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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kievan_Rus'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kievan_Rus'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kievan Rus' </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kievan_Rus'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Russian Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_states_and_interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_states_and_interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Early states and interwar period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_states_and_interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Post-war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lukashenko_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lukashenko_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Lukashenko era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lukashenko_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_and_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_and_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Human rights and corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_and_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Local government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Employment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Arts and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Dress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Telecommunications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 World Heritage Sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Belarus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 281 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-281" aria-hidden="true" > 281 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8larusia" title="Bèlarusia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bèlarusia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%83" title="Урысыху – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Урысыху" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Белоруссие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Белоруссие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Frussland" title="Weißrussland – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weißrussland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%88%8B%E1%88%A9%E1%88%B5" title="ቤላሩስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤላሩስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielgis-Ruo%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%A2" title="Vielgis-Ruoššâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Vielgis-Ruoššâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="बेलारूस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बेलारूस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwitrussland" title="Hwitrussland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hwitrussland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Белоруссиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Белоруссиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بيلاروس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيلاروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarrusia" title="Belarrusia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Belarrusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A0%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A3" title="ܒܠܐܪܘܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܠܐܪܘܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պելառուսիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պելառուսիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusia_alb%C3%A3" title="Arusia albã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arusia albã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A8lorussia" title="Bièlorussia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bièlorussia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9B" title="বেলাৰুছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেলাৰুছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorrusia" title="Bielorrusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bielorrusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="बेलारूस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बेलारूस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielorr%C3%BAsia" title="Vielorrúsia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vielorrúsia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81" title="Белорусс – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Белорусс" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilarus" title="Bilarus – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Bilarus" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بلاروس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بلاروس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusia" title="Belarusia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Belarusia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6" title="বেলারুশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেলারুশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9larus" title="Bélarus – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bélarus" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Беларусь" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Беларусь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Беларусь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="बेलारूस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बेलारूस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Беларус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Беларус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Frussland" title="Weißrussland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Weißrussland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="བྷེ་ལ་རསུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྷེ་ལ་རསུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelorusija" title="Bjelorusija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bjelorusija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Беларусь" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belar%C3%BAs" title="Belarús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Belarús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%C3%A7" title="Беларуç – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Беларуç" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%9Blorusko" title="Bělorusko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bělorusko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorusia" title="Bielorusia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Bielorusia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bherarusi" title="Bherarusi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bherarusi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorussia" title="Bielorussia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Bielorussia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarws" title="Belarws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Belarws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hviderusland" title="Hviderusland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hviderusland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بيلاروسيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بيلاروسيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilges-Ruo%C5%A1%C5%A1a" title="Vilges-Ruošša – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vilges-Ruošša" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AB%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ބެލަރޫސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބެލަރޫސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C7%AB%CA%BC_%C5%81ich%C3%ADi%CA%BCnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Sǫʼ Łichíiʼnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Sǫʼ Łichíiʼnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%9B%C5%82oruska" title="Běłoruska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Běłoruska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="बेलारुस – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बेलारुस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B" title="བེ་ལ་རུ་སུ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བེ་ལ་རུ་སུ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgevene" title="Valgevene – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgevene" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λευκορωσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λευκορωσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Белорузия Республикась – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Белорузия Республикась" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorrusia" title="Bielorrusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bielorrusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belorusio" title="Belorusio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Belorusio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorrussia" title="Bielorrussia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bielorrussia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorrusia" title="Bielorrusia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bielorrusia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بلاروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلاروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADtarussland" title="Hvítarussland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hvítarussland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9lorussie" title="Biélorussie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biélorussie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyt-Rusl%C3%A2n" title="Wyt-Ruslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wyt-Ruslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaruusiya" title="Belaruusiya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Belaruusiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorussie" title="Bielorussie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bielorussie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhealar%C3%BAis" title="An Bhealarúis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhealarúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Velaroosh" title="Yn Velaroosh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Velaroosh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyaz_Rusiya" title="Biyaz Rusiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Biyaz Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Bhealaruis" title="A' Bhealaruis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Bhealaruis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belar%C3%BAs" title="Belarús – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Belarús" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8" title="બેલારુસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બેલારુસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%88%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="बेलारूस – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बेलारूस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Цаһанорсин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Цаһанорсин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="벨라루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벨라루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusa" title="Belarusa – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Belarusa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Բելառուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բելառուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="बेलारूस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेलारूस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%9B%C5%82oruska" title="Běłoruska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Běłoruska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelorusija" title="Bjelorusija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bjelorusija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorusia" title="Bielorusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bielorusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorusia" title="Bielorusia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bielorusia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8" title="বেলারুস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বেলারুস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorussia" title="Bielorussia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bielorussia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorussia" title="Bielorussia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bielorussia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Беларусь" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBelarusi" title="IBelarusi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IBelarusi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADta-R%C3%BAssland" title="Hvíta-Rússland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hvíta-Rússland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorussia" title="Bielorussia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bielorussia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="בלארוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלארוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9larus" title="Bélarus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bélarus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyeloorusi" title="Piyeloorusi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Piyeloorusi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬೆಲಾರುಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಲಾರುಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorusya" title="Bielorusya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bielorusya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Белоруссия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Белоруссия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბელარუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბელარუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%B4%C5%82orus" title="Biôłorus – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Biôłorus" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Беларусь" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarussi" title="Belarussi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Belarussi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusi" title="Belarusi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Belarusi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Беларусь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusia" title="Belarusia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Belarusia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusa" title="Belarusa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Belarusa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorisi" title="Byelorisi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Byelorisi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/By%C3%A9lorisi" title="Byélorisi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Byélorisi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belar%C3%BBs" title="Belarûs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Belarûs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Беларусь" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Белорусси – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Белорусси" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieloruscia" title="Bieloruscia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bieloruscia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorusia" title="Bielorusia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bielorusia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດເບລາຣຸດຊີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເບລາຣຸດຊີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltkr%C4%ABveja" title="Boltkrīveja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Boltkrīveja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia_Alba" title="Ruthenia Alba – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ruthenia Alba" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltkrievija" title="Baltkrievija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baltkrievija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4issrussland" title="Wäissrussland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wäissrussland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Беларусия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Беларусия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltarusija" title="Baltarusija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baltarusija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielor%C3%B9scia" title="Bielorùscia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bielorùscia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit-Rusland" title="Wit-Rusland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wit-Rusland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorusia" title="Bielorusia – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bielorusia" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielarus" title="Bielarus – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bielarus" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgo-Ven%27a" title="Valgo-Ven'a – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Valgo-Ven'a" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/belrus" title="belrus – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="belrus" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielur%C3%BCssia" title="Bielurüssia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bielurüssia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9roroszorsz%C3%A1g" title="Fehéroroszország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fehéroroszország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="बेलारूस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बेलारूस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Белорусија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Белорусија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biel%C3%B4rosia" title="Bielôrosia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bielôrosia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബെലാറുസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെലാറുസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarussja" title="Belarussja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Belarussja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93rara" title="Pērara – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pērara" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="बेलारूस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेलारूस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბელარუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბელარუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بيلاروس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيلاروس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بلاروس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بلاروس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%81" title="ꯕꯦꯂꯥꯔꯨꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯦꯂꯥꯔꯨꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorr%C3%BAssia" title="Bielorrússia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bielorrússia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Беларузмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Беларузмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Беларусь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%87%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘီလာရုဇ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘီလာရုဇ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit-Rusland" title="Wit-Rusland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wit-Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit-Ruslaand" title="Wit-Ruslaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wit-Ruslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="बेलारुस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेलारुस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="बेलारुस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बेलारुस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7" title="ベラルーシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベラルーシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorussia" title="Bielorussia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bielorussia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Белорусси – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Белорусси" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witjruslun" title="Witjruslun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Witjruslun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belerus" title="Belerus – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Belerus" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorussia" title="Bielorussia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bielorussia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Белоруссий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Белоруссий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%8B%E0%AC%B7" title="ବେଲାଋଷ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବେଲାଋଷ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beelaarus" title="Beelaarus – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Beelaarus" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="बेलारूस – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बेलारूस" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaro" title="Belaro – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Belaro" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="بیلارس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیلارس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဗဲလာရုခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗဲလာရုခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بېلاروس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بېلاروس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Беларусь" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F" title="បេឡារុស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បេឡារុស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9lorussie" title="Biélorussie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Biélorussie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorussia" title="Bielorussia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bielorussia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaras" title="Belaras – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Belaras" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittrussland" title="Wittrussland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wittrussland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82oru%C5%9B" title="Białoruś – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Białoruś" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λευκορουσία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Λευκορουσία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorr%C3%BAssia" title="Bielorrússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bielorrússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belorussiya" title="Belorussiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Belorussiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieror%C5%ABtia" title="Pierorūtia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Pierorūtia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorussia" title="Bielorussia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Bielorussia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilurusya" title="Pilurusya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pilurusya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Білорусь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Білорусь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Белоруссия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белоруссия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Беларусь – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Беларусь" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelarusa" title="Pelarusa – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Pelarusa" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="शुक्लरास्या – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शुक्लरास्या" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belar%C3%BCsi" title="Belarüsi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Belarüsi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بیلاروس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بیلاروس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielor%C3%B9ssia" title="Bielorùssia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bielorùssia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaroushie" title="Belaroushie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Belaroushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wietruslound" title="Wietruslound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wietruslound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjellorusia" title="Bjellorusia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bjellorusia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielurussia" title="Bielurussia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bielurussia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="බෙලාරස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෙලාරස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بيلاروس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بيلاروس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhelalasi" title="IBhelalasi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhelalasi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorusko" title="Bielorusko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bielorusko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belorusija" title="Belorusija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Belorusija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Бѣла Роусь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Бѣла Роусь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjo%C5%82oru%C5%9B" title="Bjołoruś – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bjołoruś" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بیلاڕووس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیلاڕووس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusikondre" title="Belarusikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Belarusikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Белорусија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Белорусија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belorusija" title="Belorusija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Belorusija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9larus" title="Bélarus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bélarus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valko-Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4" title="Valko-Venäjä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valko-Venäjä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyelorusya" title="Biyelorusya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyelorusya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="பெலருஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெலருஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilarus" title="Bilarus – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bilarus" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byilurusya" title="Byilurusya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Byilurusya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie_Vianghe" title="Russie Vianghe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Russie Vianghe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Беларусия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Беларусия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းပႄႇလႃႇရုတ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပႄႇလႃႇရုတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="బెలారస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెలారస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielor%C3%BAsia" title="Bielorúsia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Bielorúsia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="ประเทศเบลารุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเบลารุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaruc" title="Belaruc – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Belaruc" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Беларус – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Беларус" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelalusi" title="Pelalusi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pelalusi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%87%E1%8E%B3%E1%8E%B7%E1%8F%8D" title="ᏇᎳᎷᏍ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏇᎳᎷᏍ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarut" title="Belarut – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Belarut" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Белоруссия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Белоруссия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Білорусь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Білорусь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بیلاروس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیلاروس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="بېلورۇسسىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بېلورۇسسىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bie%C5%82or%C3%B9sia" title="Biełorùsia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Biełorùsia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaugedven%C3%A4ma" title="Vaugedvenäma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vaugedvenäma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieta%E2%B8%97Rus%C3%A4n" title="Vieta⸗Rusän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vieta⸗Rusän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valg%C3%B5vinne" title="Valgõvinne – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Valgõvinne" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belar%C3%BBsseye" title="Belarûsseye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Belarûsseye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="白俄羅斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="白俄羅斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit-Rusland" title="Wit-Rusland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Wit-Rusland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaarus" title="Belaarus – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Belaarus" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="白俄罗斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="בעלארוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעלארוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%B9%CC%80l%C3%A1r%C3%B9s" title="Bẹ̀lárùs – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bẹ̀lárùs" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="白羅斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="白羅斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit-Rusland" title="Wit-Rusland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Wit-Rusland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltaros%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Baltarosėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Baltarosėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白俄罗斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belar%E1%BB%8Ds" title="Belarọs – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Belarọs" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Puti" title="Ruslan Puti – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ruslan Puti" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Belarus" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99" title="ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵔⵓⵙ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵔⵓⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Belarus</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Рэспубліка Беларусь (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>)</li><li>Республика Беларусь (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Belarus"><img alt="Flag of Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/125px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/188px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/250px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Belarus" title="Flag of Belarus">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_(2020%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Belarus"><img alt="Emblem of Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="601" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Belarus"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  Дзяржаўны гімн Рэспублікі Беларусь (Belarusian) Dziaržaŭny Himn Respubliki Biełaruś Государственный гимн Республики Беларусь (Russian) Gosudarstvennyy gimn Respubliki Belarus "<a href="/wiki/My_Belarusy" title="My Belarusy">State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="70" data-mwtitle="Anthem-belarus-2002-instr-standard_2004.