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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma" title="Farslaşdırma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Farslaşdırma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="فارسلاشدیرما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فارسلاشدیرما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianizaci%C3%B3n" title="Persianización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Persianización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Persianization</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>Persification</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پارسی‌سازی</span>), is a <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> process of cultural change in which a non-<a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> society becomes "<a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a>", meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">music</a>, and identity as well as other socio-cultural factors. It is a specific form of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> that often includes a <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>. The term applies not only to cultures, but also to individuals, as they acclimate to Persian culture and become "Persianized" or "Persified". </p><p>Historically, the term was commonly applied to refer to changes in the cultures of non-<a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> living within the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Persian cultural sphere</a>, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">early and middle Islamic periods</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestani</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has also been applied to the transmission of aspects of Persian culture, including language, to the non-Persian peoples in the regions surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Persia</a>), such as <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Islamic_period">Pre-Islamic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Islamic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the ancient Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> was not concerned with spreading its culture to the many peoples that it conquered. Arguably, the first recorded episode of persianization dates back to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, who, after conquering the Persian Empire in the 4th century BCE, adopted Persian dress, customs and court mannerisms; married a Persian princess, <a href="/wiki/Stateira_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateira II">Stateira II</a> and made subjects cast themselves on their faces when approaching him, in Persian-style, known to Greeks as the custom of <a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">proskynesis</a>, a symbolic kissing of the hand that Persians paid to their social superiors. Persian dress and practices were also observed by <a href="/wiki/Peucestas" title="Peucestas">Peucestas</a>, who was later made <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a>, where he conciliated the favour of the Persians to his rule in exchange for those of the Macedonians.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Islamic_period_to_15th_century">Early Islamic period to 15th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Islamic period to 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_dynasty" title="Sasanian dynasty">Sasanian dynasty</a> in 651, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> Arabs adopted many of the Persian customs, especially the administrative and the court mannerisms. Arab provincial governors were either persianized <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> or ethnic Persians; certainly, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> remained the language of official business of the caliphate until the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> toward the end of the 7th century,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when, in 692, minting began at the caliphal capital, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. The new Islamic coins evolved from imitations of Sasanian and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> coins, and the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi script</a> on the coinage was replaced with Arabic. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a>, after 750, established their capital in what is now <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, eventually at <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. A shift in orientation toward the east is discernible, which was encouraged by increased receptiveness to Persian cultural influence and the roots of the Abbasid revolution in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proverb complained about the Persianization of morals by Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-Weatherford2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weatherford2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_to_18th_centuries">16th to 18th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 16th to 18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two major powers in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> rose, the Persian <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Turks. The Safavids reasserted Persian culture and hegemony over <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia">Eastern Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and other regions. Many khans, begs and other rulers adopted Persian customs and clothing and patronized Persian culture. They founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>). Many ethnic peoples adopted many aspects of Persian culture and contributed to their persianization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern times, the term is often used in connection with non-Persian speakers like the <a href="/wiki/Azeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeris">Azeris</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been argued that modern <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian nationalism</a> was established during the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a> era and was based on the aim of forming a modern <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecastingAtabaki-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is often neglected is that Iranian nationalism has its roots before the Pahlavi, in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecastingAtabaki-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eve of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Turkist">Pan-Turkist</a> propaganda focused on the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-speaking lands of Iran, the Caucasus and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecastingAtabaki-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate purpose of persuading these populations to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and to join the new pan-Turkic homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecastingAtabaki-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the latter appeal to Iranian Azerbaijanis, which contrary to <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Turkist">Pan-Turkist</a> intentions, caused a small group of Azerbaijani intellectuals to become the strongest advocates of the territorial integrity of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecastingAtabaki-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the constitutional revolution in Iran, a romantic nationalism was adopted by Azerbaijani Democrats as a reaction to the pan-Turkist irredentist policies emanating from modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and threatening Iran's territorial integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecastingAtabaki-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this period that Iranism and linguistic homogenization policies were proposed as a defensive nature against all others.