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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_historical_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_historical_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Other historical names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_historical_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Colonial period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Post-Partition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_and_geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_and_geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics and geographic distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics_and_geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics and geographic distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics_and_geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cultural identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Colonial India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Official status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Official status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pakistan_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Dialects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dialects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Code_switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Code switching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_Modern_Standard_Hindi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_Modern_Standard_Hindi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Comparison with Modern Standard Hindi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_Modern_Standard_Hindi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urdu_speakers_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urdu_speakers_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Urdu speakers by country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urdu_speakers_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Vocabulary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Formality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Writing system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Urdu</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 190 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-190" aria-hidden="true" > 190 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Urdu" title="Bahsa Urdu – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerdoe" title="Oerdoe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oerdoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A1%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B1" title="ኡርዱ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኡርዱ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdusc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Urdusc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Urdusc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأردية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأردية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_urd%C3%BA" title="Idioma urdú – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma urdú" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%95%DC%98" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܕܐܘܪܕܘ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܕܐܘܪܕܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="উৰ্দু ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উৰ্দু ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_urd%C3%BA" title="Idioma urdú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma urdú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="उर्दू – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="उर्दू" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Urdu ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Urdu ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_aru" title="Urdu aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Urdu aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_dili" title="Urdu dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Urdu dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اوردو دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوردو دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="উর্দু ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উর্দু ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu-g%C3%AD" title="Urdu-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Urdu-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Урду теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урду теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="उर्दू – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उर्दू" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourdoueg" title="Ourdoueg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ourdoueg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Урду хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Урду хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urd%C3%BA" title="Urdú – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Urdú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Urdu" title="Pinulongang Urdu – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Urdu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urd%C5%A1tina" title="Urdština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Urdština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrdw" title="Wrdw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wrdw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="ؤردو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤردو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdugiella" title="Urdugiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Urdugiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%AB" title="އުރުދޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އުރުދޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Urdušćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Urdušćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_keel" title="Urdu keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Urdu keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%9F%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Γλώσσα Ούρντου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Ούρντου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduo" title="Urduo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urduo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_urdu" title="Idioma urdu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Idioma urdu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="زبان اردو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اردو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourdou" title="Ourdou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ourdou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerd%C3%BB" title="Oerdû – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oerdû" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Urd%C3%BAis" title="An Urdúis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Urdúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oordooish" title="Oordooish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Oordooish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_dili" title="Urdu dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Urdu dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_urd%C3%BA" title="Lingua urdú – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua urdú" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="乌尔都语" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%82_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ઉર્દૂ ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉર્દૂ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाशा – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उर्दू भाशा" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu-ng%C3%AE" title="Urdu-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Urdu-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A5%B4%EB%91%90%EC%96%B4" title="우르두어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우르두어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Urdu" title="ʻŌlelo Urdu – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Urdu" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ուրդու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուրդու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Urdušćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Urdušćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdski_jezik" title="Urdski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Urdski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu-linguo" title="Urdu-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Urdu-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="উর্দু ঠার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="উর্দু ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Urdu" title="Bahasa Urdu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi-Urdu" title="Isi-Urdu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isi-Urdu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ard%C3%BA" title="Úrdú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úrdú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_urdu" title="Lingua urdu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua urdu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95" title="אורדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Urdu" title="Basa Urdu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduu_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Urduu kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Urduu kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82" title="ಉರ್ದೂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉರ್ದೂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ურდუ ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ურდუ ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%97_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اُردوٗ زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اُردوٗ زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyeyurudu" title="Inyeyurudu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inyeyurudu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiurdu" title="Kiurdu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiurdu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_urd%C3%BB" title="Zimanê urdû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê urdû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Урдуча – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Урдуча" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Urdu" title="Lingua Urdu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Urdu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_urdu" title="Lengua urdu – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua urdu" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduos" title="Urduos – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="Urduos" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_urdu" title="Lengua urdu – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua urdu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_nyelv" title="Urdu nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Urdu nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दु भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="उर्दु भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_ord%C3%B2" title="Fiteny ordò – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny ordò" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81" title="ഉർദു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉർദു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Urdu" title="Lingwa Urdu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_%C5%AAru" title="Reo Ūru – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Ūru" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ურდუ ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ურდუ ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اوردو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوردو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Urdu" title="Bahasa Urdu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A8_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯎꯔꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯔꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Urdu" title="Bahaso Urdu – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Urdu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Urdu-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Urdu-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D2%AF_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Урдү хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Урдү хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दु भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उर्दु भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ウルドゥー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウルドゥー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo" title="Ordo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ordo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ଉର୍ଦ୍ଦୁ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉର୍ଦ୍ଦୁ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82" title="ਉਰਦੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਰਦੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उर्दू भाषा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="उर्दू भाषा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اردو ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اردو ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%BC" title="ភាសាអ៊ូរឌូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអ៊ូរឌូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_urdu" title="Lenga urdu – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga urdu" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_urdu" title="Język urdu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język urdu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_urdu" title="Língua urdu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua urdu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_tili" title="Urdu tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Urdu tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_tili" title="Urdu tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Urdu tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_urdu" title="Limba urdu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba urdu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urthu_simi" title="Urthu simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urthu simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagana_Urdu" title="Gagana Urdu – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Gagana Urdu" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="उर्दू – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उर्दू" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-Urdu" title="Se-Urdu – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Se-Urdu" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_urdu" title="Gjuha urdu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha urdu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94" title="උර්දු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උර්දු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_ulimi" title="Urdu ulimi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Urdu ulimi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urd%C4%8Dina" title="Urdčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Urdčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduj%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Urdujščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Urdujščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Fdka_Urdu" title="Gŏdka Urdu – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gŏdka Urdu" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88" title="زمانی ئوردوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئوردوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Урду (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Урду (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdski_jezik" title="Urdski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Urdski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Urdu" title="Wikang Urdu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Urdu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="உருது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_turdut" title="Tutlayt turdut – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt turdut" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%82_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="ఉర్దూ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉర్దూ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9" title="ภาษาอูรดู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอูรดู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Забони урду – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони урду" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಉರ್ದು ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಉರ್ದು ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduca" title="Urduca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Urduca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_dili" title="Urdu dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Urdu dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_urdu" title="Lingua urdu – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Lingua urdu" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Урду – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Урду" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اردو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اردو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئوردو تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوردو تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Urdu" title="Vah Urdu – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Urdu" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Urdu" title="Tiếng Urdu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Urdu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurduv" title="Lurduv – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lurduv" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Urdu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌尔都语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95" title="אורדו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אורדו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Urdu" title="Èdè Urdu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Urdu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%96%87" title="烏都文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏都文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduki" title="Urduki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Urduki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urd%C5%AB" title="Urdū – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Urdū" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乌尔都语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Urdu" title="Saro Urdu – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Urdu" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Urdu" title="Bahasa Urdu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Urdu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_zyvon" title="Urdu zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Urdu zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1617#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Urdu</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">اُردُو urdū</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Urdu_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/90px-Urdu_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/135px-Urdu_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/180px-Urdu_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="857" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Urdu written in the <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> calligraphic hand</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ʊɾduː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/07\/Hi-Urdu.ogg\/Hi-Urdu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hi-Urdu.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Hi-Urdu.ogg/Hi-Urdu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-Urdu.ogg" title="File:Hi-Urdu.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (widely used as lingua franca)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi-Urdu Belt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a><a href="#cite_note-indiacensus-2">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Nepal</a><a href="#cite_note-nepal.unfpa-4">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Old Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 70 million (2011–2017)<a href="#cite_note-e27-5">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 168 million (2020)<a href="#cite_note-e27-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Central Zone</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hindi">Western Hindi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Urdu</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni Prakrit</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Old Hindi</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Dhakaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu Braille</a> (in Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a> (in India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Roman Urdu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a>, historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese script</a> (in Bangladesh)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Signing_System" title="Indian Signing System">Indian Signing System</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (national)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_legal_status_in_India" title="Languages with legal status in India">India</a> (scheduled language) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> (co-official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Territory_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Capital Territory of Delhi">National Capital Territory of Delhi</a> (additional)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> (additional)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> (additional)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> (additional)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> (additional)<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> (additional)<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (additional)</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">South Africa</a> (protected language)<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Language_Promotion_Department" title="National Language Promotion Department">National Language Promotion Department</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Promotion_of_Urdu_Language" title="National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language">National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language</a> (India)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ur">ur</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=475">urd</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/urd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:urd">urd</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/urdu1245">urdu1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=59-AAF-q">59-AAF-q</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Urdu_official-language_areas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Urdu_official-language_areas.png/320px-Urdu_official-language_areas.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Urdu_official-language_areas.png/480px-Urdu_official-language_areas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Urdu_official-language_areas.png/640px-Urdu_official-language_areas.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1018" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Map of the regions of <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> showing:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Areas where Urdu is either official or co-official</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Areas where Urdu is neither official nor co-official</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" 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Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/40px-Urdu_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/60px-Urdu_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/80px-Urdu_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="857" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu text</a>. 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/></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindustani_language" title="Category:Hindustani language">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urdu</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Regional or dialectal variants</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_Hindi" title="Bihari Hindi">Bihari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Dhakaiya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Kauravi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravi">Kauravi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindustani_language" title="History of Hindustani language">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_and_Urdu" title="Persian and Urdu">Persian and Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani orthography</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_numerals" title="Hindustani numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_declension" title="Hindustani declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_verbs" title="Hindustani verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">Linguistic history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_vocabulary" title="Hindustani vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_kinship_terms" title="Hindustani kinship terms">Kinship terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Hindustani" title="Phonological history of Hindustani">Phonological history</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> Accessibility</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_transliteration" title="Hindi–Urdu transliteration">Hindi–Urdu transliteration</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Hindustani Braille</a></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi Braille">Hindi Braille</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu Braille</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Hindi">Roman Hindi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Roman Urdu</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani Sign Language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindustani_language" title="Template:Hindustani language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Hindustani_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Hindustani language (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindustani_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindustani language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Urdu (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʊərduː/</a>; <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اُردُو, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ʊɾduː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/07\/Hi-Urdu.ogg\/Hi-Urdu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hi-Urdu.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Hi-Urdu.ogg/Hi-Urdu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-Urdu.ogg" title="File:Hi-Urdu.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a>: Urdū) is a <a href="/wiki/Persianised" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianised">Persianised</a> <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gibson-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Basu-12">[11]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> spoken chiefly in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Oct-2020-Urdu-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-June2020-Urdu-15">[14]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">national language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, where it is also an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MuzaffarBehera2014-16">[15]</a> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Urdu is an <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth Schedule language</a>, the status and cultural heritage of which are recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>;<a href="#cite_note-GazzolaWickström2016-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Groff2017-lead-18">[17]</a> and it also has an official status in several Indian states.<a href="#cite_note-19">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-MuzaffarBehera2014-16">[15]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, Urdu is a registered regional dialect<a href="#cite_note-MOE_Nepal-1994-20">[18]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, it is a protected language in the constitution. It is also spoken as a minority language in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, with no official status. Urdu and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> share a common <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>-derived vocabulary base, <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, and grammar, making them <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> during <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial communication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GubeGao2019-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2024-23">[21]</a> While formal Urdu draws literary, political, and technical vocabulary from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kiss-2015-24">[22]</a> formal Hindi draws these aspects from Sanskrit; consequently, the two languages' mutual intelligibility effectively decreases as the factor of formality increases.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Urdu originated in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Ganges-Yamuna Doab</a>, though significant development occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taher1995-26">[24]</a> In 1837, Urdu became an official language of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a>, replacing Persian across northern India during <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule</a>; Persian had until this point served as the court language of various <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Indo-Islamic empires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf2014-27">[25]</a> Religious, social, and political factors arose during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">European colonial period</a> that advocated a distinction between Urdu and Hindi, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-2008-28">[26]</a> According to 2022 estimates by <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>, produced by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), Urdu is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">10th-most widely spoken language in the world</a>, with 230 million total speakers, including those who speak it as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-e25-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name Urdu was first used by the poet <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Hamadani_Mushafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi">Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi</a> around 1780 for <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a><a href="#cite_note-A_Long_History_of_Urdu_Literary_Culture_Part_1-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2-32">[30]</a> even though he himself also used Hindavi term in his poetry to define the language.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Ordu means army in the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>. In late 18th century, it was known as Zaban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">زبانِ اُرْدُوئے مُعَلّٰی means language of the exalted camp.<a href="#cite_note-Meaning_of_Urdu-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walter_de_Gruyter-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Earlier it was known as Hindvi, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhat2017-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganga-Yamuna_Doab.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ganga-Yamuna_Doab.png/220px-Ganga-Yamuna_Doab.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ganga-Yamuna_Doab.png/330px-Ganga-Yamuna_Doab.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ganga-Yamuna_Doab.png/440px-Ganga-Yamuna_Doab.png 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>Urdu originated in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Ganges-Yamuna Doab</a>, though significant development occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taher1995-26">[24]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindustani" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hindustani">History of Hindustani</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> Urdu, like <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Qalamdaar20102-40">[38]</a> Some linguists have suggested that the earliest forms of Urdu evolved from the medieval (6th to 13th century) <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a> register of the preceding <a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shauraseni language">Shauraseni language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan language</a> that is also the ancestor of other modern Indo-Aryan languages.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> In the Delhi region of India the native language was <a href="/wiki/Dehlavi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehlavi dialect">Khariboli</a>, whose earliest form is known as <a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Old Hindi</a> (or Hindavi).<a href="#cite_note-Taher1995-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mody2008-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kesavan1997-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Das2005-46">[44]</a> It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hindi">Western Hindi</a> group of the Central Indo-Aryan languages.<a href="#cite_note-Taj2-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Muslim_unity" title="Hindu–Muslim unity">contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures</a> during the period of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (12th to 16th centuries) led to the development of Hindustani as a product of a composite <a href="/wiki/Ganga-Jamuni_tehzeeb" title="Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb">Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farooqi2012-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-King-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-TaylorOlson1995-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhulipala2000-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-IJSW1943-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rekhta2020-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zahuruddin1985-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-JainCardona2007-56">[54]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] In cities such as Delhi, the ancient language <a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Old Hindi</a> began to acquire many <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> loanwords and continued to be called "Hindi" and later, also "Hindustani".<a href="#cite_note-Kesavan1997-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhat2017-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strnad2013-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taj2-47">[45]</a> An early literary tradition of Hindavi was founded by <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a> in the late 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> After the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a>, and a subsequent immigration of noble Muslim families into the south, a form of the language flourished in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval India</a> as a vehicle of poetry, (especially under the <a href="/wiki/Bahmanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmanids">Bahmanids</a>),<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> and is known as <a href="/wiki/Dakhini" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhini">Dakhini</a>, which contains loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Khan2001-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Luniya1978-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kesavan1985-65">[63]</a> From the 13th century until the end of the 18th century; the language now known as Urdu was called Hindi,<a href="#cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2-32">[30]</a> Hindavi, Hindustani,<a href="#cite_note-Bhat2017-37">[35]</a> Dehlavi,<a href="#cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History3-66">[64]</a> Dihlawi,<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Lahori,<a href="#cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History3-66">[64]</a> and Lashkari.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> established <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> as its official language in India, a policy continued by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, which extended over most of northern <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> from the 16th to 18th centuries and cemented <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> influence on Hindustani.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strnad2013-57">[55]</a> Urdu was patronised by the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawab of Awadh</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, the language was refined, being not only spoken in the court, but by the common people in the city—both Hindus and Muslims; the city of Lucknow gave birth to Urdu prose literature, with a notable novel being <a href="/wiki/Umrao_Jaan_Ada" title="Umrao Jaan Ada">Umrao Jaan Ada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jasanoff2007-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuskaha-e-Hamidiyya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuskaha-e-Hamidiyya.jpg/220px-Nuskaha-e-Hamidiyya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuskaha-e-Hamidiyya.jpg/330px-Nuskaha-e-Hamidiyya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuskaha-e-Hamidiyya.jpg/440px-Nuskaha-e-Hamidiyya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>Opening pages of the Urdu divan of <a href="/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Ghalib</a>, 1821</figcaption></figure> According to the Navadirul Alfaz by Khan-i Arzu, the "Zaban-e Urdu-e Shahi" [language of the Imperial Camp] had attained special importance in the time of <a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir</a>".