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Anthem-belarus-2002-instr-standard_2004.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Anthem-belarus-2002-instr-standard_2004.ogg/Anthem-belarus-2002-instr-standard_2004.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAnthem-belarus-2002-instr-standard_2004.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAnthem-belarus-2002-instr-standard_2004.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-Belarus_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Europe-Belarus_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Europe-Belarus_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Europe-Belarus_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Europe-Belarus_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Europe-Belarus_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Europe-Belarus_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Europe-Belarus.svg/250px-Europe-Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Europe-Belarus.svg/375px-Europe-Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Europe-Belarus.svg/500px-Europe-Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Belarus (green)in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (dark grey)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:Location_Belarus_Europe.png" title="File:Location Belarus Europe.png">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belarus&params=53_55_N_27_33_E_type:city(2000000)_region:BY">53°55′N 27°33′E / 53.917°N 27.550°E / 53.917; 27.550</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><a href="#endnote_footnote_a">a</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized minority languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>84.9% <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></li><li>7.5% <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Belarus" title="Russians in Belarus">Russians</a></li><li>3.1% <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Belarus" title="Poles in Belarus">Poles</a></li><li>1.7% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a></li><li>2.8% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-ggpsurvey-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>91.0% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>83.3% <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li>7.7% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">7.8% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space;">1.2% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a> under a dictatorship<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Short2021-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Golovchenko" title="Roman Golovchenko">Roman Golovchenko</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Belarus">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(Belarus)" title="Council of the Republic (Belarus)">Council of the Republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Belarus)" title="House of Representatives (Belarus)">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">882</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 March 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 July 1920</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Declaration of State Sovereignty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 July 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Declaration of Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Republic of Belarus</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 September 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1994</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Formation of the Union State</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 December 1999</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belarus" title="Geography of Belarus">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">207,595 km2 (80,153 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">84th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.4% (2.830 km2 or 1.093 sq mi)<a href="#endnote_footnote_b">b</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belarus" title="Demographics of Belarus">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,155,978<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">98th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">45.8/km2 (118.6/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $221.186 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BY-11">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">73rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $24,016<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BY-11">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">71st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $68.864 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BY-11">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">74th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $7,477<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BY-11">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">82nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2019)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 25.3<a href="#cite_note-WBgini-12">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.801<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-13">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">69th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian ruble</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">BYN</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd.mm.yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Belarus" title="Telephone numbers in Belarus">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B375" class="mw-redirect" title="+375">+375</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BY" title="ISO 3166-2:BY">BY</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.by" title=".by">.by</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title=".бел">.бел</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_footnote_a">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.by/databank-business/constitution-of-the-republic-of-belarus/">Constitution of the Republic of Belarus of 1994</a> Section 1, Article 17</li><li value="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_footnote_b">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126112459/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/belarus/index.stm">"FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture"</a>. FAO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/belarus/index.stm">the original</a> on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAO%27s+Information+System+on+Water+and+Agriculture&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fnr%2Fwater%2Faquastat%2Fcountries%2Fbelarus%2Findex.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"></li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Belarus,<a href="#cite_note-16">[b]</a> officially the Republic of Belarus,<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to the east and northeast, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> to the west, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> to the northwest. Belarus spans an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) with a population of 9.1 million. The country has a <a href="/wiki/Hemiboreal" title="Hemiboreal">hemiboreal</a> climate and is administratively divided into <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">six regions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> is the capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_largest_towns_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and largest towns in Belarus">largest city</a>; it is administered separately as a city with special status. Between the medieval period and the 20th century, different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus, including <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> in 1917, different states arose competing for legitimacy amid the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a>, ultimately ending in the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a>, which became a founding <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">constituent republic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1922. After the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">Polish-Soviet War</a> (1918–1921), Belarus lost almost <a href="/wiki/Western_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Belarus">half of its territory</a> to Poland. Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939, when some lands of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> were reintegrated into it after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a>, and were finalized after World War II. During World War II, military operations devastated Belarus, which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources. In 1945, the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the Soviet Union. The republic was home to a widespread and diverse <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Belarusian resistance during World War II">anti-Nazi insurgent movement</a> which dominated politics until well into the 1970s, overseeing Belarus' <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_economic_miracle" title="Belarusian economic miracle">transformation</a> from an agrarian to an industrial economy. The parliament of the republic proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> of Belarus on 27 July 1990, and during the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, Belarus gained independence on 25 August 1991. Following the adoption of a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">constitution</a> in 1994, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> was elected Belarus's first president in the country's first and only free <a href="/wiki/1994_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="1994 Belarusian presidential election">election</a> after independence, serving as president ever since. Lukashenko heads a highly centralized <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> government. Belarus <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Belarus" title="International rankings of Belarus">ranks low</a> in international measurements of <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">freedom of the press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belarus" title="Human rights in Belarus">civil liberties</a>. It has continued several Soviet-era policies, such as <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> of large sections of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belarus" title="Economy of Belarus">economy</a>. Belarus is the only European country that continues to use <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Belarus" title="Capital punishment in Belarus">capital punishment</a>. In 2000, Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, forming the <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a>. The country has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> since its founding and has joined the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">CSTO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">EAEU</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-Operation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe">OSCE</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. It has shown no aspirations of joining the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> but maintains a <a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Belarus–European Union relations">bilateral relationship with the bloc</a>, and also participates in the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Initiative" title="Baku Initiative">Baku Initiative</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Belarus" title="Etymology of Belarus">Etymology of Belarus</a></div> The name Belarus is closely related with the term Belaya Rus', i.e., <a href="/wiki/White_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="White Rus'">White Rus'</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan199835-18">[15]</a> There are several claims to the origin of the name White Rus'.<a href="#cite_note-Zaprudnik_1993_2-19">[16]</a> An ethno-religious theory suggests that the name used to describe the part of old <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenian</a> lands within the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> that had been populated mostly by <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> who had been Christianized early, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Black_Ruthenia" title="Black Ruthenia">Black Ruthenia</a>, which was predominantly inhabited by pagan <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> An alternative explanation for the name comments on the white clothing the local Slavic population wears.<a href="#cite_note-Zaprudnik_1993_2-19">[16]</a> A third theory suggests that the old Rus' lands that were not conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> (i.e., Polotsk, Vitebsk, and Mogilev) had been referred to as White Rus'.<a href="#cite_note-Zaprudnik_1993_2-19">[16]</a> A fourth theory suggests that the color white was associated with the west, and Belarus was the western part of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Rus'</a> in the 9th to 13th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stemp_Efrasinia_Polackaja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Stemp_Efrasinia_Polackaja.jpg/180px-Stemp_Efrasinia_Polackaja.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Stemp_Efrasinia_Polackaja.jpg/270px-Stemp_Efrasinia_Polackaja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Stemp_Efrasinia_Polackaja.jpg/360px-Stemp_Efrasinia_Polackaja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Stamp with the <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Saint_Euphrosyne" title="Cross of Saint Euphrosyne">Cross of St. Euphrosyne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Bohsha" title="Lazar Bohsha">Lazar Bohsha</a> from 1992</figcaption></figure> The name Rus' is often conflated with its Latin forms Russia and Ruthenia, thus Belarus is often referred to as White Russia or White Ruthenia. The name first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_literature" title="Middle High German literature">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Latin literature">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">medieval literature</a>; the chronicles of <a href="/wiki/Jan_of_Czarnk%C3%B3w" title="Jan of Czarnków">Jan of Czarnków</a> mention the imprisonment of Lithuanian grand duke <a href="/wiki/Jogaila" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogaila">Jogaila</a> and his mother at "Albae Russiae, Poloczk dicto" in 1381.<a href="#cite_note-vauchez-22">[19]</a> The first known use of White Russia to refer to Belarus was in the late-16th century by Englishman Sir <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Horsey" title="Jerome Horsey">Jerome Horsey</a>, who was known for his close contacts with the Russian royal court.<a href="#cite_note-alies-23">[20]</a> During the 17th century, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsars</a> used the term to describe the lands added from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> The term Belorussia (Russian: Белору́ссия, the latter part similar but spelled and stressed differently from Росси́я, Russia) first rose in the days of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and the Russian Tsar was usually styled "the Tsar of All the Russias", as Russia or the Russian Empire was formed by three parts of Russia—the <a href="/wiki/Great_Russia" title="Great Russia">Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_Ruthenia" title="White Ruthenia">White</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> This asserted that the territories are all Russian and all the peoples are also Russian; in the case of the Belarusians, they were variants of the Russian people.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in 1917, the term White Russia caused some confusion, as it was also the name of the military force that opposed the red Bolsheviks.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> During the period of the Byelorussian SSR, the term Byelorussia was embraced as part of a national consciousness. In western Belarus under Polish control, Byelorussia became commonly used in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a> during the interwar period.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> The term Byelorussia (its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form) was used officially only until 1991. Officially, the full name of the country is Republic of Belarus (Рэспубліка Беларусь, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus).<a href="#cite_note-bynamelaw-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-30">[27]</a> In Russia, the usage of Belorussia is still very common.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> In Lithuanian, besides Baltarusija (White Russia), Belarus is also called Gudija.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> The etymology of the word Gudija is not clear. By one hypothesis the word derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian name</a> Gudwa, which, in turn, is related to the form Żudwa, which is a distorted version of Sudwa, Sudovia. Sudovia, in its turn, is one of the names of the <a href="/wiki/Yotvingians" title="Yotvingians">Yotvingians</a>. Another hypothesis connects the word with the <a href="/wiki/Oium" title="Oium">Gothic Kingdom</a> that occupied parts of the territory of modern Belarus and Ukraine in the 4th and 5th centuries. The self-naming of Goths was Gutans and Gytos, which are close to Gudija. Yet another hypothesis is based on the idea that Gudija in Lithuanian means "the other" and may have been used historically by Lithuanians to refer to any people who did not speak Lithuanian.<a href="#cite_note-Gudas-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">History of Belarus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></div> From 5000 to 2000 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Bandkeramik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandkeramik">Bandkeramik</a> predominated in what now constitutes Belarus, and the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> as well as other pastoralists roamed through the area by 1,000 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Zarubintsy_culture" title="Zarubintsy culture">Zarubintsy culture</a> later became widespread at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a>. In addition, remains from the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets culture</a> were found in Belarus and parts of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> The region was first permanently settled by <a href="/wiki/Baltic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic peoples">Baltic</a> tribes in the 3rd century. Around the 5th century, the area was taken over by the Slavs. The takeover was partially due to the lack of military coordination of the Balts, but their gradual assimilation into Slavic culture was peaceful.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Invaders from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, among whom were the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a>, swept through c. 400–600 AD, but were unable to dislodge the Slavic presence.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kievan_Rus'">Kievan Rus'</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg/170px-001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg/255px-001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg/340px-001_Kievan_Rus%27_Kyivan_Rus%27_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_East_Slavic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of early East Slavic states">Principalities</a> in Eastern Europe before the Mongol and Lithuanian invasions</figcaption></figure> In the 9th century, the territory of modern Belarus became part of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, a vast East Slavic state ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Rurikids" title="Rurikids">Rurikids</a>. Upon the death of its ruler <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> in 1054, the state split into independent principalities.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Nemiga_River" title="Battle on the Nemiga River">Battle on the Nemiga River</a> in 1067 was one of the more notable events of the period, the date of which is considered the founding date of <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>. Many early principalities were virtually razed or severely affected by a major <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a> in the 13th century, but the lands of modern-day Belarus avoided the brunt of the invasion and eventually joined the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> There are no sources of military seizure, but the annals affirm the alliance and united foreign policy of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Polotsk</a> and Lithuania for decades.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania resulted in an economic, political, and ethno-cultural unification of Belarusian lands.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Of the principalities held by the duchy, nine of them were settled by a population that would eventually become the <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zaprudnik-42">[39]</a> During this time, the duchy was involved in several military campaigns, including fighting on the side of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Poland</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a> in 1410; the joint victory allowed the duchy to control the northwestern borderlands of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovites</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III of Russia</a>, began military campaigns in 1486 in an attempt to incorporate the former lands of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, including the territories of modern-day Belarus and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDL_Map,_15cent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/GDL_Map%2C_15cent.png/220px-GDL_Map%2C_15cent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/GDL_Map%2C_15cent.png/330px-GDL_Map%2C_15cent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/GDL_Map%2C_15cent.png/440px-GDL_Map%2C_15cent.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> in the 15th century prior to its union with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>. Belarus was fully within its borders.</figcaption></figure> On 2 February 1386, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Kingdom of Poland</a> were joined in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Krewo" title="Union of Krewo">marriage of their rulers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> This union set in motion the developments that eventually resulted in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, created in 1569 by the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lukowski-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riasanovsky-47">[44]</a> In the years following the union, the process of gradual <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a> of both Lithuanians and Ruthenians gained steady momentum. In culture and social life, both the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> became dominant, and in 1696, Polish replaced Ruthenian as the official language, with Ruthenian being banned from administrative use.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> However, the Ruthenian peasants continued to speak their native language. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian Byzantine Catholic Church">Belarusian Byzantine Catholic Church</a> was formed by the Poles to bring Orthodox Christians into the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">See of Rome</a>. The Belarusian church entered into a full <a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union of Brest</a> in 1595, while keeping its Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> language. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Belarusian history in the Russian Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a>, <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a>, and <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berezyna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Berezyna.jpg/220px-Berezyna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Berezyna.jpg/330px-Berezyna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Berezyna.jpg/440px-Berezyna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4576" data-file-height="3136" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon's Grande Armée retreating after <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon's invasion of Russia">his invasion of Russia</a> and crossing the <a href="/wiki/Berezina_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Berezina river">Berezina river</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Barysaw" title="Barysaw">Barysaw</a>, Belarus)</figcaption></figure> The union between Poland and Lithuania ended in 1795 with the <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of Poland</a> by Imperial Russia, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> The Belarusian territories acquired by the Russian Empire under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> were included into the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian Governorate">Belarusian Governorate</a> (Russian: Белорусское генерал-губернаторство) in 1796 and held until their occupation by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-olson95-51">[48]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a> the national cultures were repressed with policies of <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> replaced by <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a><a href="#cite_note-zytko-1-53">[50]</a> which included the return to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> of Belarusian <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Uniates</a>. Belarusian language was banned in schools while in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Samogitia" title="Samogitia">Samogitia</a> primary school education with <a href="/wiki/Samogitian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Samogitian dialect">Samogitian</a> literacy was allowed.<a href="#cite_note-Корнилов1908-54">[51]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> drive in the 1840s, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> prohibited the use of the Belarusian language in public schools, campaigned against Belarusian publications, and tried to pressure those who had converted to Catholicism under the Poles to reconvert to the Orthodox faith. In 1863, economic and cultural pressure exploded in a <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">revolt</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Kalinowski" title="Konstanty Kalinowski">Konstanty Kalinowski</a> (also known as Kastus). After the failed revolt, the Russian government reintroduced the use of <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> to Belarusian in 1864 and no documents in Belarusian were permitted by the Russian government until 1905.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> During the negotiations of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Russia%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, Belarus first declared independence under German occupation on 25 March 1918, forming the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian People's Republic">Belarusian People's Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-birgerson-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Immediately afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> ignited, and the territory of Belarus was divided between Poland and Soviet Russia.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> The Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic exists as a <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a> ever since then; in fact, it is currently the world's longest serving government in exile.