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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studies_in_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_in_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Studies in Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies_in_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Return to Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nobel Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies_of_digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_of_digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Studies of digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies_of_digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Soviet_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_Soviet_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Relationship with the Soviet government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Soviet_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflex_system_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflex_system_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Reflex system research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflex_system_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nervous_system_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous_system_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Nervous system research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous_system_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_conditioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_conditioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Classical conditioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_conditioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81" title="إيفان بافلوف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيفان بافلوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_P%C3%A1vlov" title="Iván Pávlov – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iván Pávlov" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0van_Pavlov" title="İvan Pavlov – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İvan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81" title="ایوان پاولف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایوان پاولف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD" title="ইভান পাভলভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইভান পাভলভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Petrovi%C4%87_Pavlov" title="Ivan Petrović Pavlov – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ivan Petrović Pavlov" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Павлов Иван Петрович – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Павлов Иван Петрович" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Іван Пятровіч Паўлаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іван Пятровіч Паўлаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Іван Паўлаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іван Паўлаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Иван Павлов – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иван Павлов" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_P%C3%A0vlov" title="Ivan Pàvlov – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ivan Pàvlov" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Petrovi%C4%8D_Pavlov" title="Ivan Petrovič Pavlov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ivan Petrovič Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Petrowitsch_Pawlow" title="Iwan Petrowitsch Pawlow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iwan Petrowitsch Pawlow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%86" title="Ιβάν Πάβλοφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιβάν Πάβλοφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_P%C3%A1vlov" title="Iván Pávlov – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iván Pávlov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81" title="ایوان پاولف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایوان پاولف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%98_%ED%8C%8C%EB%B8%94%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84" title="이반 파블로프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이반 파블로프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Իվան Պավլով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իվան Պավլով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5" title="इवान पावलोव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इवान पावलोव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Petrovi%C4%8D_Pavlov" title="Ivan Petrovič Pavlov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ivan Petrovič Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dvan_Pavlov" title="Ívan Pavlov – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ívan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91" title="איוואן פבלוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איוואן פבלוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇವಾನ್ ಪೆಟ್ರೋವಿಚ್ ಪಾವ್ಲೋವ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇವಾನ್ ಪೆಟ್ರೋವಿಚ್ ಪಾವ್ಲೋವ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ივანე პავლოვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ივანე პავლოვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Иван Петрович Павлов – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иван Петрович Павлов" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Evan_Pavlov" title="Îvan Pavlov – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îvan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Иван Павлов – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иван Павлов" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Pavlov" title="Ioannes Pavlov – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivans_Pavlovs" title="Ivans Pavlovs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ivans Pavlovs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Petrowitsch_Pawlow" title="Iwan Petrowitsch Pawlow – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Iwan Petrowitsch Pawlow" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanas_Pavlovas" title="Ivanas Pavlovas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ivanas Pavlovas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Petrovics_Pavlov" title="Ivan Petrovics Pavlov – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ivan Petrovics Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Иван Петрович Павлов – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Иван Петрович Павлов" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇവാൻ പാവ് ലോവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇവാൻ പാവ് ലോവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ივანე პავლოვი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ივანე პავლოვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81" title="ايفان بافلوف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايفان بافلوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81" title="ایوان پاولف – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایوان پاولف" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Иван Павлов – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иван Павлов" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95" title="イワン・パブロフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イワン・パブロフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%8D" title="ଇଭାନ୍ ପାଭ୍ଲଭ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଭାନ୍ ପାଭ୍ଲଭ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5" title="ਇਵਾਨ ਪਾਵਲੋਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਵਾਨ ਪਾਵਲੋਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%DA%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81" title="آئیون پیٹرووچ پاولوف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئیون پیٹرووچ پاولوف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Paw%C5%82ow" title="Iwan Pawłow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iwan Pawłow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Павлов, Иван Петрович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Павлов, Иван Петрович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D" title="इवान् पेत्रोविच् पाव्लोव् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इवान् पेत्रोविच् पाव्लोव्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Petrovi%C3%A7_Pavlov" title="Ivan Petroviç Pavlov – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ivan Petroviç Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Petrovich_Pavlov" title="Ivan