<sup id="cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecastingAtabaki-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to what one might expect, foremost among innovating this defensive nationalism were Iranian Azerbaijanis.<sup id="cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecastingAtabaki-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They viewed that assuring the territorial integrity of the country was the first step in building a society based on law and modern state.<sup id="cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecastingAtabaki-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this framework, their political loyalty outweighed their ethnic and regional affiliations.<sup id="cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecastingAtabaki-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adoptions of this integrationist policies paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group's cultural nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecastingAtabaki-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski" title="Tadeusz Swietochowski">Tadeusz Świętochowski</a>, in 1930s, the term was used to describe the official policy pursued by <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a> to assimilate the ethnic minorities in Iran (Iranians as well as Non-Iranians). In particular, within this policy the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani language</a> was banned for use on the premises of schools, in theatrical performances, religious ceremonies and in the publication of books.<sup id="cite_ref-Tadeusz_Swietochowski_p.122_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tadeusz_Swietochowski_p.122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swietochowski writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The steps that the Teheran regime took in the 1930s with the aim of Persianization of the Azeris and other minorities appeared to take a leaf from the writings of the reformist-minded intellectuals in the previous decade. In the quest of imposing national homogeneity on the country where half of the population consisted of ethnic minorities, the Pahlavi regime issued in quick succession bans on the use of Azeri on the premises of schools, in theatrical performances, religious ceremonies, and, finally, in the publication of books. Azeri was reduced to the status of a language that only could be spoken and hardly ever written. As the Persianization campaign gained momentum, it drew inspiration from the revivalist spirit of Zoroastrian national glories. There followed even more invasive official practices, such as changing Turkic-sounding geographic names and interference with giving children names other than Persian ones. While cultivating cordial relations with Kemalist Turkey, Reza Shah carried on a forceful de-Turkification campaign in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Tadeusz_Swietochowski_p.122_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tadeusz_Swietochowski_p.122-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mughal_Empire">Mughal Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mughal Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> was an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. From 1526, the Mughals invaded <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>, from their initial base in Kabul, and they eventually ruled most of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> by the late 17th and the early 18th centuries until the mid-19th century. The emperors were descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">Timurids</a> who had embraced <a href="/wiki/Persian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian culture">Persian culture</a>, converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and resided in <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>, and they were the ones responsible for the spread of Persian and Islamic culture to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. At the height of their power around 1700, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent and Afghanistan and spread Persian culture throughout, just as their predecessors the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> and the Turko-Afghan <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> had done. In general, from its earliest days, Persian culture and language was spread in South Asia by various Persianised Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghan</a> dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, identified his lineage as <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai Turkic</a>, and his origin, milieu, training and culture were Persian culture. He was largely responsible for the fostering of the culture by his descendants and for the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian Subcontinent (and Afghanistan), with brilliant literary, artistic and historiographical results. Many works of art such as the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a> are of Persian Islamic architecture, with Persian names. <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> was the official language of the Mughal courts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1964, the Afghanistan Constitution cited <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> as one of its two official languages alongside <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the latter is the designated national language, Dari remains the <i>lingua franca</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are modern initiatives that attempt to "Pashto-ize" all governmental communication.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Dari is the language of the bureaucracy, Persian-speaking Afghans dominated it.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persianization is especially seen in the case of the "<a href="/wiki/Kabulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabulis">Kabulis</a>", the long-established families from <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> completely immersed in Persian culture). Persianization is also reinforced by the incidence of urbanization in the country, which influenced the characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Afghanistan">ethnic groups of Afghanistan</a>. The two most significant ethnic groups in Afghanistan are the Pashtuns, who are speakers of the Pashto language, and the <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, who are Persian speakers. While Pashtuns dominated the country since they constitute the majority of the population of Afghanistan, Persian culture still permeated. In the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">history of Afghanistan</a> as an independent country, many Pashtuns moved into urbanized areas and adopted Dari as their language. As a result, many ethnic Pashtuns in Afghanistan identify themselves as Tajiks<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but still have Pashtun names (such as a last name with the suffix "-zai") simply because they speak Dari and are assimilated into Tajiki culture in the country within a process known as "<a href="/wiki/De-tribalization" class="mw-redirect" title="De-tribalization">de-tribalization</a>". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Hazara ethnic group speak a dialect of Persian called Hazaragi. Possibly Hazaras used to speak their previous native language that contained more of their native Turkic and Mongolic words within the vocabulary (before Hazaragi). However over the course of centuries, as the native language got extinct (just like some of the other Turkic and <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a> that got extinct), the Hazaras adopted Hazaragi, a dialect of the Persian language, hence the result of Persianization. There are many Turkic and Mongolic words still preserved and used in the Hazaragi vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg/300px-Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg/450px-Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg/600px-Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> era <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India unites Persian and Indian cultural and architectural elements; it is among the most famous examples of Indo-Persian culture as well as a symbol of the greater <a href="/wiki/Indian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian culture">Indian culture</a> as a whole.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in the Indian subcontinent</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> was heavily influenced by the Persian language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian culture</a> produced poets, such as <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Syed2022_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syed2022-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of Persian on <a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Old Hindi</a> led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a>, which further developed into the present-day <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized</a> <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>. Hindi is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official language of India">official language</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. Urdu is an <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth Schedule language</a>, the status and cultural heritage of which are recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, also having official status in certain Indian states and territories, such as <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Syed2022_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syed2022-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persian_and_Urdu" title="Persian and Urdu">Persian and Urdu</a></div> <p>Geographically, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> lies at the intersection of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, the national medium of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian language</a> that has been historically influenced by <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. Various <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">languages spoken in Pakistan</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language family</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language family</a> have also been influenced by Persian, itself a <a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian language</a>. The Pakistani national anthem, <i><a href="/wiki/Qaumi_Taranah" title="Qaumi Taranah">Qaumi Taranah</a></i>, is written almost entirely in Persian. The name "Pakistan", with both <i>Pak</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پاک</span></span>, 'pure') and the place-name suffix of <i><a href="/wiki/-stan" title="-stan">-stan</a></i>, are drawn directly from the Persian language. These modern linguistic developments are rooted primarily in the rule of various <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Indo-Islamic dynasties</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>, who established Persian and later Urdu as official and court languages across the region during the <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> era as well as after the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>. </p><p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch people</a> in western Pakistan has solidified <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate culture</a> in the country; this presence was further boosted following the influx of <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghan refugees</a> into Pakistan as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)">Afghanistan conflict</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tajikistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik President">Tajik President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a> changed his surname from <i>Rakhmonov</i> to <i>Rahmon</i>, getting rid of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian "-ov" ending</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and removed his patronymic of <i>Sharipovich</i> out of respect for <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tajikistan" title="Culture of Tajikistan">Tajik culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the move, a large number governments officials and civil servants Tajikified their own names. In April 2016, this practice became officially mandated by law.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persianization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhatia, Tej K., <i>The handbook of bilingualism</i>, (2004), p.788-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravandi, M., <i>The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities</i>, in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-6 (2005), pp157-69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/book7a.asp">vii. 23, 24, 26</a>; <a href="/wiki/Photius_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius I of Constantinople">Photius</a>, <i>Bibliotheca</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_03bibliotheca.htm">cod. 82</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_03bibliotheca.htm">cod. 92</a>; Diodorus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Diod.+17.110.1">xvii. 110</a>, xviii. 3, 39; <a href="/wiki/Junianus_Justinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Junianus Justinus">Justin</a>, <i>Epitome of Pompeius Trogus</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030902223449/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/trans13.html#4">xiii. 4</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawting G., <i>The First Dynasty of Islam. The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750</i>, (London) 1986, pp. 63-64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy H., <i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates</i>, London, 1986, pp. 134-37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weatherford2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weatherford2016_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJack_Weatherford2016" class="citation book cs1">Jack Weatherford (25 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-tgiDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA367"><i>Genghis Khan and the Quest for God: How the World's Greatest Conqueror Gave Us Religious Freedom</i></a>. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 367–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-2115-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-2115-4"><bdi>978-0-7352-2115-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan+and+the+Quest+for+God%3A+How+the+World%27s+Greatest+Conqueror+Gave+Us+Religious+Freedom&rft.pages=367-&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7352-2115-4&rft.au=Jack+Weatherford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-tgiDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavenhagen2002" class="citation book cs1">Stavenhagen, Rodolfo (2002). <i>Ethnic Conflicts and the Nation State</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-15971-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-15971-4"><bdi>0-312-15971-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Conflicts+and+the+Nation+State&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-312-15971-4&rft.aulast=Stavenhagen&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret K., <i>The official Persianization of Kurdish</i>, Paper presented at the Eighth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Leeds, England, (August 1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RecastingAtabaki-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RecastingAtabaki_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Touraj Atabaki, "Recasting Oneself, Rejecting the Other: Pan-Turkism and Iranian Nationalism" in Van Schendel, Willem (Editor). <i>Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World: Nationalism, Ethnicity and Labour in the Twentieth Century</i>. London, GBR: I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2001: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As far as Iran is concerned, it is widely argued that Iranian nationalism was born as a state ideology in the <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> era, based on philological nationalism and as a result of his innovative success in creating a modern nation-state in Iran. However, what is often neglected is that Iranian nationalism has its roots in the political upheavals of the nineteenth century and the disintegration immediately following the Constitutional revolution of 1905–9. It was during this period that Iranism gradually took shape as a defensive discourse for constructing a bounded territorial entity – the "pure Iran" standing against all others. Consequently, over time there emerged among the country's <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> a political <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> which contributed to the formation of Iranian defensive nationalism. It is noteworthy that, contrary to what one might expect, many of the leading agents of the construction of an Iranian bounded territorial entity came from non Persian-speaking ethnic minorities, and the foremost were the Azerbaijanis, rather than the nation's titular ethnic group, the Persians. </p><p>.... </p><p>In the middle of April 1918, the Ottoman army invaded Azerbaijan for the second time. </p><p>... </p><p>Contrary to their expectations, however, the Ottomans did not achieve impressive success in Azerbaijan. Although the province remained under quasi-occupation by Ottoman troops for months, attempting to win endorsement for pan-Turkism ended in failure. </p><p>... </p><p> The most important political development affecting the Middle East at the beginning of the twentieth century was the collapse of the Ottoman and the Russian empires. The idea of a greater homeland for all Turks was propagated by pan-Turkism, which was adopted almost at once as a main ideological pillar by the Committee of Union and Progress and somewhat later by other political caucuses in what remained of the Ottoman Empire. On the eve of World War I, pan-Turkist propaganda focused chiefly on the Turkic-speaking peoples of the southern Caucasus, in Iranian Azerbaijan and Turkistan in Central Asia, with the ultimate purpose of persuading them all to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and to join the new pan-Turkic homeland. It was this latter appeal to Iranian Azerbaijanis which, contrary to pan-Turkist intentions, caused a small group of Azerbaijani intellectuals to become the most vociferous advocates of Iran's territorial integrity and sovereignty. If in Europe 'romantic nationalism responded to the damage likely to be caused by modernism by providing a new and larger sense of belonging, an all-encompassing totality, which brought about new social ties, identity and meaning, and a new sense of history from one's origin on to an illustrious future',(42) in Iran after the Constitutional movement romantic nationalism was adopted by the Azerbaijani Democrats as a reaction to the irredentist policies threatening the country's territorial integrity. In their view, assuring territorial integrity was a necessary first step on the road to establishing the rule of law in society and a competent modern state which would safeguard collective as well as individual rights. It was within this context that their political loyalty outweighed their other ethnic or regional affinities. The failure of the Democrats in the arena of Iranian politics after the Constitutional movement and the start of modern state-building paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group's cultural nationalism. Whereas the adoption of integrationist policies preserved Iran's geographic integrity and provided the majority of Iranians with a secure and firm national identity, the blatant ignoring of other demands of the Constitutional movement, such as the call for formation of society based on law and order, left the country still searching for a political identity.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tadeusz_Swietochowski_p.122-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tadeusz_Swietochowski_p.122_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tadeusz_Swietochowski_p.122_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. p.122, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-07068-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-07068-3">0-231-07068-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigfried J. de Laet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA734"><i>History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century</i></a> UNESCO, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9231028137" title="Special:BookSources/978-9231028137">978-9231028137</a> p 734</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupree1980" class="citation book cs1">Dupree, Louis (1980). <i>Afghanistan</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691030065" title="Special:BookSources/0691030065"><bdi>0691030065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0691030065&rft.aulast=Dupree&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakar1997" class="citation book cs1">Kakar, Mohammed (1997). <i>Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520208935" title="Special:BookSources/0520208935"><bdi>0520208935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+The+Soviet+Invasion+and+the+Afghan+Response%2C+1979-1982&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0520208935&rft.aulast=Kakar&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonsutti2017" class="citation cs2">Monsutti, Alessandro (1 July 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=hazara">"Hazāras"</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE</i>, Brill<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+THREE&rft.atitle=Haz%C4%81ras&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft.aulast=Monsutti&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fhazaras-COM_30419%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3Dhazara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2009" class="citation web cs1">Chatterjee, Kumkum (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195698800.001.0001/acprof-9780195698800-chapter-8">"Mughal Culture and Persianization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Bengal"</a>. <i>The Cultures of History in Early Modern India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195698800.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195698800.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569880-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569880-0"><bdi>978-0-19-569880-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cultures+of+History+in+Early+Modern+India&rft.atitle=Mughal+Culture+and+Persianization+in+Seventeenth+and+Eighteenth+Century+Bengal&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195698800.