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_states_and_interwar_period">Early states and interwar period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dzieja%C4%8Dy_BNR._%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_(1918).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dzieja%C4%8Dy_BNR._%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_%281918%29.jpg/220px-Dzieja%C4%8Dy_BNR._%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_%281918%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dzieja%C4%8Dy_BNR._%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_%281918%29.jpg/330px-Dzieja%C4%8Dy_BNR._%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_%281918%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dzieja%C4%8Dy_BNR._%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_%281918%29.jpg/440px-Dzieja%C4%8Dy_BNR._%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_%281918%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>The first government ("activists") of the Belarussian People's Republic (BNR, Беларуская Народная Рэспубліка), 1918. Sitting, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Aliaksandar_Burbis" title="Aliaksandar Burbis">Aliaksandar Burbis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Sierada" title="Jan Sierada">Jan Sierada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazep_Varonka" title="Jazep Varonka">Jazep Varonka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Zacharka" title="Vasil Zacharka">Vasil Zacharka</a>. Standing, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Arkad%C5%BA_Smoli%C4%8D" title="Arkadź Smolič">Arkadź Smolič</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotra_Krecheuski" title="Pyotra Krecheuski">Pyotra Krecheuski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastu%C5%9B_Jezavita%C5%AD" title="Kastuś Jezavitaŭ">Kastuś Jezavitaŭ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Ausianik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Ausianik (page does not exist)">Anton Ausianik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liavon_Zayats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liavon Zayats (page does not exist)">Liavon Zayats</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian People's Republic">Belarusian People's Republic</a> was the first attempt to create an independent Belarusian state under the name "Belarus". Despite significant efforts, the state ceased to exist, primarily because the territory was continually dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. It existed from only 1918 to 1919 but created prerequisites for the formation of a Belarusian state. The choice of name was probably based on the fact that core members of the newly formed government were educated in tsarist universities, with corresponding emphasis on the ideology of West-Russianism.<a href="#cite_note-Jr.Zaprudnik2010-60">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Lithuania" title="Republic of Central Lithuania">Republic of Central Lithuania</a> was a short-lived political entity, which was the last attempt to restore Lithuania to the historical confederacy state (it was also supposed to create Lithuania Upper and Lithuania Lower). The republic was created in 1920 following <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBeligowski%27s_Mutiny" title="Żeligowski's Mutiny">the staged rebellion</a> of soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Lithuanian%E2%80%93Belarusian_Division" title="1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division">1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Lucjan_%C5%BBeligowski" title="Lucjan Żeligowski">Lucjan Żeligowski</a>. Centered on the historical capital of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilna">Vilna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: Vilnius, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Wilno), for 18 months the entity served as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> between <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, upon which it depended, and Lithuania, which claimed the area.<a href="#cite_note-von_Rauch-61">[58]</a> After a variety of delays, <a href="/wiki/1922_Republic_of_Central_Lithuania_general_election" title="1922 Republic of Central Lithuania general election">a disputed election</a> took place on 8 January 1922, and the territory was annexed to Poland. Żeligowski later in his memoir which was published in London in 1943 condemned the annexation of the Republic by Poland, as well as the policy of closing Belarusian schools and general disregard of Marshal <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>'s confederation plans by Polish ally.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg/220px-Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg/330px-Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg/440px-Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Meeting in the <a href="/wiki/Kurapaty" title="Kurapaty">Kurapaty</a> woods, 1989, where between 1937 and 1941 from 30,000 to 250,000 people, including Belarusian <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> members, were <a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">murdered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></figcaption></figure> In January 1919, a part of Belarus under Bolshevik Russian control was declared the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia</a> (SSRB) for just two months, but then merged with the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (LSSR) to form the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Lithuania_and_Belorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia">Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia</a> (SSR LiB), which lost control of its territories by August. The <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (BSSR) was created in July 1920.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> The contested lands were divided between Poland and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> after the war ended in 1921, and the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-birgerson-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> In the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet agricultural and economic policies, including <a href="/wiki/Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization">collectivization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">five-year plans for the national economy</a>, led to famine and political repression.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Belorussia" title="Western Belorussia">western part of modern Belarus</a> remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ocu1-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> After an early period of liberalization, tensions between increasingly nationalistic Polish government and various increasingly separatist ethnic minorities started to grow, and the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusian minority</a> was no exception.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stosunki-69">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">polonization</a> drive was inspired and influenced by the Polish <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Roman Dmowski</a>, who advocated refusing Belarusians and Ukrainians the right for a free national development.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> A Belarusian organization, the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Peasants%27_and_Workers%27_Union" title="Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union">Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union</a>, was banned in 1927, and opposition to Polish government was met with state repressions.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stosunki-69">[66]</a> Nonetheless, compared to the (larger) <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian minority in Poland">Ukrainian minority</a>, Belarusians were much less politically aware and active, and thus suffered fewer repressions than the Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stosunki-69">[66]</a> In 1935, after the death of Piłsudski, a new wave of repressions was released upon the minorities, with many <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Orthodox churches</a> and Belarusian schools being closed.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stosunki-69">[66]</a> Use of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian language</a> was discouraged.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> Belarusian leadership was sent to <a href="/wiki/Bereza_Kartuska_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Bereza Kartuska prison">Bereza Kartuska prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A,_Minsk,_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A%2C_Minsk%2C_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A%2C_Minsk%2C_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A%2C_Minsk%2C_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A%2C_Minsk%2C_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A%2C_Minsk%2C_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A%2C_Minsk%2C_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, August 1941</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatiny1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hatiny1.jpg/220px-Hatiny1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hatiny1.jpg/330px-Hatiny1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hatiny1.jpg/440px-Hatiny1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khatyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatyn">Khatyn</a> Memorial; during World War II the German Nazis murdered civilians in 5,295 different localities in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Belarus_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany">occupied Soviet Belarus</a>.</figcaption></figure> In September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded and occupied eastern Poland, following the German <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> two weeks earlier which marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The territories of <a href="/wiki/Western_Belorussia" title="Western Belorussia">Western Belorussia</a> were <a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Western_Belorussia" title="Soviet annexation of Western Belorussia">annexed</a> and incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR.<a href="#cite_note-uni1-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-uni2-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-uni3-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-uni4-76">[73]</a> The Soviet-controlled Byelorussian People's Council officially took control of the territories, whose populations consisted of a mixture of Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Jews, on 28 October 1939 in <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>. Nazi Germany <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a> in 1941. The <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">defense</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brest_Fortress" title="Brest Fortress">Brest Fortress</a> was the first major battle of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>. The Byelorussian SSR was the hardest-hit Soviet republic in World War II; it remained under <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a> until 1944. The German <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> called for the extermination, expulsion, or enslavement of most or all Belarusians to provide more <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">living space</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">East</a> for Germans.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> Most of Western Belarus became part of the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a> in 1941, but in 1943 the German authorities allowed local <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany">collaborators</a> to set up a client state, the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarusian Central Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> During World War II, Belarus was home to a variety of <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Belarusian resistance during World War II">guerrilla movements</a>, including Jewish, Polish, and Soviet partisans. Belarusian partisan formations formed a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> and in the modern day these partisans have formed a core part of the Belarusian national identity, with Belarus continuing to refer to itself as the "partisan republic" since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Following the war, many former Soviet partisans entered positions of government, among them <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Masherov" title="Pyotr Masherov">Pyotr Masherov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Kirill Mazurov</a>, both of whom were First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia. Until the late 1970s, the Belarusian government was almost entirely composed of former partisans.<a href="#cite_note-Ioffe-82">[79]</a> Numerous pieces of media have been made about the Belarusian partisans, including the 1985 film <a href="/wiki/Come_and_See" title="Come and See">Come and See</a> and the works of authors <a href="/wiki/Ales_Adamovich" title="Ales Adamovich">Ales Adamovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Byka%C5%AD" title="Vasil Bykaŭ">Vasil Bykaŭ</a>. The German occupation in 1941–1944 and war on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> devastated Belarus. During that time, 209 out of 290 towns and cities were destroyed, 85% of the republic's industry, and more than one million buildings. After the war, it was estimated that 2.2 million local inhabitants had died, and of those some 810,000 were combatants—some foreign. This figure represented <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">a staggering quarter of the prewar population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-axell-83">[80]</a> In the 1990s some raised the estimate even higher, to 2.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Jewish population of Belarus</a> was devastated during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> and never recovered.<a href="#cite_note-axell-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-warpop-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> The population of Belarus did not regain its pre-war level until 1971.<a href="#cite_note-warpop-85">[82]</a> Belarus was also hit hard economically, losing around half of its economic resources.<a href="#cite_note-axell-83">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C._%D0%86._%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%9E._%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82,_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D1%83_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%9C._%D0%86._%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%9E._%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D1%83_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%9C._%D0%86._%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%9E._%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D1%83_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%9C._%D0%86._%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%9E._%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%2C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D1%83_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Belarusian poster where the text reads "Long live the Stalinist constitution of victorious socialism and true democracy!" (issued in 1940)</figcaption></figure> The borders of the Byelorussian SSR and Poland were redrawn, in accord with the 1919-proposed <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Line" title="Curzon Line">Curzon Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-olson95-51">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> implemented a policy of <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a> to isolate the Byelorussian SSR from <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western influences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-warpop-85">[82]</a> This policy involved sending Russians from various parts of the Soviet Union and placing them in key positions in the Byelorussian SSR government. After Stalin died in 1953, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> continued his predecessor's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a> program, stating, "The sooner we all start speaking Russian, the faster we shall build communism."<a href="#cite_note-warpop-85">[82]</a> Between Stalin's death in 1953 and 1980, Belarusian politics was dominated by former members of the Soviet partisans, including First Secretaries Kirill Mazurov and Pyotr Masherov.<a href="#cite_note-Ioffe-82">[79]</a> Mazurov and Masherov oversaw Belarus's <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_economic_miracle" title="Belarusian economic miracle">rapid industrialisation</a> and transformation from one of the Soviet Union's poorest republics into one of its richest.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> In 1986, the Byelorussian SSR was contaminated with most (70%) of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a> from the explosion at the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl</a> power plant located 16 km beyond the border in the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gorby-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> By the late 1980s, political liberalization led to a national revival, with the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Popular_Front" title="Belarusian Popular Front">Belarusian Popular Front</a> becoming a major pro-independence force.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the <a href="/wiki/Belavezha_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belavezha Accords">Belavezha Accords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolving the Soviet Union</a>, 8 December 1991.</figcaption></figure> In March 1990, <a href="/wiki/12th_Belarusian_Supreme_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Belarusian Supreme Council">elections</a> for seats in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet" title="Supreme Soviet">Supreme Soviet</a> of the Byelorussian SSR took place. Though the opposition candidates, mostly associated with the pro-independence <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Popular_Front" title="Belarusian Popular Front">Belarusian Popular Front</a>, took only 10% of the seats,<a href="#cite_note-byind-92">[89]</a> Belarus declared itself sovereign on 27 July 1990 by issuing the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Belarusian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic">Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">Wide-scale strikes</a> erupted in April 1991. With the support of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia" title="Communist Party of Byelorussia">Communist Party of Byelorussia</a>, the country's name was changed to the Republic of Belarus on 25 August 1991.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-byind-92">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Shushkevich" title="Stanislav Shushkevich">Stanislav Shushkevich</a>, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, met with <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> of Russia and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk" title="Leonid Kravchuk">Leonid Kravchuk</a> of Ukraine on 8 December 1991 in <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a> to formally declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-byind-92">[89]</a> In January 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Popular_Front" title="Belarusian Popular Front">Belarusian Popular Front</a> campaigned for early elections later in the year, two years before they were scheduled. By May of that year, about 383,000 signatures had been collected for a petition to hold the referendum, which was 23,000 more than legally required to be put to a referendum at the time. Despite this, the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus">Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus</a> to ultimately decide the date for said referendum was delayed by six months. However, with no evidence to suggest such, the Supreme Council rejected the petition on the grounds of massive irregularities. Elections for the Supreme Council were set for March 1994. A new law on parliamentary elections failed to pass by 1993. Disputes over the referendum were accredited to the largely conservative <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Belarusian_Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Party of Belarusian Communists">Party of Belarusian Communists</a>, which controlled the Supreme Council at the time and was largely opposed to political and economic reform, with allegations that some of the deputies opposed Belarusian independence.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lukashenko_era">Lukashenko era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus_1997_CIA_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Belarus_1997_CIA_map.jpg/220px-Belarus_1997_CIA_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Belarus_1997_CIA_map.jpg/330px-Belarus_1997_CIA_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Belarus_1997_CIA_map.jpg/440px-Belarus_1997_CIA_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption>1997 map of Belarus</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">national constitution</a> was adopted in March 1994 in which the functions of prime minister were given to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">President of Belarus</a>. A two-round <a href="/wiki/1994_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="1994 Belarusian presidential election">election for the presidency on 24 June 1994 and 10 July 1994</a><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-30">[27]</a> catapulted the formerly unknown <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> into national prominence. He garnered 45% of the vote in the first round and 80%<a href="#cite_note-byind-92">[89]</a> in the second, defeating <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Kebich" title="Vyacheslav Kebich">Vyacheslav Kebich</a> who received 14% of the vote. The elections were the first and only free elections in Belarus after independence.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> The 2000s saw some economic disputes between Belarus and its primary economic partner, Russia. The first one was the <a href="/wiki/2004_Russia%E2%80%93Belarus_energy_dispute" title="2004 Russia–Belarus energy dispute">2004 Russia–Belarus energy dispute</a> when Russian energy giant <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> ceased the import of gas into Belarus because of price disagreements. The <a href="/wiki/2007_Russia%E2%80%93Belarus_energy_dispute" title="2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute">2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute</a> centered on accusations by Gazprom that Belarus was siphoning oil off of the <a href="/wiki/Druzhba_pipeline" title="Druzhba pipeline">Druzhba pipeline</a> that runs through Belarus. Two years later the so-called <a href="/wiki/Milk_War" title="Milk War">Milk War</a>, a trade dispute, started when Russia wanted Belarus to recognize the independence of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> and through a series of events ended up banning the import of dairy products from Belarus. In 2011, Belarus suffered <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belarus#Crisis_of_2011" title="Economy of Belarus">a severe economic crisis</a> attributed to Lukashenko's government's centralized control of the economy, with inflation reaching 108.7%.<a href="#cite_note-2011-crisis-97">[94]</a> Around the same time the <a href="/wiki/2011_Minsk_Metro_bombing" title="2011 Minsk Metro bombing">2011 Minsk Metro bombing</a> occurred in which 15 people were killed and 204 were injured. Two suspects, who were arrested within two days, confessed to being the perpetrators and were executed by shooting in 2012. The official version of events as publicised by the Belarusian government was questioned in the unprecedented wording of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> statement condemning "the apparent terrorist attack" intimating the possibility that the Belarusian government itself was behind the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Lukashenko,_opening_of_Slavianski_Bazar_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alexander_Lukashenko%2C_opening_of_Slavianski_Bazar_2014.jpg/220px-Alexander_Lukashenko%2C_opening_of_Slavianski_Bazar_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alexander_Lukashenko%2C_opening_of_Slavianski_Bazar_2014.jpg/330px-Alexander_Lukashenko%2C_opening_of_Slavianski_Bazar_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alexander_Lukashenko%2C_opening_of_Slavianski_Bazar_2014.jpg/440px-Alexander_Lukashenko%2C_opening_of_Slavianski_Bazar_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3578" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> has ruled Belarus since 1994.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">Mass protests</a> erupted across the country following the disputed <a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">2020 Belarusian presidential election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> in which Lukashenko sought a sixth term in office.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Neighbouring countries Poland and Lithuania do not recognize Lukashenko as the legitimate president of Belarus and the Lithuanian government has allotted a residence for main opposition candidate <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a> and other members of the Belarusian opposition in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Neither is Lukashenko recognized as the legitimate president of Belarus by the European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom or the United States.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> The European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States have all imposed sanctions against Belarus because of the rigged election and political oppression during the ongoing protests in the country.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Further sanctions</a> were imposed in 2022 following the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">country's role and complicity</a> in the Russian invasion of Ukraine; Russian troops were allowed to stage part of the invasion from Belarusian territory.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> These include not only corporate offices and individual officers of government but also private individuals who work in the <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprise</a> industrial sector.<a href="#cite_note-efrusi-114">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> have joined the sanctions regime which aims to isolate Belarus from the international supply chain. Most major Belarusian banks are also under restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-efrusi-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belarus" title="Geography of Belarus">Geography of Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Belarus">Climate of Belarus</a></div> Belarus lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/51st_parallel_north" title="51st parallel north">51°</a> and <a href="/wiki/57th_parallel_north" title="57th parallel north">57° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/23rd_meridian_east" title="23rd meridian east">23°</a> and <a href="/wiki/33rd_meridian_east" title="33rd meridian east">33° E</a>. Its extension from north to south is 560 km (350 mi), from west to east is 650 km (400 mi).<a href="#cite_note-statistics-115">[112]</a> It is <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked</a>, relatively flat, and contains large tracts of <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshy</a> land.<a href="#cite_note-ciageo-116">[113]</a> About 40% of Belarus is covered by forests.<a href="#cite_note-key_facts-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> The country lies within two ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Sarmatic_mixed_forests" title="Sarmatic mixed forests">Sarmatic mixed forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_European_mixed_forests" title="Central European mixed forests">Central European mixed forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-119">[116]</a> Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-ciageo-116">[113]</a> Three major rivers run through the country: the <a href="/wiki/Neman_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neman River">Neman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pripyat_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pripyat River">Pripyat</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper</a>. The Neman flows westward towards the Baltic Sea and the Pripyat flows eastward to the Dnieper; the Dnieper flows southward towards the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bell-120">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg/220px-Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg/330px-Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg/440px-Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Strusta_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Strusta Lake">Strusta Lake</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Region" title="Vitebsk Region">Vitebsk Region</a></figcaption></figure> The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Dzyarzhynskaya_Hara" title="Dzyarzhynskaya Hara">Dzyarzhynskaya Hara</a> (Dzyarzhynsk Hill) at 345 metres (1,132 ft), and the lowest point is on the Neman River at 90 m (295 ft).<a href="#cite_note-ciageo-116">[113]</a> The average elevation of Belarus is 160 m (525 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> The climate features mild to cold winters, with January minimum temperatures ranging from −4 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (24.8 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) in southwest (<a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>) to −8 °C (17.6 °F) in northeast (<a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>), and cool and moist summers with an average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F).<a href="#cite_note-locclimate-122">[119]</a> Belarus has an average annual rainfall of 550 to 700 mm (21.7 to 27.6 in).