Petrovich Pavlov – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ivan Petrovich Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Petrovi%C4%8D_Pavlov" title="Ivan Petrovič Pavlov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ivan Petrovič Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Petrovi%C4%8D_Pavlov" title="Ivan Petrovič Pavlov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ivan Petrovič Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A4%D9%84%DB%86%DA%A4" title="ئیڤان پاڤلۆڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیڤان پاڤلۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Иван Павлов – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иван Павлов" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="இவான் பாவ்லோவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இவான் பாவ்லோவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_(1849)" title="Иван Павлов (1849) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иван Павлов (1849)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇవాన్ పావ్లోవ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇవాన్ పావ్లోవ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F" title="อีวาน ปัฟลอฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีวาน ปัฟลอฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0van_Pavlov" title="İvan Pavlov – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İvan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Павлов Іван Петрович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Павлов Іван Петрович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81" title="ایوان پاؤلوف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایوان پاؤلوف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Petrovich_Pavlov" title="Ivan Petrovich Pavlov – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ivan Petrovich Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%94%AB%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" title="巴甫洛夫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴甫洛夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95" title="איוואן פאוולאוו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איוואן פאוולאוו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ivan Pavlov" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%94%AB%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" title="巴甫洛夫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴甫洛夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%90%AC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%94%AB%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" title="伊萬·巴甫洛夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊萬·巴甫洛夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42985#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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{{OldStyleDate|26 September|1849|14 September}}{{spaced ndash}}27 February 1936)<ref name="Britannica">{{Britannica|447349}}</ref> was a Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist and [[physiologist]] known for his discovery of [[classical conditioning]] through his experiments with dogs.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''Ivan Petrovich Pavlov''' ({{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">langx|</ins>ru|Иван Петрович Павлов}}, {{IPA<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins>ru|ɪˈvan pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈpavləf|IPA|Ru-Ivan_Petrovich_Pavlov.ogg}}; {{OldStyleDate|26 September|1849|14 September}}{{spaced ndash}}27 February 1936)<ref name="Britannica">{{Britannica|447349}}</ref> was a Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist and [[physiologist]] known for his discovery of [[classical conditioning]] through his experiments with dogs.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Education and early life==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Education and early life==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Pavlov House Ryazan.JPG|thumb|left|The Pavlov Memorial Museum in [[Ryazan]], Pavlov's former home, built in the early 19th century<ref>[http://pavlov.amr-museum.ru/engl/e_museum.htm The memorial estate] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114175850/http://pavlov.amr-museum.ru/engl/e_museum.htm |date=14 November 2012 }} About the house</ref>]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Pavlov House Ryazan.JPG|thumb|left|The Pavlov Memorial Museum in [[Ryazan]], Pavlov's former home, built in the early 19th century<ref>[http://pavlov.amr-museum.ru/engl/e_museum.htm The memorial estate] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114175850/http://pavlov.amr-museum.ru/engl/e_museum.htm |date=14 November 2012 }} About the house</ref>]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Pavlov was born the first of ten children,<ref name="Credo Reference">{{cite book|title=Ivan Petrovich Pavlov|work=Biographical Dictionary of Psychology|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-28561-2|editor1=Sheehy, Noel |editor2=Chapman, Antony J. |editor3=Conroy, Wendy A. }}</ref> in [[Ryazan]], [[Russian Empire]]. His father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823–1899), was a village [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] priest.<ref name=nobelbio>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1904 Ivan Pavlov|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/pavlov-bio.html|publisher=Nobelmedia|access-date=2 February 2012}}</ref> His mother, Varvara Ivanovna Uspenskaya (1826–1890), was a devoted homemaker. As a child, Pavlov willingly participated in house duties such as doing the dishes and taking care of his siblings. He loved to garden, ride his bicycle, row, swim, and play [[gorodki]]; he devoted his summer vacations to these activities.<ref>{{harvp|Asratyan|1953|p=8}}</ref> Although able to read by the age of seven, Pavlov did not begin formal schooling until he was 11 years old, due to serious injuries he had sustained when falling from a high wall onto<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> the</del> stone pavement.<ref>{{harvp|Asratyan|1953|p=9}}</ref><ref name="Credo Reference"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Pavlov was born the first of ten children,<ref name="Credo Reference">{{cite book|title=Ivan Petrovich Pavlov|work=Biographical Dictionary of Psychology|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-28561-2|editor1=Sheehy, Noel |editor2=Chapman, Antony J. |editor3=Conroy, Wendy A. }}</ref> in [[Ryazan]], [[Russian Empire]]. His father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823–1899), was a village [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] priest.<ref name=nobelbio>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1904 Ivan Pavlov|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/pavlov-bio.html|publisher=Nobelmedia|access-date=2 February 2012}}</ref> His mother, Varvara Ivanovna Uspenskaya (1826–1890), was a devoted homemaker. As a child, Pavlov willingly participated in house duties such as doing the dishes and taking care of his siblings. He loved to garden, ride his bicycle, row, swim, and play [[gorodki]]; he devoted his summer vacations to these activities.<ref>{{harvp|Asratyan|1953|p=8}}</ref> Although able to read by the age of seven, Pavlov did not begin formal schooling until he was 11 years old, due to serious injuries he had sustained when falling from a high wall onto stone pavement.<ref>{{harvp|Asratyan|1953|p=9}}</ref><ref name="Credo Reference"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>From his childhood days, Pavlov demonstrated intellectual curiosity along with an unusual energy which he referred to as "the instinct for research".<ref name="cavendish9">{{cite journal|author=Cavendish, Richard. |url=http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/death-ivan-pavlov |title=Death of Ivan Pavlov|journal= History Today |volume=61|issue=2 |year=2011|page= 9}}</ref> Inspired by the progressive ideas which [[Dmitry Pisarev]], a Russian [[Literary criticism|literary critic]] of the 1860s, and [[Ivan Sechenov]], the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. In 1870, he enrolled in the physics and mathematics department at the [[Saint Petersburg State University|University of Saint Petersburg]] to study natural science.