<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> By the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> in the early 1700s, the common language around Delhi began to be referred to as Zaban-e-Urdu,<a href="#cite_note-Walter_de_Gruyter-35">[33]</a> a name derived from the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> word ordu (army) or orda and is said to have arisen as the "language of the camp", or "Zaban-i-Ordu" means "Language of High camps"<a href="#cite_note-Meaning_of_Urdu-34">[32]</a> or natively "Lashkari Zaban" means "Language of Army"<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> even though term Urdu held different meanings at that time.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> It is recorded that Aurangzeb spoke in Hindvi, which was most likely Persianized, as there are substantial evidence that Hindvi was written in the Persian script in this period.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> During this time period Urdu was referred to as "Moors", which simply meant Muslim,<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> by European writers.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> John Ovington wrote in 1689:<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <blockquote>The language of the Moors is different from that of the ancient original inhabitants of India but is obliged to these Gentiles for its characters. For though the Moors dialect is peculiar to themselves, yet it is destitute of Letters to express it; and therefore, in all their Writings in their Mother Tongue, they borrow their letters from the Heathens, or from the Persians, or other Nations.</blockquote> In 1715, a complete literary Diwan in Rekhta was written by <a href="/wiki/Faaiz_Dehlvi" title="Faaiz Dehlvi">Nawab Sadruddin Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> An Urdu-Persian dictionary was written by Khan-i Arzu in 1751 in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> The name Urdu was first introduced by the poet <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Hamadani_Mushafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi">Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi</a> around 1780.<a href="#cite_note-A_Long_History_of_Urdu_Literary_Culture_Part_1-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2-32">[30]</a> As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings.<a href="#cite_note-Coatsworth20152-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> While Urdu retained the grammar and core Indo-Aryan vocabulary of the local Indian dialect Khariboli, it adopted the <a href="/wiki/Nastaleeq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaleeq">Nastaleeq</a> writing system<a href="#cite_note-Taj2-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-83">[81]</a> – which was developed as a style of Persian calligraphy.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_historical_names">Other historical names</h3></div> Throughout the history of the language, Urdu has been referred to by several other names: Hindi, Hindavi, Rekhta, Urdu-e-Muallah, <a href="/wiki/Dakhini" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhini">Dakhini</a>, Moors and <a href="/wiki/Dehlavi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehlavi dialect">Dehlavi</a>. In 1773, the Swiss French soldier <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Polier" title="Antoine Polier">Antoine Polier</a> notes that the English liked to use the name "Moors" for Urdu:<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <blockquote> I have a deep knowledge [je possède à fond] of the common tongue of India, called Moors by the English, and Ourdouzebain by the natives of the land.</blockquote> Several works of Sufi writers like <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Jahangir_Semnani" title="Ashraf Jahangir Semnani">Ashraf Jahangir Semnani</a> used similar names for the Urdu language. Shah <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Raipuri" title="Abdul Qadir Raipuri">Abdul Qadir Raipuri</a> was the first person who translated The Quran into Urdu.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> During Shahjahan's time, the Capital was relocated to Delhi and named <a href="/wiki/Old_Delhi" title="Old Delhi">Shahjahanabad</a> and the Bazar of the town was named Urdu e Muallah.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> era the word Rekhta was used to describe Urdu for the first time. It was originally a Persian word that meant "to create a mixture". <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a> was the first person to use the same word for Poetry.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3></div> Before the standardisation of Urdu into colonial administration, British officers often referred to the language as "<a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Moors</a>" or "Moorish jargon". <a href="/wiki/John_Gilchrist_(linguist)" title="John Gilchrist (linguist)">John Gilchrist</a> was the first in British India to begin a systematic study on Urdu and began to use the term "Hindustani" what the majority of Europeans called "Moors", authoring the book The Strangers's East Indian Guide to the Hindoostanee or Grand Popular Language of India (improperly Called Moors).<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Urdu was then promoted in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial India</a> by British policies to counter the previous emphasis on Persian.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> In colonial India, "ordinary Muslims and Hindus alike spoke the same language in the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a> in the nineteenth century, namely Hindustani, whether called by that name or whether called Hindi, Urdu, or one of the regional dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj</a> or <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>."<a href="#cite_note-HutchinsonSmith2000-92">[90]</a> Elites from Muslim communities, as well as a minority of Hindu elites, such as <a href="/wiki/Munshi" title="Munshi">Munshis</a> of Hindu origin,<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> wrote the language in the Perso-Arabic script in courts and government offices, though Hindus continued to employ the Devanagari script in certain literary and religious contexts.<a href="#cite_note-HutchinsonSmith2000-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcgregor_9122-94">[92]</a> Through the late 19th century, people did not view Urdu and Hindi as being two distinct languages, though in urban areas, the standardised Hindustani language was increasingly being referred to as Urdu and written in the Perso-Arabic script.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Urdu and English replaced <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in South Asia">Persian</a> as the official languages in northern parts of India in 1837.<a href="#cite_note-Ali-1989-96">[94]</a> In colonial Indian Islamic schools, Muslims were taught Persian and Arabic as the languages of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Islamic civilisation</a>; the British, in order to promote literacy among Indian Muslims and attract them to attend government schools, started to teach Urdu written in the Perso-Arabic script in these governmental educational institutions and after this time, Urdu began to be seen by Indian Muslims as a symbol of their religious identity.<a href="#cite_note-HutchinsonSmith2000-92">[90]</a> Hindus in northwestern India, under the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> agitated against the sole use of the Perso-Arabic script and argued that the language should be written in the native <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script,<a href="#cite_note-Clyne-2012-97">[95]</a> which triggered a backlash against the use of Hindi written in Devanagari by the Anjuman-e-Islamia of Lahore.<a href="#cite_note-Clyne-2012-97">[95]</a> Hindi in the Devanagari script and Urdu written in the Perso-Arabic script established a sectarian divide of "Urdu" for Muslims and "Hindi" for Hindus, a divide that was formalised with the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of colonial India</a> into the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan after <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence</a> (though there are Hindu poets who continue to write in Urdu, including <a href="/wiki/Gopi_Chand_Narang" title="Gopi Chand Narang">Gopi Chand Narang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</a>).<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad2017-99">[97]</a> Urdu had been used as a literary medium for British colonial Indian writers from the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orissa_Province" title="Orissa Province">Orissa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-2009-100">[98]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Partition">Post-Partition</h3></div> Before independence, <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> advocated the use of Urdu, which he used as a symbol of national cohesion in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a> and the separation of former <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Urdu was recognised as the sole national language of Pakistan in 1973, although English and regional languages were also granted official recognition.<a href="#cite_note-Raj-2017-104">[102]</a> Following the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan</a> and subsequent arrival of millions of <a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">Afghan refugees</a> who have lived in Pakistan for many decades, many Afghans, including those who moved back to Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-Hakala-2012-105">[103]</a> have also become fluent in Hindi-Urdu, an occurrence aided by exposure to the Indian media, chiefly Hindi-Urdu <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films and songs.<a href="#cite_note-Hakala2012-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krishnamurthy2013-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Achakzai-2019-108">[106]</a> There have been attempts to purge Urdu of native <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> words, and Hindi of Persian loanwords – new vocabulary draws primarily from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and from Sanskrit for Hindi.<a href="#cite_note-Vanita2012-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> English has exerted a heavy influence on both as a co-official language.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> According to Bruce (2021), Urdu has adapted English words since the eighteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> A movement towards the hyper-Persianisation of an Urdu emerged in Pakistan since its independence in 1947 which is "as artificial as" the hyper-Sanskritised Hindi that has emerged in India;<a href="#cite_note-Shackle-1990-113">[111]</a> hyper-Persianisation of Urdu was prompted in part by the increasing Sanskritisation of Hindi.<a href="#cite_note-Sahitya_Akademi-1991-114">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] However, the style of Urdu spoken on a day-to-day basis in Pakistan is akin to neutral Hindustani that serves as the lingua franca of the northern Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-Kachru2015-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ashmore1961-116">[114]</a> Since at least 1977,<a href="#cite_note-Oh_Calcutta-117">[115]</a> some commentators such as journalist <a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a> have characterised Urdu as a "dying language", though others, such as Indian poet and writer <a href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</a> (who is popular in both countries and both language communities, but writes only in Urdu (script) and has difficulties reading Devanagari, so he lets others 'transcribe' his work) have disagreed with this assessment and state that Urdu "is the most alive language and moving ahead with times" in India.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gulzar2006-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daniyal2016-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oh_Calcutta-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mir-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aligarh-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Best_of_Urdu_Poetry-123">[121]</a> This phenomenon pertains to the decrease in relative and absolute numbers of native Urdu speakers as opposed to speakers of other languages;<a href="#cite_note-Irfan-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daniyal-125">[123]</a> declining (advanced) knowledge of Urdu's Perso-Arabic script, Urdu vocabulary and grammar;<a href="#cite_note-Irfan-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willoughby_&_Aftab-126">[124]</a> the role of translation and transliteration of literature from and into Urdu;<a href="#cite_note-Irfan-124">[122]</a> the shifting cultural image of Urdu and socio-economic status associated with Urdu speakers (which negatively impacts especially their employment opportunities in both countries),<a href="#cite_note-Willoughby_&_Aftab-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Irfan-124">[122]</a> the de jure legal status and de facto political status of Urdu,<a href="#cite_note-Willoughby_&_Aftab-126">[124]</a> how much Urdu is used as language of instruction and chosen by students in higher education,<a href="#cite_note-Willoughby_&_Aftab-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Irfan-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daniyal-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Best_of_Urdu_Poetry-123">[121]</a> and how the maintenance and development of Urdu is financially and institutionally supported by governments and NGOs.<a href="#cite_note-Willoughby_&_Aftab-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Irfan-124">[122]</a> In India, although Urdu is not and never was used exclusively by Muslims (and Hindi never exclusively by Hindus),<a href="#cite_note-Best_of_Urdu_Poetry-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brass-127">[125]</a> the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a> and modern cultural association of each language with the two religions has led to fewer Hindus using Urdu.<a href="#cite_note-Best_of_Urdu_Poetry-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brass-127">[125]</a> In the 20th century, Indian Muslims gradually began to collectively embrace Urdu<a href="#cite_note-Brass-127">[125]</a> (for example, 'post-independence Muslim politics of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> saw a mobilisation around the Urdu language as tool of empowerment for minorities especially coming from weaker socio-economic backgrounds'<a href="#cite_note-Irfan-124">[122]</a>), but in the early 21st century an increasing percentage of Indian Muslims began switching to Hindi due to socio-economic factors, such as Urdu being abandoned as the language of instruction in much of India,<a href="#cite_note-Daniyal-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Irfan-124">[122]</a> and having limited employment opportunities compared to Hindi, English and regional languages.<a href="#cite_note-Best_of_Urdu_Poetry-123">[121]</a> The number of Urdu speakers in India fell 1.5% between 2001 and 2011 (then 5.08 million Urdu speakers), especially in the most Urdu-speaking states of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> (c. 8% to 5%) and Bihar (c. 11.5% to 8.5%), even though the number of Muslims in these two states grew in the same period.<a href="#cite_note-Daniyal-125">[123]</a> Although Urdu is still very prominent in early 21st-century Indian pop culture, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a><a href="#cite_note-Aligarh-122">[120]</a> to social media, knowledge of the Urdu script and the publication of books in Urdu have steadily declined, while policies of the Indian government do not actively support the preservation of Urdu in professional and official spaces.<a href="#cite_note-Irfan-124">[122]</a> Because the Pakistani government proclaimed Urdu the national language at Partition, the Indian state and some religious nationalists began in part to regard Urdu as a 'foreign' language, to be viewed with suspicion.<a href="#cite_note-Mir-121">[119]</a> Urdu advocates in India disagree whether it should be allowed to write Urdu in the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Roman Urdu</a>) to allow its survival,<a href="#cite_note-Best_of_Urdu_Poetry-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Everaert-128">[126]</a> or whether this will only hasten its demise and that the language can only be preserved if expressed in the Perso-Arabic script.<a href="#cite_note-Irfan-124">[122]</a> For Pakistan, Willoughby & Aftab (2020) argued that Urdu originally had the image of a refined elite language of the Enlightenment, progress and emancipation, which contributed to the success of the independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-Willoughby_&_Aftab-126">[124]</a> But after <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">the 1947 Partition</a>, when it was chosen as the national language of Pakistan to unite all inhabitants with one linguistic identity, it faced serious competition primarily from Bengali (spoken by 56% of the total population, mostly in East Pakistan until that <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">attained independence in 1971</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>), and after 1971 from English. Both pro-independence elites that formed the leadership of the Muslim League in Pakistan and the Hindu-dominated <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> in India had been educated in English during the British colonial period, and continued to operate in English and send their children to English-medium schools as they continued dominate both countries' post-Partition politics.<a href="#cite_note-Willoughby_&_Aftab-126">[124]</a> Although the Anglicized elite in Pakistan has made attempts at Urduisation of education with varying degrees of success, no successful attempts were ever made to Urduise politics, the legal system, the army, or the economy, all of which remained solidly Anglophone.<a href="#cite_note-Willoughby_&_Aftab-126">[124]</a> Even the regime of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">general Zia-ul-Haq</a> (1977–1988), who came from a middle-class Punjabi family and initially fervently supported a rapid and complete Urduisation of Pakistani society (earning him the honorary title of the 'Patron of Urdu' in 1981), failed to make significant achievements, and by 1987 had abandoned most of his efforts in favour of pro-English policies.<a href="#cite_note-Willoughby_&_Aftab-126">[124]</a> Since the 1960s, the Urdu lobby and eventually the Urdu language in Pakistan has been associated with religious Islamism and political national conservatism (and eventually the lower and lower-middle classes, alongside regional languages such as Punjabi, Sindhi, and Balochi), while English has been associated with the internationally oriented secular and progressive left (and eventually the upper and upper-middle classes).<a href="#cite_note-Willoughby_&_Aftab-126">[124]</a> Despite governmental attempts at Urduisation of Pakistan, the position and prestige of English only grew stronger in the meantime.<a href="#cite_note-Willoughby_&_Aftab-126">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics_and_geographic_distribution">Demographics and geographic distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographical_distribution_of_Urdu_in_India_and_Pakistan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Geographical_distribution_of_Urdu_in_India_and_Pakistan.png/220px-Geographical_distribution_of_Urdu_in_India_and_Pakistan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Geographical_distribution_of_Urdu_in_India_and_Pakistan.png/330px-Geographical_distribution_of_Urdu_in_India_and_Pakistan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Geographical_distribution_of_Urdu_in_India_and_Pakistan.png/440px-Geographical_distribution_of_Urdu_in_India_and_Pakistan.png 2x" data-file-width="2806" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of Urdu in India and Pakistan.</figcaption></figure> There are over 100 million native speakers of Urdu in India and Pakistan together: there were 50.8 million Urdu speakers in India (4.34% of the total population) as per the 2011 census;<a href="#cite_note-indiacensus-2">[1]</a> and approximately 16 million in Pakistan in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> There are several hundred thousand in the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, United States, and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-e25-29">[27]</a> However, Hindustani, of which Urdu is one variety, is spoken much more widely, forming the third most commonly spoken language in the world, after <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> (grammar), <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, and the core vocabulary of Urdu and Hindi are essentially identical – thus linguists usually count them as one single language, while some contend that they are considered as two different languages for socio-political reasons.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Owing to interaction with other languages, Urdu has become localised wherever it is spoken, including in Pakistan. Urdu in Pakistan has undergone changes and has incorporated and borrowed many words from regional languages, thus allowing speakers of the language in Pakistan to distinguish themselves more easily and giving the language a decidedly Pakistani flavor. Similarly, the Urdu spoken in India can also be distinguished into many dialects such as the Standard Urdu of <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dakhni" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhni">Dakhni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>) of South India.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2005-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khan2001-63">[61]</a> Because of Urdu's similarity to <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, speakers of the two languages can easily understand one another if both sides refrain from using literary vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-GubeGao2019-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urdu-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Urdu-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/350px-Urdu-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Urdu-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/525px-Urdu-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Urdu-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/700px-Urdu-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center">The proportion of people with Urdu as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> in each Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">District</a> as of the <a href="/wiki/2017_Pakistan_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Pakistan Census">2017 Pakistan Census</a></div></figcaption></figure> Although Urdu is widely spoken and understood throughout all of Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> only 9% of Pakistan's population spoke Urdu according to the <a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census" title="2023 Pakistani census">2023 Pakistani census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Most of the nearly three million Afghan refugees of different ethnic origins (such as <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81jik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tājik people">Tajik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara people">Hazarvi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a>) who stayed in Pakistan for over twenty-five years have also become fluent in Urdu.<a href="#cite_note-Achakzai-2019-108">[106]</a> Muhajirs since 1947 have historically formed the majority population in the city of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, however.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Many newspapers are published in Urdu in Pakistan, including the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Jang" title="Daily Jang">Daily Jang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawa-i-Waqt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawa-i-Waqt">Nawa-i-Waqt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Millat" title="Millat">Millat</a>. No region in Pakistan uses Urdu as its mother tongue, though it is spoken as the first language of Muslim migrants (known as <a href="/wiki/Muhajirs_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajirs (Pakistan)">Muhajirs</a>) in Pakistan who left India after independence in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Other communities, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi elite</a> of Pakistan, have adopted Urdu as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a> and identify with both an Urdu speaker as well as <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> identity.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Urdu was chosen as a symbol of unity for the new state of Pakistan in 1947, because it had already served as a lingua franca among Muslims in north and northwest <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a>. It is written, spoken and used in all <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Pakistan">provinces/territories of Pakistan</a>, and together with English as the main languages of instruction,<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> although the people from differing provinces may have different native languages.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Urdu is taught as a compulsory subject up to higher secondary school in both English and Urdu medium school systems, which has produced millions of second-language Urdu speakers among people whose native language is one of the other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">languages of Pakistan</a> – which in turn has led to the absorption of vocabulary from various regional Pakistani languages,<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> while some Urdu vocabularies has also been assimilated by Pakistan's regional languages.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Some who are from a non-Urdu background now can read and write only Urdu. With such a large number of people(s) speaking Urdu, the language has acquired a peculiar Pakistani flavor further distinguishing it from the Urdu spoken by native speakers, resulting in more diversity within the language.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> In India, Urdu is spoken in places where there are large Muslim minorities or cities that were bases for Muslim empires in the past. These include parts of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a> and Konkanis), <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and cities such as <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla" title="Malerkotla">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bareilly" title="Bareilly">Bareilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur" title="Saharanpur">Saharanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarnagar" title="Muzaffarnagar">Muzaffarnagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roorkee" title="Roorkee">Roorkee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deoband" title="Deoband">Deoband</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moradabad" title="Moradabad">Moradabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azamgarh" title="Azamgarh">Azamgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bijnor" title="Bijnor">Bijnor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najibabad" title="Najibabad">Najibabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rampur,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Rampur, Uttar Pradesh">Rampur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aligarh" title="Aligarh">Aligarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozabad" title="Firozabad">Firozabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badaun" class="mw-redirect" title="Badaun">Badaun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurangabad,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad, Maharashtra">Aurangabad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MOE_Nepal-1994-20">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darbhanga" title="Darbhanga">Darbhanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhubani,_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhubani, Bihar">Madhubani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samastipur" title="Samastipur">Samastipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siwan,_Bihar" title="Siwan, Bihar">Siwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saharsa" title="Saharsa">Saharsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supaul" title="Supaul">Supaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munger" title="Munger">Munger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Araria" title="Araria">Araria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulbarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulbarga">Gulbarga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parbhani" title="Parbhani">Parbhani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malegaon" title="Malegaon">Malegaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidar" title="Bidar">Bidar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Urdu-2016-144">[142]</a> In a very significant number among the nearly 800 districts of India, there is a small Urdu-speaking minority at least. In <a href="/wiki/Araria_district" title="Araria district">Araria district</a>, Bihar, there is a plurality of Urdu speakers and near-plurality in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_district,_Telangana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad district, Telangana">Hyderabad district, Telangana</a> (43.35% Telugu speakers and 43.24% Urdu speakers). Some Indian Muslim schools (<a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a>) teach Urdu as a first language and have their own syllabi and exams.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> In fact, the language of <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films tend to contain a large number of Persian and Arabic words and thus considered to be "Urdu" in a sense,<a href="#cite_note-Warsi-2021-146">[144]</a> especially in songs.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> India has more than 3,000 Urdu publications, including 405 daily Urdu newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Newspapers such as Neshat News Urdu, Sahara Urdu, Daily Salar, Hindustan Express, Daily Pasban, <a href="/wiki/The_Siasat_Daily" title="The Siasat Daily">Siasat Daily</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Munsif_Daily" title="The Munsif Daily">The Munsif Daily</a> and Inqilab are published and distributed in Bangalore, Malegaon, Mysore, Hyderabad, and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UAE_signboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UAE_signboard.jpg/220px-UAE_signboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UAE_signboard.jpg/330px-UAE_signboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UAE_signboard.jpg/440px-UAE_signboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A trilingual <a href="/wiki/Signboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Signboard">signboard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, English and Urdu in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>. The Urdu sentence is not a direct translation of the English ("Your beautiful city invites you to preserve it") or Arabic (the same). It says, "apné shahar kī Khūbsūrtīi ko barqarār rakhié, or "Please preserve the beauty of your city."</figcaption></figure> Outside South Asia, it is spoken by large numbers of migrant South Asian workers in the major urban centres of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> countries. Urdu is also spoken by large numbers of immigrants and their children in the major urban centres of the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Urdu in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the United States, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Norway, and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, Urdu is among the immigrant languages with the most speakers in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_identity">Cultural identity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_India">Colonial India</h3></div> Religious and social atmospheres in early nineteenth century India played a significant role in the development of the Urdu register. <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> became the distinct register spoken by those who sought to construct a Hindu identity in the face of colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-2008-28">[26]</a> As Hindi separated from Hindustani to create a distinct spiritual identity, Urdu was employed to create a definitive Islamic identity for the Muslim population in India.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Urdu's use was not confined only to northern India – it had been used as a literary medium for Indian writers from the Bombay Presidency, Bengal, Orissa Province, and Tamil Nadu as well.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> As Urdu and Hindi became means of religious and social construction for Muslims and Hindus respectively, each register developed its own script. According to Islamic tradition, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, the language of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, holds spiritual significance and power.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Because Urdu was intentioned as means of unification for Muslims in Northern India and later Pakistan, it adopted a modified Perso-Arabic script.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-2008-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan_2">Pakistan</h3></div> Urdu continued its role in developing a Pakistani identity as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was established with the intent to construct a homeland for the Muslims of Colonial India. Several languages and dialects spoken throughout the regions of Pakistan produced an imminent need for a uniting language. Urdu was chosen as a symbol of unity for the new <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> in 1947, because it had already served as a lingua franca among Muslims in north and northwest of <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> Urdu is also seen as a repertory for the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">cultural</a> and social heritage of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-zia2-158">[156]</a> While Urdu and Islam together played important roles in developing the national identity of Pakistan, disputes in the 1950s (particularly those in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> was the dominant language), challenged the idea of Urdu as a national symbol and its practicality as the lingua franca. The significance of Urdu as a national symbol was downplayed by these disputes when English and Bengali were also accepted as official languages in the former East Pakistan (now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>).<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan_3">Pakistan</h3></div> Urdu is the sole national, and one of the two official languages of Pakistan (along with English).<a href="#cite_note-Raj-2017-104">[102]</a> It is spoken and understood throughout the country, whereas the state-by-state languages (languages spoken throughout various regions) are the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_languages_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial languages of Pakistan">provincial languages</a>, although only 7.57% of Pakistanis speak Urdu as their first language.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Its official status has meant that Urdu is understood and spoken widely throughout Pakistan as a second or third language. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">literature</a>, office and court business,<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> although in practice, English is used instead of Urdu in the higher echelons of government.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Article 251(1) of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Pakistani Constitution</a> mandates that Urdu be implemented as the sole language of government, though English continues to be the most widely used language at the higher echelons of Pakistani government.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_2">India</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Delhi_railway_station_board.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/New_Delhi_railway_station_board.jpg/220px-New_Delhi_railway_station_board.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/New_Delhi_railway_station_board.jpg/330px-New_Delhi_railway_station_board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/New_Delhi_railway_station_board.jpg/440px-New_Delhi_railway_station_board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A multilingual <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> railway station board. The Urdu and Hindi texts both read as: naī dillī.</figcaption></figure> Urdu is also one of the officially recognised languages in <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">India</a> and also has the status of "additional official language" in the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">Indian states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> and the national capital territory <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CLM5020142-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indiatoday:12-165">[163]</a> Also as one of the five official languages of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> India established the governmental Bureau for the Promotion of Urdu in 1969, although the <a href="/wiki/Central_Hindi_Directorate" title="Central Hindi Directorate">Central Hindi Directorate</a> was established earlier in 1960, and the promotion of Hindi is better funded and more advanced,<a href="#cite_note-Clyne-2012a-167">[165]</a> while the status of Urdu has been undermined by the promotion of Hindi.