<a href="#cite_note-locclimate-122">[119]</a> The country is in the transitional zone between <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime climates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciageo-116">[113]</a> Natural resources include <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, dolomite (<a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">marl</a>, chalk, sand, gravel, and clay.<a href="#cite_note-ciageo-116">[113]</a> About 70% of the radiation from neighboring Ukraine's 1986 <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl nuclear disaster</a> entered Belarusian territory, and about a fifth of Belarusian land (principally farmland and forests in the southeastern regions) was affected by radiation fallout.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> The United Nations and other agencies have aimed to reduce the level of radiation in affected areas, especially through the use of <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> binders and <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> cultivation, which are meant to decrease soil levels of <a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">caesium-137</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uncher-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-iaea-125">[122]</a> In Belarus <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 43% of the total land area, equivalent to 8,767,600 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 7,780,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forests covered 6,555,600 hectares (ha), and planted forests covered 2,212,000 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 2% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 16% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Belarus borders five countries: <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to the north and the east, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> to the south. Treaties in 1995 and 1996 demarcated Belarus's borders with Latvia and Lithuania, and Belarus ratified a 1997 treaty establishing the Belarus-Ukraine border in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Belarus and Lithuania ratified final border demarcation documents in February 2007.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Politics of Belarus</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Lukashenko_2022_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Alexander_Lukashenko_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/138px-Alexander_Lukashenko_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Alexander_Lukashenko_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/207px-Alexander_Lukashenko_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Alexander_Lukashenko_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/276px-Alexander_Lukashenko_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="783" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">President</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Golovchenko_(28-04-2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Roman_Golovchenko_%2828-04-2021%29.jpg/146px-Roman_Golovchenko_%2828-04-2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Roman_Golovchenko_%2828-04-2021%29.jpg/219px-Roman_Golovchenko_%2828-04-2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Roman_Golovchenko_%2828-04-2021%29.jpg/292px-Roman_Golovchenko_%2828-04-2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="837" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Golovchenko" title="Roman Golovchenko">Roman Golovchenko</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Prime Minister</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg/220px-House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg/330px-House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg/440px-House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Minsk" title="Government House, Minsk">Government House, Minsk</a></figcaption></figure> Belarus, by the constitution, is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, governed by a <a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">president</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Belarus">National Assembly</a>. However, Belarus has been led by a highly centralized and authoritarian government,<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Short2021-4">[4]</a> and has often been described as "Europe's last dictatorship" and president <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> as "Europe's last dictator"<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> by some media outlets, politicians and authors.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters1-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> Belarus has been considered an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> where power is ultimately concentrated in the hands of the president, elections are not free and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a> is weak.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> removed Belarus from its observer status since 1997 as a response for election irregularities in the November 1996 constitutional referendum and parliament by-elections.<a href="#cite_note-CoE-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Re-admission of the country into the council is dependent on the completion of benchmarks set by the council, including the improvement of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belarus" title="Human rights in Belarus">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, and democracy.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">term</a> for each presidency is five years. Under the 1994 constitution, the president could serve for only two terms as president, but a <a href="/wiki/2004_Belarusian_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Belarusian referendum">change in the constitution in 2004</a> eliminated term limits.<a href="#cite_note-bbclukapro-140">[137]</a> Lukashenko has been the president of Belarus since 1994. In 1996, Lukashenko called for a controversial vote to extend the presidential term from five to seven years, and as a result <a href="/wiki/2001_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2001 Belarusian presidential election">the election</a> that was supposed to occur in 1999 was pushed back to 2001. The <a href="/wiki/1996_Belarusian_referendum" title="1996 Belarusian referendum">referendum on the extension</a> was denounced as a "fantastic" fake by the chief electoral officer, <a href="/wiki/Viktar_Hanchar" title="Viktar Hanchar">Viktar Hanchar</a>, who was removed from the office for official matters only during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> The National Assembly is a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral parliament</a> comprising the 110-member <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Belarus)" title="House of Representatives (Belarus)">House of Representatives</a> (the lower house) and the 64-member <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(Belarus)" title="Council of the Republic (Belarus)">Council of the Republic</a> (the upper house).<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_square,_Minsk_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Victory_square%2C_Minsk_01.jpg/220px-Victory_square%2C_Minsk_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Victory_square%2C_Minsk_01.jpg/330px-Victory_square%2C_Minsk_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Victory_square%2C_Minsk_01.jpg/440px-Victory_square%2C_Minsk_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victory_Square,_Minsk" title="Victory Square, Minsk">Victory Square</a> in Minsk</figcaption></figure> The House of Representatives has the power to appoint the <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Belarus" title="List of prime ministers of Belarus">prime minister</a>, make constitutional amendments, call for a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_Confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion of Confidence">vote of confidence</a> on the prime minister, and make suggestions on foreign and domestic policy.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> The Council of the Republic has the power to select various government officials, conduct an impeachment trial of the president, and accept or reject the bills passed by the House of Representatives. Each chamber can veto any law passed by local officials if it is contrary to the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-conby-144">[141]</a> The government includes a Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister and five deputy prime ministers.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> The members of this council need not be members of the legislature and are appointed by the president. The judiciary comprises the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Belarus" title="Supreme Court of Belarus">Supreme Court</a> and specialized courts such as the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Belarus" title="Constitutional Court of Belarus">Constitutional Court</a>, which deals with specific issues related to constitutional and business law. The judges of national courts are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Council of the Republic. For criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the Supreme Court. The Belarusian Constitution forbids the use of special extrajudicial courts.<a href="#cite_note-conby-144">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3></div> Lukashenko was officially re-elected as president <a href="/wiki/2001_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2001 Belarusian presidential election">in 2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2006 Belarusian presidential election">in 2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2010 Belarusian presidential election">in 2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2015 Belarusian presidential election">in 2015</a> and again <a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">in 2020</a>, although none of those elections were considered free or fair nor democratic.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-osce-preliminary-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bedford-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Authoritarian-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haraszti-152">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Belarus_election_notdemo-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-atlanticcouncil_about_elections-155">[152]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belarus_in_Budejovice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Belarus_in_Budejovice.jpg/220px-Flag_of_Belarus_in_Budejovice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Belarus_in_Budejovice.jpg/330px-Flag_of_Belarus_in_Budejovice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Belarus_in_Budejovice.jpg/440px-Flag_of_Belarus_in_Budejovice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4874" data-file-height="3251" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/White-red-white_flag" title="White-red-white flag">former flag of Belarus</a>, used in 1918, then <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">in 1943–44</a> and then between 1991 and 1995, is widely used as a symbol of opposition to the government of Alexander Lukashenko.</figcaption></figure> Neither the pro-Lukashenko parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Social_Sporting_Party" title="Belarusian Social Sporting Party">Belarusian Social Sporting Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Labour_and_Justice" title="Republican Party of Labour and Justice">Republican Party of Labour and Justice</a> (RPTS), nor the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Coalition_5_Plus" title="People's Coalition 5 Plus">People's Coalition 5 Plus</a> opposition parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/BPF_Party" title="BPF Party">BPF Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Civic_Party" title="United Civic Party">United Civic Party</a>, won any seats in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="2004 Belarusian parliamentary election">2004 elections</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) ruled that the elections were unfair because opposition candidates were arbitrarily denied registration and the election process was designed to favor the ruling party.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE-156">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Minsk-Opposition_Protests_2006.03.19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Belarus-Minsk-Opposition_Protests_2006.03.19.jpg/220px-Belarus-Minsk-Opposition_Protests_2006.03.19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Belarus-Minsk-Opposition_Protests_2006.03.19.jpg/330px-Belarus-Minsk-Opposition_Protests_2006.03.19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Belarus-Minsk-Opposition_Protests_2006.03.19.jpg/440px-Belarus-Minsk-Opposition_Protests_2006.03.19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Protests at <a href="/wiki/October_Square,_Minsk" title="October Square, Minsk">October Square</a> in Minsk in 2006 after the <a href="/wiki/2006_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2006 Belarusian presidential election">2006 Belarusian presidential election</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/2006_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2006 Belarusian presidential election">2006 presidential election</a>, Lukashenko was opposed by <a href="/wiki/Alaksandar_Milinkievi%C4%8D" title="Alaksandar Milinkievič">Alaksandar Milinkievič</a>, who represented a coalition of opposition parties, and by <a href="/wiki/Alyaksandr_Kazulin" title="Alyaksandr Kazulin">Alyaksandr Kazulin</a> of the Social Democrats. Kazulin was detained and beaten by police during protests surrounding the <a href="/wiki/All_Belarusian_People%27s_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="All Belarusian People's Assembly">All Belarusian People's Assembly</a>. Lukashenko won the election with 80% of the vote; the Russian Federation and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> deemed the vote open and fair<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> while the OSCE and other organizations called the election unfair.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> After the December completion of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2010 Belarusian presidential election">2010 presidential election</a>, Lukashenko was elected to a fourth straight term with nearly 80% of the vote in elections. The runner-up opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sannikov" title="Andrei Sannikov">Andrei Sannikov</a> received less than 3% of the vote; independent observers criticized the election as fraudulent. When opposition protesters took to the streets in Minsk, many people, including some presidential candidates, were beaten and arrested by the riot police.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-159">[156]</a> Many of the candidates, including Sannikov, were sentenced to prison or house arrest for terms which are mainly and typically over four years.<a href="#cite_note-SannikovSentenced-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-kyi-161">[158]</a> Six months later amid an unprecedented economic crisis, activists utilized social networking to initiate a fresh round of protests characterized by wordless hand-clapping.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2012_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Belarusian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a>, 105 of the 110 members elected to the House of Representatives were not affiliated with any political party. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Belarus" title="Communist Party of Belarus">Communist Party of Belarus</a> won 3 seats, and the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Agrarian_Party" title="Belarusian Agrarian Party">Belarusian Agrarian Party</a> and RPTS, one each.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> Most non-partisans represent a wide scope of social organizations such as workers' collectives, public associations, and civil society organizations, similar to the composition of the Soviet legislature.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">2020 presidential election</a>, Lukashenko won again with official results giving him 80% of the vote, leading to <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">mass protests</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> did not recognise the result and the EU imposed sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belarus" title="Foreign relations of Belarus">Foreign relations of Belarus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putin_with_Alexander_Lukashenko_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Putin_with_Alexander_Lukashenko_2015.jpg/220px-Putin_with_Alexander_Lukashenko_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Putin_with_Alexander_Lukashenko_2015.jpg/330px-Putin_with_Alexander_Lukashenko_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Putin_with_Alexander_Lukashenko_2015.jpg/440px-Putin_with_Alexander_Lukashenko_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> shaking hands with <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure> The Byelorussian SSR was one of the two Soviet republics that joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> along with the Ukrainian SSR as one of the original 51 members in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Belarus and Russia have been close trading partners and diplomatic allies since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Belarus is dependent on Russia for imports of raw materials and for its export market.<a href="#cite_note-stategov-167">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a>, a supranational confederation between Belarus and Russia, was established in a 1996–99 series of treaties that called for monetary union, equal rights, single citizenship, and a common foreign and defense policy. However, the future of the union has been placed in doubt because of Belarus's repeated delays of monetary union, the lack of a referendum date for the draft constitution, and a <a href="/wiki/2007_Russia%E2%80%93Belarus_energy_dispute" title="2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute">dispute over the petroleum trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stategov-167">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> Belarus was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS).<a href="#cite_note-cisstrained-169">[166]</a> Belarus has trade agreements with several <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states (despite other member states' travel ban on Lukashenko and top officials),<a href="#cite_note-euban-170">[167]</a> including neighboring Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland.<a href="#cite_note-foreignrelations-171">[168]</a> Travel bans imposed by the European Union have been lifted in the past in order to allow Lukashenko to attend diplomatic meetings and also to engage his government and opposition groups in dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-Belarus_president_visits_Vatican-172">[169]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normandy_format_talks_in_Minsk_(February_2015)_03.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Normandy_format_talks_in_Minsk_%28February_2015%29_03.jpeg/220px-Normandy_format_talks_in_Minsk_%28February_2015%29_03.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Normandy_format_talks_in_Minsk_%28February_2015%29_03.jpeg/330px-Normandy_format_talks_in_Minsk_%28February_2015%29_03.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Normandy_format_talks_in_Minsk_%28February_2015%29_03.jpeg/440px-Normandy_format_talks_in_Minsk_%28February_2015%29_03.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4235" data-file-height="2819" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of Belarus, Russia, Germany, France, and Ukraine at the summit in <a href="/wiki/Minsk_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk II">Minsk</a>, 11–12 February 2015</figcaption></figure> Bilateral relations with the United States are strained; the United States has not had an ambassador in Minsk since 2007 and Belarus never had an ambassador in Washington since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> Diplomatic relations remained tense, and in 2004, the United States passed the <a href="/wiki/Belarus_Democracy_Act_of_2004" title="Belarus Democracy Act of 2004">Belarus Democracy Act</a>, which authorized funding for anti-government Belarusian NGOs, and prohibited loans to the Belarusian government, except for humanitarian purposes.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> Relations between <a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belarus–China relations">China and Belarus</a> are close,<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> with Lukashenko visiting China multiple times during his tenure.<a href="#cite_note-:02-177">[174]</a> Belarus also has strong ties with <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> considered a key partner in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> In addition to the CIS, Belarus is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> (previously the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-foreignrelations-171">[168]</a> the international <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> since 1998,<a href="#cite_note-byintorgs-180">[177]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> (OSCE). As an OSCE member state, Belarus's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Helsinki_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Helsinki Commission">U.S. Helsinki Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> Belarus is included in the European Union's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a> program, part of the EU's <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> (ENP), which aims to bring the EU and its neighbours closer in economic and geopolitical terms.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> However, Belarus suspended its participation in the Eastern Partnership program on 28 June 2021, after the EU imposed more sanctions against the country.<a href="#cite_note-eapsusp1-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-eapsusp2-184">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus" title="Armed Forces of Belarus">Armed Forces of Belarus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_1047080_Work_of_%22Kamenyuki%22_frontier_post_on_Belarus_border_with_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RIAN_archive_1047080_Work_of_%22Kamenyuki%22_frontier_post_on_Belarus_border_with_Poland.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_1047080_Work_of_%22Kamenyuki%22_frontier_post_on_Belarus_border_with_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RIAN_archive_1047080_Work_of_%22Kamenyuki%22_frontier_post_on_Belarus_border_with_Poland.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_1047080_Work_of_%22Kamenyuki%22_frontier_post_on_Belarus_border_with_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RIAN_archive_1047080_Work_of_%22Kamenyuki%22_frontier_post_on_Belarus_border_with_Poland.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_1047080_Work_of_%22Kamenyuki%22_frontier_post_on_Belarus_border_with_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers patrol in the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a> on the Belarusian border with Poland</figcaption></figure> Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Khrenin" title="Viktor Khrenin">Viktor Khrenin</a> heads the Ministry of Defence,<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> and Alexander Lukashenko (as president) serves as Commander-in-Chief.<a href="#cite_note-conby-144">[141]</a> The armed forces were formed in 1992 using parts of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> on the new republic's territory. The transformation of the ex-Soviet forces into the Armed Forces of Belarus, which was completed in 1997, reduced the number of its soldiers by 30,000 and restructured its leadership and military formations.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> Most of Belarus's service members are <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripts</a>, who serve for 12 months if they have higher education or 18 months if they do not.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> Demographic decreases in the Belarusians of conscription age have increased the importance of contract soldiers, who numbered 12,000 in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-conscripts-188">[185]</a> In 2005, about 1.4% of Belarus's gross domestic product was devoted to military expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-ciabymil-189">[186]</a> Belarus has not expressed a desire to join <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> but has participated in the Individual Partnership Program since 1997,<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> and Belarus provided refueling and airspace support for the <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> mission in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> Belarus first began to cooperate with NATO upon signing documents to participate in their Partnership for Peace Program in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> However, Belarus cannot join NATO because it is a member of the CSTO. Tensions between NATO and Belarus peaked after the March 2006 presidential election in Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_and_corruption">Human rights and corruption</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belarus" title="Human rights in Belarus">Human rights in Belarus</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Recentism plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Recentism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/40px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/60px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/80px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article appears to be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recentism" title="Wikipedia:Recentism">slanted towards recent events</a>. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belarus&action=edit">add more content</a> related to non-recent events. (November 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gdansk_mural_Ales_Bialacki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Gdansk_mural_Ales_Bialacki.jpg/220px-Gdansk_mural_Ales_Bialacki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Gdansk_mural_Ales_Bialacki.jpg/330px-Gdansk_mural_Ales_Bialacki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Gdansk_mural_Ales_Bialacki.jpg/440px-Gdansk_mural_Ales_Bialacki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> depicting Belarusian human rights activist <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>,<a href="#cite_note-amnesty-194">[191]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-195">[192]</a> have criticized Lukashenko's violations of human rights. Belarus's <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a> rating is the lowest in Europe, the country is labelled as "not free" by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> as "repressed" in the <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, Belarus is ranked 153rd out of 180 countries for 2022.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> The Belarusian government is also criticized for human rights violations and its persecution of non-governmental organizations, independent journalists, national minorities, and opposition politicians.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty-194">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-195">[192]</a> Lukashenko announced a new law in 2014 that will prohibit <a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">kolkhoz</a> workers (around 9% of total work force) from leaving their jobs at will—a change of job and living location will require permission from governors. Lukashenko himself compared the law with <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Similar regulations were introduced for the forestry industry in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> Belarus is the only European country still using <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>, having carried out executions in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Belarus">LGBT rights</a> in the country are also ranked among the lowest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> In March 2023, Lukashenko signed a law which allows using capital punishment against officials and soldiers convicted of high <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> The judicial system in Belarus lacks independence and is subject to political interference.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> Corrupt practices such as bribery often took place during tender processes, and <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> protection and national <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsman</a> are lacking in Belarus's anti-corruption system.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk,_16_August_p0036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_16_August_p0036.jpg/220px-2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_16_August_p0036.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_16_August_p0036.jpg/330px-2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_16_August_p0036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_16_August_p0036.jpg/440px-2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_16_August_p0036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Rally against Lukashenko in Minsk, 23 August 2020</figcaption></figure> On 1 September 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> declared that its experts received reports of 450 documented cases of torture and ill-treatment of people who were arrested during the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">protests following the presidential election</a>. The experts also received reports of violence against women and children, including sexual abuse and rape with rubber batons.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> At least three detainees suffered injuries indicative of sexual violence in <a href="/wiki/Okrestino" class="mw-redirect" title="Okrestino">Okrestino</a> prison in Minsk or on the way there. The victims were hospitalized with intramuscular bleeding of the rectum, anal fissure and bleeding, and damage to the mucous membrane of the rectum.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> In an interview from September 2020 Lukashenko claimed that detainees faked their bruises, saying, "Some of the girls there had their butts painted in blue".