<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Anrep | first1 = G. V. | title = Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849–1936 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001 | journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 2 | issue = 5 | pages = 1–18| year = 1936 | jstor = 769124}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>From his childhood days, Pavlov demonstrated intellectual curiosity along with an unusual energy which he referred to as "the instinct for research".<ref name="cavendish9">{{cite journal|author=Cavendish, Richard. |url=http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/death-ivan-pavlov |title=Death of Ivan Pavlov|journal= History Today |volume=61|issue=2 |year=2011|page= 9}}</ref> Inspired by the progressive ideas which [[Dmitry Pisarev]], a Russian [[Literary criticism|literary critic]] of the 1860s, and [[Ivan Sechenov]], the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. In 1870, he enrolled in the physics and mathematics department at the [[Saint Petersburg State University|University of Saint Petersburg]] to study natural science.<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Anrep | first1 = G. V. | title = Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849–1936 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001 | journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 2 | issue = 5 | pages = 1–18| year = 1936 | jstor = 769124}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Портрет. Павлов И.П. и его будущая супруга С.В. Карчевская. Июль1880г(c)А.Ясвоин. (pavlovs museum).jpg|thumb|Pavlov and his future wife, Seraphima Vasilievna, in 1880]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Портрет. Павлов И.П. и его будущая супруга С.В. Карчевская. Июль1880г(c)А.Ясвоин. (pavlovs museum).jpg|thumb|Pavlov and his future wife, Seraphima Vasilievna, in 1880]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Nesterov-Pavlov.jpg|thumb|A 1935 portrait of Pavlov by [[Mikhail Nesterov]]]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Nesterov-Pavlov.jpg|thumb|A 1935 portrait of Pavlov by [[Mikhail Nesterov]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Studies in Germany ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Studies in Germany ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>After completing his doctorate, Pavlov went to [[German Empire|Germany]], where he studied in [[Leipzig]] with [[Carl Ludwig]] and Eimear Kelly in the Heidenhain laboratories in [[Breslau]]. He remained there from 1884 to 1886. Heidenhain was studying digestion in dogs, using an exteriorized section of the stomach. However, Pavlov perfected the technique by overcoming the problem of maintaining the external nerve supply. The exteriorized section became known as the Heidenhain or Pavlov pouch.<ref name="Credo Reference"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>After completing his doctorate, Pavlov went to [[German Empire|Germany]], where he studied in [[Leipzig]] with [[Carl Ludwig]] and Eimear Kelly in the Heidenhain laboratories in [[Breslau]]. He remained there from 1884 to 1886. Heidenhain was studying digestion in dogs, using an exteriorized section of the stomach. However, Pavlov perfected the technique by overcoming the problem of maintaining the external nerve supply. The exteriorized section became known as the Heidenhain or Pavlov pouch.<ref name="Credo Reference"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 62:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 63:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Studies of digestion ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Studies of digestion ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>At the Institute of Experimental Medicine, Pavlov carried out his classical experiments on the digestive glands, which would eventually grant him the aforementioned Nobel prize.<ref>{{harvp|Asratyan|1953|p=18}}</ref> Pavlov investigated the [[stomach|gastric]] function of dogs, and later, homeless children,<ref>{{cite book|editor=Reagan, Leslie A.|title=Medicine's moving pictures|year=2007|publisher=University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester, NY|isbn=978-1-58046-234-1|page=285|display-editors=etal}}</ref> by externalizing a [[salivary gland]] so he could collect, measure, and analyze the [[saliva]] and what response it had to food under different conditions. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Experiments on orphaned children, involving drilling a hole in their cheeks and applying electric shocks, were continued by his assistant Nikolay Krasnogorsky.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-21|title=Ethical of psychologists from the American Psychological – Free Critical Thinking For Students|url=https://modernloveok.com/ethical-violation-in-1904/|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Modern Loveok|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-18|title=Nikolai Krasnogorsky: Demonic Conditioning on Orphan Children|url=https://gravereviews.com/2020/09/17/nikolai-krasnogorsky-demonic-conditioning-on-orphan-children/|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Grave Reviews|language=en-US}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2021}}</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>At the Institute of Experimental Medicine, Pavlov carried out his classical experiments on the digestive glands, which would eventually grant him the aforementioned Nobel prize.<ref>{{harvp|Asratyan|1953|p=18}}</ref> Pavlov investigated the [[stomach|gastric]] function of dogs, and later, homeless children,<ref>{{cite book|editor=Reagan, Leslie A.|title=Medicine's moving pictures|year=2007|publisher=University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester, NY|isbn=978-1-58046-234-1|page=285|display-editors=etal}}</ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Dubious|date=October 2024|reason=The citation references a film by the name of "Mechanics of the Brain" on page 296 and states that Ivan Pavlov's experiments were depicted alongside experiments on children in the film. While Pavlov did play a role in the film, the experiments on children are accredited to Professor N.I. Krasnogorsky. The citation nor the film allege that Pavlov himself participated in the experiments on children.}}</ins> by externalizing a [[salivary gland]] so he could collect, measure, and analyze the [[saliva]] and what response it had to food under different conditions. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Pavlov's laboratory housed a full-scale kennel for the experimental canines. Pavlov was interested in observing their long-term physiological processes. This required keeping them alive and healthy to conduct chronic experiments, as he called them. These were experiments over time, designed to understand the normal functions of dogs. This was a new kind of study, because previously experiments had been "acute", meaning that the dog underwent [[vivisection]] which ultimately killed it.<ref name="Credo Reference2"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Pavlov's laboratory housed a full-scale kennel for the experimental canines. Pavlov was interested in observing their long-term physiological processes. This required keeping them alive and healthy to conduct chronic experiments, as he called them. These were experiments over time, designed to understand the normal functions of dogs. This was a new kind of study, because previously experiments had been "acute", meaning that the dog underwent [[vivisection]] which ultimately killed it.<ref name="Credo Reference2"/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">> Pavlov would often remove the [[esophagus]] of several dogs and created a [[fistula]] in their throats.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/kingdom-dogs#:~:text=To%20%27solve%20the%20problem%27%20of,much%20the%20dog%20ate%2C%20the | title=The kingdom of dogs }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/11/24/drool | title=Drool | magazine=The New Yorker | date=17 November 2014 | last1=Specter | first1=Michael }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iflscience.com/pavlov-s-dog-experiment-was-much-more-disturbing-than-you-think-65729 | title=Pavlov's Dog Experiment Was Much More Disturbing Than You Think | date=13 October 2022 }}</ref</ins>></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Other activities ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Other activities ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 70:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 71:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Relationship with the Soviet government ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Relationship with the Soviet government ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Pavlov was highly regarded by the Soviet government, and he was able to continue his research<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> until he reached a considerable age</del>. He was praised by [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/jan/24.htm|title=Concerning The Conditions Ensuring The Research Work Of Academician I. P. Pavlov and his associates|author=Lenin, V.I.