<a href="#cite_note-Everaert-2010-168">[166]</a> Private Indian organisations such as the Anjuman-e-Tariqqi Urdu, Deeni Talimi Council and Urdu Mushafiz Dasta promote the use and preservation of Urdu, with the Anjuman successfully launching a campaign that reintroduced Urdu as an official language of Bihar in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Clyne-2012a-167">[165]</a> In the former <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir state</a>, section 145 of the Kashmir Constitution stated: "The official language of the State shall be Urdu but the English language shall unless the Legislature by law otherwise provides, continue to be used for all the official purposes of the State for which it was being used immediately before the commencement of the Constitution."<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div> Urdu became a literary language in the 18th century and two similar standard forms came into existence in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> in 1947, a third standard has arisen in the Pakistani city of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2005-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahapatra1989-170">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a>, an older form used in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">southern India</a>, became a court language of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a> by the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahapatra1989-170">[168]</a> Urdu has a few recognised dialects, including <a href="/wiki/Dakhni" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhni">Dakhni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Dhakaiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a>, and Modern Vernacular Urdu (based on the <a href="/wiki/Dehlavi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehlavi dialect">Khariboli</a> dialect of the Delhi region). <a href="/wiki/Dakhni" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhni">Dakhni</a> (also known as Dakani, Deccani, Desia, Mirgan) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">southern India</a>. It is distinct by its mixture of vocabulary from <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, as well as some vocabulary from Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> that are not found in the standard dialect of Urdu. Dakhini is widely spoken in all parts of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. Urdu is read and written as in other parts of India. A number of daily newspapers and several monthly magazines in Urdu are published in these states.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Dhakaiya Urdu</a> is a dialect native to the city of <a href="/wiki/Old_Dhaka" title="Old Dhaka">Old Dhaka</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal era">Mughal era</a>. However, its popularity, even among native speakers, has been gradually declining since the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a> in the 20th century. It is not officially recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government of Bangladesh</a>. The Urdu spoken by <a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh</a> is different from this dialect.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_switching">Code switching</h3></div> Many bilingual or multi-lingual Urdu speakers, being familiar with both Urdu and English, display <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> (referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a>") in certain localities and between certain social groups. On 14 August 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a> launched the Ilm Pakistan movement, with a uniform curriculum in Urdish. <a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Iqbal" title="Ahsan Iqbal">Ahsan Iqbal</a>, Federal Minister of Pakistan, said "Now the government is working on a new curriculum to provide a new medium to the students which will be the combination of both Urdu and English and will name it Urdish."<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_Modern_Standard_Hindi">Comparison with Modern Standard Hindi</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani phonology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani grammar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png/300px-Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png/450px-Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png/600px-Trilingual_road_sign_in_India.png 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Urdu and Hindi on a road sign in India. The Urdu version is a direct transliteration of the English; the Hindi is a part transliteration ("parcel" and "rail") and part translation: "karyalay" and "arakshan kendra"</figcaption></figure> Standard Urdu is often <a href="/wiki/Hindi#Standard_Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Hindi">compared</a> with <a href="/wiki/Standard_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Hindi">Standard Hindi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Both Urdu and Hindi, which are considered standard registers of the same language, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> (or Hindi-Urdu), share a core vocabulary and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">grammar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PeterDass2019-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Basu-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-GubeGao2019-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper2010-177">[175]</a> Apart from religious associations, the differences are largely restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard forms</a>: Standard Urdu is conventionally written in the <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq script">Nastaliq style</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a> and relies heavily on Persian and Arabic as a source for technical and literary vocabulary,<a href="#cite_note-Language_in_India-Bringing_Order_to_Linguistic_Diversity:_Language_Planning_in_the_British_Raj-178">[176]</a> whereas Standard Hindi is conventionally written in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanāgarī</a> and draws on <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sikmirza-179">[177]</a> However, both share a core vocabulary of native <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> derived words and a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and Persian loanwords, with a consensus of linguists considering them to be two standardised forms of the same language<a href="#cite_note-UC_Davis-Linguists-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> and consider the differences to be <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistic</a>;<a href="#cite_note-South_Asian_Voice-182">[180]</a> a few classify them separately.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> The two languages are often considered to be a single language (Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu) on a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> ranging from Persianised to Sanskritised vocabulary,<a href="#cite_note-Everaert-2010-168">[166]</a> but now they are more and more different in words due to politics.<a href="#cite_note-Warsi-2021-146">[144]</a> Old Urdu dictionaries also contain most of the Sanskrit words now present in Hindi.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialised contexts that rely on academic or technical vocabulary. In a longer conversation, differences in formal vocabulary and pronunciation of some Urdu <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> are noticeable, though many native Hindi speakers also pronounce these phonemes.<a href="#cite_note-ShapiroSchiffman2019-186">[184]</a> At a phonological level, speakers of both languages are frequently aware of the Perso-Arabic or Sanskrit origins of their word choice, which affects the pronunciation of those words.<a href="#cite_note-Clyne-2012b-187">[185]</a> Urdu speakers will often insert vowels to break up consonant clusters found in words of Sanskritic origin, but will pronounce them correctly in Arabic and Persian loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-Sikmirza2-188">[186]</a> As a result of religious nationalism since the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of British India</a> and continued communal tensions, native speakers of both Hindi and Urdu frequently assert that they are distinct languages. The <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">grammar of Hindi and Urdu</a> is shared,<a href="#cite_note-PeterDass2019-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoernle1880-189">[187]</a> though formal Urdu makes more use of the Persian "-e-" <a href="/wiki/Ez%C4%81fe" title="Ezāfe">izafat</a> grammatical construct (as in <a href="/wiki/Hammam-e-Qadimi" title="Hammam-e-Qadimi">Hammam-e-Qadimi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Haider" title="Nishan-e-Haider">Nishan-e-Haider</a>) than does Hindi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urdu_speakers_by_country">Urdu speakers by country</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this section's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a>. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The following table shows the number of Urdu speakers in some countries. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Native language speakers </th> <th>% </th> <th>Native speakers and second-language speakers </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>1,296,834,042<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> </td> <td>50,772,631<a href="#cite_note-Urdu_{{!}}_Ethnologue_Free-191">[189]</a> </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>12,151,715<a href="#cite_note-Urdu_{{!}}_Ethnologue_Free-191">[189]</a> </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>207,862,518<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> </td> <td>22,249,307<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skutsch2013-194">[192]</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>164,000,000<a href="#cite_note-e25-29">[27]</a> </td> <td>77% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td>33,091,113<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>930,000<a href="#cite_note-Urdu_{{!}}_Ethnologue_Free-191">[189]</a> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" />   <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td>29,717,587<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> </td> <td>691,546<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>– </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </td> <td>38,347,000<a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan_{{!}}_Ethnologue_Free-198">[196]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>733,000<a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan_{{!}}_Ethnologue_Free-198">[196]</a> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td>159,453,001<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> </td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>– </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Urdu_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu in the UK">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>65,105,246<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> </td> <td>269,000<a href="#cite_note-e25-29">[27]</a> </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>– </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>329,256,465<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> </td> <td>397,502<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>– </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td>9,890,400 </td> <td>300,000 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td>1,500,000[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>15.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>35,881,659<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> </td> <td>243,090<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>– </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>25,422,788<a href="#cite_note-SBS_Language-2023-206">[204]</a> </td> <td>111,873<a href="#cite_note-SBS_Language-2023-206">[204]</a> </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>4,761,865 </td> <td>5,336<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani phonology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Urdu<a href="#cite_note-CRULPPhonetics2-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saleem-2002-209">[207]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">م </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ن </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ن٘ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ت </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ک </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>) <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ق </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> </th> <td>pʰ <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پھ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">تھ </td> <td> </td> <td>ʈʰ <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹھ </td> <td>tʃʰ <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چھ </td> <td>kʰ <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کھ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ب </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">د </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڈ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ج </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> </th> <td>bʱ <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بھ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʱ</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">دھ </td> <td> </td> <td>ɖʱ <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڈھ </td> <td>dʒʱ <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جھ </td> <td>gʱ <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گھ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ر </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڑ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɽʱ <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڑھ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ف </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">س </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ش </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ہ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">و </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ز </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>) <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ژ </td> <td colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>) <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">غ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ل </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ی </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <ul><li>Marginal and non-universal phonemes are in parentheses.</li> <li>/ɣ/ is <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">post-velar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Urdu vowels<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRULPPhonetics2-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saleem-2002-209">[207]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th><a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a> </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <th>oral </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasal</a> </th> <td>ɪ̃ </td> <td>ĩː </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ʊ̃</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <th>oral </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasal</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ə̃</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <th>oral </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasal</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃ː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃ː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <th>oral </th> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasal</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">æ̃ː</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ãː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <ul><li>This table contains a list of phones, not phonemes. In particular, [ɛ] is an allophone of /ə/ near /h/, and the short nasal vowels are not phonemic either.</li> <li>Marginal and non-universal vowels are in parentheses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_vocabulary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu vocabulary">Hindi-Urdu vocabulary</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">Hindustani etymology</a></div>Syed Ahmed Dehlavi, a 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Lexicographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographer">lexicographer</a> who compiled the <a href="/wiki/Farhang_e_Asifiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Farhang e Asifiya">Farhang-e-Asifiya</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> Urdu dictionary, estimated that 75% of Urdu words have their etymological roots in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad20022-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dalmia20172-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taj19972-216">[214]</a> and approximately 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-PTI19952-218">[216]</a> Urdu has borrowed words from Persian and to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> through Persian,<a href="#cite_note-Versteegh19972-219">[217]</a> to the extent of about 25%<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad20022-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dalmia20172-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taj19972-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khan19892-220">[218]</a> to 30% of Urdu's vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> A table illustrated by the linguist Afroz Taj of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> likewise illustrates the number of Persian loanwords to native Sanskrit-derived words in literary Urdu as comprising a 1:3 ratio.<a href="#cite_note-Taj19972-216">[214]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaban_urdu_mualla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zaban_urdu_mualla.png/220px-Zaban_urdu_mualla.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Zaban_urdu_mualla.png 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption>The phrase zubān-e-Urdū-e-muʿallā ("the language of the exalted camp") written in <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq script</a><a href="#cite_note-Naim1999-222">[220]</a></figcaption></figure> The "trend towards Persianisation" started in the 18th century by the Delhi school of Urdu poets, though other writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Meeraji" title="Meeraji">Meeraji</a>, wrote in a Sanskritised form of the language.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> There has been a move towards hyper Persianisation in Pakistan since 1947, which has been adopted by much of the country's writers;<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> as such, some Urdu texts can be composed of 70% Perso-Arabic loanwords just as some Persian texts can have 70% Arabic vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-Kaye-1997-225">[223]</a> Some Pakistani Urdu speakers have incorporated Hindi vocabulary into their speech as a result of exposure to Indian entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-Patel20132-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gangan20112-227">[225]</a> In India, Urdu has not diverged from Hindi as much as it has in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> Most borrowed words in Urdu are nouns and adjectives.<a href="#cite_note-Jain-2007-229">[227]</a> Many of the words of Arabic origin have been adopted through Persian,<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad20022-214">[212]</a> and have different pronunciations and nuances of meaning and usage than they do in Arabic. There are also a smaller number of borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. Some examples for Portuguese words borrowed into Urdu are chabi ("chave": key), girja ("igreja": church), kamra ("cámara": room), qamīz ("camisa": shirt).<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> Although the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Urdu" class="extiw" title="wikt:Urdu">Urdu</a> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ordu" class="extiw" title="wikt:ordu">ordu</a> (army) or <a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">orda</a>, from which English <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/horde" class="extiw" title="wikt:horde">horde</a> is also derived,<a href="#cite_note-Austin20082-231">[229]</a> Turkic borrowings in Urdu are minimal<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> and Urdu is also not <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetically related</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>. Urdu words originating from <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> and Arabic were borrowed through Persian and hence are Persianised versions of the original words. For instance, the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Ta%27_marbuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta' marbuta">ta' marbuta</a> ( ة ) changes to <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">he</a> ( <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ه ) or <a href="/wiki/Taw_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taw (letter)">te</a> ( <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ت ).<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[note 2]</a> Nevertheless, contrary to popular belief, Urdu did not borrow from the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>, but from <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic language</a> from Central Asia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Urdu and Turkish both borrowed from Arabic and Persian, hence the similarity in pronunciation of many Urdu and Turkish words.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formality">Formality</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png/220px-Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png/330px-Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png/440px-Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Lashkari Zabān title in Naskh script</figcaption></figure> Urdu in its less formalised <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a> is known as <a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">rekhta</a> (<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ریختہ, rek̤h̤tah, 'rough mixture', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Urdu pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[reːxtaː]</a>); the more formal register is sometimes referred to as <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">زبانِ اُردُوئے معلّٰى, zabān-i Urdū-yi muʿallá, 'language of the exalted camp' (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Urdu pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[zəbaːn eː ʊrdu eː moəllaː]</a>) or <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">لشکری زبان, lashkari zabān, 'military language' (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Urdu pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ləʃkəɾi: zəbɑ:n]</a>), referring to the Imperial army<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> or simply Lashkari.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmad2009-237">[234]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the word used in Urdu, for the most part, decides how polite or refined one's speech is. For example, Urdu speakers distinguish between <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پانی, pānī and <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">آب, āb, both meaning water. The former is used colloquially and has older <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> origins; the latter is used formally and poetically, being of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> origin.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] If a word is of Persian or Arabic origin, the level of speech is considered to be more formal and grander. Similarly, if Persian or Arabic grammar constructs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Izafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Izafat">izafat</a>, are used in Urdu, the level of speech is also considered more formal. If a word is inherited from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, the level of speech is considered more colloquial and personal.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill2-238">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system </h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu braille">Urdu braille</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani orthography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urdu-alphabet-en-hi-final.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Urdu-alphabet-en-hi-final.svg/220px-Urdu-alphabet-en-hi-final.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Urdu-alphabet-en-hi-final.svg/330px-Urdu-alphabet-en-hi-final.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Urdu-alphabet-en-hi-final.svg/440px-Urdu-alphabet-en-hi-final.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8818" data-file-height="7627" /></a><figcaption>The Urdu <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFliq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿliq">Nastaʿliq</a> alphabet, with names in the Devanagari and Roman scripts</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double-Headed_Eagle_Stupa_at_Sirkap_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Double-Headed_Eagle_Stupa_at_Sirkap_06.jpg/220px-Double-Headed_Eagle_Stupa_at_Sirkap_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Double-Headed_Eagle_Stupa_at_Sirkap_06.jpg/330px-Double-Headed_Eagle_Stupa_at_Sirkap_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Double-Headed_Eagle_Stupa_at_Sirkap_06.jpg/440px-Double-Headed_Eagle_Stupa_at_Sirkap_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>An English-Urdu bilingual sign at the archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Sirkap" title="Sirkap">Sirkap</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>. The Urdu says: (right to left) <span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">دو سروں والے عقاب کی شبيہ والا مندر, dō sarōñ wālé u'qāb kī shabīh wāla mandir. "The temple with the image of the eagle with two heads."</figcaption></figure> Urdu is written right-to left in an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a>, which is itself an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>. Urdu is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq script">Nastaʿlīq style</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian calligraphy</a>, whereas Arabic is generally written in the <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ruq%60ah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruq`ah script">Ruq'ah</a> styles. Because of its thousands of <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligatures</a>, Nasta’liq is notoriously difficult to typeset, so Urdu newspapers were hand-written by masters of calligraphy, known as kātib or khush-nawīs, until the late 1980s. One handwritten Urdu newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Musalman" title="The Musalman">The Musalman</a>, is still published daily in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/InPage" title="InPage">InPage</a>, a widely used <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">desktop publishing</a> tool for Urdu, has over 20,000 ligatures in its Nastaʿliq <a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer fonts</a>. A highly Persianised and technical form of Urdu was the lingua franca of the law courts of the British administration in Bengal and the North-West Provinces & Oudh. Until the late 19th century, all proceedings and court transactions in this register of Urdu were written officially in the Persian script. In 1880, <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Eden" title="Ashley Eden">Sir Ashley Eden</a>, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal in colonial India abolished the use of the Persian alphabet in the law courts of Bengal and ordered the exclusive use of <a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a>, a popular script used for both Urdu and Hindi; in the <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Province" title="Bihar Province">Bihar Province</a>, the court language was Urdu written in the Kaithi script.<a href="#cite_note-Pandey2007-240">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-King1999-241">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> Kaithi's association with Urdu and Hindi was ultimately eliminated by the political contest between these languages and their scripts, in which the Persian script was definitively linked to Urdu.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> More recently in India,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] Urdu speakers have adopted <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> for publishing Urdu periodicals and have innovated new strategies to mark Urdu in Devanagari as distinct from Hindi in Devanagari.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Such publishers have introduced new orthographic features into Devanagari for the purpose of representing the Perso-Arabic etymology of Urdu words. One example is the use of अ (Devanagari a) with vowel signs to mimic contexts of <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ع (<a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">‘ain</a>), in violation of Hindi orthographic rules. For Urdu publishers, the use of Devanagari gives them a greater audience, whereas the orthographic changes help them preserve a distinct identity of Urdu.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> Some poets from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Qazi_Nazrul_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Nazrul Islam">Qazi Nazrul Islam</a>, have historically used the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali script">Bengali script</a> to write Urdu poetry like Prem Nagar Ka Thikana Karle and Mera Beti Ki Khela, as well as bilingual Bengali-Urdu poems like Alga Koro Go Khõpar Bãdhon, Juboker Chholona and Mera Dil Betab Kiya.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Dhakaiya Urdu</a> is a colloquial non-standard dialect of Urdu which was typically not written. However, organisations seeking to preserve the dialect have begun transcribing the dialect in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali script">Bengali script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-book-250">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-samakal-251">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_British_Raj" title="Glossary of the British Raj">Glossary of the British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariboli" title="Khariboli">Khariboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Urdu-language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Urdu-language poets">List of Urdu-language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Urdu-language_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Urdu-language writers">List of Urdu-language writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_and_Urdu" title="Persian and Urdu">Persian and Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Urdu_speakers" title="States of India by Urdu speakers">States of India by Urdu speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddin_and_Begum_Hindustani_Romanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddin and Begum Hindustani Romanisation">Uddin and Begum Hindustani Romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Digest" title="Urdu Digest">Urdu Digest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Urdu in the United Kingdom">Urdu in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Informatics" title="Urdu Informatics">Urdu Informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_keyboard" title="Urdu keyboard">Urdu keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Wikipedia" title="Urdu Wikipedia">Urdu Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu-speaking_people" title="Urdu-speaking people">Urdu-speaking people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Urdu has some form of official status in the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, as well as the national capital territory of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Territory">Union Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MuzaffarBehera2014-16">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> An example can be seen in the word "need" in Urdu. Urdu uses the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> version ضرورت rather than the original Arabic ضرورة. See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.5:1:5370.platts">John T. Platts "A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English" (1884) Page 749</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225125131/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.5:1:5370.platts">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Urdu and Hindi use Persian pronunciation in their loanwords, rather than that of Arabic– for instance rather than pronouncing ض as the <a href="https://wiki.c2.com/?emphatic_consonant" class="extiw" title="wikiwikiweb:emphatic consonant">emphatic consonant</a> "ḍ", the original sound in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic</a>, Urdu uses the Persian pronunciation "z". See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.5:1:5339.platts">John T. Platts "A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English" (1884) Page 748</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414045951/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.5:1:5339.platts">Archived</a> 14 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Organisations like Dhakaiya Sobbasi Jaban and Dhakaiya Movement, among others, consistently write Dhakaiya Urdu using the Bengali script. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Urdu is spoken and understood fluently by almost 90% of Pakistanis, but is only spoken by 9% as their only mother language (estimate and <a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_Pakistani_Census&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2023 Pakistani Census (page does not exist)">2023 Census</a>) and it is not native to any region of Pakistan, but was rather native to the Hindi-Urdu Belt and was the lingua franca of pre-partioned Northern India, what is now the region that is North India and Pakistan </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-indiacensus-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indiacensus_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiacensus_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables">"Data Tables"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a>. 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India&rft.atitle=Data+Tables&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fcensus.website%2Fdata%2Fcensus-tables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/languages/">"Languages - The World Factbook"</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+-+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Flanguages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nepal.unfpa-4"><a href="#cite_ref-nepal.unfpa_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf">"Population Monograph of Nepal Volume II (Social Demography)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Monograph+of+Nepal+Volume+II+%28Social+Demography%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnepal.unfpa.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpub-pdf%2FPopulation%2520Monograph%2520V02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e27-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_5-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/urd">Urdu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/240322/assembly-passes-two-bills-of-minorities-component-and-urdu-as-2nd-offi.html">"Urdu second official language in Andhra Pradesh"</a>. Deccan Chronicles. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicles&rft.atitle=Urdu+second+official+language+in+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fnation%2Fpolitics%2F240322%2Fassembly-passes-two-bills-of-minorities-component-and-urdu-as-2nd-offi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece">"Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed"</a>. The Hindu. 23 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Bill+recognising+Urdu+as+second+official+language+passed&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fandhra-pradesh%2Fbill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed%2Farticle65252966.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/urdu-is-telanganas-second-official-language-4940595/">"Urdu is Telangana's second official language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 16 November 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Urdu+is+Telangana%27s+second+official+language&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Furdu-is-telanganas-second-official-language-4940595%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/urdu-second-official-language-telangana-state-passes-bill-71742">"Urdu is second official language in Telangana as state passes Bill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_News_Minute" title="The News Minute">The News Minute</a>. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+Minute&rft.atitle=Urdu+is+second+official+language+in+Telangana+as+state+passes+Bill&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Furdu-second-official-language-telangana-state-passes-bill-71742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions">"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions"</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa%2C+1996+-+Chapter+1%3A+Founding+Provisions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.za%2Fdocuments%2Fconstitution%2Fchapter-1-founding-provisions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2011" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Mary (13 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BfBHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA282">Indian Angles: English Verse in Colonial India from Jones to Tagore</a>. Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0821443583" title="Special:BookSources/978-0821443583"><bdi>978-0821443583</bdi></a>. <q>Bayly's description of Hindustani (roughly Hindi/Urdu) is helpful here; he uses the term Urdu to represent "the more refined and Persianised form of the common north Indian language Hindustani" (Empire and Information, 193); Bayly more or less follows the late eighteenth-century scholar Sirajuddin Ali Arzu, who proposed a typology of language that ran from "pure Sanskrit, through popular and regional variations of Hindustani to Urdu, which incorporated many loan words from Persian and Arabic. His emphasis on the unity of languages reflected the view of the Sanskrit grammarians and also affirmed the linguistic unity of the north Indian ecumene. What emerged was a kind of register of language types that were appropriate to different conditions. ...But the abiding impression is of linguistic plurality running through the whole society and an easier adaptation to circumstances in both spoken and written speech" (193). The more Persianized the language, the more likely it was to be written in Arabic script; the more Sanskritized the language; the more likely it was to be written in Devanagari.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Angles%3A+English+Verse+in+Colonial+India+from+Jones+to+Tagore&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft.isbn=978-0821443583&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfBHBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basu-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basu_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basu_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2017" class="citation book cs1">Basu, Manisha (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E7gtDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">The Rhetoric of Hindutva</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107149878" title="Special:BookSources/9781107149878"><bdi>9781107149878</bdi></a>. <q>Urdu, like Hindi, was a standardized register of the Hindustani language deriving from the Dehlavi dialect and emerged in the eighteenth century under the rule of the late Mughals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Hindutva&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781107149878&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Manisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE7gtDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi1994" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqi, Mohammad Tahsin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnrTAAAAMAAJ">Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts</a>. University of Wisconsin. <q>Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindustani-English+code-mixing+in+modern+literary+texts&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Siddiqi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Tahsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnrTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-Oct-2020-Urdu-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Oct-2020-Urdu_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Urdu-language">Urdu language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>, 5 December 2019, retrieved 17 October 2020, <q>member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European family of languages. Urdu is spoken as a first language by nearly 70 million people and as a second language by more than 100 million people, predominantly in Pakistan and India. It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially recognized, or "scheduled," in the constitution of India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu+language&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FUrdu-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-June2020-Urdu-15"><a href="#cite_ref-OED-June2020-Urdu_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/220414?redirectedFrom=urdu#eid">Urdu (n)</a>, Oxford English Dictionary, June 2020, retrieved 11 September 2020, <q>An Indo-Aryan language of northern South Asia (now esp. Pakistan), closely related to Hindi but written in a modified form of the Arabic script and having many loanwords from Persian and Arabic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu+%28n%29&rft.pub=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F220414%3FredirectedFrom%3Durdu%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuzaffarBehera2014-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MuzaffarBehera2014_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MuzaffarBehera2014_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MuzaffarBehera2014_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuzaffarBehera2014" class="citation journal cs1">Muzaffar, Sharmin; Behera, Pitambar (2014). "Error analysis of the Urdu verb markers: a comparative study on Google and Bing machine translation platforms". Aligarh Journal of Linguistics. 4 (1–2): 1. <q>Modern Standard Urdu, a register of the Hindustani language, is the national language, lingua-franca and is one of the two official languages along with English in Pakistan and is spoken in all over the world. It is also one of the 22 scheduled languages and officially recognized languages in the Constitution of India and has been conferred the status of the official language in many Indian states of Bihar, Telangana, Jammu, and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and New Delhi. Urdu is one of the members of the new or modern Indo-Aryan language group within the Indo-European family of languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aligarh+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Error+analysis+of+the+Urdu+verb+markers%3A+a+comparative+study+on+Google+and+Bing+machine+translation+platforms&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Muzaffar&rft.aufirst=Sharmin&rft.au=Behera%2C+Pitambar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GazzolaWickström2016-17"><a href="#cite_ref-GazzolaWickström2016_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazzolaWickström2016" class="citation book cs1">Gazzola, Michele; Wickström, Bengt-Arne (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C4snDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA469">The Economics of Language Policy</a>. MIT Press. pp. 469–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03470-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03470-8"><bdi>978-0-262-03470-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Language+Policy&rft.pages=469-&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03470-8&rft.aulast=Gazzola&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Wickstr%C3%B6m%2C+Bengt-Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC4snDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> Quote: "The Eighth Schedule recognizes India's national languages as including the major regional languages as well as others, such as Sanskrit and Urdu, which contribute to India's cultural heritage. ... The original list of fourteen languages in the Eighth Schedule at the time of the adoption of the Constitution in 1949 has now grown to twenty-two." </li> <li id="cite_note-Groff2017-lead-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Groff2017-lead_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroff2017" class="citation book cs1">Groff, Cynthia (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLc7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 58–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51961-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51961-0"><bdi>978-1-137-51961-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Language+in+Multilingual+India%3A+Voices+of+Women+and+Educators+in+the+Himalayan+Foothills&rft.pages=58-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-137-51961-0&rft.aulast=Groff&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLc7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> Quote: "As Mahapatra says: "It is generally believed that the significance for the Eighth Schedule lies in providing a list of languages from which Hindi is directed to draw the appropriate forms, style and expressions for its enrichment" ... Being recognized in the Constitution, however, has had significant relevance for a language's status and functions. </li> <li id="cite_note-MOE_Nepal-1994-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOE_Nepal-1994_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOE_Nepal-1994_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032133/https://www.moe.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/Language_Policy_English1.pdf">"National Languages Policy Recommendation Commission"</a> (PDF). MOE Nepal. 1994. p. Appendix one. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moe.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/Language_Policy_English1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Languages+Policy+Recommendation+Commission&rft.pages=Appendix+one&rft.pub=MOE+Nepal&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.np%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2FLanguage_Policy_English1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GubeGao2019-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GubeGao2019_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GubeGao2019_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GubeGao2019_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGubeGao2019" class="citation book cs1">Gube, Jan; Gao, Fang (2019). Education, Ethnicity and Equity in the Multilingual Asian Context. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-3125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-3125-1"><bdi>978-981-13-3125-1</bdi></a>. <q>The national language of India and Pakistan 'Standard Urdu' is mutually intelligible with 'Standard Hindi' because both languages share the same Indic base and are all but indistinguishable in phonology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education%2C+Ethnicity+and+Equity+in+the+Multilingual+Asian+Context&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-981-13-3125-1&rft.aulast=Gube&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Gao%2C+Fang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoonPratt2023" class="citation book cs1">Yoon, Bogum; Pratt, Kristen L., eds. (15 January 2023). Primary Language Impact on Second Language and Literacy Learning. Lexington Books. p. 198. <q>In terms of cross-linguistic relations, Urdu's combinations of Arabic-Persian orthography and Sanskrit linguistic roots provides interesting theoretical as well as practical comparisons demonstrated in table 12.1.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primary+Language+Impact+on+Second+Language+and+Literacy+Learning&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2023-01-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed2024-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2024_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ties-between-urdu-sanskrit-deeply-rooted-scholar/articleshow/108415962.cms">"Ties between Urdu & Sanskrit deeply rooted: Scholar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024. <q>The linguistic and cultural ties between Sanskrit and Urdu are deeply rooted and significant, said Ishtiaque Ahmed, registrar, Maula Azad National Urdu University during a two-day workshop titled "Introduction to Sanskrit for Urdu medium students". Ahmed said a substantial portion of Urdu's vocabulary and cultural capital, as well as its syntactic structure, is derived from Sanskrit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ties+between+Urdu+%26+Sanskrit+deeply+rooted%3A+Scholar&rft.date=2024-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fhyderabad%2Fties-between-urdu-sanskrit-deeply-rooted-scholar%2Farticleshow%2F108415962.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiss-2015-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Kiss-2015_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissAlexiadou2015" class="citation book cs1">Kiss, Tibor; Alexiadou, Artemis (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HABfCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1479">Syntax - Theory and Analysis</a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-036368-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-036368-5"><bdi>978-3-11-036368-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax+-+Theory+and+Analysis&rft.pages=1479&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.isbn=978-3-11-036368-5&rft.aulast=Kiss&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft.au=Alexiadou%2C+Artemis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHABfCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClyne2012" class="citation book cs1">Clyne, Michael (24 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMgAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA385">Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088814-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088814-0"><bdi>978-3-11-088814-0</bdi></a>. <q>With the consolidation of the different linguistic bases of Khari Boli there were three distinct varieties of Hindi-Urdu: the High Hindi with predominant Sanskrit vocabulary, the High-Urdu with predominant Perso-Arabic vocabulary and casual or colloquial Hindustani which was commonly spoken among both the Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of north India. The last phase of the emergence of Hindi and Urdu as pluricentric national varieties extends from the late 1920s till the partition of India in 1947.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.isbn=978-3-11-088814-0&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DieMgAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taher1995-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taher1995_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taher1995_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taher1995_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaher1994" class="citation book cs1">Taher, Mohamed (1994). Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives. Concept Publishing Company. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-524-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-524-9"><bdi>978-81-7022-524-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Librarianship+and+Library+Science+in+India%3A+An+Outline+of+Historical+Perspectives&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-524-9&rft.aulast=Taher&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalf2014-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf2014_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2014" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Barbara D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BdH_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 207–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5610-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5610-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-5610-7</bdi></a>. <q>The basis of that shift was the decision made by the government in 1837 to replace Persian as court language by the various vernaculars of the country. Urdu was identified as the regional vernacular in Bihar, Oudh, the North-Western Provinces, and Punjab, and hence was made the language of government across upper India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Revival+in+British+India%3A+Deoband%2C+1860-1900&rft.pages=207-&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5610-7&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdH_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmad-2008-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad-2008_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad-2008_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad-2008_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad, Rizwan (1 July 2008). "Scripting a new identity: The battle for Devanagari in nineteenth-century India". Journal of Pragmatics. 40 (7): 1163–1183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2007.06.005">10.1016/j.pragma.2007.06.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2166">0378-2166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pragmatics&rft.atitle=Scripting+a+new+identity%3A+The+battle+for+Devanagari+in+nineteenth-century+India&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1163-1183&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2007.06.005&rft.issn=0378-2166&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e25-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_29-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chaman, Hussain (24 July 2022). Mahboob, Hussain (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.ahss.org.pk/journal/article/view/23/56">"Language Politics in Pakistan: Urdu as Official versus National Lingua Franca"</a>. Annals of Human and Social Sciences. 3 (2): 82–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35484%2Fahss.2022%283-II%2908">10.35484/ahss.2022(3-II)08</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2790-6809">2790-6809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Language+Politics+in+Pakistan%3A+Urdu+as+Official+versus+National+Lingua+Franca&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=82-91&rft.date=2022-07-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35484%2Fahss.2022%283-II%2908&rft.issn=2790-6809&rft.aulast=Chaman&rft.aufirst=Hussain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.ahss.org.pk%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F23%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/#people-and-society">"World"</a>, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 20 November 2023, retrieved 27 November 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=World&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fworld%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Long_History_of_Urdu_Literary_Culture_Part_1-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Long_History_of_Urdu_Literary_Culture_Part_1_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Long_History_of_Urdu_Literary_Culture_Part_1_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaruqi2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Shamsur_Rahman_Faruqi" title="Shamsur Rahman Faruqi">Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman</a> (2003), Sheldon Pollock (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC">A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture Part 1</a>, Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions From South Asia, University of California Press, p. 806, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22821-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22821-4"><bdi>978-0-520-22821-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Long+History+of+Urdu+Literary+Culture+Part+1&rft.series=Literary+Cultures+in+History%3A+Reconstructions+From+South+Asia&rft.pages=806&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22821-4&rft.aulast=Faruqi&rft.aufirst=Shamsur+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak9csfpY2WoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History2_32-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Rahman" title="Tariq Rahman">Rahman, Tariq</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010094507/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf">From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History</a> (PDF). Oxford University Press. pp. 1–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906313-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906313-0"><bdi>978-0-19-906313-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Hindi+to+Urdu%3A+A+Social+and+Political+History&rft.pages=1-22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-906313-0&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tariqrahman.net%2Fcontent%2Fhindiurdu1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015162643/https://www.urducouncil.nic.in/council/historical-perspective-urdu">"A Historical Perspective of Urdu | National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language"</a>. 15 October 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urducouncil.nic.in/council/historical-perspective-urdu">the original</a> on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Perspective+of+Urdu+%7C+National+Council+for+Promotion+of+Urdu+Language&rft.date=2022-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urducouncil.nic.in%2Fcouncil%2Fhistorical-perspective-urdu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meaning_of_Urdu-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meaning_of_Urdu_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meaning_of_Urdu_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDictionary2022" class="citation web cs1">Dictionary, Rekhta (5 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-urdu">"Meaning of Urdu"</a>. Rekhta dictionary. Retrieved 5 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rekhta+dictionary&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+Urdu&rft.date=2022-04-05&rft.aulast=Dictionary&rft.aufirst=Rekhta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rekhtadictionary.com%2Fmeaning-of-urdu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walter_de_Gruyter-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_de_Gruyter_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_de_Gruyter_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClyne1992" class="citation book cs1">Clyne, Michael G. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wawGFWNuHiwC&pg=PA383">Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110128550" title="Special:BookSources/9783110128550"><bdi>9783110128550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9783110128550&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwawGFWNuHiwC%26pg%3DPA383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-urdu-e-muallaa">"Meaning of urdu-e-mualla in English"</a>. Rekhta Dictionary. Retrieved 17 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rekhta+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+urdu-e-mualla+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rekhtadictionary.com%2Fmeaning-of-urdu-e-muallaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhat2017-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhat2017_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhat2017_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhat2017_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhat2017" class="citation book cs1">Bhat, M. Ashraf (2017). The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri Speech Community. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6260-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6260-8"><bdi>978-1-4438-6260-8</bdi></a>. <q>Although it has borrowed a large number of lexical items from Persian and some from Turkish, it is a derivative of Hindvi (also called 'early Urdu'), the parent of both modern Hindi and Urdu. It originated as a new, common language of Delhi, which has been called Hindavi or Dahlavi by Amir Khusrau. After the advent of the Mughals on the stage of Indian history, the Hindavi language enjoyed greater space and acceptance. Persian words and phrases came into vogue. The Hindavi of that period was known as Rekhta, or Hindustani, and only later as Urdu. Perfect amity and tolerance between Hindus and Muslims tended to foster Rekhta or Urdu, which represented the principle of unity in diversity, thus marking a feature of Indian life at its best. The ordinary spoken version ('bazaar Urdu') was almost identical to the popularly spoken version of Hindi. Most prominent scholars in India hold the view that Urdu is neither a Muslim nor a Hindu language; it is an outcome of a multicultural and multi-religious encounter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Language+Roles+and+Linguistic+Identities+of+the+Kashmiri+Speech+Community&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-6260-8&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=M.+Ashraf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Dua, Hans R. (1992). Hindi-Urdu is a pluricentric language. In M. G. Clyne (Ed.), Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-012855-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-012855-1">3-11-012855-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachru2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_Kachru" title="Yamuna Kachru">Kachru, Yamuna</a> (2008), Braj Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124071450/http://bookfi.org/dl/1463145/e4994d">Hindi-Urdu-Hindustani</a>, Language in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, p. 82, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78653-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78653-9"><bdi>978-0-521-78653-9</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookfi.org/dl/1463145/e4994d">the original</a> on 24 January 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi-Urdu-Hindustani&rft.series=Language+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78653-9&rft.aulast=Kachru&rft.aufirst=Yamuna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookfi.org%2Fdl%2F1463145%2Fe4994d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qalamdaar20102-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Qalamdaar20102_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQalamdaar2010" class="citation web cs1">Qalamdaar, Azad (27 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227221213/http://www.hamariboli.com/p/hamari-history.html">"Hamari History"</a>. Hamari Boli Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamariboli.com/p/hamari-history.html">the original</a> on 27 December 2010. <q>Historically, Hindustani developed in the post-12th century period under the impact of the incoming Afghans and Turks as a linguistic modus vivendi from the sub-regional apabhramshas of north-western India. Its first major folk poet was the great Persian master, Amir Khusrau (1253–1325), who is known to have composed dohas (couplets) and riddles in the newly-formed speech, then called 'Hindavi'. Through the medieval time, this mixed speech was variously called by various speech sub-groups as 'Hindavi', 'Zaban-e-Hind', 'Hindi', 'Zaban-e-Dehli', 'Rekhta', 'Gujarii. 'Dakkhani', 'Zaban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla', 'Zaban-e-Urdu', or just 'Urdu'. By the late 11th century, the name 'Hindustani' was in vogue and had become the lingua franca for most of northern India. A sub-dialect called Khari Boli was spoken in and around the Delhi region at the start of the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was established. Khari Boli gradually became the prestige dialect of Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) and became the basis of modern Standard Hindi & Urdu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamari+History&rft.pub=Hamari+Boli+Foundation&rft.date=2010-12-27&rft.aulast=Qalamdaar&rft.aufirst=Azad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamariboli.com%2Fp%2Fhamari-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Schmidt, Ruth Laila. "1 Brief history and geography of Urdu 1.1 History and sociocultural position." The Indo-Aryan Languages 3 (2007): 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Malik, Shahbaz, Shareef Kunjahi, Mir Tanha Yousafi, Sanawar Chadhar, Alam Lohar, Abid Tamimi, Anwar Masood et al. "Census History of Punjabi Speakers in Pakistan." </li> <li id="cite_note-Mody2008-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Mody2008_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMody2008" class="citation book cs1">Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008). Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920. University of California, Berkeley. p. 7. <q>...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature%2C+Language%2C+and+Nation+Formation%3A+The+Story+of+a+Modern+Hindi+Journal+1900-1920&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mody&rft.aufirst=Sujata+Sudhakar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">English-Urdu Learner's Dictionary. Multi Linguis. 6 March 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-005-94089-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-005-94089-8"><bdi>978-1-005-94089-8</bdi></a>. <q>** History (Simplified) ** Proto-Indo European > Proto-Indo-Iranian > Proto-Indo-Aryan > Vedic Sanskrit > Classical Sanskrit > Sauraseni Prakrit > Sauraseni Apabhramsa > Old Hindi > Hindustani > Urdu</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English-Urdu+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.pub=Multi+Linguis&rft.date=2021-03-06&rft.isbn=978-1-005-94089-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kesavan1997-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kesavan1997_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kesavan1997_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesavan1997" class="citation book cs1">Kesavan, B. S. (1997). History Of Printing And Publishing in India. National Book Trust, India. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-237-2120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-237-2120-0"><bdi>978-81-237-2120-0</bdi></a>. <q>It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Printing+And+Publishing+in+India&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-237-2120-0&rft.aulast=Kesavan&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das2005-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Das2005_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisir_Kumar_Das2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sisir_Kumar_Das" title="Sisir Kumar Das">Sisir Kumar Das</a> (2005). History of Indian Literature. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-006-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-006-5"><bdi>978-81-7201-006-5</bdi></a>. <q>The most important trend in the history of Hindi-Urdu is the process of Persianization on the one hand and that of Sanskritization on the other. Amrit Rai offers evidence to show that although the employment of Perso-Arabic script for the language which was akin to Hindi/Hindavi or old Hindi was the first step towards the establishment of the separate identity of Urdu, it was called Hindi for a long time. "The final and complete change-over to the new name took place after the content of the language had undergone a drastic change." He further observes: "In the light of the literature that has come down to us, for about six hundred years, the development of Hindi/Hindavi seems largely to substantiate the view of the basic unity of the two languages. Then, sometime in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, the cleavage seems to have begun." Rai quotes from Sadiq, who points out how it became a "systematic policy of poets and scholars" of the eighteenth century to weed out, what they called and thought, "vulgar words." This weeding out meant "the elimination, along with some rough and unmusical plebian words, of a large number of Hindi words for the reason that to the people brought up in Persian traditions they appeared unfamiliar and vulgar." Sadiq concludes: hence the paradox that this crusade against Persian tyranny, instead of bringing Urdu close to the indigenous element, meant in reality a wider gulf between it and the popular speech. But what differentiated Urdu still more from the local dialects was a process of ceaseless importation from Persian. It may seem strange that Urdu writers in rebellion against Persian should decide to draw heavily on Persian vocabulary, idioms, forms, and sentiments. . . . Around 1875 in his word Urdu Sarf O Nahr, however, he presented a balanced view pointing out that attempts of the Maulavis to Persianize and of the Pandits to Sanskritize the language were not only an error but against the natural laws of linguistic growth. The common man, he pointed out, used both Persian and Sanskrit words without any qualms;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-006-5&rft.au=Sisir+Kumar+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taj2-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taj2_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taj2_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taj2_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaj1997" class="citation web cs1">Taj, Afroz (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm">"About Hindi-Urdu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Hindi-Urdu&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Taj&rft.aufirst=Afroz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2F~taj%2Fabturdu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hindiurduflagship.org/about/two-languages-or-one/">"Two Languages or One?"</a>. hindiurduflagship.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311230741/http://hindiurduflagship.org/about/two-languages-or-one/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015. <q>Hindi and Urdu developed from the "khari boli" dialect spoken in the Delhi region of northern India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hindiurduflagship.org&rft.atitle=Two+Languages+or+One%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhindiurduflagship.org%2Fabout%2Ftwo-languages-or-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farooqi2012-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Farooqi2012_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarooqi2012" class="citation book cs1">Farooqi, M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vc1fAQAAQBAJ&q=Urdu+cultural+contact+Hindus+Muslims&pg=PT185">Urdu Literary Culture: Vernacular Modernity in the Writing of Muhammad Hasan Askari</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02692-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02692-7"><bdi>978-1-137-02692-7</bdi></a>. <q>Historically speaking, Urdu grew out of interaction between Hindus and Muslims. He noted that Urdu is not the language of Muslims alone, although Muslims may have played a larger role in making it a literary language. Hindu poets and writers could and did bring specifically Hindu cultural elements into Urdu and these were accepted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu+Literary+Culture%3A+Vernacular+Modernity+in+the+Writing+of+Muhammad+Hasan+Askari&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-02692-7&rft.aulast=Farooqi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVc1fAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DUrdu%2Bcultural%2Bcontact%2BHindus%2BMuslims%26pg%3DPT185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-50"><a href="#cite_ref-King_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1999" class="citation book cs1">King, Christopher Rolland (1999). One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565112-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565112-6"><bdi>978-0-19-565112-6</bdi></a>. <q>Educated Muslims, for the most part supporters of Urdu, rejected the Hindu linguistic heritage and emphasized the joint Hindu-Muslim origins of Urdu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Language%2C+Two+Scripts%3A+The+Hindi+Movement+in+Nineteenth+Century+North+India&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565112-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Rolland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TaylorOlson1995-51"><a href="#cite_ref-TaylorOlson1995_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorOlson1995" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Insup; Olson, David R. (1995). Scripts and Literacy: Reading and Learning to Read Alphabets, Syllabaries, and Characters. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2912-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2912-1"><bdi>978-0-7923-2912-1</bdi></a>. <q>Urdu emerged as the language of contact between Hindu inhabitants and Muslim invaders to India in the 11th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scripts+and+Literacy%3A+Reading+and+Learning+to+Read+Alphabets%2C+Syllabaries%2C+and+Characters&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-2912-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Insup&rft.au=Olson%2C+David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhulipala2000-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhulipala2000_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhulipala2000" class="citation book cs1">Dhulipala, Venkat (2000). The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. p. 27. <q>Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Secularism%3A+Medieval+Indian+Historiography+and+the+Sufis&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dhulipala&rft.aufirst=Venkat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IJSW1943-53"><a href="#cite_ref-IJSW1943_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4. <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Social_Sciences" title="Tata Institute of Social Sciences">Tata Institute of Social Sciences</a>. 1943. p. 264. <q>... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language that evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Journal+of+Social+Work%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Tata+Institute+of+Social+Sciences&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rekhta2020-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Rekhta2020_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/women-of-the-indian-sub-continent-makings-of-a-culture-rekhta-foundation/dwJy7qboNi3fIg?hl=en">"Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture" title="Google Arts & Culture">Google Arts & Culture</a>. Retrieved 25 February 2020. <q>The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Indian+Sub-Continent%3A+Makings+of+a+Culture+-+Rekhta+Foundation&rft.pub=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fexhibit%2Fwomen-of-the-indian-sub-continent-makings-of-a-culture-rekhta-foundation%2FdwJy7qboNi3fIg%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zahuruddin1985-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Zahuruddin1985_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahur-ud-Din1985" class="citation book cs1">Zahur-ud-Din (1985). Development of Urdu Language and Literature in the Jammu Region. Gulshan Publishers. p. 13. <q>The beginning of the language, now known as Urdu, should therefore, be placed in this period of the earlier Hindu Muslim contact in the Sindh and Punjab areas that took place in early quarter of the 8th century A.D.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+Urdu+Language+and+Literature+in+the+Jammu+Region&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Gulshan+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Zahur-ud-Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JainCardona2007-56"><a href="#cite_ref-JainCardona2007_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainCardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>. <q>The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritised registers many of these words are replaced by tatsama forms from Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through Persian, as a result of which a thorough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Danesh&rft.au=Cardona%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strnad2013-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strnad2013_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strnad2013_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrnad2013" class="citation book cs1">Strnad, Jaroslav (2013). Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Academic Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25489-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25489-3"><bdi>978-90-04-25489-3</bdi></a>. <q>Quite different group of nouns occurring with the ending -a in the dir. plural consists of words of Arabic or Persian origin borrowed by the Old Hindi with their Persian plural endings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphology+and+Syntax+of+Old+Hind%C4%AB%3A+Edition+and+Analysis+of+One+Hundred+Kab%C4%ABr+v%C4%81n%C4%AB+Poems+from+R%C4%81jasth%C4%81n&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25489-3&rft.aulast=Strnad&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amir-Khosrow">"Amīr Khosrow - Indian poet"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Am%C4%ABr+Khosrow+-+Indian+poet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAmir-Khosrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaswant_Lal_Mehta1980" class="citation book cs1">Jaswant Lal Mehta (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA10">Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</a>. Vol. 1. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120706170" title="Special:BookSources/9788120706170"><bdi>9788120706170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9788120706170&rft.au=Jaswant+Lal+Mehta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUk5k5AN54sC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakshiMittra2002" class="citation book cs1">Bakshi, Shiri Ram; Mittra, Sangh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZslAQAAIAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow">Hazart Nizam-Ud-Din Auliya and Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti</a>. Criterion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179380222" title="Special:BookSources/9788179380222"><bdi>9788179380222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hazart+Nizam-Ud-Din+Auliya+and+Hazrat+Khwaja+Muinuddin+Chisti&rft.pub=Criterion&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788179380222&rft.aulast=Bakshi&rft.aufirst=Shiri+Ram&rft.au=Mittra%2C+Sangh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZslAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dfather%2Bof%2BUrdu%2Bliterature%2Bamir%2Bkhusrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Urdu-language">"Urdu language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Urdu+language&rft.date=2023-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FUrdu-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8pMXAwAAQBAJ&dq=tughlaq+urdu+immigration+daulatabad&pg=PA258">Culture and Circulation: Literature in Motion in Early Modern India</a>. Brill. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004264489" title="Special:BookSources/9789004264489"><bdi>9789004264489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Circulation%3A+Literature+in+Motion+in+Early+Modern+India&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004264489&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8pMXAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtughlaq%2Burdu%2Bimmigration%2Bdaulatabad%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan2001-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khan2001_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khan2001_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2001" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Abdul Rashid (2001). The All India Muslim Educational Conference: Its Contribution to the Cultural Development of Indian Muslims, 1886-1947. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579375-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579375-8"><bdi>978-0-19-579375-8</bdi></a>. <q>After the conquest of the Deccan, Urdu received the liberal patronage of the courts of Golconda and Bijapur. Consequently, Urdu borrowed words from the local language of Telugu and Marathi as well as from Sanskrit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+All+India+Muslim+Educational+Conference%3A+Its+Contribution+to+the+Cultural+Development+of+Indian+Muslims%2C+1886-1947&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579375-8&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Rashid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luniya1978-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Luniya1978_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuniya1978" class="citation book cs1">Luniya, Bhanwarlal Nathuram (1978). Life and Culture in Medieval India. Kamal Prakashan. p. 311. <q>Under the liberal patronage of the courts of Golconda and Bijapur, Urdu borrowed words from the local languages like Telugu and Marathi as well as from Sanskrit, but its themes were moulded on Persian models.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Culture+in+Medieval+India&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Kamal+Prakashan&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Luniya&rft.aufirst=Bhanwarlal+Nathuram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kesavan1985-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Kesavan1985_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesavan1985" class="citation book cs1">Kesavan, Bellary Shamanna (1985). History of Printing and Publishing in India: Origins of printing and publishing in the Hindi heartland. National Book Trust. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-237-2120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-237-2120-0"><bdi>978-81-237-2120-0</bdi></a>. <q>The Mohammedans of the Deccan thus called their Hindustani tongue Dakhani (Dakhini), Gujari or Bhaka (Bhakha) which was a symbol of their belonging to Muslim conquering and ruling group in the Deccan and South India where overwhelming number of Hindus spoke Marathi, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Printing+and+Publishing+in+India%3A+Origins+of+printing+and+publishing+in+the+Hindi+heartland&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-81-237-2120-0&rft.aulast=Kesavan&rft.aufirst=Bellary+Shamanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History3-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History3_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-From_Hindi_to_Urdu:_A_Social_and_Political_History3_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauf_Parekh2014" class="citation news cs1">Rauf Parekh (25 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1127464/">"Literary Notes: Common misconceptions about Urdu"</a>. dawn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001926/http://www.dawn.com/news/1127464">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015. <q>Urdu did not get its present name till late 18th Century and before that had had a number of different names – including Hindi, Hindvi, Hindustani, Dehlvi, Lahori, Dakkani, and even Moors – though it was born much earlier.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=dawn.com&rft.atitle=Literary+Notes%3A+Common+misconceptions+about+Urdu&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft.au=Rauf+Parekh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1127464%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazhar_Yusuf1998" class="citation book cs1">Mazhar Yusuf (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-xtAAAAMAAJ&q=abul+fazl+hind+sind">Sind Quarterly:Volume 26, Issues 1-2</a>. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sind+Quarterly%3AVolume+26%2C+Issues+1-2&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Mazhar+Yusuf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-xtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dabul%2Bfazl%2Bhind%2Bsind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Malik, Muhammad Kamran, and Syed Mansoor Sarwar. "Named entity recognition system for postpositional languages: urdu as a case study." International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 7.10 (2016): 141-147. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Academic Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. 1993. p. 1024. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004097964" title="Special:BookSources/9789004097964"><bdi>9789004097964</bdi></a>. <q>Whilst the Muhammadan rulers of India spoke Persian, which enjoyed the prestige of being their court language, the common language of the country continued to be Hindi, derived through Prakrit from Sanskrit. On this dialect of the common people was grafted the Persian language, which brought a new language, Urdu, into existence. Sir George Grierson, in the Linguistic Survey of India, assigns no distinct place to Urdu, but treats it as an offshoot of Western Hindi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=1024&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789004097964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jasanoff2007-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Jasanoff2007_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasanoff2007" class="citation book cs1">Jasanoff, Maya (18 December 2007). Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750-1850. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42571-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42571-3"><bdi>978-0-307-42571-3</bdi></a>. <q>It was claimed that in Lucknow even everyday Urdu sppeech had been raised to its highest degree of perfection. "The masses and uneducated people" were said to "speak better Urdu than many poets...of other places," and outsiders were too intimidated to open their mouths. In the celebrated salons of Lucknow's noblewomen and courtesans, conversation flowed with such grace "it seemed as though 'flowers were dropping from their lips.'" Lucknow was buzzingly dynamic. In a self-conscious effort to echo the lost glory of Akbar's India, Asaf ud-Daula patronized writers, musicians, artists, craftsmen, and scholars on an imperial scale. Leading Urdu poets such as Mir Taqi Mir fled the crumbling Mughal capital and came to Lucknow instead, where they developed a distinctive style and school of poetry. Modern Urdu prose literature originated in Lucknow, and Persian, the language of status and learning, flourished. As a seat of Shiite scholarship, Lucknow rivaled the religious centers of Iran and eastern Iraq.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empire%3A+Lives%2C+Culture%2C+and+Conquest+in+the+East%2C+1750-1850&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.isbn=978-0-307-42571-3&rft.aulast=Jasanoff&rft.aufirst=Maya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tornosindia.com/not-just-urdu-but-lakhnawi-urdu/">"Not Just Urdu, But Lakhnawi Urdu"</a>. Tornos. 8 (6). 2014. <q>Urdu and that too Luckhnawi Urdu is a natural part of day to day conversation of the people of Lucknow, irrespective of their mother-tongue or their religion. A devout Hindu too in Lucknow would use this dialect without any in-habitations, while the grace and style of Urdu in Lucknow comes quite naturally to him as it would to a person of Muslim faith, all by virtue of being born and lived in Lucknow. Language of Lucknow was by all means superior to the languages of Delhi and Hyderabad that were other two seats of refinement, grace and style. Mirza Ghalib of Delhi could not resist the charm of Lucknow's language and in spite of his refinements in language did accept being inferior to the refined dialect of Lucknow. After all what makes Lucknow's language so very different? Difference between the Mughal culture and Awadhi culture lies in the fact that the royal dialect of the courts of Awadh came on the streets and in the lanes to evolve and flourish among the common subjects in Lucknow, while Mughal courts were like all other royal courts that had a difference in the culture and language of the courts and the common subjects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tornos&rft.atitle=Not+Just+Urdu%2C+But+Lakhnawi+Urdu&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftornosindia.com%2Fnot-just-urdu-but-lakhnawi-urdu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAm.rta_RāyaAmrit_RaiAmr̥tarāya1984" class="citation book cs1">Am.rta Rāya; Amrit Rai; Amr̥tarāya (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BJGBAAAAIAAJ&q=From+all+available+evidence+,+imperial+Urdu+seems+to+have+started+being+given+a+shape+in+the+time+of+Shahjahan+and+to+have+acquired+it+substantially+by+the+end+of+Aurangzeb%27s+reign+.+This">A House Divided: The Origin and Development of Hindi/Hindavi</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561643-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561643-9"><bdi>978-0-19-561643-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+Divided%3A+The+Origin+and+Development+of+Hindi%2FHindavi&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-561643-9&rft.au=Am.rta+R%C4%81ya&rft.au=Amrit+Rai&rft.au=Amr%CC%A5tar%C4%81ya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBJGBAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DFrom%2Ball%2Bavailable%2Bevidence%2B%2C%2Bimperial%2BUrdu%2Bseems%2Bto%2Bhave%2Bstarted%2Bbeing%2Bgiven%2Ba%2Bshape%2Bin%2Bthe%2Btime%2Bof%2BShahjahan%2Band%2Bto%2Bhave%2Bacquired%2Bit%2Bsubstantially%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bend%2Bof%2BAurangzeb%2527s%2Breign%2B.%2BThis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlyssa_Ayres2009" class="citation book cs1">Alyssa Ayres (23 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre">Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre/page/n32">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521519311" title="Special:BookSources/9780521519311"><bdi>9780521519311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+Like+a+State%3A+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.isbn=9780521519311&rft.au=Alyssa+Ayres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeakinglikestat00ayre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230517141136/https://www.dawn.com/news/681263/urdusorigin-its-not-a-camp-language">"Urdu's origin: it's not a 'camp language' - Newspaper - DAWN.COM"</a>. 17 May 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/681263/urdusorigin-its-not-a-camp-language">the original</a> on 17 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urdu%27s+origin%3A+it%27s+not+a+%27camp+language%27+-+Newspaper+-+DAWN.COM&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F681263%2Furdusorigin-its-not-a-camp-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xOGJAAAAMAAJ&q=aurangzeb+hindi+language">Language Problem in India</a>. Institute of Objective Studies. 1997. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185220413" title="Special:BookSources/9788185220413"><bdi>9788185220413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Problem+in+India&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Institute+of+Objective+Studies&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788185220413&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxOGJAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Daurangzeb%2Bhindi%2Blanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsir_Richard_Francis_Burton,_Luis_Vaz_de_Camoens1881" class="citation book cs1">sir Richard Francis Burton, Luis Vaz de Camoens (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGYCAAAAQAAJ&dq=moors+dialect+urdu&pg=PA573">Camoens: his life and his Lusiads, a commentary: Volume 2</a>. Oxford University. p. 573. <q>The "Moor" of Camoens, meaning simply "Moslem", was used by a past generation of Anglo-Indians, who called the Urdu or Hindustani dialect "the Moors"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camoens%3A+his+life+and+his+Lusiads%2C+a+commentary%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=573&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1881&rft.au=sir+Richard+Francis+Burton%2C+Luis+Vaz+de+Camoens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzGYCAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3Dmoors%2Bdialect%2Burdu%26pg%3DPA573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenk_W._WagenaarS._S._ParikhD._F._PlukkerR._Veldhuijzen_van_Zanten1993" class="citation book cs1">Henk W. Wagenaar; S. S. Parikh; D. F. Plukker; R. Veldhuijzen van Zanten (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kWROaer5UsC&dq=british+moors+urdu&pg=PA1118">Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary</a>. Allied Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186062104" title="Special:BookSources/9788186062104"><bdi>9788186062104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allied+Chambers+transliterated+Hindi-Hindi-English+dictionary&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788186062104&rft.au=Henk+W.+Wagenaar&rft.au=S.+S.+Parikh&rft.au=D.+F.+Plukker&rft.au=R.+Veldhuijzen+van+Zanten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_kWROaer5UsC%26dq%3Dbritish%2Bmoors%2Burdu%26pg%3DPA1118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Ovington1994" class="citation book cs1">John Ovington (1994). A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689. Asian Educational Services. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voyage+to+Surat+in+the+Year+1689&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1994&rft.au=John+Ovington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahiruddin_Malik1977" class="citation book cs1">Zahiruddin Malik (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131341/page/n397/mode/2up">The Reign Of Muhammad Shah 1919-1748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+Of+Muhammad+Shah+1919-1748&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Zahiruddin+Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.131341%2Fpage%2Fn397%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsche_Morgenländische_Gesellschaft1969" class="citation book cs1">Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1eANAAAAYAAJ&q=Navadirul+Alfaz">Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft:Volume 119</a>. Kommissionsverlag F. Steiner. p. 267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesellschaft%3AVolume+119&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Kommissionsverlag+F.+Steiner&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Deutsche+Morgenl%C3%A4ndische+Gesellschaft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1eANAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DNavadirul%2BAlfaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coatsworth20152-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Coatsworth20152_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoatsworth2015" class="citation book cs1">Coatsworth, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.overstock.com/Books-Movies-Music-Games/Global-Connections-Politics-Exchange-and-Social-Life-in-World-History-Hardcover/9911619/product.html#more">Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History</a>. United States: Cambridge Univ Pr. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521761062" title="Special:BookSources/9780521761062"><bdi>9780521761062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Connections%3A+Politics%2C+Exchange%2C+and+Social+Life+in+World+History&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ+Pr&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780521761062&rft.aulast=Coatsworth&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.overstock.com%2FBooks-Movies-Music-Games%2FGlobal-Connections-Politics-Exchange-and-Social-Life-in-World-History-Hardcover%2F9911619%2Fproduct.html%23more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTariq_Rahman2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Rahman" title="Tariq Rahman">Tariq Rahman</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/1.%20URDU%20AS%20THE%20LANGUAGE,%20Tariq%20Rahman%20FINAL.pdf">"Urdu as the Language of Education in British India"</a> (PDF). Pakistan Journal of History and Culture. 32 (2). NIHCR: 1–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Journal+of+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Urdu+as+the+Language+of+Education+in+British+India&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-42&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Tariq+Rahman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nihcr.edu.pk%2FLatest_English_Journal%2F1.%2520URDU%2520AS%2520THE%2520LANGUAGE%2C%2520Tariq%2520Rahman%2520FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelacyAhmed2005" class="citation book cs1">Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). Hindi, Urdu & Bengali. Lonely Planet. pp. 11–12. <q>Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other -- they'd both say yeh kitne kaa hay for 'How much is it?' -- but the written form for Hindi will be यह कितने का है? and the Urdu one will be یہ کتنے کا ہے؟ Hindi is written from left to right in the Devanagari script, and is the official language of India, along with English. Urdu, on the other hand, is written from right to left in the Nastaliq script (a modified form of the Arabic script) and is the national language of Pakistan. It's also one of the official languages of the Indian states of Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir. Considered as one, these tongues constitute the second most spoken language in the world, sometimes called Hindustani. In their daily lives, Hindi and Urdu speakers communicate in their 'different' languages without major problems. ... Both Hindi and Urdu developed from Classical Sanskrit, which appeared in the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan and northwest India) at about the start of the Common Era. The first old Hindi (or Apabhransha) poetry was written in the year 769 AD, and by the European Middle Ages it became known as 'Hindvi'. Muslim Turks invaded the Punjab in 1027 and took control of Delhi in 1193. They paved the way for the Islamic Mughal Empire, which ruled northern India from the 16th century until it was defeated by the British Raj in the mid-19th century. It was at this time that the language of this book began to take form, a mixture of Hindvi grammar with Arabic, Persian and Turkish vocabulary. The Muslim speakers of Hindvi began to write in the Arabic script, creating Urdu, while the Hindu population incorporated the new words but continued to write in Devanagari script.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi%2C+Urdu+%26+Bengali&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Delacy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Shahara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977" class="citation book cs1">Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 723. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29138-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29138-0"><bdi>0-521-29138-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=723&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-521-29138-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjay_Subrahmanyam2017" class="citation book cs1">Sanjay Subrahmanyam (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71h7DgAAQBAJ&dq=follow+theme+in+their+conversation,+even+though+i+have+a+deep+knowledge+%5Bje+possede+a+fond%5D+of+the+common+tongue+of+India,+called+Moors+by+the+English,+and+Ourdouzebain+by+the+natives+of+the+land.&pg=PA259">Europe's India: Words, People, Empires, 1500–1800</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674977556" title="Special:BookSources/9780674977556"><bdi>9780674977556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+India%3A+Words%2C+People%2C+Empires%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780674977556&rft.au=Sanjay+Subrahmanyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D71h7DgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfollow%2Btheme%2Bin%2Btheir%2Bconversation%2C%2Beven%2Bthough%2Bi%2Bhave%2Ba%2Bdeep%2Bknowledge%2B%255Bje%2Bpossede%2Ba%2Bfond%255D%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bcommon%2Btongue%2Bof%2BIndia%2C%2Bcalled%2BMoors%2Bby%2Bthe%2BEnglish%2C%2Band%2BOurdouzebain%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bnatives%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bland.%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_Everaert2010" class="citation book cs1">Christine Everaert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LqZ-6QRKc7wC&q=hindi+was+used+for+urdu&pg=PA242">Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004177314" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004177314"><bdi>978-9004177314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+the+Boundaries+Between+Hindi+and+Urdu&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004177314&rft.au=Christine+Everaert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLqZ-6QRKc7wC%26q%3Dhindi%2Bwas%2Bused%2Bfor%2Burdu%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarma1973" class="citation book cs1">Varma, Siddheshwar (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHBjAAAAMAAJ&q=the+Bazaar+of+the+town+was+named+as+Urdu+e+Mualla.">G. A. Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G.+A.+Grierson%27s+Linguistic+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=Siddheshwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHBjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2BBazaar%2Bof%2Bthe%2Btown%2Bwas%2Bnamed%2Bas%2BUrdu%2Be%2BMualla.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2006" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Abdul Jamil (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWpNBAAAQBAJ&q=the+Bazaar+of+the+town+was+named+as+Urdu+e+Mualla.&pg=PA179">Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Root</a>. Algora. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875864372" title="Special:BookSources/9780875864372"><bdi>9780875864372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu%2FHindi%3A+An+Artificial+Divide%3A+African+Heritage%2C+Mesopotamian+Root&rft.pub=Algora&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780875864372&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Jamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWpNBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2BBazaar%2Bof%2Bthe%2Btown%2Bwas%2Bnamed%2Bas%2BUrdu%2Be%2BMualla.%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2011" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Abdullah (4 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-mystic-poet/article2076364.ece">"The mystic poet"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 22 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+mystic+poet&rft.date=2011-06-04&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-mystic-poet%2Farticle2076364.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Prochaska,_Edmund_Burke_III2008" class="citation book cs1">David Prochaska, Edmund Burke III (July 2008). Genealogies of Orientalism: History, Theory, Politics. Nebraska Paperback.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogies+of+Orientalism%3A+History%2C+Theory%2C+Politics&rft.pub=Nebraska+Paperback&rft.date=2008-07&rft.au=David+Prochaska%2C+Edmund+Burke+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Rahman" title="Tariq Rahman">Rahman, Tariq</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/15/06rahmant.pdf">"The Teaching of Urdu in British India"</a> (PDF). The Annual of Urdu Studies. 15: 55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021011359/http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/15/06rahmant.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+of+Urdu+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Teaching+of+Urdu+in+British+India&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urdustudies.com%2Fpdf%2F15%2F06rahmant.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HutchinsonSmith2000-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HutchinsonSmith2000_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HutchinsonSmith2000_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HutchinsonSmith2000_92-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinsonSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, John; Smith, Anthony D. (2000). Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20112-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20112-4"><bdi>978-0-415-20112-4</bdi></a>. <q>In the nineteenth century in north India, before the extension of the British system of government schools, Urdu was not used in its written form as a medium of instruction in traditional Islamic schools, where Muslim children were taught Persian and Arabic, the traditional languages of Islam and Muslim culture. It was only when the Muslim elites of north India and the British decided that Muslims were backward in education in relation to Hindus and should be encouraged to attend government schools that it was felt necessary to offer Urdu in the Persian-Arabic script as an inducement to Muslims to attend the schools. And it was only after the Hindi-Urdu controversy developed that Urdu, once disdained by Muslim elites in north India and not even taught in the Muslim religious schools in the early nineteenth century, became a symbol of Muslim identity second to Islam itself. A second point revealed by the Hindi-Urdu controversy in north India is how symbols may be used to separate peoples who, in fact, share aspects of culture. It is well known that ordinary Muslims and Hindus alike spoke the same language in the United Provinces in the nineteenth century, namely Hindustani, whether called by that name or whether called Hindi, Urdu, or one of the regional dialects such as Braj or Awadhi. Although a variety of styles of Hindi-Urdu were in use in the nineteenth century among different social classes and status groups, the legal and administrative elites in courts and government offices, Hindus and Muslims alike, used Urdu in the Persian-Arabic script.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Political+Science&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20112-4&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Smith%2C+Anthony+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachchidananda_Sinha1911" class="citation book cs1">Sachchidananda Sinha (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iY__P2Y5dQC&dq=hindu+munshis+urdu&pg=PA342">The Hindustan Review: Volume 23</a>. University of Wisconsin- Madison. p. 243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindustan+Review%3A+Volume+23&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin-+Madison&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Sachchidananda+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0iY__P2Y5dQC%26dq%3Dhindu%2Bmunshis%2Burdu%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcgregor_9122-94"><a href="#cite_ref-mcgregor_9122_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2003" class="citation cs2">McGregor, Stuart (2003), "The Progress of Hindi, Part 1", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC&q=0520228219&pg=RA1-PA912">Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia</a>, University of California Press, p. 912, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22821-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22821-4"><bdi>978-0-520-22821-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Progress+of+Hindi%2C+Part+1&rft.btitle=Literary+cultures+in+history%3A+reconstructions+from+South+Asia&rft.pages=912&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22821-4&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxowUxYhv0QgC%26q%3D0520228219%26pg%3DRA1-PA912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> in Pollock (2003) </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilal2021" class="citation news cs1">Bilal, Maaz Bin (5 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/hindustani-we-spoke-how-urdu-and-hindi-evolved-from-a-common-language/article37337191.ece">"Till the late 19th century, people were hardly aware of Urdu and Hindi as being two distinct languages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Till+the+late+19th+century%2C+people+were+hardly+aware+of+Urdu+and+Hindi+as+being+two+distinct+languages&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Bilal&rft.aufirst=Maaz+Bin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsociety%2Fhindustani-we-spoke-how-urdu-and-hindi-evolved-from-a-common-language%2Farticle37337191.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali-1989-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Ali-1989_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli1989" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Syed Ameer (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvUUjCRAUT0C&pg=PA33">The Right Hon'ble Syed Ameer Ali: Political Writings</a>. APH Publishing. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-247-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-247-5"><bdi>978-81-7024-247-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+Hon%27ble+Syed+Ameer+Ali%3A+Political+Writings&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7024-247-5&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Syed+Ameer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwvUUjCRAUT0C%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clyne-2012-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clyne-2012_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clyne-2012_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClyne2012" class="citation book cs1">Clyne, Michael (24 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMgAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA385">Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088814-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088814-0"><bdi>978-3-11-088814-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.isbn=978-3-11-088814-0&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DieMgAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1999" class="citation book cs1">King, Christopher Rolland (1999). One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565112-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565112-6"><bdi>978-0-19-565112-6</bdi></a>. <q>British language policy both resulted from and contributed to the larger political processes which eventually led to the partition of British India into India and Pakistan, an outcome almost exactly paralleled by the linguistic partition of the Hindi-Urdu continuum into highly Sanskritized Hindi and highly Persianized Urdu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Language%2C+Two+Scripts%3A+The+Hindi+Movement+in+Nineteenth+Century+North+India&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565112-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Rolland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmad2017-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad2017_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2017" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Irfan (20 November 2017). Religion as Critique: Islamic Critical Thinking from Mecca to the Marketplace. UNC Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-3510-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-3510-1"><bdi>978-1-4696-3510-1</bdi></a>. <q>There have been and are many great Hindu poets who wrote in Urdu. And they learned Hinduism by readings its religious texts in Urdu. Gulzar Dehlvi—who nonliterary name is Anand Mohan Zutshi (b. 1926)—is one among many examples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+as+Critique%3A+Islamic+Critical+Thinking+from+Mecca+to+the+Marketplace&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-3510-1&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmad-2009-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad-2009_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2009" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Aijazuddin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&pg=PA119">Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach</a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-568-1"><bdi>978-81-8069-568-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+the+South+Asian+Subcontinent%3A+A+Critical+Approach&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-568-1&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Aijazuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2QmPHeIowoC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTariq" class="citation book cs1">Tariq, Rahman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/30566/06-Rahman.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Urdu in Hyderabad State</a> (PDF). The Annual of Urdu Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu+in+Hyderabad+State&rft.pub=The+Annual+of+Urdu+Studies&rft.aulast=Tariq&rft.aufirst=Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminds.wisconsin.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1793%2F30566%2F06-Rahman.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Rahman, Tariq (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/312861">"The Urdu-English Controversy in Pakistan"</a>. Modern Asian Studies. 31 (1): 177–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00016978">10.1017/S0026749X00016978</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/312861">312861</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144261554">144261554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Urdu-English+Controversy+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=177-207&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144261554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F312861%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00016978&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F312861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldenburg1985" class="citation journal cs1">Oldenburg, Philip (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2056443">""A Place Insufficiently Imagined": Language, Belief, and the Pakistan Crisis of 1971"</a>. The Journal of Asian Studies. 44 (4): 711–733. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2056443">10.2307/2056443</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2056443">2056443</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145152852">145152852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=%22A+Place+Insufficiently+Imagined%22%3A+Language%2C+Belief%2C+and+the+Pakistan+Crisis+of+1971&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=711-733&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145152852%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2056443%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2056443&rft.aulast=Oldenburg&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2056443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raj-2017-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raj-2017_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raj-2017_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj2017" class="citation web cs1">Raj, Ali (30 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028222041/https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153737">"The case for Urdu as Pakistan's official language"</a>. Herald Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153737">the original</a> on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Herald+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+case+for+Urdu+as+Pakistan%27s+official+language&rft.date=2017-04-30&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherald.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1153737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hakala-2012-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Hakala-2012_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakala2012" class="citation web cs1">Hakala, Walter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/asia_8.pdf">"Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistan's Cultures"</a> (PDF). Afghanistan: Multidisciplinary Perspectives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afghanistan%3A+Multidisciplinary+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Languages+as+a+Key+to+Understanding+Afghanistan%27s+Cultures&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hakala&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nationalgeographic.org%2Fassets%2Ffile%2Fasia_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hakala2012-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Hakala2012_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakala2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Hakala, Walter N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/asia_8.pdf">"Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistan's Cultures"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Retrieved 13 March 2018. <q>In the 1980s and '90s, at least three million Afghans--mostly Pashtun--fled to Pakistan, where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and being educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Languages+as+a+Key+to+Understanding+Afghanistan%27s+Cultures&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hakala&rft.aufirst=Walter+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nationalgeographic.org%2Fassets%2Ffile%2Fasia_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishnamurthy2013-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Krishnamurthy2013_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurthy2013" class="citation web cs1">Krishnamurthy, Rajeshwari (28 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatewayhouse.in/kabul-diary-discovering-the-indian-connection/">"Kabul Diary: Discovering the Indian connection"</a>. Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations. Retrieved 13 March 2018. <q>Most Afghans in Kabul understand and/or speak Hindi, thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kabul+Diary%3A+Discovering+the+Indian+connection&rft.pub=Gateway+House%3A+Indian+Council+on+Global+Relations&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.aulast=Krishnamurthy&rft.aufirst=Rajeshwari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatewayhouse.in%2Fkabul-diary-discovering-the-indian-connection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Achakzai-2019-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Achakzai-2019_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Achakzai-2019_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchakzai2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Achakzai, Malik (11 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2018/10/who-can-be-pakistani/">"Who Can Be Pakistani?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. Retrieved 1 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Who+Can+Be+Pakistani%3F&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft.aulast=Achakzai&rft.aufirst=Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2018%2F10%2Fwho-can-be-pakistani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanita2012-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Vanita2012_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanita2012" class="citation book cs1">Vanita, R. (2012). Gender, Sex, and the City: Urdu Rekhti Poetry in India, 1780-1870. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01656-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01656-0"><bdi>978-1-137-01656-0</bdi></a>. <q>Desexualizing campaigns dovetailed with the attempt to purge Urdu of Sanskrit and Prakrit words at the same time as Hindi literateurs tried to purge Hindi of Persian and Arabic words. The late-nineteenth century politics of Urdu and Hindi, later exacerbated by those of India and Pakistan, had the unfortunate result of certain poets being excised from the canon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Sex%2C+and+the+City%3A+Urdu+Rekhti+Poetry+in+India%2C+1780-1870&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-01656-0&rft.aulast=Vanita&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZecchini2014" class="citation book cs1">Zecchini, Laetitia (31 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gSGiAwAAQBAJ&q=urdu+increasing+persianized&pg=PA71">Arun Kolatkar and Literary Modernism in India: Moving Lines</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623565589" title="Special:BookSources/9781623565589"><bdi>9781623565589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arun+Kolatkar+and+Literary+Modernism+in+India%3A+Moving+Lines&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft.isbn=9781623565589&rft.aulast=Zecchini&rft.aufirst=Laetitia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgSGiAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Durdu%2Bincreasing%2Bpersianized%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Rahman" title="Tariq Rahman">Rahman, Tariq</a> (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022010344/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/pak_english.pdf">Pakistani English</a> (PDF), Quaid-i-Azam University=Islamabad, p. 9, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/pak_english.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 October 2014, retrieved 18 October 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistani+English&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Quaid-i-Azam+University%3DIslamabad&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tariqrahman.net%2Fcontent%2Fscholorly_articles%2Fpak_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Bruce, Gregory Maxwell. "2 The Arabic Element". Urdu Vocabulary: A Workbook for Intermediate and Advanced Students, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2022, pp. 55-156. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474467216-005">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474467216-005</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackle-1990-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Shackle-1990_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackle1990" class="citation book cs1">Shackle, C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0X1jAAAAMAAJ&q=%E2%80%9CHyper-persianized%E2%80%9D">Hindi and Urdu Since 1800: A Common Reader</a>. Heritage Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170261629" title="Special:BookSources/9788170261629"><bdi>9788170261629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi+and+Urdu+Since+1800%3A+A+Common+Reader&rft.pub=Heritage+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788170261629&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0X1jAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259CHyper-persianized%25E2%2580%259D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sahitya_Akademi-1991-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Sahitya_Akademi-1991_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2v_2Ce_xf1IC&q=urdu+persianization">A History of Indian Literature: Struggle for freedom: triumph and tragedy, 1911–1956</a>. Sahitya Akademi. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179017982" title="Special:BookSources/9788179017982"><bdi>9788179017982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%3A+Struggle+for+freedom%3A+triumph+and+tragedy%2C+1911%E2%80%931956&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9788179017982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2v_2Ce_xf1IC%26q%3Durdu%2Bpersianization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kachru2015-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Kachru2015_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachru2015" class="citation book cs1">Kachru, Braj (2015). Collected Works of Braj B. Kachru: Volume 3. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3713-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3713-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-3713-5</bdi></a>. <q>The style of Urdu, even in Pakistan, is changing from "high" Urdu to colloquial Urdu (more like Hindustani, which would have pleased M.K. Gandhi).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Braj+B.+Kachru%3A+Volume+3&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-3713-5&rft.aulast=Kachru&rft.aufirst=Braj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashmore1961-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Ashmore1961_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshmore1961" class="citation book cs1">Ashmore, Harry S. (1961). Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. p. 579. <q>The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%3A+a+new+survey+of+universal+knowledge%2C+Volume+11&rft.pages=579&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Ashmore&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oh_Calcutta-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oh_Calcutta_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oh_Calcutta_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwpDAAAAYAAJ&q=urdu+%22dying+language%22">Oh Calcutta, Volume 6</a>. 1977. p. 15. Retrieved 1 August 2021. <q>It is generally admitted that Urdu is a dying language. What is not generally admitted is that it is a dying National language. What used to be called Hindustani, the spoken language of the largest number of Indians, contains more elements of Urdu than Sanskrit academics tolerate, but it is still the language of the people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oh+Calcutta%2C+Volume+6&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwpDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Durdu%2B%2522dying%2Blanguage%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/urdu-is-alive-and-moving-ahead-with-times-gulzar/930302">"Urdu Is Alive and Moving Ahead With Times: Gulzar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook</a>. 13 February 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urdu+Is+Alive+and+Moving+Ahead+With+Times%3A+Gulzar&rft.pub=Outlook&rft.date=2006-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewswire%2Fstory%2Furdu-is-alive-and-moving-ahead-with-times-gulzar%2F930302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gulzar2006-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Gulzar2006_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulzar2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</a> (11 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/urdu-is-not-dying-gulzar/story-aEHNoUFysqZaXmvTxDNMKP.html">"Urdu is not dying: Gulzar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindustan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hindustan Times">The Hindustan Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urdu+is+not+dying%3A+Gulzar&rft.pub=The+Hindustan+Times&rft.date=2006-06-11&rft.au=Gulzar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Furdu-is-not-dying-gulzar%2Fstory-aEHNoUFysqZaXmvTxDNMKP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniyal2016-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Daniyal2016_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniyal2016" class="citation web cs1">Daniyal, Shoaib (1 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/809102/the-death-of-urdu-in-india-is-greatly-exaggerated-the-language-is-actually-thriving">"The death of Urdu in India is greatly exaggerated – the language is actually thriving"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scroll.in" title="Scroll.in">Scroll.in</a>. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+death+of+Urdu+in+India+is+greatly+exaggerated+%E2%80%93+the+language+is+actually+thriving&rft.pub=Scroll.in&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft.aulast=Daniyal&rft.aufirst=Shoaib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F809102%2Fthe-death-of-urdu-in-india-is-greatly-exaggerated-the-language-is-actually-thriving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mir-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mir_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mir_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirMir2006" class="citation book cs1">Mir, Ali Husain; Mir, Raza (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYbGBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT118">Anthems of Resistance: A Celebration of Progressive Urdu Poetry</a>. New Delhi: Roli Books Private Limited. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351940654" title="Special:BookSources/9789351940654"><bdi>9789351940654</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021. <q>Phrases like 'dying language' are often used to describe the condition of Urdu in India and indicators like 'the number of Urdu-medium schools' present a litany of bad news with respect to the present conditions and future of the language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthems+of+Resistance%3A+A+Celebration+of+Progressive+Urdu+Poetry&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Roli+Books+Private+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789351940654&rft.aulast=Mir&rft.aufirst=Ali+Husain&rft.au=Mir%2C+Raza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKYbGBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aligarh-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aligarh_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aligarh_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sH5D1FkXMDIC&q=urdu+dying+language">Journal of the Faculty of Arts, Volume 2</a>. Aligarh Muslim University. 1996. p. 42. Retrieved 1 August 2021. <q>Arvind Kala is not much off the mark when he says 'Urdu is a dying language (in India), but it is Hindi movie dialogues which have heightened appreciation of Urdu in India. Thanks to Hindi films, knowledge of Urdu is seen as a sign of sophistication among the cognoscent of the North.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Faculty+of+Arts%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Aligarh+Muslim+University&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsH5D1FkXMDIC%26q%3Durdu%2Bdying%2Blanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Best_of_Urdu_Poetry-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Best_of_Urdu_Poetry_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Best_of_Urdu_Poetry_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Best_of_Urdu_Poetry_123-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Best_of_Urdu_Poetry_123-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Best_of_Urdu_Poetry_123-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Best_of_Urdu_Poetry_123-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2011" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4V5CDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT9">Celebrating the Best of Urdu Poetry</a>. Penguin UK. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789386057334" title="Special:BookSources/9789386057334"><bdi>9789386057334</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrating+the+Best+of+Urdu+Poetry&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789386057334&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4V5CDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irfan-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irfan_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irfan_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irfan_124-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irfan_124-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irfan_124-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irfan_124-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irfan_124-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irfan_124-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irfan_124-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irfan_124-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanan_Irfan2021" class="citation web cs1">Hanan Irfan (15 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livewire.thewire.in/politics/the-burden-of-urdu-must-be-shared/">"The Burden of Urdu Must Be Shared"</a>. LiveWire. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LiveWire&rft.atitle=The+Burden+of+Urdu+Must+Be+Shared&rft.date=2021-07-15&rft.au=Hanan+Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivewire.thewire.in%2Fpolitics%2Fthe-burden-of-urdu-must-be-shared%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniyal-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniyal_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniyal_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniyal_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniyal_125-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoaib_Daniyal2018" class="citation web cs1">Shoaib Daniyal (4 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/884754/surging-hindi-shrinking-south-indian-languages-nine-charts-that-explain-the-2011-language-census">"Surging Hindi, shrinking South Indian languages: Nine charts that explain the 2011 language census"</a>. Scroll.in. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Surging+Hindi%2C+shrinking+South+Indian+languages%3A+Nine+charts+that+explain+the+2011+language+census&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft.au=Shoaib+Daniyal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F884754%2Fsurging-hindi-shrinking-south-indian-languages-nine-charts-that-explain-the-2011-language-census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willoughby_&_Aftab-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby_&_Aftab_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby_&_Aftab_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby_&_Aftab_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby_&_Aftab_126-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby_&_Aftab_126-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby_&_Aftab_126-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby_&_Aftab_126-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby_&_Aftab_126-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby_&_Aftab_126-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby_&_Aftab_126-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby_&_Aftab_126-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Willoughby_&_Zehra_Aftab2020" class="citation web cs1">John Willoughby & Zehra Aftab (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-2020-29.pdf">"The Fall of Urdu and the Triumph of English in Pakistan: A Political Economic Analysis"</a> (PDF). PIDE Working Papers. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PIDE+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+Urdu+and+the+Triumph+of+English+in+Pakistan%3A+A+Political+Economic+Analysis&rft.date=2020&rft.au=John+Willoughby+%26+Zehra+Aftab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pide.org.pk%2Fpdf%2FWorking%2520Paper%2FWorkingPaper-2020-29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brass-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brass_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brass_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brass_127-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrass2005" class="citation book cs1">Brass, Paul R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&pg=PA136">Language, Religion and Politics in North India</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595343942" title="Special:BookSources/9780595343942"><bdi>9780595343942</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021. <q>The third force leading to the divergence between Hindi and Urdu was the parallel and associated development of Hindu and Muslim revivalisms and communal antagonism, which had the consequence for the Hindi–Urdu conflict of reinforcing the tendency to identify Urdu as the language of Muslims and Hindi as the language of Hindus. Although objectively this is not entirely true even today, it is undeniable historical tendency has been in this direction. (...) Many Hindus also continue to write in Urdu, both in literature and in the mass media. However, Hindu writers in Urdu are a dying generation and Hindi and Urdu have increasingly become subjectively separate languages identified with different religious communities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Religion+and+Politics+in+North+India&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780595343942&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSylBHS8IJAUC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everaert-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Everaert_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveraert2010" class="citation book cs1">Everaert, Christine (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LqZ-6QRKc7wC&pg=PA78">Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories</a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 77–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004177314" title="Special:BookSources/9789004177314"><bdi>9789004177314</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+the+Boundaries+Between+Hindi+and+Urdu%3A+Lost+and+Added+in+Translation+Between+20th+Century+Short+Stories&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=77-79&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004177314&rft.aulast=Everaert&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLqZ-6QRKc7wC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/tables/POPULATION%20BY%20MOTHER%20TONGUE.pdf">"Government of Pakistan: Population by Mother Tongue"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics">Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010134307/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/tables/POPULATION%20BY%20MOTHER%20TONGUE.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Pakistan%3A+Population+by+Mother+Tongue&rft.pub=Pakistan+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ftables%2FPOPULATION%2520BY%2520MOTHER%2520TONGUE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/language-and-linguistics/hindustani">"Hindustani"</a>. Columbia University press. encyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729004822/http://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/language-and-linguistics/hindustani">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University+press&rft.atitle=Hindustani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fliterature-and-arts%2Flanguage-linguistics-and-literary-terms%2Flanguage-and-linguistics%2Fhindustani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> e.g. <a href="#CITEREFGumperz1982">Gumperz (1982</a>:20) </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt2005-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt2005_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt2005_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2005" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Ruth Laila (8 December 2005). Urdu: An Essential Grammar. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-71319-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-71319-6"><bdi>978-1-134-71319-6</bdi></a>. <q>Historically, Urdu developed from the sub-regional language of the Delhi area, which became a literary language in the eighteenth century. Two quite similar standard forms of the language developed in Delhi, and in Lucknow in modern Uttar Pradesh. Since 1947, a third form, Karachi standard Urdu, has evolved.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu%3A+An+Essential+Grammar&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-12-08&rft.isbn=978-1-134-71319-6&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Laila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131054726/https://www.iandl.marines.mil/Divisions/Logistics-Plans-Policies-Strategic-Mobility-LP/Logistics-Life-Cycle-Management-Branch-LPC/LPC-4-Contracts/MARFORCENT/Pakistan/">"PAKISTAN"</a>. Official U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iandl.marines.mil/Divisions/Logistics-Plans-Policies-Strategic-Mobility-LP/Logistics-Life-Cycle-Management-Branch-LPC/LPC-4-Contracts/MARFORCENT/Pakistan/">the original</a> on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+U.S.+Marine+Corps&rft.atitle=PAKISTAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iandl.marines.mil%2FDivisions%2FLogistics-Plans-Policies-Strategic-Mobility-LP%2FLogistics-Life-Cycle-Management-Branch-LPC%2FLPC-4-Contracts%2FMARFORCENT%2FPakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JkQfwA30aY4C&pg=PA264">The World Factbook</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. 1992. p. 264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkQfwA30aY4C%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiekerAli2008" class="citation book cs1">Rieker, M.; Ali, K. (26 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgbIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217">Gendering Urban Space in the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61247-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61247-1"><bdi>978-0-230-61247-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gendering+Urban+Space+in+the+Middle+East%2C+South+Asia%2C+and+Africa&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008-05-26&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61247-1&rft.aulast=Rieker&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Ali%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgbIAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2015" class="citation news cs1">Khan, M. Ilyas (12 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34215293">"Pakistan's confusing move to Urdu"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+confusing+move+to+Urdu&rft.date=2015-09-12&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=M.+Ilyas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-34215293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2012" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur (30 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chCMDwAAQBAJ&dq=punjabis+adopting+urdu&pg=PA121">Of Sacred and Secular Desire: An Anthology of Lyrical Writings from the Punjab</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-139-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-139-6"><bdi>978-0-85772-139-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Sacred+and+Secular+Desire%3A+An+Anthology+of+Lyrical+Writings+from+the+Punjab&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-139-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nikky-Guninder+Kaur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DchCMDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpunjabis%2Badopting%2Burdu%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/ishtiaq-ahmed-pakistan-punjab-south-asian-languages-punjabi-language-world-news-16791/">"Why Punjabis in Pakistan Have Abandoned Punjabi"</a>. Fair Observer. 14 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fair+Observer&rft.atitle=Why+Punjabis+in+Pakistan+Have+Abandoned+Punjabi&rft.date=2020-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fregion%2Fcentral_south_asia%2Fishtiaq-ahmed-pakistan-punjab-south-asian-languages-punjabi-language-world-news-16791%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wenr.wes.org/2020/02/education-in-pakistan">"EDUCATION SYSTEM PROFILES Education in Pakistan"</a>. World Education Services. 25 February 2020. <q>English has been the main language of instruction at the elementary and secondary levels since colonial times. It remains the predominant language of instruction in private schools but has been increasingly replaced with Urdu in public schools. Punjab province, for example, recently announced that it will begin to use Urdu as the exclusive medium of instruction in schools beginning in 2020. Depending on the location and predominantly in rural areas, regional languages are used as well, particularly in elementary education. The language of instruction in higher education is mostly English, but some programs and institutions teach in Urdu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Education+Services&rft.atitle=EDUCATION+SYSTEM+PROFILES+Education+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwenr.wes.org%2F2020%2F02%2Feducation-in-pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobina_KausarMuhammad_SarwarMuhammad_Shabbir" class="citation journal cs1">Robina Kausar; Muhammad Sarwar; Muhammad Shabbir (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijires.org/administrator/components/com_jresearch/files/publications/IJIRES-154_final.pdf">"The History of the Urdu Language Together with Its Origin and Geographic Distribution"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences. 2 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Innovation+and+Research+in+Educational+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Urdu+Language+Together+with+Its+Origin+and+Geographic+Distribution&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijires.org%2Fadministrator%2Fcomponents%2Fcom_jresearch%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FIJIRES-154_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2009" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Aijazuddin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&q=urdu+adopting+regional+language&pg=PA119">Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach</a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-568-1"><bdi>978-81-8069-568-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+the+South+Asian+Subcontinent%3A+A+Critical+Approach&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-568-1&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Aijazuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2QmPHeIowoC%26q%3Durdu%2Badopting%2Bregional%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockBashir2016" class="citation book cs1">Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, Elena (24 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFBDAAAQBAJ&q=urdu+pashto+speakers+assimilate&pg=PA291">The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide</a>. 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Albany, New York: State U of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780585088594" title="Special:BookSources/9780585088594"><bdi>9780585088594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+U+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780585088594&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamintroductio0000schi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad, Rizwan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qspace.qu.edu.qa/bitstream/10576/10736/3/LIS%20paper%20proof.pdf">"Urdu in Devanagari: Shifting orthographic practices and Muslim identity in Delhi"</a> (PDF). Language in Society. 40 (3): 259–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0047404511000182">10.1017/s0047404511000182</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10576%2F10736">10576/10736</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55975387">55975387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+Society&rft.atitle=Urdu+in+Devanagari%3A+Shifting+orthographic+practices+and+Muslim+identity+in+Delhi&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-284&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10576%2F10736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55975387%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0047404511000182&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqspace.qu.edu.qa%2Fbitstream%2F10576%2F10736%2F3%2FLIS%2520paper%2520proof.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelkacem" class="citation web cs1">Belkacem, Belmekki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=nysl_nc_stlpcp&sid=googleScholar&da=true&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA688886759%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26linkaccess%3Dabs%26issn%3D01234471%26p%3DIFME%26sw%3Dw%26userGroupName%3Dnysl_nc_stlpcp&prodId=IFME">"From a Lingua Franca to a Communal Language: The Islamicization of Urdu in British India"</a>. galeapps.gale.com. Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=galeapps.gale.com&rft.atitle=From+a+Lingua+Franca+to+a+Communal+Language%3A+The+Islamicization+of+Urdu+in+British+India&rft.aulast=Belkacem&rft.aufirst=Belmekki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgaleapps.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fauth%3FuserGroupName%3Dnysl_nc_stlpcp%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26da%3Dtrue%26origURL%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fgo.gale.com%252Fps%252Fi.do%253Fid%253DGALE%25257CA688886759%2526sid%253DgoogleScholar%2526v%253D2.1%2526it%253Dr%2526linkaccess%253Dabs%2526issn%253D01234471%2526p%253DIFME%2526sw%253Dw%2526userGroupName%253Dnysl_nc_stlpcp%26prodId%3DIFME&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zia2-158"><a href="#cite_ref-zia2_158-0">^</a> Zia, Khaver (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cicc.or.jp/english/hyoujyunka/mlit4/7-10Pakistan/Pakistan2.html">"A Survey of Standardisation in Urdu". 4th Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing, (MLIT-4)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>, Myanmar. CICC, Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106034453/http://www.cicc.or.jp/english/hyoujyunka/mlit4/7-10Pakistan/Pakistan2.html">Archived</a> 6 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2002/09/11/fea.htm">"Urdu in Bangladesh"</a>. Dawn. 11 September 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Urdu+in+Bangladesh&rft.date=2002-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2F2002%2F09%2F11%2Ffea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217220529/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf">"Government of Pakistan: Population by Mother Tongue"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics">Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Pakistan%3A+Population+by+Mother+Tongue&rft.pub=Pakistan+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statpak.gov.pk%2Fdepts%2Fpco%2Fstatistics%2Fother_tables%2Fpop_by_mother_tongue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Lower_court" title="Lower court">lower courts</a> in Pakistan, despite the proceedings taking place in Urdu, the documents are in English, whereas in the higher courts, i.e. the High Courts and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a>, both documents and proceedings are in English. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Rahman" title="Tariq Rahman">Rahman, Tariq</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021124602/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/lanpolicy.pdf">Language Policy, Identity and Religion</a> (PDF). Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 59. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/lanpolicy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy%2C+Identity+and+Religion&rft.place=Islamabad&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Quaid-i-Azam+University&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tariqrahman.net%2Fcontent%2Flanpolicy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2015" class="citation web cs1">Hussain, Faqir (14 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1194296">"Language change"</a>. DAWN.COM. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Language+change&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Faqir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1194296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CLM5020142-164"><a href="#cite_ref-CLM5020142_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasey2014" class="citation web cs1">Wasey, Akhtarul (16 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">"50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013)"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50th+Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India+%28July+2012+to+June+2013%29&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.aulast=Wasey&rft.aufirst=Akhtarul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM50thReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indiatoday:12-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Indiatoday:12_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Roy, Anirban (28 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28">"Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi make it to list of official languages in"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143710/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Kamtapuri%2C+Rajbanshi+make+it+to+list+of+official+languages+in&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Anirban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fpti-feed%2Fstory%2Fkamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaliwal2020" class="citation web cs1">Paliwal, Devika (24 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawtimesjournal.in/parliament-nod-to-bill-for-declaration-of-5-official-languages-for-jk/">"Parliament Nod to Bill for Declaration of 5 Official Languages for J&K"</a>. Law Times Journal. Retrieved 24 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliament+Nod+to+Bill+for+Declaration+of+5+Official+Languages+for+J%26K&rft.pub=Law+Times+Journal&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft.aulast=Paliwal&rft.aufirst=Devika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawtimesjournal.in%2Fparliament-nod-to-bill-for-declaration-of-5-official-languages-for-jk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clyne-2012a-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clyne-2012a_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clyne-2012a_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClyne2012" class="citation book cs1">Clyne, Michael (24 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMgAAAAQBAJ&q=Linguistic+Descriptions+of+Hindi-Urdu+pluricentric+languages">Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088814-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088814-0"><bdi>978-3-11-088814-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.isbn=978-3-11-088814-0&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DieMgAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DLinguistic%2BDescriptions%2Bof%2BHindi-Urdu%2Bpluricentric%2Blanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everaert-2010-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Everaert-2010_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everaert-2010_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveraert2010" class="citation book cs1">Everaert, Christine (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LqZ-6QRKc7wC&q=hindi+urdu+diverge&pg=PA225">Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories</a>. BRILL. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17731-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17731-4"><bdi>978-90-04-17731-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+the+Boundaries+Between+Hindi+and+Urdu%3A+Lost+and+Added+in+Translation+Between+20th+Century+Short+Stories&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17731-4&rft.aulast=Everaert&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLqZ-6QRKc7wC%26q%3Dhindi%2Burdu%2Bdiverge%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507200338/http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J%26K.pdf">"The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjkgad.nic.in%2Fstatutory%2FRules-Costitution-of-J%26K.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahapatra1989-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahapatra1989_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahapatra1989_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahapatra1989" class="citation book cs1">Mahapatra, B. P. (1989). Constitutional languages. <a href="/wiki/Presses_Universit%C3%A9_Laval" class="mw-redirect" title="Presses Université Laval">Presses Université Laval</a>. p. 553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-7186-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-7186-1"><bdi>978-2-7637-7186-1</bdi></a>. <q>Modern Urdu is a fairly homogenous language. An older southern form, Deccani Urdu, is now obsolete. Two varieties however, must be mentioned viz. the Urdu of Delhi, and the Urdu of Lucknow. Both are almost identical, differing only in some minor points. Both of these varieties are considered 'Standard Urdu' with some minor divergences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+languages&rft.pages=553&rft.pub=Presses+Universit%C3%A9+Laval&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1&rft.aulast=Mahapatra&rft.aufirst=B.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2006" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Rachel (27 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC&q=urdu+language+of+deccan+courts&pg=PA103">Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-38070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-38070-1"><bdi>978-1-134-38070-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filming+the+Gods%3A+Religion+and+Indian+Cinema&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft.isbn=978-1-134-38070-1&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZsKR1RKoJKUC%26q%3Durdu%2Blanguage%2Bof%2Bdeccan%2Bcourts%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nation.com.pk/editorials/16-Aug-2015/learning-in-urdish">"Learning In 'Urdish'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117144040/http://nation.com.pk/editorials/16-Aug-2015/learning-in-urdish">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Learning+In+%27Urdish%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2Feditorials%2F16-Aug-2015%2Flearning-in-urdish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYousafzai" class="citation news cs1">Yousafzai, Fawad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Aug-2015/govt-to-launch-ilm-pakistan-on-august-14-ahsan">"Govt to launch 'Ilm Pakistan' on August 14: Ahsan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117140424/http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Aug-2015/govt-to-launch-ilm-pakistan-on-august-14-ahsan">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Govt+to+launch+%27Ilm+Pakistan%27+on+August+14%3A+Ahsan&rft.aulast=Yousafzai&rft.aufirst=Fawad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2Fnational%2F14-Aug-2015%2Fgovt-to-launch-ilm-pakistan-on-august-14-ahsan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa" class="citation news cs1">Mustafa, Zubeida. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1201758">"Over to 'Urdish'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017025911/http://www.dawn.com/news/1201758">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Over+to+%27Urdish%27&rft.aulast=Mustafa&rft.aufirst=Zubeida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1201758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/809102/the-death-of-urdu-in-india-is-greatly-exaggerated-the-language-is-actually-thriving">"Hindi and Urdu are classified as literary registers of the same language"</a>. June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602104222/http://scroll.in/article/809102/the-death-of-urdu-in-india-is-greatly-exaggerated-the-language-is-actually-thriving">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindi+and+Urdu+are+classified+as+literary+registers+of+the+same+language&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F809102%2Fthe-death-of-urdu-in-india-is-greatly-exaggerated-the-language-is-actually-thriving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeterDass2019-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PeterDass2019_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PeterDass2019_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter-Dass2019" class="citation book cs1">Peter-Dass, Rakesh (2019). Hindi Christian Literature in Contemporary India. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-070224-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-070224-8"><bdi>978-1-00-070224-8</bdi></a>. <q>Two forms of the same language, Nagarai Hindi and Persianized Hindi (Urdu) had identical grammar, shared common words and roots, and employed different scripts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi+Christian+Literature+in+Contemporary+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-00-070224-8&rft.aulast=Peter-Dass&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuiper2010-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuiper2010_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuiper2010" class="citation book cs1">Kuiper, Kathleen (2010). The Culture of India. <a href="/wiki/Rosen_Publishing" title="Rosen Publishing">Rosen Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-149-2"><bdi>978-1-61530-149-2</bdi></a>. <q>Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. They share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+India&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-149-2&rft.aulast=Kuiper&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Language_in_India-Bringing_Order_to_Linguistic_Diversity:_Language_Planning_in_the_British_Raj-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Language_in_India-Bringing_Order_to_Linguistic_Diversity:_Language_Planning_in_the_British_Raj_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526010825/http://www.languageinindia.com/oct2001/punjab1.html">"Bringing Order to Linguistic Diversity: Language Planning in the British Raj"</a>. Language in India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/oct2001/punjab1.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bringing+Order+to+Linguistic+Diversity%3A+Language+Planning+in+the+British+Raj&rft.pub=Language+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languageinindia.com%2Foct2001%2Fpunjab1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sikmirza-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Sikmirza_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202103338/http://www.geocities.com/sikmirza/arabic/hindustani.html">"A Brief Hindi – Urdu FAQ"</a>. sikmirza. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/sikmirza/arabic/hindustani.html">the original</a> on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Hindi+%E2%80%93+Urdu+FAQ&rft.pub=sikmirza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fsikmirza%2Farabic%2Fhindustani.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UC_Davis-Linguists-180"><a href="#cite_ref-UC_Davis-Linguists_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103095430/http://mesa.ucdavis.edu/academics/languages-1/hindu-urdu">"Hindi/Urdu Language Instruction"</a>. University of California, Davis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mesa.ucdavis.edu/academics/languages-1/hindu-urdu">the original</a> on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindi%2FUrdu+Language+Instruction&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmesa.ucdavis.edu%2Facademics%2Flanguages-1%2Fhindu-urdu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/hin">Hindi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (25th ed., 2022) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_Asian_Voice-182"><a href="#cite_ref-South_Asian_Voice_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111145027/http://india_resource.tripod.com/Urdu.html">"Urdu and its Contribution to Secular Values"</a>. South Asian Voice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india_resource.tripod.com/Urdu.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urdu+and+its+Contribution+to+Secular+Values&rft.pub=South+Asian+Voice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findia_resource.tripod.com%2FUrdu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> The Annual of Urdu studies, number 11, 1996, "Some notes on Hindi and Urdu", pp. 203–208. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespear1834" class="citation cs2">Shakespear, John (1834), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhindus00shak">A dictionary, Hindustani and English</a>, Black, Kingsbury, Parbury and Allen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728165559/https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhindus00shak">archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary%2C+Hindustani+and+English&rft.pub=Black%2C+Kingsbury%2C+Parbury+and+Allen&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Shakespear&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryhindus00shak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallon1879" class="citation cs2">Fallon, S. W. (1879), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/fallon/">A new Hindustani-English dictionary, with illustrations from Hindustani literature and folk-lore</a>, Banāras: Printed at the Medical Hall Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011004710/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/fallon/">archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+Hindustani-English+dictionary%2C+with+illustrations+from+Hindustani+literature+and+folk-lore&rft.place=Ban%C4%81ras&rft.pub=Printed+at+the+Medical+Hall+Press&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Fallon&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fdictionaries%2Ffallon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShapiroSchiffman2019-186"><a href="#cite_ref-ShapiroSchiffman2019_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiroSchiffman2019" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Michael C.; Schiffman, Harold F. (2019). Language and Society in South Asia. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-085763-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-085763-4"><bdi>978-3-11-085763-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Society+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-11-085763-4&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft.au=Schiffman%2C+Harold+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clyne-2012b-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Clyne-2012b_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClyne2012" class="citation book cs1">Clyne, Michael (24 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMgAAAAQBAJ&q=Linguistic+Descriptions+of+Hindi-Urdu+pluricentric+languages">Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088814-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088814-0"><bdi>978-3-11-088814-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.isbn=978-3-11-088814-0&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DieMgAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DLinguistic%2BDescriptions%2Bof%2BHindi-Urdu%2Bpluricentric%2Blanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sikmirza2-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Sikmirza2_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202103338/http://www.geocities.com/sikmirza/arabic/hindustani.html">"A Brief Hindi – Urdu FAQ"</a>. sikmirza. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/sikmirza/arabic/hindustani.html">the original</a> on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Hindi+%E2%80%93+Urdu+FAQ&rft.pub=sikmirza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fsikmirza%2Farabic%2Fhindustani.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoernle1880-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoernle1880_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoernle1880" class="citation book cs1">Hoernle, August Friedrich Rudolf (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agrammareastern00hoergoog">A Grammar of the Eastern Hindi Compared with the Other Gaudian Languages: Accompanied by a Language-map and Table of Alphabets</a>. Trübner. pp. vii. <q>Hence Urdu and High-Hindi are really the same language; they have an identical grammar and differ merely in the vocabulary, the former using as many foreign words, the latter as few as possible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Eastern+Hindi+Compared+with+the+Other+Gaudian+Languages%3A+Accompanied+by+a+Language-map+and+Table+of+Alphabets&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Hoernle&rft.aufirst=August+Friedrich+Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagrammareastern00hoergoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html">"India – The World Factbook"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2008. 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Urdu Gah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urdu+Gah&rft.atitle=Farhang-e-Asifiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxn--mgbqf7g.com%2F%25d9%2581%25d8%25b1%25db%2581%25d9%2586%25da%25af%2F%25d9%2584%25d8%25ba%25d8%25aa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmad20022-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad20022_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad20022_214-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad20022_214-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2002" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Aijaz (2002). Lineages of the Present: Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia. Verso. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859843581" title="Special:BookSources/9781859843581"><bdi>9781859843581</bdi></a>. <q>On this there are far more reliable statistics than those on population. Farhang-e-Asafiya is by general agreement the most reliable Urdu dictionary. It was compiled in the late nineteenth century by an Indian scholar little exposed to British or Orientalist scholarship. The lexicographer in question, Syed Ahmed Dehlavi, had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident even from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55,000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are derived from these sources. What distinguishes Urdu from a great many other Indian languauges ... is that it draws almost a quarter of its vocabulary from language communities to the west of India, such as Farsi, Turkish, and Tajik. Most of the little it takes from Arabic has not come directly but through Farsi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lineages+of+the+Present%3A+Ideology+and+Politics+in+Contemporary+South+Asia&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781859843581&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Aijaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalmia20172-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalmia20172_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalmia20172_215-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalmia2017" class="citation book cs1">Dalmia, Vasudha (31 July 2017). Hindu Pasts: Women, Religion, Histories. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438468075" title="Special:BookSources/9781438468075"><bdi>9781438468075</bdi></a>. <q>On the issue of vocabulary, Ahmad goes on to cite Syed Ahmad Dehlavi as he set about to compile the Farhang-e-Asafiya, an Urdu dictionary, in the late nineteenth century. Syed Ahmad 'had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 percent of the total stock of 55.000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are from these sources' (2000: 112–13). As Ahmad points out, Syed Ahmad, as a member of Delhi's aristocratic elite, had a clear bias towards Persian and Arabic. His estimate of the percentage of Prakitic words in Urdu should therefore be considered more conservative than not. The actual proportion of Prakitic words in everyday language would clearly be much higher.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Pasts%3A+Women%2C+Religion%2C+Histories&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft.isbn=9781438468075&rft.aulast=Dalmia&rft.aufirst=Vasudha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taj19972-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taj19972_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taj19972_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taj19972_216-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaj1997" class="citation web cs1">Taj, Afroz (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm">"About Hindi-Urdu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Hindi-Urdu&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Taj&rft.aufirst=Afroz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2F~taj%2Fabturdu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/681263/urdus-origin-its-not-a-camp-language">"Urdu's origin: it's not a "camp language""</a>. dawn.com. 17 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135247/http://www.dawn.com/news/681263/urdus-origin-its-not-a-camp-language">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015. <q>Urdu nouns and adjective can have a variety of origins, such as Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Pushtu and even Portuguese, but ninety-nine per cent of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit/Prakrit. So it is an Indo-Aryan language which is a branch of Indo-Iranian family, which in turn is a branch of Indo-European family of languages. According to Dr Gian Chand Jain, Indo-Aryan languages had three phases of evolution beginning around 1,500 BC and passing through the stages of Vedic Sanskrit, classical Sanskrit and Pali. They developed into Prakrit and Apbhransh, which served as the basis for the formation of later local dialects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dawn.com&rft.atitle=Urdu%27s+origin%3A+it%27s+not+a+%22camp+language%22&rft.date=2011-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F681263%2Furdus-origin-its-not-a-camp-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PTI19952-218"><a href="#cite_ref-PTI19952_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">India Perspectives, Volume 8. PTI for the Ministry of External Affairs. 1995. p. 23. <q>All verbs in Urdu are of Sanskrit origin. According to lexicographers, only about 25 percent words in Urdu diction have Persian or Arabic origin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Perspectives%2C+Volume+8&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=PTI+for+the+Ministry+of+External+Affairs&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Versteegh19972-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Versteegh19972_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteeghVersteegh1997" class="citation book cs1">Versteegh, Kees; Versteegh, C. H. M. (1997). The Arabic Language. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231111522" title="Special:BookSources/9780231111522"><bdi>9780231111522</bdi></a>. <q>... of the Qufdn; many Arabic loanwords in the indigenous languages, as in Urdu and Indonesian, were introduced mainly through the medium of Persian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Language&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780231111522&rft.aulast=Versteegh&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft.au=Versteegh%2C+C.+H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan19892-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Khan19892_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1989" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Iqtidar Husain (1989). Studies in Contrastive Analysis. <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">The Department of Linguistics of Aligarh Muslim University</a>. p. 5. <q>It is estimated that almost 25% of the Urdu vocabulary consists of words which are of Persian and Arabic origin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Contrastive+Analysis&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=The+Department+of+Linguistics+of+Aligarh+Muslim+University&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Iqtidar+Husain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Universities_Field_Staff1966" class="citation book cs1">American Universities Field Staff (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=upHRAAAAMAAJ&q=urdu+persianized+30%25">Reports Service: South Asia series</a>. American Universities Field Staff. p. 43. <q>The Urdu vocabulary is about 30% Persian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+Service%3A+South+Asia+series&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=American+Universities+Field+Staff&rft.date=1966&rft.au=American+Universities+Field+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DupHRAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Durdu%2Bpersianized%2B30%2525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naim1999-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Naim1999_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaim1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/C._M._Naim" title="C. M. Naim">Naim, C. M.</a> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OwHhAAAAMAAJ">Ambiguities of Heritage: Fictions and Polemics</a>, City Press, p. 87, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-8380-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-8380-19-9"><bdi>978-969-8380-19-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambiguities+of+Heritage%3A+Fictions+and+Polemics&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=City+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-969-8380-19-9&rft.aulast=Naim&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOwHhAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2005" class="citation book cs1">Das, Sisir Kumar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA36">History of Indian Literature: 1911–1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy</a>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172017989" title="Special:BookSources/9788172017989"><bdi>9788172017989</bdi></a>. <q>Professor Gopi Chand Narang points out that the trends towards Persianization in Urdu is not a new phenomenon. It started with the Delhi school of poets in the eighteenth century in the name of standardization (meyar-bandi). It further tilted towards Arabo-Persian influences, writes Narang, with the rise of Iqbal. 'The diction of Faiz Ahmad Faiz who came into prominence after the death of Iqbal is also marked by Persianization; so it is the diction of N.M. Rashid, who popularised free verse in Urdu poetry. Rashid's language is clearly marked by fresh Iranian influences as compared to another trend-setter, Meeraji. Meeraji is on the other extreme because he used Hindized Urdu.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature%3A+1911%E2%80%931956%2C+struggle+for+freedom+%3A+triumph+and+tragedy&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788172017989&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sisir+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsqBjpV9OzcsC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackle1990" class="citation book cs1">Shackle, C. (1 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0X1jAAAAMAAJ&q=%E2%80%9CHyper-persianized%E2%80%9D">Hindi and Urdu Since 1800: A Common Reader</a>. Heritage Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170261629" title="Special:BookSources/9788170261629"><bdi>9788170261629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi+and+Urdu+Since+1800%3A+A+Common+Reader&rft.pub=Heritage+Publishers&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.isbn=9788170261629&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0X1jAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259CHyper-persianized%25E2%2580%259D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaye-1997-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaye-1997_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye1997" class="citation book cs1">Kaye, Alan S. (30 June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6jmziooEk0C&q=urdu+70%25+persian&pg=PA639">Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus)</a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060194" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060194"><bdi>9781575060194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonologies+of+Asia+and+Africa%3A+%28including+the+Caucasus%29&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1997-06-30&rft.isbn=9781575060194&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6jmziooEk0C%26q%3Durdu%2B70%2525%2Bpersian%26pg%3DPA639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patel20132-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Patel20132_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel2013" class="citation news cs1">Patel, Aakar (6 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/india/kids-have-it-right-boundaries-of-urdu-and-hindi-are-blurred-579088.html">"Kids have it right: boundaries of Urdu and Hindi are blurred"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Firstpost" title="Firstpost">Firstpost</a>. Retrieved 9 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Kids+have+it+right%3A+boundaries+of+Urdu+and+Hindi+are+blurred&rft.date=2013-01-06&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Aakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Findia%2Fkids-have-it-right-boundaries-of-urdu-and-hindi-are-blurred-579088.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gangan20112-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Gangan20112_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGangan2011" class="citation news cs1">Gangan, Surendra (30 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-in-pakistan-hindi-flows-smoothly-into-urdu-1619245">"In Pakistan, Hindi flows smoothly into Urdu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/DNA_India" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA India">DNA India</a>. Retrieved 9 November 2019. <q>That Bollywood and Hindi television daily soaps are a hit in Pakistan is no news. So, it's hardly surprising that the Urdu-speaking population picks up and uses Hindi, even the tapori lingo, in its everyday interaction. "The trend became popular a few years ago after Hindi films were officially allowed to be released in Pakistan," said Rafia Taj, head of the mass communication department, University of Karachi. "I don't think it's a threat to our language, as it is bound to happen in the globalisation era. It is anytime better than the attack of western slangs on our language," she added.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA+India&rft.atitle=In+Pakistan%2C+Hindi+flows+smoothly+into+Urdu&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft.aulast=Gangan&rft.aufirst=Surendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport-in-pakistan-hindi-flows-smoothly-into-urdu-1619245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClyne2012" class="citation book cs1">Clyne, Michael (24 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMgAAAAQBAJ&q=hindi+urdu+natioanal+varieties&pg=PA385">Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088814-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088814-0"><bdi>978-3-11-088814-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.isbn=978-3-11-088814-0&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DieMgAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhindi%2Burdu%2Bnatioanal%2Bvarieties%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jain-2007-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Jain-2007_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainCardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&q=difference+between+urdu+and+hindi&pg=PA294">The Indo-Aryan Languages</a>. Routledge. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Danesh&rft.au=Cardona%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtCPAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddifference%2Bbetween%2Burdu%2Band%2Bhindi%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Paul Teyssier: História da Língua Portuguesa, S. 94. Lisbon 1987 </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin20082-231"><a href="#cite_ref-Austin20082_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Austin2008" class="citation book cs1">Peter Austin (1 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC&pg=PA120">One thousand languages: living, endangered, and lost</a>. University of California Press. pp. 120–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25560-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25560-9"><bdi>978-0-520-25560-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509064417/http://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+thousand+languages%3A+living%2C+endangered%2C+and+lost&rft.pages=120-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25560-9&rft.au=Peter+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3tAqIU0dPsC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInpaperMagazine2011" class="citation web cs1">InpaperMagazine (13 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/672945/">"Language: Urdu and the borrowed words"</a>. dawn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702191109/http://www.dawn.com/news/672945/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dawn.com&rft.atitle=Language%3A+Urdu+and+the+borrowed+words&rft.date=2011-11-13&rft.au=InpaperMagazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F672945%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani, Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic, Routledge, 2005. pg 97: "It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranian, Turkic and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries" </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaría_Isabel_Maldonado_GarcíaMustafa_Yapici2014" class="citation journal cs1">María Isabel Maldonado García; Mustafa Yapici (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927195813/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/Artical-10_v15_no1.pdf">"Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language: A Case of Historical Onomasiology"</a> (PDF). Journal of Pakistan Vision. 15 (1): 193–122. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/Artical-10_v15_no1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pakistan+Vision&rft.atitle=Common+Vocabulary+in+Urdu+and+Turkish+Language%3A+A+Case+of+Historical+Onomasiology&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=193-122&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Isabel+Maldonado+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.au=Mustafa+Yapici&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpu.edu.pk%2Fimages%2Fjournal%2Fstudies%2FPDF-FILES%2FArtical-10_v15_no1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Colin P. Masica, The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge Language Surveys (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). 466, </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmad2009-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad2009_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAijazuddin_Ahmad2009" class="citation book cs1">Aijazuddin Ahmad (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&pg=PA120">Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach</a>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 120–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-568-1"><bdi>978-81-8069-568-1</bdi></a>. <q>The very word Urdu came into being as the original Lashkari dialect, in other words, the language of the army.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+the+South+Asian+Subcontinent%3A+A+Critical+Approach&rft.pages=120-&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-568-1&rft.au=Aijazuddin+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2QmPHeIowoC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill2-238"><a href="#cite_ref-University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill2_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/">"About Urdu"</a>. Afroz Taj (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Urdu&rft.pub=Afroz+Taj+%28University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalvoices.org/2012/03/26/india-the-last-handwritten-newspaper-in-the-world/">India: The Last Handwritten Newspaper in the World · Global Voices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001230028/https://globalvoices.org/2012/03/26/india-the-last-handwritten-newspaper-in-the-world/">Archived</a> 1 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Globalvoices.org (26 March 2012). Retrieved on 12 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pandey2007-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Pandey2007_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2007" class="citation web cs1">Pandey, Anshuman (13 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2007/07418-kaithi.pdf">"Proposal to Encode the Kaithi Script in ISO/IEC 10646"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. Retrieved 16 October 2020. <q>Kaithi was used for writing Urdu in the law courts of Bihar when it replaced Perso-Arabic as the official script during the 1880s. The majority of extant legal documents from Bihar from the British period are in Urdu written in Kaithi. There is a substantial number of such manuscripts, specimens of which are given in Figure 21, Figure 22, and Figure 23.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal+to+Encode+the+Kaithi+Script+in+ISO%2FIEC+10646&rft.pub=Unicode&rft.date=2007-12-13&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Anshuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2007%2F07418-kaithi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King1999-241"><a href="#cite_ref-King1999_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1999" class="citation book cs1">King, Christopher Rolland (1999). One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565112-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565112-6"><bdi>978-0-19-565112-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Language%2C+Two+Scripts%3A+The+Hindi+Movement+in+Nineteenth+Century+North+India&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565112-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Rolland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshraf1982" class="citation book cs1">Ashraf, Ali (1982). The Muslim Elite. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 80. <q>The court language however was Urdu in 'Kaithi' script in spite of the use of English as the official language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Elite&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Ashraf&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarmaLal1997" class="citation book cs1">Varma, K. K.; Lal, Manohar (1997). Social Realities in Bihar. Novelty & Company. p. 347. <q>The language of learning and administration in Bihar before the East India Company was Persian, and later it was replaced by English. The court language, however, continued to be Urdu written in Kaithi script.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Realities+in+Bihar&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Novelty+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rft.au=Lal%2C+Manohar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFghose" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ghose, sagarika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/education/education-news/4-thousand-urdu-bharti-candidates-did-not-get-joining-after-court-order/articleshow/76753747.cms">"Urdu Bharti: नौकरी के लिए भटक रहे हैं 4 हजार उर्दू शिक्षक, कोर्ट कोर्ट खेल रही है सरकार."</a> Navbharat Times (in Hindi). Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Navbharat+Times&rft.atitle=Urdu+Bharti%3A+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82+4+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%95%2C+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0..&rft.aulast=ghose&rft.aufirst=sagarika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnavbharattimes.indiatimes.com%2Feducation%2Feducation-news%2F4-thousand-urdu-bharti-candidates-did-not-get-joining-after-court-order%2Farticleshow%2F76753747.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad, Rizwan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4049639">"Urdu in Devanagari: Shifting orthographic practices and Muslim identity in Delhi"</a>. Language in Society. 40 (3). Cambridge University Press: 259–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0047404511000182">10.1017/S0047404511000182</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10576%2F10736">10576/10736</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23011824">23011824</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55975387">55975387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+Society&rft.atitle=Urdu+in+Devanagari%3A+Shifting+orthographic+practices+and+Muslim+identity+in+Delhi&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-284&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10576%2F10736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55975387%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23011824%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0047404511000182&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4049639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sovyota.com/?p=2360">"বিদ্রোহী কবি নজরুল; একটি বুলেট কিংবা কবিতার উপাখ্যান"</a> (in Bengali). 1 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%3B+%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F+%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8&rft.date=2014-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsovyota.com%2F%3Fp%3D2360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam,_Rafiqul1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Islam, Rafiqul (1969). নজরুল নির্দেশিকা (in Bengali).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Islam%2C+Rafiqul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan,_Azahar_Uddin1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khan, Azahar Uddin (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.301836/page/n21/mode/2up">বাংলা সাহিত্যে নজরুল</a> [Nazrul in Bengali literature] (in Bengali).