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-569880-0&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Kumkum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195698800.001.0001%2Facprof-9780195698800-chapter-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syed2022-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syed2022_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syed2022_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed2022" class="citation web cs1">Syed, Shahinda (30 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/india-persian-history-lost-achamenids-mughals">"From the Achaemenids to the Mughals: A look at India's lost Persian history"</a>. 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Avesta News Agency. 13 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avesta.Tj&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%2C+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC+%5BRahmonov+Became+Rahmon%2C+Karimov+Remained+Karimoiv%5D&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.tj%2Fgovernment%2F233-d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianization" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.segodnya.ua/world/prezident-tadzhikictana-cmenil-familiju-i-podkorrektiroval-imja.html">"Президент Таджикистана сменил фамилию и подкорректировал имя"</a>. <i>Сегодня</i>. 22 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8F&rft.date=2007-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.segodnya.ua%2Fworld%2Fprezident-tadzhikictana-cmenil-familiju-i-podkorrektiroval-imja.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenta.ru/news/2007/03/21/name">"Президент Таджикистана отрезал от своей фамилий Русское окончание (in Russian)"</a>. Lenta.ru. 21 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%28in+Russian%29&rft.pub=Lenta.ru&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lenta.ru%2Fnews%2F2007%2F03%2F21%2Fname&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/tajikistan-bans-giving-babies-russian-style-last-names/27708093.html">"Tajikistan Bans Giving Babies Russian-Style Last Names"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. RFE/RL. 30 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+Bans+Giving+Babies+Russian-Style+Last+Names&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Ftajikistan-bans-giving-babies-russian-style-last-names%2F27708093.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersianization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template talk:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_assimilation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanisation" title="Albanisation">Albanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_of_names" title="Anglicisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabized Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Jews" title="Arab Jews">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusization" title="Belarusization">Belarusization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Belarusization" title="Soft Belarusization">soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_places_in_Bangladesh" title="List of renamed places in Bangladesh">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniakisation" title="Bosniakisation">Bosniakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadianization_movement" title="Canadianization movement">Canadianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenization_of_Tacna,_Arica_and_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá">Chilenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombianization_of_Leticia,_Putumayo_and_Caquet%C3%A1" title="Colombianization of Leticia, Putumayo and Caquetá">Colombianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">Creolization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatisation" title="Croatisation">Croatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechization" title="Czechization">Czechization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchification" title="Dutchification">Dutchification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonianization" title="Estonianization">Estonianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnicization" title="Finnicization">Finnicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgification" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgification">Georgification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicization</a> or Castilianization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonezation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelization" title="Israelization">Israelization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanification" title="Japanification">Japanification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanisation" title="Javanisation">Javanization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakhization (page does not exist)">Kazakhization</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Казахизация">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanization" title="Koreanization">Koreanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvianization" title="Latvianization">Latvianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanization" title="Lithuanization">Lithuanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a> or Hungarization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonianization">Macedonianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolization" title="Mongolization">Mongolization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegianization">Norwegianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanism" title="Pakistanism">Pakistanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">Northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> or Latinization <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalisation" title="Sinhalisation">Sinhalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakization" title="Slovakization">Slovakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahilization" title="Swahilization">Swahilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedification" title="Swedification">Swedification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilization" title="Tamilization">Tamilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">Thaification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenization" title="Turkmenization">Turkmenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekisation" title="Uzbekisation">Uzbekization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization_(cultural_assimilation)" title="Vietnamization (cultural assimilation)">Vietnamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofization" title="Wolofization">Wolofization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticit%C3%A9_(Zaire)" title="Authenticité (Zaire)">Zairianization</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduisation">Hinduization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization" title="Cyrillization">Cyrillization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization of the writings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposite trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-arabization" class="mw-redirect" title="De-arabization">De-arabization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">De-communization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-stalinization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">De-nazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification" title="Derussification">De-russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification_in_Ukraine" title="Derussification in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-sinicization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_religious_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced religious conversion">Forced religious conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persianization&oldid=1253013971">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persianization&oldid=1253013971</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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