|work=[[Izvestia]]|date=11 February 1921}}</ref> Despite praise from the Soviet Union government, the money that poured in to support his laboratory, and the honours he was given, Pavlov made no attempts to conceal the disapproval and contempt with which he regarded Soviet Communism.<ref name="Britannica"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Pavlov was highly regarded by the Soviet government, and he was able to continue his research. He was praised by [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/jan/24.htm|title=Concerning The Conditions Ensuring The Research Work Of Academician I. P. Pavlov and his associates|author=Lenin, V.I.|work=[[Izvestia]]|date=11 February 1921}}</ref> Despite praise from the Soviet Union government, the money that poured in to support his laboratory, and the honours he was given, Pavlov made no attempts to conceal the disapproval and contempt with which he regarded Soviet Communism.<ref name="Britannica"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1923, he stated that he would not sacrifice even the hind leg of a frog to the type of social experiment that the regime was conducting in Russia. Four years later he wrote to Stalin, protesting at what was being done to Russian intellectuals and saying he was ashamed to be a Russian.<ref name="cavendish9"/> After the murder of [[Sergei Kirov]] in 1934, Pavlov wrote several letters to [[Vyacheslav <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Molotov|</del>Molotov]] criticizing the mass persecutions which followed and asking for the reconsideration of cases pertaining to several people he knew personally.<ref name="cavendish9"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In 1923, he stated that he would not sacrifice even the hind leg of a frog to the type of social experiment that the regime was conducting in Russia. Four years later he wrote to Stalin, protesting at what was being done to Russian intellectuals and saying he was ashamed to be a Russian.<ref name="cavendish9"/> After the murder of [[Sergei Kirov]] in 1934, Pavlov wrote several letters to [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] criticizing the mass persecutions which followed and asking for the reconsideration of cases pertaining to several people he knew personally.<ref name="cavendish9"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Death and burial ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Death and burial ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Conscious until his final <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">moment</del>, Pavlov asked one of his students to sit beside his bed and to record the circumstances of his dying. He wanted to create unique evidence of subjective experiences of this terminal phase of life.<ref>Chance, Paul (1988). ''Learning and Behaviour''. Wadsworth Pub. Co. {{ISBN|0-534-08508-3}}. p. 48.</ref> Pavlov died of [[double pneumonia]] at the age of 86. He was given a grand funeral, and his study and laboratory were preserved as a museum in his honour.<ref name="cavendish9"/> His grave is in the Literatorskie mostki (writers' footways) section of [[Volkovo Cemetery]] in St. Petersburg.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Conscious until his final <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">moments</ins>, Pavlov asked one of his students to sit beside his bed and to record the circumstances of his dying. He wanted to create unique evidence of subjective experiences of this terminal phase of life.<ref>Chance, Paul (1988). ''Learning and Behaviour''. Wadsworth Pub. Co. {{ISBN|0-534-08508-3}}. p. 48.</ref> Pavlov died<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> on 27 February 1936</ins> of [[double pneumonia]] at the age of 86.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/769124 | jstor=769124 | title=Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849-1936 | last1=Anrep | first1=G. V. | journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society | date=1936 | volume=2 | issue=5 | pages=1–18 | doi=10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 1936 |title=IVAN PAVLOV DEAD; PHYSIOLOGIST, 86; |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/02/27/archives/ivan-pavlov-dead-physiologist-86-discoverer-of-the-conditioned.html |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=The New York Times |page=19 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref></ins> He was given a grand funeral, and his study and laboratory were preserved as a museum in his honour.<ref name="cavendish9"/> His grave is in the Literatorskie mostki (writers' footways) section of [[Volkovo Cemetery]] in St. Petersburg.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Reflex system research===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Reflex system research===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 87:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 88:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Nervous system research===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Nervous system research===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:One of Pavlov's dogs.jpg|thumb|One of Pavlov's dogs with a surgically implanted [[cannula]] to measure [[saliva]]tion, [[taxidermy|preserved]] in the Pavlov Museum in [[Ryazan]], Russia]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:One of Pavlov's dogs.jpg|thumb|One of Pavlov's dogs with a surgically implanted [[cannula]] to measure [[saliva]]tion, [[taxidermy|preserved]] in the Pavlov Museum in [[Ryazan]], Russia]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Pavlov was always interested in biomarkers of temperament types described by Hippocrates and Galen. He called these biomarkers "properties of nervous systems" and identified three main properties: (1) strength, (2) mobility of nervous processes and (3) a balance between excitation and inhibition and derived four types based on these three properties. He extended the definitions of the four temperament types under study at the time: choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, and melancholic, updating the names to "the strong and impetuous type, the strong equilibrated and quiet type, the strong equilibrated and lively type, and the weak type", respectively.{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cn</del>|date=November 2023}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Pavlov was always interested in biomarkers of temperament types described by Hippocrates and Galen. He called these biomarkers "properties of nervous systems" and identified three main properties: (1) strength, (2) mobility of nervous processes and (3) a balance between excitation and inhibition and derived four types based on these three properties. He extended the definitions of the four temperament types under study at the time: choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, and melancholic, updating the names to "the strong and impetuous type, the strong equilibrated and quiet type, the strong equilibrated and lively type, and the weak type", respectively.{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">citation needed</ins>|date=November 2023}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Pavlov and his researchers observed and began the study of [[transmarginal inhibition]] (TMI), the body's natural response of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain by electric shock.<ref>Mazlish, Bruce (1995), ''Fourth Discontinuity: The Co-Evolution of Humans and Machines'', Yale University Press, pp. 122–123, {{ISBN|0-300-06512-4}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2021}} This research showed how all temperament types responded to the stimuli the same way, but different temperaments move through the responses at different times. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference ... was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system."