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Khan%2C+Azahar+Uddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.301836%2Fpage%2Fn21%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-book-250"><a href="#cite_ref-book_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Shahabuddin_SabuNazir_Uddin2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muhammad Shahabuddin Sabu; Nazir Uddin, eds. (2021). বাংলা-ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী ডিক্সেনারি (বাংলা - ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী অভিধান) (in Bengali). <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Bazar" title="Bangla Bazar">Bangla Bazar</a>, Dhaka: Takiya Mohammad Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF+%28%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE+-+%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%29&rft.place=Bangla+Bazar%2C+Dhaka&rft.pub=Takiya+Mohammad+Publications&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-samakal-251"><a href="#cite_ref-samakal_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414050551/https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-khobor/article/210178300/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8">"বাংলা-ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী অভিধানের মোড়ক উন্মোচন"</a> [Unveiling of 'Bangla-Dhakaiya Sobbasi' Dictionary]. <a href="/wiki/Samakal" title="Samakal">Samakal</a> (in Bengali). 17 January 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-khobor/article/210178300/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8">the original</a> on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Samakal&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%95+%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8&rft.date=2021-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamakal.com%2Ftodays-print-edition%2Ftp-khobor%2Farticle%2F210178300%2F%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A2%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2587%25E0%25A7%259F%25E0%25A6%25BE-%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%2580-%25E0%25A6%2585%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A7%259C%25E0%25A6%2595-%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A6%25A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachru2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_Kachru" title="Yamuna Kachru">Kachru, Yamuna</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC">Hindi</a>. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3812-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-3812-X"><bdi>90-272-3812-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233649033">233649033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi&rft.place=Amsterdam+%26+Philadelphia&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233649033&rft.isbn=90-272-3812-X&rft.aulast=Kachru&rft.aufirst=Yamuna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooH5VfLTQEQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Masica" title="Colin Masica">Masica, Colin</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indoaryanlanguag0000masi">The Indo-Aryan Languages</a>. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29944-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18947567">18947567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Language+Surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18947567&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29944-2&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findoaryanlanguag0000masi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhala1999" class="citation book cs1">Ohala, Manjari (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_hin_phon-3">"Hindi"</a>. In International Phonetic Association (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofintern0000inte/mode/2up">Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63751-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1258036657">1258036657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindi&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=100-103&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1258036657&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63751-0&rft.aulast=Ohala&rft.aufirst=Manjari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_hin_phon-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam1998" class="citation journal cs1">Alam, Muzaffar (May 1998). "The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics". Modern Asian Studies. 32 (2): 317–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X98002947">10.1017/S0026749X98002947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146630389">146630389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Pursuit+of+Persian%3A+Language+in+Mughal+Politics&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=317-349&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X98002947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146630389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher1994" class="citation book cs1">Asher, R. E., ed. (1994). The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-035943-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-035943-4"><bdi>0-08-035943-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+language+and+linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-08-035943-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzad2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Azad, Muhammad Husain (2001) [1907]. Aab-e hayat (in Urdu). Lahore: Naval Kishor Gais Printing Works.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aab-e+hayat&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Naval+Kishor+Gais+Printing+Works&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Azad&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Husain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzad2001" class="citation book cs1">Azad, Muhammad Husain (2001) [1907]. Aab-e hayat. Delhi: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aab-e+hayat&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Azad&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Husain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzim1975" class="citation book cs1">Azim, Anwar (1975). "Urdu a victim of cultural genocide". In Imam, Z. (ed.). Muslims in India. p. 259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urdu+a+victim+of+cultural+genocide&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+India&rft.pages=259&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Azim&rft.aufirst=Anwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li>The Comparative study of Urdu and Khowar. Badshah Munir Bukhari National Language Authority Pakistan 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlochmann1877" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Blochmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Blochmann">Blochmann, Henry</a> (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xY8xAAAAMAAJ">English and Urdu dictionary, romanised</a> (8th ed.). Calcutta: Printed at the Baptist mission press for the Calcutta school-book society. p. 215. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+and+Urdu+dictionary%2C+romanised&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=215&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Printed+at+the+Baptist+mission+press+for+the+Calcutta+school-book+society&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Blochmann&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxY8xAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bhatia, Tej K. 1996. Colloquial Hindi: The Complete Course for Beginners. London, UK & New York, NY: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11087-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11087-4">0-415-11087-4</a> (Book), 0415110882 (Cassettes), 0415110890 (Book & Cassette Course)</li> <li>Bhatia, Tej K. and Koul Ashok. 2000. "Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners." London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13540-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13540-0">0-415-13540-0</a> (Book); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13541-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13541-9">0-415-13541-9</a> (cassette); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13542-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13542-7">0-415-13542-7</a> (book and casseettes course)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji1960" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Suniti K. (1960). Indo-Aryan and Hindi (revised 2nd ed.). Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Aryan+and+Hindi&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.edition=revised+2nd&rft.pub=Firma+K.L.+Mukhopadhyay&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Suniti+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowson1872" class="citation book cs1">Dowson, John (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agrammarurdorhi00dowsgoog">A grammar of the Urdū or Hindūstānī language</a> (1st ed.). London: Trübner & Co. p. 264. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Urd%C5%AB+or+Hind%C5%ABst%C4%81n%C4%AB+language&rft.place=London&rft.pages=264&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Dowson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagrammarurdorhi00dowsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowson1908" class="citation book cs1">Dowson, John (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammarofurduorh00dowsiala">A grammar of the Urdū or Hindūstānī language</a> (3rd ed.). London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 264. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Urd%C5%AB+or+Hind%C5%ABst%C4%81n%C4%AB+language&rft.place=London&rft.pages=264&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=K.+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Dowson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammarofurduorh00dowsiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDua1992" class="citation book cs1">Dua, Hans R. (1992). "Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, M. G. (ed.). Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-012855-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-012855-1"><bdi>3-11-012855-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindi-Urdu+as+a+pluricentric+language&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+languages%3A+Differing+norms+in+different+nations&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-11-012855-1&rft.aulast=Dua&rft.aufirst=Hans+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dua, Hans R. 1994a. Hindustani. In Asher, 1994; pp. 1554.</li> <li>Dua, Hans R. 1994b. Urdu. In Asher, 1994; pp. 4863–4864.</li> <li>Durrani, Attash, 2008. Pakistani Urdu.Islamabad: National Language Authority, Pakistan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumperz1982" class="citation book cs1">Gumperz, John J. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoursestrateg00gump">Discourse Strategies</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourse+Strategies&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Gumperz&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoursestrateg00gump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hassan, Nazir and Omkar N. Koul 1980. Urdu Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamil2006" class="citation news cs1">Jamil, Syed Maqsud (16 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2006/06/03/culture.htm">"The Literary Heritage of Urdu"</a>. Daily Star.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Star&rft.atitle=The+Literary+Heritage+of+Urdu&rft.date=2006-06-16&rft.aulast=Jamil&rft.aufirst=Syed+Maqsud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fmagazine%2F2006%2F06%2F03%2Fculture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kelkar, A. R. 1968. Studies in Hindi-Urdu: Introduction and word phonology. Poona: Deccan College.</li> <li>Khan, M. H. 1969. Urdu. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 5). The Hague: Mouton.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1994" class="citation book cs1">King, Christopher R. (1994). One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India. Bombay: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Language%2C+Two+Scripts%3A+The+Hindi+Movement+in+Nineteenth+Century+North+India&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2001" class="citation journal cs1">King, Robert D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/llog/King2001.pdf">"The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and Urdu"</a> (PDF). International Journal of the Sociology of Language (150): 43–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl.2001.035">10.1515/ijsl.2001.035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=The+poisonous+potency+of+script%3A+Hindi+and+Urdu&rft.issue=150&rft.pages=43-59&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl.2001.035&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguagelog.ldc.upenn.edu%2Fmyl%2Fllog%2FKing2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoul2008" class="citation book cs1">Koul, Ashok K. (2008). Urdu Script and Vocabulary. Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu+Script+and+Vocabulary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Indian+Institute+of+Language+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Koul&rft.aufirst=Ashok+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoul1994" class="citation book cs1">Koul, Omkar N. (1994). Hindi Phonetic Reader. Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi+Phonetic+Reader&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Indian+Institute+of+Language+Studies&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Koul&rft.aufirst=Omkar+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoul2008" class="citation book cs1">Koul, Omkar N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828190213/http://koausa.org/iils/pdf/ModernHindiGrammar.pdf">Modern Hindi Grammar</a> (PDF). Springfield: Dunwoody Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koausa.org/iils/pdf/ModernHindiGrammar.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Hindi+Grammar&rft.place=Springfield&rft.pub=Dunwoody+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Koul&rft.aufirst=Omkar+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koausa.org%2Fiils%2Fpdf%2FModernHindiGrammar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mukherjee, Ramkrishna (2018). Understanding Social Dynamics in South Asia: Essays in Memory of Ramkrishna Mukherjee. Springer. pp. 221–. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789811303876" title="Special:BookSources/9789811303876">9789811303876</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarangBecker1971" class="citation journal cs1">Narang, G. C.; Becker, D. A. (1971). "Aspiration and nasalization in the generative phonology of Hindi-Urdu". Language. 47 (3): 646–767. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412381">10.2307/412381</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/412381">412381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Aspiration+and+nasalization+in+the+generative+phonology+of+Hindi-Urdu&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=646-767&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F412381&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F412381%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Narang&rft.aufirst=G.+C.&rft.au=Becker%2C+D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhala1972" class="citation thesis cs1">Ohala, M. (1972). Topics in Hindi-Urdu phonology (PhD dissertation). Los Angeles: University of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Topics+in+Hindi-Urdu+phonology&rft.inst=University+of+California&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Ohala&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhukan2000" class="citation journal cs1">Phukan, Shantanu (2000). "The Rustic Beloved: Ecology of Hindi in a Persianate World". The Annual of Urdu Studies. 15 (5): 1–30. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1793%2F18139">1793/18139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+of+Urdu+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Rustic+Beloved%3A+Ecology+of+Hindi+in+a+Persianate+World&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1793%2F18139&rft.aulast=Phukan&rft.aufirst=Shantanu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatts1874" class="citation book cs1">Platts, John Thompson (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cFIIAAAAQAAJ">A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language</a>. London: W.H. Allen. p. 399. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Hind%C5%ABst%C4%81n%C4%AB+or+Urd%C5%AB+language&rft.place=London&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Platts&rft.aufirst=John+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcFIIAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatts1892" class="citation book cs1">Platts, John Thompson (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JBoYAAAAYAAJ">A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language</a>. London: W.H. Allen. p. 399. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Hind%C5%ABst%C4%81n%C4%AB+or+Urd%C5%AB+language&rft.place=London&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Platts&rft.aufirst=John+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJBoYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatts1884" class="citation book cs1">Platts, John Thompson (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDtbAAAAQAAJ">A dictionary of Urdū, classical Hindī, and English</a> (reprint ed.). London: H. Milford. p. 1259. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Urd%C5%AB%2C+classical+Hind%C4%AB%2C+and+English&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1259&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=H.+Milford&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Platts&rft.aufirst=John+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDtbAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ghalib/index.html?urdu">"A Desertful of Roses"</a>, a site about Ghalib's Urdu ghazals by Frances W. Pritchett, Professor of Modern Indic Languages at Columbia University, New York, NY, US.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRai1984" class="citation book cs1">Rai, Amrit (1984). A house divided: The origin and development of Hindi-Hindustani. Delhi: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-561643-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-561643-X"><bdi>0-19-561643-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+house+divided%3A+The+origin+and+development+of+Hindi-Hindustani&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-19-561643-X&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=Amrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Economic and Political Weekly. Sameeksha Trust. 1996.</li> <li>Snell, Rupert, and Simon Weightman (1993). Teach Yourself Hindi: A Complete Guide for Beginners. Audiobook on cassette plus book. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Publishing Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844238630" title="Special:BookSources/9780844238630">9780844238630</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28654267">28654267</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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href="https://www.editorji.com/hindi/editorji-specials/world-urdu-day-urdu-language-history-and-development-know-how-it-originated-in-india-and-complete-journey-of-this-language-in-jharokha-1667913249240">Urdu Language History and Development</a>—By editorji magazine</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Urdu_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Urdu writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Urdu_poets" title="List of Urdu poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Writers%27_Movement" title="Progressive Writers' Movement">Progressive Writers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddin_and_Begum_Urdu-Hindustani_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddin and Begum Urdu-Hindustani Romanization">Uddin & Begum Romanisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div 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href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urdu</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages (by <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">administrative unit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Badeshi language">Badeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha-mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamviri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamviri dialect">Kamviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekhani dialect">Shekhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristani_dialect" title="Waziristani dialect">Wazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabutra_language" title="Kabutra language">Kabutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaya_language" title="Bhaya language">Bhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_language" title="Jogi language">Jogi</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Pakistani Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_in_Pakistan" title="Hindi in Pakistan">Pakistani Hindi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major unofficial languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Nepal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Nepal" title="Template:Languages of Nepal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Nepal" title="Template talk:Languages of Nepal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Nepal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Nepal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages of Nepal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/34px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahing_language" title="Bahing language">Bahing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantawa_language" title="Bantawa language">Bantawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belhare_language" title="Belhare language">Belhare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamling_language" title="Chamling language">Chamling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumi_language" title="Dumi language">Dumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampang_language" title="Sampang language">Sampang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulung_language" title="Thulung language">Thulung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_language" title="Vayu language">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waling_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Waling language">Waling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakkha_language" title="Yakkha language">Yakkha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantyal_language" title="Chantyal language">Chantyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manang_language" title="Manang language">Manang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jirel_language" title="Jirel language">Jirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagate_language" title="Kagate language">Kagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugom_dialect" title="Mugom dialect">Mugomt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naapa_language" title="Naapa language">Naapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubri_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubri (language)">Nubri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_language" title="Yolmo language">Yolmo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baram_language" title="Baram language">Baram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaike_language" title="Kaike language">Kaike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_language" title="Raji language">Raji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raute_language" title="Raute language">Raute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangmi_language" title="Thangmi language">Thangmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Angika language">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doteli_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Doteli language">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maunabudhuk%E2%80%93Bodhe_Sign_Language" title="Maunabudhuk–Bodhe Sign Language">Maunabudhuk–Bodhe Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhwar_language" title="Majhwar language">Majhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Cultural,_Religious_and_Linguistic_Communities" title="Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities">Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Arts_and_Culture_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Arts and Culture (South Africa)">Department of Arts and Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages">Southern Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana_languages" title="Sotho–Tswana languages">Sotho–Tswana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho (Sesotho sa Leboa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho (Sesotho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana (Setswana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele (isiNdebele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi (siSwati)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa (isiXhosa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu (isiZulu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tswa%E2%80%93Ronga_languages" title="Tswa–Ronga languages">Tswa–Ronga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga (Xitsonga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda (Tshivenḓa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised unofficial languages mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">1996 constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaca_language" title="Bhaca language">Bhaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_language_(South_Africa)" title="Lala language (South Africa)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhlangwini_language" title="Nhlangwini language">Nhlangwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">LGBTQ slang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_language" title="Gayle language">Gayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IsiNgqumo" title="IsiNgqumo">IsiNgqumo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsotsitaal_and_Camtho" title="Tsotsitaal and Camtho">Tsotsitaal and Camtho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlams_Creole" title="Oorlams Creole">Oorlams Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanagalo" title="Fanagalo">Fanagalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Sotho" title="Pretoria Sotho">Pretoria Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamto" title="Scamto">Scamto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">SA Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda– Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi– Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto- languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062117-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85141343">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126492241">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126492241">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph156684&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX536300">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529767805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/urduca">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdu&oldid=1258481428">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urdu&oldid=1258481428</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urdu" title="Category:Urdu">Urdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fusional_languages" title="Category:Fusional languages">Fusional languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindustani_language" title="Category:Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a></li><li><a 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Template:Infobox"," 4.30% 156.082 4 Template:Harvcoltxt"," 4.08% 147.820 6 Template:Lang"," 3.02% 109.553 1 Template:Hindustani_language"," 2.94% 106.706 1 Template:Sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.249","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22449660,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAchakzai2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAijazuddin_Ahmad2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlam1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlyssa_Ayres2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAm.rta_RāyaAmrit_RaiAmr̥tarāya1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmerican_Universities_Field_Staff1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsher1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshmore1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshraf1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzad2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAzim1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakshiMittra2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaster-Jones2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelkacem\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhat2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBilal2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlochmann1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrass2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarl_Skutsch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterji1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristine_Everaert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClyne1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClyne2012\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFCoatsworth2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalmia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniyal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Prochaska,_Edmund_Burke_III2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelacyAhmed2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsche_Morgenländische_Gesellschaft1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhulipala2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDictionary2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowson1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowson1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDua1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEveraert2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFallon1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarooqi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaruqi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGangan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGazzolaWickström2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroff2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGubeGao2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulzar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGumperz1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakala2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHanan_Irfan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenk_W._WagenaarS._S._ParikhD._F._PlukkerR._Veldhuijzen_van_Zanten1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHockBashir2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoernle1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchinsonSmith2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInpaperMagazine2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIslam,_Rafiqul1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJainCardona2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJamil2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasanoff2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaswant_Lal_Mehta1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Ovington1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Willoughby_\u0026amp;_Zehra_Aftab2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKachru2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKachru2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKachru2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaye1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKesavan1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKesavan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan,_Azahar_Uddin1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1999\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKing2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKissAlexiadou2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoul1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoul2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnamurthy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuiper2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuniya1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahapatra1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaría_Isabel_Maldonado_GarcíaMustafa_Yapici2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasica1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazhar_Yusuf1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGregor2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalf2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirMir2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMody2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad_Shahabuddin_SabuNazir_Uddin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustafa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuzaffarBehera2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaim1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarangBecker1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhala1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhala1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOldenburg1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaliwal2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter-Dass2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Austin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhukan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatts1874\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatts1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatts1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQalamdaar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRahman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRai1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaj2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRauf_Parekh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiekerAli2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobina_KausarMuhammad_SarwarMuhammad_Shabbir\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachchidananda_Sinha1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanjay_Subrahmanyam2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmel1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShackle1990\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShakespear1834\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiroSchiffman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoaib_Daniyal2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSisir_Kumar_Das2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrnad2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaher1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaj1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTariq\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTariq_Rahman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorOlson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanita2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarma1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarmaLal1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVersteeghVersteegh1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasey2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoonPratt2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYousafzai\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZahiruddin_Malik1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZahur-ud-Din1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZecchini2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFghose\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFsir_Richard_Francis_Burton,_Luis_Vaz_de_Camoens1881\"] = 1,\n [\"Names_of_Urdu_Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Writing_system\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 10,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 130,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 73,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"E25\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Excessive citations inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 11,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 4,\n [\"Hindustani_language\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 15,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 51,\n [\"IPA-hns\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-ur\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Indo-Aryan languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Languages of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Nepal\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of South Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Nastaliq\"] = 45,\n [\"Navboxes bottom\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes top\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nq\"] = 3,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 3,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Unq\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable sources section\"] = 1,\n [\"Urdu topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","13.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","10.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","9.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.3"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","80","3.3"],["[others]","860","35.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-tggkq","timestamp":"20241122140357","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Urdu","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urdu","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1617","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1617","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-05T09:55:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T00:02:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/01\/Urdu_example.svg","headline":"Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia"}</script> </body> </html>