<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> On 23 May 2021, Belarusian authorities <a href="/wiki/Ryanair_Flight_4978" title="Ryanair Flight 4978">forcibly diverted a Ryanair flight</a> from <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> in order to detain opposition activist and journalist <a href="/wiki/Roman_Protasevich" title="Roman Protasevich">Roman Protasevich</a> along with his girlfriend; in response, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> imposed stricter sanctions on Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> In May 2021, Lukashenko threatened that he will flood the European Union with migrants and drugs as a response to the sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> In July 2021, Belarusian authorities launched a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_warfare" title="Hybrid warfare">hybrid warfare</a> by <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> of <a href="/wiki/2021_Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis">migrants to the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> authorities and top European officials <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a> condemned the usage of migrants as a weapon and suggested that Belarus could be subject to further sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> In August 2021, Belarusian officials, wearing uniforms, riot shields and helmets, were recorded on camera near the <a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Lithuania_border" title="Belarus–Lithuania border">Belarus–Lithuania border</a> pushing and urging the migrants to cross the European Union border.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Following the granting of humanitarian visas to an Olympic athlete <a href="/wiki/Krystsina_Tsimanouskaya" title="Krystsina Tsimanouskaya">Krystsina Tsimanouskaya</a> and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> also accused Belarus for organizing a hybrid warfare as the number of migrants crossing the <a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Poland_border" title="Belarus–Poland border">Belarus–Poland border</a> sharply increased multiple times when compared to the 2020 statistics.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> Illegal migrants numbers also exceeded the previous annual numbers in <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> On 2 December 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, European Union, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> imposed new sanctions on Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Regions of Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Belarus" title="Districts of Belarus">Districts of Belarus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus,_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Belarus%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.png/220px-Belarus%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Belarus%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.png/330px-Belarus%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Belarus%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.png/440px-Belarus%2C_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored.png 2x" data-file-width="6784" data-file-height="6058" /></a><figcaption>Administrative divisions of Belarus</figcaption></figure> Belarus is divided into six regions called <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblasts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: вобласць; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: область), which are named after the cities that serve as their administrative centers: <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-s1-218">[215]</a> Each region has a provincial legislative authority, called a region council (Belarusian: абласны Савет Дэпутатаў; Russian: Областной Совет депутатов), which is elected by its residents, and a provincial executive authority called a region administration (Belarusian: абласны выканаўчы камітэт; Russian: областной исполнительный комитет), whose chairman is appointed by the president.<a href="#cite_note-s5-219">[216]</a> The regions are further subdivided into 118 <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raions</a>, commonly translated as districts (Belarusian: раён; Russian: район).<a href="#cite_note-s1-218">[215]</a> Each raion has its own legislative authority, or raion council, (Belarusian: раённы Савет Дэпутатаў; Russian: районный Совет депутатов) elected by its residents, and an executive authority or raion administration appointed by oblast executive powers.<a href="#cite_note-key_facts-117">[114]</a> The city of Minsk is split into nine districts and enjoys special status as the nation's capital at the same administration level as the oblasts.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> It is run by an executive committee and has been granted a charter of self-rule.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a> in Belarus is administered by administrative-territorial units (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльныя адзінкі; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: административно-территориальные единицы), and occurs on two levels: basic and primary. At the basic level are 118 raions councils and 10 cities of oblast subordination councils, which are supervised by the governments of the oblasts.<a href="#cite_note-COE-222">[219]</a> At the primary level are 14 cities of raion subordination councils, 8 <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban-type_settlements_in_Belarus" title="List of urban-type settlements in Belarus">urban-type settlements</a> councils, and 1,151 village councils.<a href="#cite_note-President-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> The councils are elected by their residents, and have executive committees appointed by their executive committee chairs. The chairs of executive committees for raions and city of oblast subordinations are appointed by the regional executive committees at the level above; the chairs of executive committees for towns of raion subordination, settlements, and villages are appointed by their councils, but upon the recommendation of the raion executive committees.<a href="#cite_note-COE-222">[219]</a> In either case, the councils have the power to approve or reject a nominee for executive committee chair. <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">Settlements</a> without their own local council and executive committee are called territorial units (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: тэрытарыяльныя адзінкі; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: территориальные единицы). These territorial units may also be classified as a city of regional or raion subordination, urban-type settlement, or rural settlement, but whose government is administered by the council of another primary or basic unit.<a href="#cite_note-Administrative-225">[222]</a> In October 1995, a <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">presidential decree</a> abolished the local governments of cities of raion subordination and urban-type settlements which served as the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">administrative center</a> of raions, demoting them from administrative-territorial units to territorial units.<a href="#cite_note-Decree95-226">[223]</a> As for 2019, the administrative-territorial and territorial units include 115 cities, 85 urban-type settlements, and 23,075 rural settlements.<a href="#cite_note-Census-227">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belarus" title="Economy of Belarus">Economy of Belarus</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Change in per capita GDP of Belarus, 1973–2018.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png/220px-Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png/330px-Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png/440px-Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="6480" data-file-height="7480" /></a><figcaption>Belarus regions by Gross Regional Product (GRP)</figcaption></figure> Belarus is <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">a developing country</a>, but at 60th place in the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, it has a "very high" human development.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> It is one of the most equal countries in the world,<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> with one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by income equality">lowest Gini-coefficient</a> measures of national resource distribution, and it ranks 82nd in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP per capita</a>. In 2019, the share of manufacturing in GDP was 31%, and over two-thirds of this amount fell on manufacturing industries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Manufacturing employed 34.7% of the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> Manufacturing growth is much smaller than for the economy as a whole—about 2.2% in 2021. Important agricultural products include potatoes and cattle byproducts, including meat.<a href="#cite_note-ciaecon-231">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3></div> Belarus has trade relations with over 180 countries. As of 2007, its main trading partners were Russia, which accounted for about 45% of Belarusian exports and 55% of imports (which include petroleum),<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> and the EU countries, with 25% of exports and 20% of imports.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-natotrade-234">[231]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] In April 2022, as a result of its facilitation of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the EU imposed trade sanctions on Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> The sanctions were extended and expanded in August 2023.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> These sanctions are in addition to those imposed following the rigged 2020 "election" of Lukashenko.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> At the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Belarus was one of the world's most industrially developed states by proportion of GDP and the richest CIS member-state.<a href="#cite_note-wb97-238">[235]</a> In 2015, 39.3% of Belarusians were employed by state-controlled companies, 57.2% by private companies (in which the government has a 21.1% stake) and 3.5% by foreign companies.<a href="#cite_note-econstats-239">[236]</a> In 1994, Belarus's main exports included heavy machinery (especially <a href="/wiki/Belarus_(tractor)" title="Belarus (tractor)">tractors</a>), agricultural products, and energy products.<a href="#cite_note-byexports-240">[237]</a> Economically, Belarus involved itself in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS), <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union with Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> In the 1990s, industrial production plunged due to decreases in imports, investment, and demand for Belarusian products from its trading partners.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> GDP only began to rise in 1996;<a href="#cite_note-bybriefwb06-243">[240]</a> the country was the fastest-recovering former Soviet republic in the terms of its economy.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> In 2006, GDP amounted to US$83.1 billion in <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP) dollars (estimate), or about $8,100 per capita.<a href="#cite_note-ciaecon-231">[228]</a> In 2005, GDP increased by 9.9%; the inflation rate averaged 9.5%.<a href="#cite_note-ciaecon-231">[228]</a> Belarus was ranked 85th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, under Lukashenko's leadership, Belarus has maintained government control of key industries and eschewed the large-scale privatizations seen in other former Soviet republics.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> Belarus applied to become a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> Due to its failure to protect labor rights, including passing laws forbidding unemployment or working outside state-controlled sectors,<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> Belarus lost its EU <a href="/wiki/Generalized_System_of_Preferences" title="Generalized System of Preferences">Generalized System of Preferences</a> status on 21 June 2007, which raised tariff rates to their prior <a href="/wiki/Most_favored_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Most favored nation">most favored nation</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-eutrade-249">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3></div> The labor force consists of more than 4 million people, of whom women are slightly more than men.<a href="#cite_note-econstats-239">[236]</a> In 2005, nearly a quarter of the population was employed in industrial factories. Employment is also high in agriculture, manufacturing sales, trading goods, and education. The unemployment rate was 1.5% in 2005, according to government statistics. There were 679,000 unemployed Belarusians, of whom two-thirds were women. The unemployment rate has been declining since 2003, and the overall rate of employment is the highest since statistics were first compiled in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-econstats-239">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg/310px-Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg/465px-Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg/620px-Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Belarusian annual <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/CPI" class="mw-redirect" title="CPI">CPI</a> rates 2001–2013[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> The currency of Belarus is the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian ruble</a>. The currency was introduced in May 1992 to replace the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Soviet ruble</a> and it has undergone <a href="/wiki/Redenomination" title="Redenomination">redenomination</a> twice since then. The first coins of the Republic of Belarus were issued on 27 December 1996.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> The ruble was reintroduced with new values in 2000 and has been in use ever since.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> In 2007, The <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Bank of the Republic of Belarus">National Bank of Belarus</a> abandoned pegging the Belarusian ruble to the Russian ruble.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union of Russia and Belarus</a>, the two states have discussed using a single currency analogous to the Euro. This led to a proposal that the Belarusian ruble be discontinued in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> (RUB), starting as early as 1 January 2008. On 23 May 2011, the ruble depreciated 56% against the United States dollar. The depreciation was even steeper on the black market and financial collapse seemed imminent as citizens rushed to exchange their rubles for dollars, euros, durable goods, and canned goods.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> On 1 June 2011, Belarus requested an economic rescue package from the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> A new currency, the new Belarusian ruble (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a> code: BYN)<a href="#cite_note-currency-iso.org-256">[253]</a> was introduced in July 2016, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian ruble</a> in a rate of 1:10,000 (10,000 old ruble = 1 new ruble). From 1 July until 31 December 2016, the old and new currencies were in parallel circulation, and series 2000 notes and coins could be exchanged for series 2009 from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-currency-iso.org-256">[253]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Redenomination" title="Redenomination">redenomination</a> can be considered an effort to fight the high inflation rate.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> On 6 October 2022, Lukashenko banned price increases, to combat food inflation.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> In January 2023, Belarus legalized <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> created by "unfriendly" foreign nations.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> The banking system of Belarus consists of two levels: the Central Bank (National Bank of the Republic of Belarus) and 25 commercial banks.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belarus" title="Demographics of Belarus">Demographics of Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></div> According to the 2019 census the population was 9.41 million<a href="#cite_note-:0-262">[259]</a> with ethnic <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> constituting 84.9% of Belarus's total population.<a href="#cite_note-:0-262">[259]</a> Minority groups include: <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> (7.5%), <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> (3.1%), and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (1.7%).<a href="#cite_note-:0-262">[259]</a> Belarus has a population density of about 50 people per square kilometre (127 per sq mi); 70% of its total population is concentrated in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, the nation's capital and largest city, was home to 1,937,900 residents in 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belarus&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a>, with a population of 481,000, is the second-largest city and serves as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Gomel_Region" title="Gomel Region">Gomel Region</a>. Other large cities are <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a> (365,100), <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a> (342,400), <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a> (314,800) and <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a> (298,300).<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> Like many other Eastern European countries, Belarus has a negative population growth rate and a negative natural growth rate. In 2007, Belarus's population declined by 0.41% and its <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rate</a> was 1.22,<a href="#cite_note-demographics-266">[263]</a> well <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">below the replacement rate</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">net migration rate</a> is +0.38 per 1,000, indicating that Belarus experiences slightly more immigration than emigration. As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belarus&action=edit">[update]</a>, 69.9% of Belarus's population is aged 14 to 64; 15.5% is under 14, and 14.6% is 65 or older. Its population is also aging; the median age of 30–34 is estimated to rise to between 60 and 64 in 2050.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> There are about 0.87 males per female in Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-demographics-266">[263]</a> The average life expectancy is 72.15 (66.53 years for men and 78.1 years for women).<a href="#cite_note-demographics-266">[263]</a> Over 99% of Belarusians aged 15 and older are <a href="/wiki/Literate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literate">literate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-demographics-266">[263]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Belarus <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source?</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Belarus">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Miensk_-_Plac_Niezale%C5%BEna%C5%9Bci.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minsk"><img alt="Minsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Miensk_-_Plac_Niezale%C5%BEna%C5%9Bci.jpg/120px-Miensk_-_Plac_Niezale%C5%BEna%C5%9Bci.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Miensk_-_Plac_Niezale%C5%BEna%C5%9Bci.jpg/180px-Miensk_-_Plac_Niezale%C5%BEna%C5%9Bci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Miensk_-_Plac_Niezale%C5%BEna%C5%9Bci.jpg/240px-Miensk_-_Plac_Niezale%C5%BEna%C5%9Bci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6913" data-file-height="3889" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gomel._Mountains_of_phosphogypsum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gomel"><img alt="Gomel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gomel._Mountains_of_phosphogypsum.jpg/120px-Gomel._Mountains_of_phosphogypsum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gomel._Mountains_of_phosphogypsum.jpg/180px-Gomel._Mountains_of_phosphogypsum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gomel._Mountains_of_phosphogypsum.jpg/240px-Gomel._Mountains_of_phosphogypsum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Region" title="Minsk Region">Minsk Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,992,685 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieninski_District,_Mogilev,_Belarus_-_panoramio_(488).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mogilev"><img alt="Mogilev" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lieninski_District%2C_Mogilev%2C_Belarus_-_panoramio_%28488%29.jpg/120px-Lieninski_District%2C_Mogilev%2C_Belarus_-_panoramio_%28488%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lieninski_District%2C_Mogilev%2C_Belarus_-_panoramio_%28488%29.jpg/180px-Lieninski_District%2C_Mogilev%2C_Belarus_-_panoramio_%28488%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lieninski_District%2C_Mogilev%2C_Belarus_-_panoramio_%28488%29.jpg/240px-Lieninski_District%2C_Mogilev%2C_Belarus_-_panoramio_%28488%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Viciebsk,_march_2010_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vitebsk"><img alt="Vitebsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Viciebsk%2C_march_2010_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Viciebsk%2C_march_2010_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Viciebsk%2C_march_2010_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Viciebsk%2C_march_2010_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Viciebsk%2C_march_2010_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Viciebsk%2C_march_2010_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gomel_Region" title="Gomel Region">Gomel Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">536,938 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mogilev_Region" title="Mogilev Region">Mogilev Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">383,313 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Region" title="Vitebsk Region">Vitebsk Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">378,459 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Region" title="Grodno Region">Grodno Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">373,547 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brest_Region" title="Brest Region">Brest Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">350,616 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Babruysk" title="Babruysk">Babruysk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mogilev_Region" title="Mogilev Region">Mogilev Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">216,793 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baranavichy" title="Baranavichy">Baranavichy</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brest_Region" title="Brest Region">Brest Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">179,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barysaw" title="Barysaw">Barysaw</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Region" title="Minsk Region">Minsk Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">142,681 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brest_Region" title="Brest Region">Brest Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">137,960 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Religion in Belarus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Polotsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk">Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk</a> is one of the oldest churches in Belarus. Its current style is an ideal example of <a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland" title="Baroque in Poland">baroque architecture</a> in the former <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to the census of November 2011, 58.9% of all Belarusians adhered to some kind of religion; out of those, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> made up about 82%: Eastern Orthodox in Belarus are mainly part of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Exarchate_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church">Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church</a>, though a small <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church</a> also exists.<a href="#cite_note-mfa-268">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Belarus">Roman Catholicism</a> is practiced mostly in the western regions, and there are also different denominations of Protestantism.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> Minorities also practice <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">neo-paganism</a>. Overall, 48.3% of the population is Orthodox Christian, 41.1% is not religious, 7.1% is Roman Catholic and 3.3% follows other religions.<a href="#cite_note-mfa-268">[265]</a> Belarus's Catholic minority is concentrated in the western part of the country, especially around <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a>, consisting of a mixture of Belarusians and the country's <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian people">Lithuanian</a> minorities.<a href="#cite_note-Belarus_–_Religion-271">[268]</a> President Lukashenko has stated that Orthodox and Catholic believers are the "two main confessions in our country".<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> Belarus was once a major center of European Jews, with 10% of the population being <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Jewish</a>. But since the mid-20th century, the number of Jews has been reduced by the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, deportation, and emigration, so that today it is a very small minority of less than one percent.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a>, numbering over 15,000, are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Muslims</a>. According to Article 16 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution</a>, Belarus has no official religion. While the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of worship</a> is granted in the same article, religious organizations deemed harmful to the government or social order can be prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-s1-218">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Languages of Belarus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zweisprachiges_Schild_Wei%C3%9Frussisch_Russisch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zweisprachiges_Schild_Wei%C3%9Frussisch_Russisch.JPG/220px-Zweisprachiges_Schild_Wei%C3%9Frussisch_Russisch.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zweisprachiges_Schild_Wei%C3%9Frussisch_Russisch.JPG/330px-Zweisprachiges_Schild_Wei%C3%9Frussisch_Russisch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zweisprachiges_Schild_Wei%C3%9Frussisch_Russisch.JPG/440px-Zweisprachiges_Schild_Wei%C3%9Frussisch_Russisch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual Belarusian–Russian sign in Belarusian town <a href="/wiki/Rakaw" title="Rakaw">Rakaw</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> Belarus's two official languages are Russian and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> According to data published by the <a href="/wiki/National_Statistical_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus">National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2009_Belarusian_census" title="2009 Belarusian census">2009 census</a> recorded that 53% of the population described Belarusian as their "mother tongue" compared to 41% who described Russian in that way. In addition, 70% described Russian and 23% described Belarusian as the "language normally spoken at home".<a href="#cite_note-2009-census-languages-275">[272]</a> Minorities also speak <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern Yiddish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> Following the election of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a>, most schools in major cities began to teach in Russian rather than Belarusian.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> The annual circulation of Belarusian-language literature also significantly decreased from 1990 to 2020.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Culture of Belarus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_literature">Arts and literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_2.jpg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_2.jpg/330px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_2.jpg/440px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%B3._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3386" data-file-height="2712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Opera_and_Ballet_of_Belarus" title="National Opera and Ballet of Belarus">Opera and Ballet Theater</a> in Minsk</figcaption></figure> The Belarusian government sponsors annual cultural festivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Slavianski_Bazaar_in_Vitebsk" title="Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk">Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> which showcases Belarusian performers, artists, writers, musicians, and actors. Several state holidays, such as <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Belarus)" title="Independence Day (Belarus)">Independence Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a>, draw big crowds and often include displays such as fireworks and military parades, especially in Vitebsk and Minsk.<a href="#cite_note-festivals-280">[277]</a> The government's Ministry of Culture finances events promoting Belarusian arts and culture both inside and outside the country. Belarusian literature<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> began with 11th- to 13th-century religious scripture, such as the 12th-century poetry of <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Turaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril of Turaw">Cyril of Turaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bypoem-282">[279]</a> By the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a> resident <a href="/wiki/Francysk_Skaryna" title="Francysk Skaryna">Francysk Skaryna</a> translated the Bible into Belarusian. It was published in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> sometime between 1517 and 1525, making it the first book printed in Belarus or anywhere in Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-byeb-283">[280]</a> The modern era of Belarusian literature began in the late 19th century; one prominent writer was <a href="/wiki/Yanka_Kupala" title="Yanka Kupala">Yanka Kupala</a>. Many Belarusian writers of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/U%C5%82adzimir_%C5%BDy%C5%82ka" title="Uładzimir Žyłka">Uładzimir Žyłka</a>, Kazimir Svayak, <a href="/wiki/Yakub_Kolas" title="Yakub Kolas">Yakub Kolas</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%B9mitrok_Biadula" title="Źmitrok Biadula">Źmitrok Biadula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maksim_Haretski" title="Maksim Haretski">Maksim Haretski</a>, wrote for <a href="/wiki/Nasha_Niva" title="Nasha Niva">Nasha Niva</a>, a Belarusian-language paper published that was previously published in Vilnius but now is published in Minsk.