<ref>Rokhin, L, Pavlov, I and Popov, Y. (1963), ''Psychopathology and Psychiatry'', Foreign Languages Publication House: Moscow.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Pavlov and his researchers observed and began the study of [[transmarginal inhibition]] (TMI), the body's natural response of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain by electric shock.<ref>Mazlish, Bruce (1995), ''Fourth Discontinuity: The Co-Evolution of Humans and Machines'', Yale University Press, pp. 122–123, {{ISBN|0-300-06512-4}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2021}} This research showed how all temperament types responded to the stimuli the same way, but different temperaments move through the responses at different times. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference ... was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system."<ref>Rokhin, L, Pavlov, I and Popov, Y. (1963), ''Psychopathology and Psychiatry'', Foreign Languages Publication House: Moscow.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 115:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 116:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Tolochinov, whose own term for the phenomenon had been "reflex at a distance", communicated the results at the Congress of Natural Sciences in [[Helsinki]] in 1903.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pavlov |first= I. P. |title= Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Translated and Edited by G. V. Anrep |year= 1927 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |location= London |page=142 |url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/}}</ref> Later the same year Pavlov more fully explained the findings, at the 14th [[International Medical Congress]] in [[Madrid]], where he read a paper titled ''The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals''.<ref name=nobelbio/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Tolochinov, whose own term for the phenomenon had been "reflex at a distance", communicated the results at the Congress of Natural Sciences in [[Helsinki]] in 1903.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pavlov |first= I. P. |title= Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Translated and Edited by G. V. Anrep |year= 1927 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |location= London |page=142 |url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/}}</ref> Later the same year Pavlov more fully explained the findings, at the 14th [[International Medical Congress]] in [[Madrid]], where he read a paper titled ''The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals''.<ref name=nobelbio/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>As Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of [[John B. Watson]] and [[B. F. Skinner]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> idea of "conditioning", as an automatic form of learning, became a key concept in the developing specialism of [[comparative psychology]], and the general approach to psychology that underlay it, [[behaviorism]]. Pavlov's work with classical conditioning was of huge influence on how humans perceived themselves, their behavior and learning processes; his studies of classical conditioning continue to be central to modern [[behavior therapy]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Plaud, J. J.|author2=Wolpe, J. |year=1997|title=Pavlov's contributions to behavior therapy: The obvious and the not so obvious|journal=American Psychologist|volume= 52|issue=9|pages=966–972|pmid=9382243|doi=10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.966}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>As Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of [[John B. Watson]] and [[B. F. Skinner]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The</ins> idea of "conditioning", as an automatic form of learning, became a key concept in the developing specialism of [[comparative psychology]], and the general approach to psychology that underlay it, [[behaviorism]]. Pavlov's work with classical conditioning was of huge influence on how humans perceived themselves, their behavior and learning processes; his studies of classical conditioning continue to be central to modern [[behavior therapy]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Plaud, J. J.|author2=Wolpe, J. |year=1997|title=Pavlov's contributions to behavior therapy: The obvious and the not so obvious|journal=American Psychologist|volume= 52|issue=9|pages=966–972|pmid=9382243|doi=10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.966}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] was founded by Pavlov in 1925 and named after him following his death.<ref>[http://www.infran.ru/history_eng.htm Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313175854/http://www.infran.ru/history_eng.htm |date=13 March 2015 }}. infran.ru</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] was founded by Pavlov in 1925 and named after him following his death.<ref>[http://www.infran.ru/history_eng.htm Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313175854/http://www.infran.ru/history_eng.htm |date=13 March 2015 }}. infran.ru</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 129:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 130:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Personal life==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Personal life==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:СССР. Павлов И.П., Г. Уэллс и внучка Павлова Милочка. 1924г. (pavlovs museum).jpg|thumb|Pavlov (right) and his granddaughter Milochka pictured with [[H. G. Wells]] in 1924]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:СССР. Павлов И.П., Г. Уэллс и внучка Павлова Милочка. 1924г. (pavlovs museum).jpg|thumb|Pavlov (right) and his granddaughter Milochka pictured with [[H. G. Wells]] in 1924]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Pavlov married Seraphima Vasilievna Karchevskaya on 1 May 1881. Seraphima, called Sara for short, was born in 1855. They had met in 1878 or 1879 when she went to St. Petersburg to study at the Pedagogical Institute. In her later years, she suffered from ill health and died in 1947.{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cn</del>|date=May 2024}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Pavlov married Seraphima Vasilievna Karchevskaya on 1 May 1881. Seraphima, called Sara for short, was born in 1855. They had met in 1878 or 1879 when she went to St. Petersburg to study at the Pedagogical Institute. In her later years, she suffered from ill health and died in 1947.{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">citation needed</ins>|date=May 2024}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The first nine years of their marriage were marred by financial problems; Pavlov and his wife often had to stay with others to have a home and, for a time, the two lived apart so that they could find hospitality. Although their poverty caused despair, material welfare was a secondary consideration. Sara's first pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. When she conceived again, the couple took precautions, and she safely gave birth to their first child, a boy whom they named Mirchik; Sara became deeply depressed following Mirchik's sudden death in childhood.{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cn</del>|date=May 2024}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The first nine years of their marriage were marred by financial problems; Pavlov and his wife often had to stay with others to have a home and, for a time, the two lived apart so that they could find hospitality. Although their poverty caused despair, material welfare was a secondary consideration. Sara's first pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. When she conceived again, the couple took precautions, and she safely gave birth to their first child, a boy whom they named Mirchik; Sara became deeply depressed following Mirchik's sudden death in childhood.{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">citation needed</ins>|date=May 2024}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Pavlov and his wife eventually had four more children: Vladimir, Victor, Vsevolod, and Vera.<ref name=nobelbio/> Their youngest son, Vsevolod, died of [[pancreatic cancer]] in 1935, only one year before his father.<ref>{{cite book|last=Babkin|first=B.P.