slivka&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeIM9AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipman1912a" class="citation book cs1">Shipman, Andrew J. (1912a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13277a.htm">"Ruthenian Rite"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 276–277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ruthenian+Rite&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=276-277&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Shipman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13277a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipman1912b" class="citation book cs1">Shipman, Andrew J. (1912b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13278a.htm">"Ruthenians"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 277–279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ruthenians&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=277-279&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Shipman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13278a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoloviev1959" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soloviev_(historian)" title="Alexander Soloviev (historian)">Soloviev, Alexandre V.</a> (1959). "Weiß-, Schwarz- und Rotreußen: Versuch einer historisch-politischen Analyse". <i>Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 1–33. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41041575">41041575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrb%C3%BCcher+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+Osteuropas&rft.atitle=Wei%C3%9F-%2C+Schwarz-+und+Rotreu%C3%9Fen%3A+Versuch+einer+historisch-politischen+Analyse&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-33&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41041575%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Soloviev&rft.aufirst=Alexandre+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFШелухин1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serhiy_Shelukhin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serhiy Shelukhin (page does not exist)">Шелухин, Сергій</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Shelukhyn_Serhii/Zvidkilia_pokhodyt_Rus_Teoriia_keltskoho_pokhodzhennia_Kyivskoi_Rusi_z_Frantsii.pdf"><i>Звідкіля походить Русь: Теорія кельтського походження Київської Русі з Франції</i></a> [<i>Where did Rus’ come from: The theory of the Celtic origin of Kievan Rus’ from France</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Ukrainian). Prague-Strašnice [Прага Страшниці]: Slovanské odděleni knihtiskárny A. Fišera. (Transliterated author name: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serhiy_Shelukhin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serhiy Shelukhin (page does not exist)">Serhiy Shelukhin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Шелухін Сергій Павлович">uk</a>]</span>; previously romanised: Serhiy (or Sergey) Cheloukine).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%3A+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96+%D0%B7+%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.place=Prague-Stra%C5%A1nice+%5B%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%5D&rft.pub=Slovansk%C3%A9+odd%C4%9Bleni+knihtisk%C3%A1rny+A.+Fi%C5%A1era&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshron1.chtyvo.org.ua%2FShelukhyn_Serhii%2FZvidkilia_pokhodyt_Rus_Teoriia_keltskoho_pokhodzhennia_Kyivskoi_Rusi_z_Frantsii.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ruthenians" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ruthenians"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ruthenians">"Ruthenians" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ruthenians&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimka" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John-Paul_Himka" title="John-Paul Himka">Himka, John-Paul</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuthenians.htm">"Ruthenians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ruthenians&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.aulast=Himka&rft.aufirst=John-Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CR%255CU%255CRuthenians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"The Carpathian Connection" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tccweb.org/carpathorusynheritage.htm"><i>Carpatho-Rusyn Heritage</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ukraine_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukraine_topics" title="Template talk:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ukraine_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyaba" title="Kuyaba">Kuyaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Revolution and War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukrainian National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Ukraine" title="National parks of Ukraine">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Ukraine" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere reserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_of_Ukraine" title="List of nature reserves of Ukraine">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Populated places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Ukraine" title="List of longest rivers of Ukraine">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ukraine" title="List of mountains in Ukraine">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Ukraine" title="List of waterfalls in Ukraine">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ukraine" title="List of islands of Ukraine">Islands and sandbars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine" title="Wildlife of Ukraine">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Ukraine" title="Political parties in Ukraine">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">Elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ukraine" title="Judiciary of Ukraine">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine" title="Law of Ukraine">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia"><i>Hryvnia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ukraine" title="Banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchanges_in_Ukraine" title="Stock exchanges in Ukraine">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Ukraine" title="Electricity in Ukraine">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Ukraine" title="Science and technology in Ukraine">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Society of Ukraine">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Ukraine" title="Gender inequality in Ukraine">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">Swine flu pandemic</a> (2009-10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ukraine" title="Crime in Ukraine">Crime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ukraine">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ukraine" title="Human trafficking in Ukraine">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Ukraine" title="Minorities in Ukraine">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ukraine" title="Prostitution in Ukraine">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian baroque">Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Ukraine" title="Arts of Ukraine">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cultural icons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Kazka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobzar" title="Kobzar">Kobzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Pysanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushnyk" title="Rushnyk">Rushnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyshyvanka" title="Vyshyvanka">Vyshyvanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Public holidays in Ukraine">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Ukraine" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ukraine" title="Mass media in Ukraine">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Ukraine" title="Opera in Ukraine">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ruthenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Ukraine">Immigration to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censuses_in_Ukraine" title="Censuses in Ukraine">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ukraine" title="Outline of Ukraine">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukraine" title="Category:Ukraine">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&oldid=1253685550">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&oldid=1253685550</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ruthenians" title="Category:Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ruthenian_people" title="Category:Ruthenian people">Ruthenian people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Exonyms" title="Category:Exonyms">Exonyms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Category:Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_studies" title="Category:Ukrainian studies">Ukrainian studies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Ukrainian-language_sources_(uk)" title="Category:Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk)">Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)">Articles with Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2017">Use dmy dates from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Belarusian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Belarusian-language text">Articles containing Belarusian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from June 2023">Articles with disputed statements from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Ukrainian-language_sources_(uk)" title="Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)">CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 October 2024, at 09:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruthenians&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xn2z5","wgBackendResponseTime":1620,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.117","walltime":"1.394","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6668,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":149784,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19940,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":38,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":168501,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1226.692 1 -total"," 17.55% 215.253 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.94% 195.535 1 Template:Ukraine_topics"," 15.65% 192.010 1 Template:Country_topics"," 9.43% 115.661 3 Template:Lang"," 8.97% 110.001 6 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 8.01% 98.318 16 Template:Cite_book"," 7.49% 91.856 18 Template:Sfn"," 7.10% 87.125 2 Template:Short_description"," 4.99% 61.179 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.675","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19290770,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBunčić2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunning1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrick2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHimka\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHimka1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuchnowskiSielezinMaj2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrajcar1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitwin1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsiPop2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoser2017–2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyl\u0026#039;nikov1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Robert_Magocsi\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRohdewaldFrickWiederkehr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShipman1912a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShipman1912b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlivka1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlivka1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoloviev1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeake2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Cambridge_Companion_to_Modern_Russian_Culture2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVotruba1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFРыбалка2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFШелухин1929\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CathEncy\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Legend\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 18,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Ukraine topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xn2z5","timestamp":"20241124202539","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ruthenians","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruthenians","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q690869","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q690869","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-07T17:55:13Z","dateModified":"2024-10-27T09:56:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e7\/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg","headline":"historical ethnonym of people of Rus region"}</script> </body> </html>