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> After Belarus was incorporated into the Soviet Union, the Soviet government took control of the Republic's cultural affairs. At first, a policy of "Belarusianization" was followed in the newly formed Byelorussian SSR. This policy was reversed in the 1930s, and the majority of prominent Belarusian intellectuals and nationalist advocates were either exiled or killed in Stalinist purges.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> The free development of literature occurred only in Polish-held territory until Soviet occupation in 1939. Several poets and authors went into exile after the Nazi occupation of Belarus and would not return until the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-byeb-283">[280]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wincenty_Dunin-Marcinkiewicz_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Wincenty_Dunin-Marcinkiewicz_2.jpg/170px-Wincenty_Dunin-Marcinkiewicz_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Wincenty_Dunin-Marcinkiewicz_2.jpg/255px-Wincenty_Dunin-Marcinkiewicz_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Wincenty_Dunin-Marcinkiewicz_2.jpg/340px-Wincenty_Dunin-Marcinkiewicz_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Poet and librettist <a href="/wiki/Vintsent_Dunin-Martsinkyevich" title="Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich">Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich</a></figcaption></figure> The last major revival of Belarusian literature occurred in the 1960s with novels published by <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Byka%C5%AD" title="Vasil Bykaŭ">Vasil Bykaŭ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uladzimir_Karatkievich" title="Uladzimir Karatkievich">Uladzimir Karatkievich</a>. An influential author who devoted his work to awakening the awareness of the catastrophes the country has suffered was <a href="/wiki/Ales_Adamovich" title="Ales Adamovich">Ales Adamovich</a>. He was named by <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a>, the Belarusian winner of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> 2015, as "her main teacher, who helped her to find a path of her own".<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Music in Belarus</a> largely comprises a rich tradition of folk and religious music. The country's folk music traditions can be traced back to the times of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>. In the 19th century, Polish composer <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a> composed operas and chamber music pieces while living in Minsk. During his stay, he worked with Belarusian poet <a href="/wiki/Vintsent_Dunin-Martsinkyevich" title="Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich">Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich</a> and created the opera Sialanka (Peasant Woman). At the end of the 19th century, major Belarusian cities formed their own opera and ballet companies. The ballet <a href="/wiki/Nightingale_(ballet)" title="Nightingale (ballet)">Nightingale</a> by M. Kroshner was composed during the Soviet era and became the first Belarusian ballet showcased at the National Academic Vialiki Ballet Theatre in Minsk.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, music focused on the hardships of the Belarusian people or on those who took up arms in defense of the homeland. During this period, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Bogatyrev" title="Anatoly Bogatyrev">Anatoly Bogatyrev</a>, creator of the opera In Polesye Virgin Forest, served as the "tutor" of Belarusian composers.<a href="#cite_note-clasmus-288">[285]</a> The National Academic Theatre of Ballet in Minsk was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Benois_de_la_Danse" title="Prix Benois de la Danse">Benois de la Dance Prize</a> in 1996 as the top ballet company in the world.<a href="#cite_note-clasmus-288">[285]</a> Rock music has become increasingly popular in recent years, though the Belarusian government has attempted to limit the amount of foreign music aired on the radio in favor of traditional Belarusian music. Since 2004, Belarus has been sending artists to the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> was born in Liozna (near <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>) in 1887. He spent the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> years in Soviet Belarus, becoming one of the country's most distinguished artists and a member of the modernist <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> and was a founder of the Vitebsk Arts College.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3></div> The traditional Belarusian dress originates from the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> period. Due to the cool climate, clothes were designed to conserve body heat and were usually made from <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>. They were decorated with ornate patterns influenced by the neighboring cultures: Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Russians, and other European nations. Each region of Belarus has developed specific design patterns.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> One ornamental pattern common in early dresses currently decorates the hoist of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Belarus" title="Flag of Belarus">Belarusian national flag</a>, adopted in a <a href="/wiki/1995_Belarusian_referendum" title="1995 Belarusian referendum">disputed referendum</a> in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potato_pancakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Potato_pancakes.jpg/220px-Potato_pancakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Potato_pancakes.jpg/330px-Potato_pancakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Potato_pancakes.jpg/440px-Potato_pancakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Potato_pancake" title="Potato pancake">Draniki</a>, the national dish</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian cuisine</a> consists mainly of vegetables, meat (particularly pork), and bread. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or <a href="/wiki/Stewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewed">stewed</a>. Typically, Belarusians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals later in the day. <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> bread are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. To show hospitality, a host traditionally presents an offering of <a href="/wiki/Bread_and_salt" title="Bread and salt">bread and salt</a> when greeting a guest or visitor.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Recentism plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Recentism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/40px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/60px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/80px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article appears to be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recentism" title="Wikipedia:Recentism">slanted towards recent events</a>. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belarus&action=edit">add more content</a> related to non-recent events. (November 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Belarus_at_the_Olympics" title="Belarus at the Olympics">Belarus at the Olympics</a></div> Belarus has competed in the Olympic Games since the <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994 Winter Olympics</a> as an independent nation. Receiving heavy sponsorship from the government, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> is the nation's second most popular sport after <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Belarus_national_football_team" title="Belarus national football team">national football team</a> has never qualified for a major tournament; however, <a href="/wiki/FC_BATE_Borisov" title="FC BATE Borisov">BATE Borisov</a> has played in the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">Champions League</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Belarus_national_men%27s_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarus national men's ice hockey team">national hockey team</a> finished fourth at the <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics" title="Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Salt Lake City Olympics</a> following a memorable upset win over Sweden in the quarterfinals and regularly competes in the <a href="/wiki/Ice_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Ice Hockey World Championships">World Championships</a>, often making the quarterfinals. Numerous Belarusian players are present in the <a href="/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League" title="Kontinental Hockey League">Kontinental Hockey League</a> in Eurasia, particularly for Belarusian club <a href="/wiki/HC_Dinamo_Minsk" title="HC Dinamo Minsk">HC Dinamo Minsk</a>, and several have also played in the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> in North America. The <a href="/wiki/2014_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2014 IIHF World Championship">2014 IIHF World Championship</a> was hosted in Belarus and the <a href="/wiki/2021_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2021 IIHF World Championship">2021 IIHF World Championship</a> was supposed to be co-hosted in Latvia and Belarus but it was cancelled due to widespread protests and security concerns. The <a href="/wiki/2021_UEC_European_Track_Championships" title="2021 UEC European Track Championships">2021 UEC European Track Championships</a> in cycling was also cancelled because Belarus was not considered a safe host. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Azarenka_(18567208246).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Victoria_Azarenka_%2818567208246%29.jpg/220px-Victoria_Azarenka_%2818567208246%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Victoria_Azarenka_%2818567208246%29.jpg/330px-Victoria_Azarenka_%2818567208246%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Victoria_Azarenka_%2818567208246%29.jpg/440px-Victoria_Azarenka_%2818567208246%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4042" data-file-height="3541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka" title="Victoria Azarenka">Victoria Azarenka</a>, professional <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> player and a former <a href="/wiki/List_of_WTA_number_1_ranked_players" class="mw-redirect" title="List of WTA number 1 ranked players">world No. 1</a> in singles</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Darya_Domracheva" title="Darya Domracheva">Darya Domracheva</a> is a leading <a href="/wiki/Biathlon" title="Biathlon">biathlete</a> whose honours include three gold medals at the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a> player <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka" title="Victoria Azarenka">Victoria Azarenka</a> became the first Belarusian to win a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> singles title at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a> in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> She also won the gold medal in mixed doubles at the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Max_Mirnyi" title="Max Mirnyi">Max Mirnyi</a>, who holds ten Grand Slam titles in <a href="/wiki/Singles_tennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Singles tennis">doubles</a>. Other notable Belarusian sportspeople include cyclist <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kiryienka" title="Vasil Kiryienka">Vasil Kiryienka</a>, who won the <a href="/wiki/2015_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_time_trial" title="2015 UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial">2015 Road World Time Trial Championship</a>, and middle-distance runner <a href="/wiki/Maryna_Arzamasava" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryna Arzamasava">Maryna Arzamasava</a>, who won the gold medal in the <a href="/wiki/2015_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_800_metres" title="2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 800 metres">800m at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Arlovski" title="Andrei Arlovski">Andrei Arlovski</a>, who was born in <a href="/wiki/Babruysk" title="Babruysk">Babruysk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a>, is a current <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">UFC</a> fighter and the former <a href="/wiki/List_of_UFC_champions" title="List of UFC champions">UFC heavyweight champion of the world</a>. Belarus is also known for its strong rhythmic gymnasts. Noticeable gymnasts include <a href="/wiki/Inna_Zhukova" title="Inna Zhukova">Inna Zhukova</a>, who earned silver at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Beijing_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Beijing Olympics">2008 Beijing Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liubov_Charkashyna" title="Liubov Charkashyna">Liubov Charkashyna</a>, who earned bronze at the 2012 London Olympics, and <a href="/wiki/Melitina_Staniouta" title="Melitina Staniouta">Melitina Staniouta</a>, Bronze All-Around Medalist of the 2015 World Championships. The Belarusian senior group earned bronze at the <a href="/wiki/2012_London_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 London Olympics">2012 London Olympics</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Telecommunications in Belarus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">Censorship in Belarus</a></div> <ul><li>Country code: <a href="/wiki/.by" title=".by">.by</a></li></ul> The state telecom monopoly, Beltelecom, holds the exclusive interconnection with Internet providers outside of Belarus. Beltelecom owns all the backbone channels that linked to the Lattelecom, TEO LT, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Communications" title="Tata Communications">Tata Communications</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Teleglobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleglobe">Teleglobe</a>), Synterra, <a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a>, Transtelekom and MTS ISPs. Beltelecom is the only operator licensed to provide commercial VoIP services in Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-ONI-Belarus-Nov2010-298">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Heritage_Sites">World Heritage Sites</h3></div> Belarus has four <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>-designated <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Castle_Complex" title="Mir Castle Complex">Mir Castle Complex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nesvizh_Castle" title="Nesvizh Castle">Nesvizh Castle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Belovezhskaya Pushcha</a> (shared with <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Struve_Geodetic_Arc" title="Struve Geodetic Arc">Struve Geodetic Arc</a> (shared with nine other countries).<a href="#cite_note-UNSECO-299">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Belarus portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarus-related_topics" title="List of Belarus-related topics">List of Belarus-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Belarus" title="Outline of Belarus">Outline of Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Scientific_Medical_Library" title="Republican Scientific Medical Library">Republican Scientific Medical Library</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> A number of countries <a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2020_Belarusian_presidential_election_and_protests" title="International reactions to the 2020 Belarusian presidential election and protests">do not recognize</a> Lukashenko as the legitimate president of Belarus since the <a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">2020 Belarusian presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌbɛləˈruːs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BEL-ə-ROOSS</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌbiːləˈruːs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BEE-lə-ROOSS</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a> also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɛlərʌs, -rʊs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BEL-ə-ru(u)ss</a>; <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: Беларусь, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: Byelarus, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">[bʲɛlaˈrusʲ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/01\/Be-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C.oga\/Be-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Be-\u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044c.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Be-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C.oga/Be-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Be-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C.oga" title="File:Be-Беларусь.oga">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Беларусь, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[bʲɪlɐˈrusʲ]</a>; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian Белоруссия), a name <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Именование белорусского государства на русском языке">often proscribed</a> within Belarus, although commonly used in Russia. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Belarusian: Рэспубліка Беларусь, romanized: Respublika Byelarus, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">[rɛsˈpublʲika bʲɛlaˈrusʲ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cb\/Be-%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C.oga\/Be-%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Be-\u0420\u044d\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044c.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Be-%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C.oga/Be-%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Be-%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C.oga" title="File:Be-Рэспубліка Беларусь.oga">ⓘ</a>; Russian: Республика Беларусь, romanized: Respublika Belarus, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə bʲɪlɐˈrusʲ]</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/b49/b49a6306ec95b5c2d851e897490581a3.pdf">"Belarus in figures 2021"</a> (PDF). National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belarus+in+figures+2021&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Committee+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fupload%2Fiblock%2Fb49%2Fb49a6306ec95b5c2d851e897490581a3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ggpsurvey-2"><a href="#cite_ref-ggpsurvey_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016202502/https://ggpsurvey.ined.fr/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FGGS2020.W1.30_V4&v=2&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FGGS2020.W1.30_V2061&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FGGS2020.W1.30_V5&V4slice=1&V2061slice=1&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FGGS2020.W1.30&language=en&mode=table&top=yes">"Generations and Gender Survey, 2020 Belarus Wave 1"</a>. ggpsurvey.ined.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ggpsurvey.ined.fr/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FGGS2020.W1.30_V4&v=2&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FGGS2020.W1.30_V2061&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FGGS2020.W1.30_V5&V4slice=1&V2061slice=1&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FGGS2020.W1.30&language=en&mode=table&top=yes">the original</a> on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ggpsurvey.ined.fr&rft.atitle=Generations+and+Gender+Survey%2C+2020+Belarus+Wave+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fggpsurvey.ined.fr%2Fwebview%2Findex.jsp%3Fheaders%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.49.36.147%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FGGS2020.W1.30_V4%26v%3D2%26previousmode%3Dtable%26stubs%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.49.36.147%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FGGS2020.W1.30_V2061%26weights%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.49.36.147%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FGGS2020.W1.30_V5%26V4slice%3D1%26V2061slice%3D1%26analysismode%3Dtable%26study%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.49.36.147%253A80%252Fobj%252FfStudy%252FGGS2020.W1.30%26language%3Den%26mode%3Dtable%26top%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/#government">"Belarus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>. Retrieved 16 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Belarus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbelarus%2F%23government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Short2021-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Short2021_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Short2021_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Short2021" class="citation book cs1">John R. Short (25 August 2021). Geopolitics: Making Sense of a Changing World. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdg7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163">163 ff</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3540-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3540-2"><bdi>978-1-5381-3540-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1249714156">1249714156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geopolitics%3A+Making+Sense+of+a+Changing+World&rft.pages=163+ff&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021-08-25&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1249714156&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-3540-2&rft.au=John+R.+Short&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution of Belarus</a>, 106, 97.5 97.7. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20200923-belarus-leader-lukashenko-holds-secret-inauguration-amid-continuing-protests">"Belarus leader Lukashenko holds secret inauguration amid continuing protests"</a>. france24.com. 23 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=france24.com&rft.atitle=Belarus+leader+Lukashenko+holds+secret+inauguration+amid+continuing+protests&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20200923-belarus-leader-lukashenko-holds-secret-inauguration-amid-continuing-protests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54262953">"Belarus: Mass protests after Lukashenko secretly sworn in"</a>. 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Minsk, Belarus: Encyclopedix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/985-6599-12-1" title="Special:BookSources/985-6599-12-1"><bdi>985-6599-12-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+chronicle+of+the+White+Russia%3A+an+essay+on+the+history+of+one+geographical+name&rft.place=Minsk%2C+Belarus&rft.pub=Encyclopedix&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=985-6599-12-1&rft.aulast=Bely&rft.aufirst=Alies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlokhy2001">Plokhy 2001</a>, p. 327 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_G._Roeder2011" class="citation book cs1">Philip G. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13467-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13467-3"><bdi>978-0-691-13467-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Nation-States+Come+From%3A+Institutional+Change+in+the+Age+of+Nationalism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13467-3&rft.au=Philip+G.+Roeder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXAItI5C_JPUC%26q%3DBelorussia%2BRussian%2BEmpire%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishmanGarcia2011" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC&q=Belorussia+name&pg=PA385">Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts</a>. 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Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5558-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5558-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-5558-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Belarus+and+How+Western+Foreign+Policy+Misses+the+Mark&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5558-7&rft.aulast=Ioffe&rft.aufirst=Grigory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00B6wxgftH8C%26q%3Dwest%2Bbelarus%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bynamelaw-29"><a href="#cite_ref-bynamelaw_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.kulichki.com/zak/year1991/doc47159.htm">"Law of the Republic of Belarus – About the name of the Republic of Belarus"</a> (in Russian). 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Retrieved 6 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus+%E2%80%93+About+the+name+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft.pub=Pravo+%E2%80%93+Law+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft.date=1991-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.kulichki.com%2Fzak%2Fyear1991%2Fdoc47159.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Factbook-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Factbook_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Factbook_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus">"Belarus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 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Onliner (in Russian). 26 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Onliner&rft.atitle=%22%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%22+vs+%22%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%22%3A+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5&rft.date=2014-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.onliner.by%2F2014%2F02%2F26%2Fbel-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130162211/http://www.vlkk.lt/konsultacijos/4292-gudija-baltarusija">""Gudija" ar "Baltarusija"?"</a>. State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (in Lithuanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlkk.lt/konsultacijos/4292-gudija-baltarusija">the original</a> on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Commission+of+the+Lithuanian+Language&rft.atitle=%22Gudija%22+ar+%22Baltarusija%22%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlkk.lt%2Fkonsultacijos%2F4292-gudija-baltarusija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telegraf.by/arhiv/lithuania_refuses_to_call_belarus_as_belarusia/">"Lithuania Refuses to Call Belarus as "Belarusia""</a>. Telegraf.by. 16 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraf.by&rft.atitle=Lithuania+Refuses+to+Call+Belarus+as+%22Belarusia%22&rft.date=2010-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelegraf.by%2Farhiv%2Flithuania_refuses_to_call_belarus_as_belarusia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gudas-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Gudas_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziarnovič2013" class="citation conference cs1">Dziarnovič, Aleh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501230935/http://pawet.net/library/history/bel_history/dziarnovich/51/Gudas_as_a_Historical_Name_of_Belarusians_in_the_Lithuanian_Language:_%E2%80%98Goths%E2%80%99_or_%E2%80%98Barbarians%E2%80%99.html">"Gudas as a Historical Name of Belarusians in the Lithuanian Language: 'Goths' or 'Barbarians'?"</a>. Belarus and its Neighbors: Historical Perceptions and Political Constructs. International Conference Papers. Warsaw: Uczelnia Łazarskiego. pp. 56–68. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pawet.net/library/history/bel_history/dziarnovich/51/Gudas_as_a_Historical_Name_of_Belarusians_in_the_Lithuanian_Language:_%E2%80%98Goths%E2%80%99_or_%E2%80%98Barbarians%E2%80%99.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Gudas+as+a+Historical+Name+of+Belarusians+in+the+Lithuanian+Language%3A+%27Goths%27+or+%27Barbarians%27%3F&rft.btitle=Belarus+and+its+Neighbors%3A+Historical+Perceptions+and+Political+Constructs.+International+Conference+Papers&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=56-68&rft.pub=Uczelnia+%C5%81azarskiego&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Dziarnovi%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Aleh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpawet.net%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fbel_history%2Fdziarnovich%2F51%2FGudas_as_a_Historical_Name_of_Belarusians_in_the_Lithuanian_Language%3A_%25E2%2580%2598Goths%25E2%2580%2599_or_%25E2%2580%2598Barbarians%25E2%2580%2599.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawJameson2008" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HKDtlPuM2oC&pg=PA203">A Dictionary of Archaeology</a>. Wiley. pp. 203–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-75196-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-75196-1"><bdi>978-0-470-75196-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pages=203-204&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-75196-1&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Jameson%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HKDtlPuM2oC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaprudnik1993">Zaprudnik 1993</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> John Haywood, Historical Atlas, Ancient and Classical World (1998). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2006" class="citation book cs1">Plokhy, Serhii (2006). The Origins of the Slavic Nations. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 94–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86403-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-86403-8"><bdi>0-521-86403-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Slavic+Nations&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-86403-8&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1917" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Charles Henry (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conversioneurop00robigoog">The Conversion of Europe</a>. Longmans, Green. pp. 491–492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750296-7"><bdi>978-0-00-750296-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conversion+of+Europe&rft.pages=491-492&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1917&rft.isbn=978-0-00-750296-7&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconversioneurop00robigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNN1914" class="citation book cs1">NN (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofnovgo00michrich">The chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471</a>. Translated by Michell, Robert; Forbes, Nevill. Introduction by C. Raymond Beazley. Text account by A.A. Shakhmatov. London, Offices of the society. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+chronicle+of+Novgorod%2C+1016%E2%80%931471&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=London%2C+Offices+of+the+society&rft.date=1914&rft.au=NN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleofnovgo00michrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErmalovich1991" class="citation book cs1">Ermalovich, Mikola (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.books-by-isbn.com/5-343/5343008763-Pa-sliadakh-adnaho-mifa-M-Ermalovich-5-343-00876-3.html">Pa sliadakh adnago mifa (Tracing one Myth)</a>. Minsk: Navuka i tekhnika. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-343-00876-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-343-00876-0"><bdi>978-5-343-00876-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pa+sliadakh+adnago+mifa+%28Tracing+one+Myth%29&rft.pub=Minsk%3A+Navuka+i+tekhnika&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-5-343-00876-0&rft.aulast=Ermalovich&rft.aufirst=Mikola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.books-by-isbn.com%2F5-343%2F5343008763-Pa-sliadakh-adnaho-mifa-M-Ermalovich-5-343-00876-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zaprudnik-42"><a href="#cite_ref-zaprudnik_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaprudnik1993">Zaprudnik 1993</a>, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerskiAleksander_Gieysztor1996" class="citation book cs1">Lerski, George Jan; <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Gieysztor" title="Aleksander Gieysztor">Aleksander Gieysztor</a> (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. 181–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26007-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26007-9"><bdi>0-313-26007-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=181-82&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-313-26007-9&rft.aulast=Lerski&rft.aufirst=George+Jan&rft.au=Aleksander+Gieysztor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowak1997" class="citation web cs1">Nowak, Andrzej (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/197/Nowak.html">"The Russo-Polish Historical Confrontation"</a>. Sarmatian Review XVII. <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>. Retrieved 22 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sarmatian+Review+XVII&rft.atitle=The+Russo-Polish+Historical+Confrontation&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruf.rice.edu%2F~sarmatia%2F197%2FNowak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowell2005" class="citation book cs1">Rowell, S.C. (2005). "Baltic Europe". In Jones, Michael (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History (Vol. 6). Cambridge University Press. p. 710. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36290-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36290-3"><bdi>0-521-36290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baltic+Europe&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History+%28Vol.+6%29&rft.pages=710&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-36290-3&rft.aulast=Rowell&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukowski-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Lukowski_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukowskiZawadzki2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Lukowski" title="Jerzy Lukowski">Lukowski, Jerzy</a>; Zawadzki, Hubert (2001). A Concise History of Poland (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55917-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55917-1"><bdi>978-0-521-55917-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Poland&rft.pages=63-64&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55917-1&rft.aulast=Lukowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft.au=Zawadzki%2C+Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riasanovsky-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Riasanovsky_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiasanovsky1999" class="citation book cs1">Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRjcXHliMpcC&pg=PA137">A History of Russia</a> (6th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512179-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512179-7"><bdi>978-0-19-512179-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512179-7&rft.aulast=Riasanovsky&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKRjcXHliMpcC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=103&menu=00">"Belarusian": UCLA Language Materials Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222171418/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=103&menu=00">Archived</a> 22 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ucla.edu; accessed 4 March 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheuchDavid_Sciulli2000" class="citation book cs1">Scheuch, E.K.; David Sciulli (2000). Societies, Corporations and the Nation State. Brill. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11664-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11664-8"><bdi>90-04-11664-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies%2C+Corporations+and+the+Nation+State&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-11664-8&rft.aulast=Scheuch&rft.aufirst=E.K.&rft.au=David+Sciulli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirgerson2002">Birgerson 2002</a>, p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-olson95-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olson95_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olson95_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlsonPappasPappas1994">Olson, Pappas & Pappas 1994</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravoslavie.ru/arhiv/050513111111">Воссоединение униатов и исторические судьбы Белорусского народа</a> (Vossoyedineniye uniatov i istoričeskiye sud'bi Belorusskogo naroda), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravoslavie.ru/">Pravoslavie portal</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-zytko-1-53"><a href="#cite_ref-zytko-1_53-0">^</a> Żytko, Russian policy ..., p. 551. </li> <li id="cite_note-Корнилов1908-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Корнилов1908_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFИван_Петрович_Корнилов1908" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Иван Петрович Корнилов (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edsGAAAAYAAJ"><bdi lang="ru">Русское дєло в Сєверо-Западном крає: материиалы для историии Виленскаго учебнаго округа преимущественно в Муравьевскую эпоху</bdi></a> (in Russian). Тип. А.С. Суворина.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D1%94%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%94%3A+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E+%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83&rft.pub=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF.+%D0%90.%D0%A1.+%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.date=1908&rft.au=%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DedsGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Marples1996" class="citation book cs1">D. Marples (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evVZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">Belarus: From Soviet Rule to Nuclear Catastrophe</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37831-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37831-5"><bdi>978-0-230-37831-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belarus%3A+From+Soviet+Rule+to+Nuclear+Catastrophe&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-230-37831-5&rft.au=D.+Marples&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DevVZCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-birgerson-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birgerson_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birgerson_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirgerson2002">Birgerson 2002</a>, pp. 105–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoffe2008" class="citation book cs1">Ioffe, Grigory (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00B6wxgftH8C&q=west+belarus&pg=PA150">Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5558-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5558-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-5558-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Belarus+and+How+Western+Foreign+Policy+Misses+the+Mark&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5558-7&rft.aulast=Ioffe&rft.aufirst=Grigory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00B6wxgftH8C%26q%3Dwest%2Bbelarus%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Snyder2002" class="citation book cs1">Timothy Snyder (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJhMhTKw-vgC&q=belarus+partition&pg=PA282">The Reconstruction of Nations</a>. Yale University Press. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12841-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12841-3"><bdi>978-0-300-12841-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconstruction+of+Nations&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12841-3&rft.au=Timothy+Snyder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJhMhTKw-vgC%26q%3Dbelarus%2Bpartition%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/9bgpzy/belarus-government-in-exile-290">"Europe's Last Dictatorship Is Opposed by the Oldest Exiled Government in the World"</a>. 26 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Last+Dictatorship+Is+Opposed+by+the+Oldest+Exiled+Government+in+the+World&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2F9bgpzy%2Fbelarus-government-in-exile-290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jr.Zaprudnik2010-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Jr.Zaprudnik2010_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitali_Silitski,_Jr.Jan_Zaprudnik2010" class="citation book cs1">Vitali Silitski, Jr.; Jan Zaprudnik (7 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bQXyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308">The A to Z of Belarus</a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 308–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3174-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3174-0"><bdi>978-1-4617-3174-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Belarus&rft.pages=308-&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-04-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-3174-0&rft.au=Vitali+Silitski%2C+Jr.&rft.au=Jan+Zaprudnik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQXyAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-von_Rauch-61"><a href="#cite_ref-von_Rauch_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauch1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Rauch" title="Georg von Rauch">Rauch, Georg von</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=emBIdi4LPz8C&pg=PA101">"The Early Stages of Independence"</a>. 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Hurst & Co. pp. 100–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903983-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-903983-00-1"><bdi>0-903983-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Stages+of+Independence&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States%3A+Years+of+Independence+%E2%80%93+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania%2C+1917%E2%80%9340&rft.pages=100-102&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-903983-00-1&rft.aulast=Rauch&rft.aufirst=Georg+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DemBIdi4LPz8C%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŻeligowski,_Lucjan1943" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Żeligowski, Lucjan (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-belarus.by/images/img-figures/zeligowski/Zeligowski_Zapomnianae-prawdy.pdf">Zapomniane prawdy</a> (PDF) (in Polish). 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BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bell-120"><a href="#cite_ref-bell_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2002" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Imogen (2002). 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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terms+and+Definitions+FRA+2025+Forest+Resources+Assessment%2C+Working+Paper+194&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.fao.org%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2Fa6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BLR/home/overview">"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Belarus"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Report%3A+Belarus+Borders%3A+Borders+and+policy+in+Belarus&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Eastern+Finland&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Larissa+Titarenko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uef.fi%2Fdocuments%2F428549%2F854028%2Fcountryreport-belarus-borders.pdf%2F751f5e6f-b72f-468e-999e-e1988a790aa7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarissa_Titarenko" class="citation web cs1">Larissa Titarenko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uef.fi/documents/428549/854028/countryreport-belarus-borders.pdf/751f5e6f-b72f-468e-999e-e1988a790aa7">"Country Report: Belarus Borders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Eastern_Finland" title="University of Eastern Finland">University of Eastern Finland</a>. Retrieved 12 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Report%3A+Belarus+Borders&rft.pub=University+of+Eastern+Finland&rft.au=Larissa+Titarenko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uef.fi%2Fdocuments%2F428549%2F854028%2Fcountryreport-belarus-borders.pdf%2F751f5e6f-b72f-468e-999e-e1988a790aa7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskyWay2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitsky" title="Steven Levitsky">Levitsky, Steven</a>; Way, Lucan A. (2010). "The Evolution of Post-SovietCompetitive Authoritarianism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZDI05p1PDgC">Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War</a>. Problems of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49148-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49148-8"><bdi>978-1-139-49148-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 June 2020. <q>Unlike his predecessor, Lukashenka consolidated authoritarian rule. He censored state media and closed Belarus's only independent radio station [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Post-SovietCompetitive+Authoritarianism&rft.btitle=Competitive+Authoritarianism%3A+Hybrid+Regimes+after+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Problems+of+International+Politics&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49148-8&rft.aulast=Levitsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Way%2C+Lucan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZDI05p1PDgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-belarus-lukashenko-extracts-idUSBRE8AQ0V520121127">"Interview with Belarus President Lukashenko"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 27 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108230535/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-belarus-lukashenko-extracts-idUSBRE8AQ0V520121127">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021. <q>"I am the last dictator in Europe," Belarussian President Alexander Lukashenko has told Reuters in a rare interview.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Belarus+President+Lukashenko&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2012-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-belarus-lukashenko-extracts-idUSBRE8AQ0V520121127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor" class="citation news cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/24/belarus-protests-lukashenko/">"Analysis | Can people power topple Europe's 'last dictator'?"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824133119/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/24/belarus-protests-lukashenko/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+Can+people+power+topple+Europe%27s+%27last+dictator%27%3F&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2F08%2F24%2Fbelarus-protests-lukashenko%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3882843.stm">"Profile: Alexander Lukashenko"</a>. BBC News. BBC. 9 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023013357/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3882843.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2014. <q>'..an authoritarian ruling style is characteristic of me [Lukashenko]'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Alexander+Lukashenko&rft.date=2007-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F3882843.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskyWay2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitsky" title="Steven Levitsky">Levitsky, Steven</a>; Way, Lucan A. (2010). "The Evolution of Post-Soviet Competitive Authoritarianism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZDI05p1PDgC">Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War</a>. Problems of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49148-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49148-8"><bdi>978-1-139-49148-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612042246/https://books.google.com/books?id=NZDI05p1PDgC">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020. <q>Unlike his predecessor, Lukashenka consolidated authoritarian rule. He censored state media and closed Belarus's only independent radio station [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Post-Soviet+Competitive+Authoritarianism&rft.btitle=Competitive+Authoritarianism%3A+Hybrid+Regimes+after+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Problems+of+International+Politics&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49148-8&rft.aulast=Levitsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Way%2C+Lucan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZDI05p1PDgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreisman2020" class="citation news cs1">Treisman, Rachel (16 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/08/16/903036245/one-week-after-election-belarus-sees-giant-protests-against-europe-s-last-dictat">"One Week After Election, Belarus Sees Giant Protests Against 'Europe's Last Dictator'"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Belarus%3A+inside+Europe%27s+last+dictatorship&rft.date=2012-10-07&rft.aulast=Rausing&rft.aufirst=Sigrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Foct%2F07%2Fbelarus-inside-europes-last-dictatorship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters1-133"><a href="#cite_ref-reuters1_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-belarus-dicator-idUSTRE8230T320120304">"Belarus's Lukashenko: 'Better a dictator than gay'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 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European View. 7 (1): 81–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12290-008-0029-7">10.1007/s12290-008-0029-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154655219">154655219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+View&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Last+Dictatorship&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-89&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12290-008-0029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154655219%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Liabedzka&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarples2005" class="citation journal cs1">Marples, David R (2005). 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Europe-Asia Studies. 57 (6): 895–908. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1080%2F09668130500199509">10.1080/1080/09668130500199509</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153436132">153436132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Last+Dictatorship%3A+The+Roots+and+Perspectives+of+Authoritarianism+in+%27White+Russia%27&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=895-908&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1080%2F09668130500199509&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153436132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marples&rft.aufirst=David+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkhardt_F.2016" class="citation book cs1">Burkhardt F. 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Press Service of the Council of Europe. 17 January 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.coe.int/cp/97/11a(97).htm">the original</a> on 26 April 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belarus+suspended+from+the+Council+of+Europe&rft.pub=Press+Service+of+the+Council+of+Europe&rft.date=1997-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.coe.int%2Fcp%2F97%2F11a%2897%29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/belarus/Belarus-04.htm">"Republic of Belarus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 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Retrieved 21 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deputy+Prime+Ministers+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft.pub=Council+of+Ministers+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.by%2Fen%2Feng_sostav1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1534621.stm">Belarus vote 'neither free nor fair'</a> BBC News, 10 September 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/belarus/19395">Republic of Belarus Presidential Election 19 March 2006: OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Report</a> OSCE </li> <li id="cite_note-osce-preliminary-148"><a href="#cite_ref-osce-preliminary_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOSCE2010" class="citation web cs1">OSCE (20 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/item/48240.html">"Statement of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Preliminary+Findings+and+Conclusions&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.au=OSCE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fitem%2F48240.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedford-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Bedford_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofie_Bedford2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sofie Bedford (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/675780/summary">""The Election Game": Authoritarian Consolidation Processes in Belarus"</a>. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization. 25 (4): 381–305. <q>officially the [EU] sanctions were reduced as a 'reward' for the 2015 presidential elections being peaceful and non-violent, despite the fact that these elections were just as non-democratic as any previous election in Belarus</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demokratizatsiya%3A+The+Journal+of+Post-Soviet+Democratization&rft.atitle=%22The+Election+Game%22%3A+Authoritarian+Consolidation+Processes+in+Belarus&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=381-305&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Sofie+Bedford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F675780%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeign_AffairsInternational_Trade_Canada2012" class="citation web cs1">Foreign Affairs; International Trade Canada (25 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2012/09/25a.aspx?view=d">"Standing up for Free and Fair Elections in Belarus"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/eca/eca.nsf/2656afe00bc5f02185256d5d005dae97/8ec2dc1ef03aed3e85256d5d0067dc90?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belarus+%E2%80%93+Country+Brief+2003&rft.date=2006&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flnweb18.worldbank.org%2Feca%2Feca.nsf%2F2656afe00bc5f02185256d5d005dae97%2F8ec2dc1ef03aed3e85256d5d0067dc90%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBléjerBlejerSkreb2001" class="citation book cs1">Bléjer, Mario I.; Blejer, Director of the Centre for Central Banking Studies Mario I.; Skreb, Marko (9 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDx0Ak4xnOQC&q=Belarus+GDP+1996&pg=PA328">Transition: The First Decade</a>. 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Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a> (PDF). Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Belarus">the original</a> on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage+Foundation%27s+Index+of+Economic+Freedom+%E2%80%93+Belarus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fresearch%2Ffeatures%2Findex%2Fcountry.cfm%3Fid%3DBelarus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_262-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_262-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017054127/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_18090/">"Национальный состав населения Республики Беларусь"</a>. www.belstat.gov.by. 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Retrieved 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.belstat.gov.by&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika%2Fsolialnaya-sfera%2Fnaselenie-i-migratsiya%2Fnaselenie%2Fstatisticheskie-izdaniya%2Findex_18090%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017223223/http://un.by/en/aboutbelarus/population">"About Belarus – Population"</a>. United Nations Office in Belarus. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://un.by/en/aboutbelarus/population">the original</a> on 17 October 2007. 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Retrieved 29 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+Cities+of+Belarus+%282007%29&rft.pub=World-gazetteer.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-gazetteer.com%2Fwg.php%3Fx%3D%26men%3Dgcis%26lng%3Den%26dat%3D32%26geo%3D-43%26srt%3Dnpan%26col%3Daohdq%26pt%3Dc%26va%3D%26srt%3Dpnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-demographics-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demographics_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographics_266-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographics_266-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographics_266-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/#people-and-society">"Belarus § People and Society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Belarus+%C2%A7+People+and+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbelarus%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2007.zip">(Archived 2007 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208114205/http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php">"International Programs: International Data Base"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php">the original</a> on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Programs%3A+International+Data+Base&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Finternational%2Fdata%2Fidb%2FinformationGateway.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mfa-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mfa_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfa_268-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsdatabase.ohchr.org/IssueLibrary/MINISTRY%20OF%20FOREIGN%20AFFARIS_Religion%20and%20denominations%20in%20Belarus.pdf">"Religion and denominations in the Republic of Belarus"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://adsdatabase.ohchr.org/IssueLibrary/MINISTRY%20OF%20FOREIGN%20AFFARIS_Religion%20and%20denominations%20in%20Belarus.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+and+denominations+in+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadsdatabase.ohchr.org%2FIssueLibrary%2FMINISTRY%2520OF%2520FOREIGN%2520AFFARIS_Religion%2520and%2520denominations%2520in%2520Belarus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoffeIoffe2008" class="citation book cs1">Ioffe, Grigoriĭ Viktorovich; Ioffe, Grigorij V. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00B6wxgftH8C&q=belarus+catholics&pg=PA39">Understanding Belarus and how Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5558-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5558-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-5558-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Belarus+and+how+Western+Foreign+Policy+Misses+the+Mark&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5558-7&rft.aulast=Ioffe&rft.aufirst=Grigori%C4%AD+Viktorovich&rft.au=Ioffe%2C+Grigorij+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00B6wxgftH8C%26q%3Dbelarus%2Bcatholics%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmaster.com/country/bo-belarus/rel-religion">"Belarusian Religion statistics, definitions and sources"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.lt/ru/news/pokazatj-statjju/shagal-v-belarusi-ignoriruemj-zabtj-i-snova-otkrtj">the original</a> on 26 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%3A+%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9%2C+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehu.lt%2Fru%2Fnews%2Fpokazatj-statjju%2Fshagal-v-belarusi-ignoriruemj-zabtj-i-snova-otkrtj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFГеташвили2006" class="citation book cs1">Геташвили (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5-7EHMntMsUC&q=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA&pg=PA298">Атлас мировой живописи</a>. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-373-00553-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-373-00553-1"><bdi>978-5-373-00553-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8&rft.pub=%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9C%D0%90+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0+%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-5-373-00553-1&rft.au=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5-7EHMntMsUC%26q%3D%25D0%25A8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%2B%25D0%2592%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B1%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belarusguide.com/culture1/clothing/index.html">"Belarusian traditional clothing"</a>. Belarusguide.com. Retrieved 29 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belarusian+traditional+clothing&rft.pub=Belarusguide.