|title=Pavlov, A Biography|year=1949|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago and London|pages=27–54|url=https://archive.org/details/pavlovabiography010332mbp|isbn=978-1-4067-4397-5}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Pavlov and his wife eventually had four more children: Vladimir, Victor, Vsevolod, and Vera.<ref name=nobelbio/> Their youngest son, Vsevolod, died of [[pancreatic cancer]] in 1935, only one year before his father.<ref>{{cite book|last=Babkin|first=B.P.|title=Pavlov, A Biography|year=1949|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago and London|pages=27–54|url=https://archive.org/details/pavlovabiography010332mbp|isbn=978-1-4067-4397-5}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Pavlov was an atheist. Pavlov's follower <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>E. M. Kreps<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del> asked him whether he was religious. Kreps writes that Pavlov smiled and replied: "Listen, good fellow, in regard to [claims of] my religiosity, my belief in God, my church attendance, there is no truth in it; it is sheer fantasy. I was a seminarian, and like the majority of seminarians, I became an unbeliever, an atheist in my school years."<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del><ref>{{cite journal|author=Windholz, George |title=Pavlov's Religious Orientation|journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion|volume=25|issue=3 |year=1986|pages=320–27|doi=10.2307/1386296|jstor=1386296}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Pavlov was an atheist. Pavlov's follower E. M. Kreps asked him whether he was religious. Kreps writes that Pavlov smiled and replied: "Listen, good fellow, in regard to [claims of] my religiosity, my belief in God, my church attendance, there is no truth in it; it is sheer fantasy. I was a seminarian, and like the majority of seminarians, I became an unbeliever, an atheist in my school years."<ref>{{cite journal|author=Windholz, George |title=Pavlov's Religious Orientation|journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion|volume=25|issue=3 |year=1986|pages=320–27|doi=10.2307/1386296|jstor=1386296}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==See also==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==See also==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Portal|Biography|Psychology}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Portal|Biography|Psychology}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [[Brainwashing]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Georgii Zeliony]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Georgii Zeliony]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Orienting response]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Orienting response]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 179:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 182:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [https://archive.org/details/pavlovtowardsscientificpsychologypsychiatry ''Ivan P. Pavlov: Toward a Scientific Psychology and Psychiatry'']</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [https://archive.org/details/pavlovtowardsscientificpsychologypsychiatry ''Ivan P. Pavlov: Toward a Scientific Psychology and Psychiatry'']</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ivan Petrovich Pavlov}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ivan Petrovich Pavlov}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{Librivox author |id=9043}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{PM20|FID=pe/013324}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* {{PM20|FID=pe/013324}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture on 12 December 1904 ''Physiology of Digestion''</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture on 12 December 1904 ''Physiology of Digestion''</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 199:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 201:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Ethologists]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Ethologists]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Foreign <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Members</del> of the Royal Society]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Foreign <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">members</ins> of the Royal Society]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 214:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 216:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:People from Ryazan]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:People from Ryazan]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Psychologists from Saint Petersburg]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Psychologists from Saint Petersburg]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:20th-century Russian psychologists]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal]]</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 23:18, 18 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian physiologist (1849–1936)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Ivan Pavlov, see <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ivan Pavlov (disambiguation)">Ivan Pavlov (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Petrovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Pavlov</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ivan Pavlov</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Иван Павлов</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg/220px-Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg/330px-Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg/440px-Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1599" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pavlov in his later years</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1849-09-26</span>)</span>26 September 1849<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Governorate" title="Ryazan Governorate">Ryazan Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 February 1936<span style="display:none">(1936-02-27)</span> (aged 86)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Founder of modern <a href="/wiki/Behavior_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior therapy">behavior therapy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">Classical conditioning</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Seraphima Vasilievna Karchevskaya</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="1 May 1881">1881</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> (1907)<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S.M._Kirov_Military_Medical_Academy#Imperial_Military_Medical_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy">Imperial Military Medical Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anokhin" title="Pyotr Anokhin">Pyotr Anokhin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Babkin" title="Boris Babkin">Boris Babkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Orbeli" title="Leon Orbeli">Leon Orbeli</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ivan Petrovich Pavlov</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Иван Петрович Павлов</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɪˈvan<span class="wrap"> </span>pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpavləf]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a6\/Ru-Ivan_Petrovich_Pavlov.ogg\/Ru-Ivan_Petrovich_Pavlov.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Ru-Ivan_Petrovich_Pavlov.ogg/Ru-Ivan_Petrovich_Pavlov.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-Ivan_Petrovich_Pavlov.ogg" title="File:Ru-Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 26 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 14 September] 1849 – 27 February 1936)<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist and <a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">physiologist</a> known for his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a> through his experiments with dogs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_early_life">Education and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavlov_House_Ryazan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pavlov_House_Ryazan.JPG/220px-Pavlov_House_Ryazan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pavlov_House_Ryazan.JPG/330px-Pavlov_House_Ryazan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pavlov_House_Ryazan.JPG/440px-Pavlov_House_Ryazan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Pavlov Memorial Museum in <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, Pavlov's former home, built in the early 19th century<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Pavlov was born the first of ten children,<sup id="cite_ref-Credo_Reference_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credo_Reference-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. His father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823–1899), was a village <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> priest.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Varvara Ivanovna Uspenskaya (1826–1890), was a devoted homemaker. As a child, Pavlov willingly participated in house duties such as doing the dishes and taking care of his siblings. He loved to garden, ride his bicycle, row, swim, and play <a href="/wiki/Gorodki" title="Gorodki">gorodki</a>; he devoted his summer vacations to these activities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although able to read by the age of seven, Pavlov did not begin formal schooling until he was 11 years old, due to serious injuries he had sustained when falling from a high wall onto stone pavement.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Credo_Reference_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credo_Reference-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From his childhood days, Pavlov demonstrated intellectual curiosity along with an unusual energy which he referred to as "the instinct for research".<sup id="cite_ref-cavendish9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavendish9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by the progressive ideas which <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pisarev" title="Dmitry Pisarev">Dmitry Pisarev</a>, a Russian <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary critic</a> of the 1860s, and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sechenov" title="Ivan Sechenov">Ivan Sechenov</a>, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. In 1870, he enrolled in the physics and mathematics department at the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">University of Saint Petersburg</a> to study natural science.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pavlov attended the Ryazan church school before entering the local theological seminary. In 1870, however, he left the seminary without graduating to attend the university at St. Petersburg. There he enrolled in the physics and math department and took natural science courses. In his fourth year, his first research project on the physiology of the nerves of the pancreas<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> won him a prestigious university award. In 1875, Pavlov completed his course with an outstanding record and received the degree of Candidate of Natural Sciences. Impelled by his overwhelming interest in physiology, Pavlov decided to continue his studies and proceeded to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Medical_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Academy of Medical Surgery">Imperial Academy of Medical Surgery</a>. While at the academy, Pavlov became an assistant to his former teacher, <a href="/wiki/Elias_von_Cyon" title="Elias von Cyon">Elias von Cyon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left the department when de Cyon was replaced by another instructor. </p><p>After some time, Pavlov obtained a position as a laboratory assistant to Konstantin Nikolaevich Ustimovich at the physiological department of the Veterinary Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For two years, Pavlov investigated the circulatory system for his medical dissertation.<sup id="cite_ref-Credo_Reference_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credo_Reference-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878, Professor <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Botkin" title="Sergey Botkin">S. P. Botkin</a>, a famous Russian clinician, invited the gifted young physiologist to work in the physiological laboratory as the clinic's chief. In 1879, Pavlov graduated from the Medical Military Academy with a gold medal award for his research work. After a competitive examination, Pavlov won a fellowship at the academy for postgraduate work.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fellowship and his position as director of the Physiological Laboratory at Botkin's clinic enabled Pavlov to continue his research work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1883, he presented his doctor's thesis on the subject of <i>The centrifugal nerves of the heart</i> and posited the idea of <i>nerves</i> and the basic principles on the trophic function of the nervous system. Additionally, his collaboration with the Botkin Clinic produced evidence of a basic pattern in the regulation of reflexes in the activity of circulatory organs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He was inspired to pursue a scientific career by <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pisarev" title="Dmitry Pisarev">D. I. Pisarev</a>, a literary critic and natural science advocate of the time and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sechenov" title="Ivan Sechenov">I. M. Sechenov</a>, a Russian physiologist, whom Pavlov described as "the father of <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F._%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A1.%D0%92._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%98%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C1880%D0%B3(c)%D0%90.%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD._(pavlovs_museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F._%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A1.%D0%92._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%98%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C1880%D0%B3%28c%29%D0%90.%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD._%28pavlovs_museum%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F._%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A1.%D0%92._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%98%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C1880%D0%B3%28c%29%D0%90.%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD._%28pavlovs_museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F._%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A1.%D0%92._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%98%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C1880%D0%B3%28c%29%D0%90.%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD._%28pavlovs_museum%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F._%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A1.%D0%92._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%98%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C1880%D0%B3%28c%29%D0%90.%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD._%28pavlovs_museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F._%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A1.%D0%92._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%98%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C1880%D0%B3%28c%29%D0%90.%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD._%28pavlovs_museum%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F._%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A1.%D0%92._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%98%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C1880%D0%B3%28c%29%D0%90.%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD._%28pavlovs_museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Pavlov and his future wife, Seraphima Vasilievna, in 1880</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nesterov-Pavlov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nesterov-Pavlov.jpg/220px-Nesterov-Pavlov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nesterov-Pavlov.jpg/330px-Nesterov-Pavlov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nesterov-Pavlov.jpg/440px-Nesterov-Pavlov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>A 1935 portrait of Pavlov by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nesterov" title="Mikhail Nesterov">Mikhail Nesterov</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies_in_Germany">Studies in Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Studies in Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After completing his doctorate, Pavlov went to <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, where he studied in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a> and Eimear Kelly in the Heidenhain laboratories in <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a>. He remained there from 1884 to 1886. Heidenhain was studying digestion in dogs, using an exteriorized section of the stomach. However, Pavlov perfected the technique by overcoming the problem of maintaining the external nerve supply. The exteriorized section became known as the Heidenhain or Pavlov pouch.