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belarusguide.com%2Fculture1%2Fclothing%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110909230337/http://fotw.fivestarflags.com/by.html#orn">"Belarus – Ornament, Flags of the World"</a>. Fotw.fivestarflags.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fotw.fivestarflags.com/by.html#orn">the original</a> on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belarus+%E2%80%93+Ornament%2C+Flags+of+the+World&rft.pub=Fotw.fivestarflags.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffotw.fivestarflags.com%2Fby.html%23orn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Canadian Citizenship and Immigration – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/belarus/eating.html">Cultures Profile Project – Eating the Belarusian Way</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320041709/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/belarus/eating.html">Archived</a> 20 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1998); retrieved 21 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympic.org/darya-domracheva">"Darya Domracheva"</a>. www.olympic.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.olympic.org&rft.atitle=Darya+Domracheva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fdarya-domracheva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/queen-victoria-takes-the-throne-determined-to-court-further-success-20120129-1qo2l.html">"Queen Victoria takes the throne determined to court further success"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Queen+Victoria+takes+the+throne+determined+to+court+further+success&rft.date=2012-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fsport%2Ftennis%2Fqueen-victoria-takes-the-throne-determined-to-court-further-success-20120129-1qo2l.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONI-Belarus-Nov2010-298"><a href="#cite_ref-ONI-Belarus-Nov2010_298-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opennet.net/research/profiles/belarus">"ONI Country Profile: Belarus"</a>, OpenNet Initiative, 18 November 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-UNSECO-299"><a href="#cite_ref-UNSECO_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/by">"Belarus – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060421205516/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/by">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belarus+%E2%80%93+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2Fby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirgerson2002" class="citation book cs1">Birgerson, Susanne Michele (2002). After the Breakup of a Multi-Ethnic Empire. Praeger/Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96965-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96965-7"><bdi>0-275-96965-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Breakup+of+a+Multi-Ethnic+Empire&rft.pub=Praeger%2FGreenwood&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-275-96965-7&rft.aulast=Birgerson&rft.aufirst=Susanne+Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan1998" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC&q=White+Rus&pg=PA35">Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States</a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30610-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30610-9"><bdi>0-313-30610-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miniature+Empires%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Newly+Independent+States&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-313-30610-9&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRSxt-JB-PDkC%26q%3DWhite%2BRus%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonPappasPappas1994" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994). Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-27497-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-27497-5"><bdi>0-313-27497-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnohistorical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+and+Soviet+Empires&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-313-27497-5&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Lee+Brigance&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Nicholas+C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2001" class="citation book cs1">Plokhy, Serhii (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NCzzxNisc1MC&q=white+rus+commonwealth&pg=PA327">The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924739-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924739-0"><bdi>0-19-924739-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cossacks+and+Religion+in+Early+Modern+Ukraine&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-924739-0&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNCzzxNisc1MC%26q%3Dwhite%2Brus%2Bcommonwealth%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond1995" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Yale (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y8GNIp42ysC&q=Byelorussia+name&pg=PA260">From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans</a>. Intercultural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877864-30-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-877864-30-7"><bdi>1-877864-30-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Da+to+Yes%3A+Understanding+the+East+Europeans&rft.pub=Intercultural+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-877864-30-7&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Yale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Y8GNIp42ysC%26q%3DByelorussia%2Bname%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVauchezDobsonLapidge2001" class="citation book cs1">Vauchez, André; Dobson, Richard Barrie; Lapidge, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qtgotOF0MKQC&q=White+Ruthenia&pg=PA163">Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-282-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-282-6"><bdi>1-57958-282-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57958-282-6&rft.aulast=Vauchez&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Dobson%2C+Richard+Barrie&rft.au=Lapidge%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqtgotOF0MKQC%26q%3DWhite%2BRuthenia%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaprudnik1993" class="citation book cs1">Zaprudnik, Jan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qtnTh3-2Ki8C&q=Belarusia+name&pg=PA1">Belarus: At a Crossroads in History</a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-1794-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-1794-0"><bdi>0-8133-1794-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belarus%3A+At+a+Crossroads+in+History&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8133-1794-0&rft.aulast=Zaprudnik&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqtnTh3-2Ki8C%26q%3DBelarusia%2Bname%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_Belarus_and_Byelorussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of the history of Belarus and Byelorussia">Bibliography of the history of Belarus and Byelorussia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bennett, Brian M. The Last Dictatorship in Europe: Belarus under Lukashenko (Columbia University Press, 2011)</li> <li>Frear, Matthew. Belarus Under Lukashenka: Adaptive Authoritarianism (Routledge, 2015)</li> <li>Korosteleva, Elena A. (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2015.1005009">"The European Union and Belarus: Democracy Promotion by Technocratic Means?"</a> Democratization 23: 4 pp. 678–698. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2015.1005009">10.1080/13510347.2015.1005009</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Levy, Patricia; Spilling, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTwkKhg1BbsC&q=Belarusian+name&pg=PA95">Belarus</a>. New York: Benchmark Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-3411-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-3411-5"><bdi>978-0-7614-3411-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belarus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Benchmark+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-3411-5&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Spilling%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTwkKhg1BbsC%26q%3DBelarusian%2Bname%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Minsk_(government)">"Minsk (government)" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 555, 556.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minsk+%28government%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=555%2C+556&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Marples, David. 'Our Glorious Past': Lukashenka's Belarus and the Great Patriotic War (Columbia University Press, 2014)</li> <li>Parker, Stewart. The Last Soviet Republic: Alexander Lukashenko's Belarus (Trafford Publishing, 2007)</li> <li>Rudling, Pers Anders. The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931 (University of Pittsburgh Press; 2014) 436 pages</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ryder, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC&q=Belarus+name+law+1991&pg=PA183">Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-058-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-058-1"><bdi>1-85743-058-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+and+the+Commonwealth+of+Independent+States&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85743-058-1&rft.aulast=Ryder&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmN95fFocsMC%26q%3DBelarus%2Bname%2Blaw%2B1991%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Silitski, Vitali & Jan Zaprudnik (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bQXyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">The A to Z of Belarus</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3174-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3174-0"><bdi>978-1-4617-3174-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Belarus&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-3174-0&rft.au=Silitski%2C+Vitali&rft.au=Jan+Zaprudnik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQXyAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Snyder, Timothy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC">The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Szporluk, Roman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oLWeUoWEAGgC&q=Belorussia&pg=PA113">Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union</a>. Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9542-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9542-0"><bdi>0-8179-9542-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+Ukraine%2C+and+the+Breakup+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8179-9542-0&rft.aulast=Szporluk&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoLWeUoWEAGgC%26q%3DBelorussia%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Treadgold, Donald; Ellison, Herbert J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs8sYy1vIS0C&q=belorussia+nationalists+name&pg=PA230">Twentieth Century Russia</a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3672-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3672-4"><bdi>0-8133-3672-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century+Russia&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8133-3672-4&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Ellison%2C+Herbert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXs8sYy1vIS0C%26q%3Dbelorussia%2Bnationalists%2Bname%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelarus" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. Belorussia: The Making of a Nation: A Case Study (Harvard UP, 1956).</li> <li>Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. A Bibliographical Guide to Belorussia (Harvard UP, 1956)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Principality of Turov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Belorussia" title="Western Belorussia">Western Belorussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Western_Belorussia" title="Soviet annexation of Western Belorussia">Annexation of Western Belarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus#Republic_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Republic of Belarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belarus" title="Geography of Belarus">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_largest_towns_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and largest towns in Belarus">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Belarus" title="List of extreme points of Belarus">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Belarus" title="Geology of Belarus">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Belarus" title="Protected areas of Belarus">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Belarus" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Belarus" title="List of national parks of Belarus">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Belarus" title="List of rivers of Belarus">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamps_of_Belarus" title="Swamps of Belarus">Swamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belarus" title="Elections in Belarus">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_Belarus" title="Central Election Commission of Belarus">Central Election Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belarus" title="Foreign relations of Belarus">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belarus" title="Government of Belarus">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belarus" title="Human rights in Belarus">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Belarus">LGBT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belarus" title="Law enforcement in Belarus">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">State Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Belarus)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Belarus)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops_of_Belarus" title="Internal Troops of Belarus">Internal Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya_(Belarus)" title="Militsiya (Belarus)">Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Service_(Belarus)" title="Presidential Security Service (Belarus)">Presidential Security Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus" title="Armed Forces of Belarus">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Belarus" title="List of political parties in Belarus">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Belarus" title="List of prime ministers of Belarus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State of Russia and Belarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belarus" title="Economy of Belarus">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Belarus" title="Agriculture in Belarus">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Belarus" title="List of banks in Belarus">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Bank of the Republic of Belarus">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Ruble (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belarus" title="Energy in Belarus">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Belarus" title="Industry of Belarus">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_in_relation_to_human_rights_violations_in_Belarus" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned in relation to human rights violations in Belarus">International sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Currency_and_Stock_Exchange" title="Belarusian Currency and Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belarus" title="Transport in Belarus">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Belarus" title="Category:Society of Belarus">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belarus" title="Demographics of Belarus">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belarus" title="Healthcare in Belarus">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Belarus" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Belarus">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_folk_dance" title="Belarusian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Belarus" title="Mass media in Belarus">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Belarus" title="National symbols of Belarus">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Belarus" title="Public holidays in Belarus">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belarus" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Belarus">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Belarus" title="Outline of Belarus">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarus-related_topics" title="List of Belarus-related topics">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Belarusian_history" title="Bibliography of Belarusian history">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belarus" title="Category:Belarus">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Europe" title="Template talk:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (only <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty#History" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty#History" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia#History" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia#History" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"> Arsacid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia#History" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Medieval Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia#History" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1453–1829" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1453-1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)#History" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1502-1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1829–1878" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1829-1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#National_awakening:_1880s" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1880-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia#History" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Ages in Azerbaijan">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Stalinist repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">Soviet repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom#History" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria#History" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Age of Bulgaria">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">1878-1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">1989-present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#History" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia#History" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia#History" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526-1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648-1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia#History" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech resistance against German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic#History" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">1945-1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989-1992</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)#Danish_conquest" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana#History" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia#Estophile_Enlightenment_Period_(1750–1840)" title="Estophilia">Estophile Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">1920-1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German occupation of Estonia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Participants</a>" (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">1991 agreements parties and "participants"</a> (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_relations" title="Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additionally the 1993 <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> parties and "members" (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (1993–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team at the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Paralympics" title="Unified Team at the Paralympics">Unified Team at the Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_national_bandy_team" title="Commonwealth of Independent States national bandy team">CIS national bandy team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_national_football_team" title="CIS national football team">CIS national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS men's national ice hockey team">CIS national ice hockey team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS (rugby)">CIS national rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Cup" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Cup">CIS Cup (football)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">United Armed Forces (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_CIS_Air_Defense_System" title="Joint CIS Air Defense System">Joint CIS Air Defense System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Defense_of_the_CIS" title="Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS">Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Economic_Space_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Common Economic Space of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Common Economic Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Court_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Economic Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area">1994 FTA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Treaty_on_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Treaty on Free Trade Area">2011 FTA Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services,_Establishment,_Operations_and_Investment" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment">2023 Free Trade in Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Aviation_Committee" title="Interstate Aviation Committee">Interstate Aviation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside the CIS framework</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Convention" title="Eurasian Patent Convention">Eurasian Patent Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organization" title="Eurasian Patent Organization">Eurasian Patent Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Assistance_to_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States">EU Technical Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Rapid_Reaction_Force" title="Collective Rapid Reaction Force">Collective Rapid Reaction Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Category:Commonwealth of Independent States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eurasian_Economic_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Template:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Template talk:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eurasian_Economic_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Observer members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union">Prospective members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union#Free_Trade_Zone_agreements" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Free Trade Zone agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121712080">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122714179">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260637/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtH4qq4rVpMrjM6KWTfv3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4079143-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91128701">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153259176">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952699x">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153259176">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952699x">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577502">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128882&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451313">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dggxjl156qg5x">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567626905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/660e3c48-b301-3c8c-9708-0f71d5d094d6">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12328215?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/724e58d3-03d0-44c4-b46d-47e5e002215c">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/DpqsBKYq">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027501086">IdRef</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026362074">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/042855">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045271">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=40855">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\B\E\Belarus">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belarus&params=53_N_27_E_region:BY">53°N 27°E / 53°N 27°E / 53; 27</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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[\"CITEREFDziarnovič2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErmalovich1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExeler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedor1995\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFFerris2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishmanGarcia2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeign_AffairsInternational_Trade_Canada2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGramerMackinnon2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuarascio2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIoffe2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIoffe2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIoffe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIoffeIoffe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIoffeSilitski2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffries,_Ian2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_R._Short2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKaare_Dahl_Martinsen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarissa_Titarenko\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarissa_Titarenko2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurie_Walker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLerskiAleksander_Gieysztor1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitskyWay2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLiCheng2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiabedzka2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLjunggren2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubachko1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukowskiZawadzki2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarples1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarples2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_RB2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMironowicz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotlagh,_Jason2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNN1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNations\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNick_BaronPeter_Gatrell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNtim2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neill\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOSCE2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliphant2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsonPappasPappas1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_G._Roeder2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlokhy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlokhy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadio_Free_Europe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainsford2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRauch1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRausing2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiasanovsky1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichmond1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheuchDavid_Sciulli2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawJameson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSofie_Bedford2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorge2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor_\u0026amp;_Francis_Group2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTereshkovichRobert_J._Valliere2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimothy_Snyder2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreisman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Government2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVauchezDobsonLapidge2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVitali_Silitski,_Jr.Jan_Zaprudnik2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitmore2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfram_Nordsieck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWądołowska2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuras_Karmanau2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaprudnik1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZou2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŻeligowski,_Lucjan1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFГеташвили2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFИван_Петрович_Корнилов1908\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Belarus Constitution\"] = 1,\n [\"Belarus topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 157,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 11,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 2,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Eurasian Economic Community (EURASEC)\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 10,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA-be\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 14,\n [\"Lang-rus\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 21,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 14,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 4,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-sock\"] = 1,\n [\"Recentism\"] = 2,\n [\"Ref\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Shanghai Cooperation Organisation\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 2,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","640","19.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","11.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","240","7.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","200","6.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","140","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","140","4.3"],["type","120","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","100","3.0"],["recursiveClone 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