<sup id="cite_ref-Credo_Reference_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credo_Reference-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Russia">Return to Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Return to Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1886, Pavlov returned to Russia to look for a new position. His application for the chair of physiology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Saint Petersburg">University of Saint Petersburg</a> was rejected. Eventually, Pavlov was offered the chair of pharmacology at <a href="/wiki/Tomsk_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomsk University">Tomsk University</a> in Siberia and at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a> in Poland. He did not take up either post. In 1890, he was appointed the role of professor of Pharmacology at the Military Medical Academy and occupied the position for five years.<sup id="cite_ref-Asratyan_1953_17–18_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asratyan_1953_17–18-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891, Pavlov was invited to the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Experimental_Medicine" title="Institute of Experimental Medicine">Institute of Experimental Medicine</a> in St. Petersburg to organize and direct the Department of Physiology.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over a 45-year period, under his direction, the institute became one of the most important centers of physiological research in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pavlov continued to direct the Department of Physiology at the institute, while taking up the chair of physiology at the Medical Military Academy in 1895. Pavlov would head the physiology department at the academy continuously for three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Asratyan_1953_17–18_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asratyan_1953_17–18-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in 1901, Pavlov was nominated over four successive years for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He did not win the prize until 1904 because his previous nominations were not specific to any discovery, but based on a variety of laboratory findings.<sup id="cite_ref-Credo_Reference2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credo_Reference2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Pavlov received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize</a> it was specified that he did so "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged".<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_1904_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_1904-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies_of_digestion">Studies of digestion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Studies of digestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the Institute of Experimental Medicine, Pavlov carried out his classical experiments on the digestive glands, which would eventually grant him the aforementioned Nobel prize.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pavlov investigated the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">gastric</a> function of dogs, and later, homeless children,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The citation references a film by the name of "Mechanics of the Brain" on page 296 and states that Ivan Pavlov's experiments were depicted alongside experiments on children in the film. While Pavlov did play a role in the film, the experiments on children are accredited to Professor N.I. Krasnogorsky. The citation nor the film allege that Pavlov himself participated in the experiments on children. (October 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ivan_Pavlov#Dubious" title="Talk:Ivan Pavlov">discuss</a></i>]</sup> by externalizing a <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary gland</a> so he could collect, measure, and analyze the <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> and what response it had to food under different conditions. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it. </p><p>Pavlov's laboratory housed a full-scale kennel for the experimental canines. Pavlov was interested in observing their long-term physiological processes. This required keeping them alive and healthy to conduct chronic experiments, as he called them. These were experiments over time, designed to understand the normal functions of dogs. This was a new kind of study, because previously experiments had been "acute", meaning that the dog underwent <a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">vivisection</a> which ultimately killed it.<sup id="cite_ref-Credo_Reference2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credo_Reference2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pavlov would often remove the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> of several dogs and created a <a href="/wiki/Fistula" title="Fistula">fistula</a> in their throats.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 1921 article by Sergius Morgulis in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> was critical of Pavlov's work, raising concerns about the environment in which these experiments had been performed. Based on a report from <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, claiming that Pavlov grew potatoes and carrots in his laboratory the article stated, "It is gratifying to be assured that Professor Pavlov is raising potatoes only as a pastime and still gives the best of his genius to scientific investigation".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Pavlov began holding laboratory meetings known as the 'Wednesday meetings' at which he spoke frankly on many topics, including his views on psychology. These meetings lasted until he died in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-Credo_Reference2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Credo_Reference2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_Soviet_government">Relationship with the Soviet government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship with the Soviet government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pavlov was highly regarded by the Soviet government, and he was able to continue his research. He was praised by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite praise from the Soviet Union government, the money that poured in to support his laboratory, and the honours he was given, Pavlov made no attempts to conceal the disapproval and contempt with which he regarded Soviet Communism.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, he stated that he would not sacrifice even the hind leg of a frog to the type of social experiment that the regime was conducting in Russia. Four years later he wrote to Stalin, protesting at what was being done to Russian intellectuals and saying he was ashamed to be a Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-cavendish9_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavendish9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the murder of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Sergei Kirov</a> in 1934, Pavlov wrote several letters to <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> criticizing the mass persecutions which followed and asking for the reconsideration of cases pertaining to several people he knew personally.<sup id="cite_ref-cavendish9_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavendish9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conscious until his final moments, Pavlov asked one of his students to sit beside his bed and to record the circumstances of his dying. He wanted to create unique evidence of subjective experiences of this terminal phase of life.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pavlov died on 27 February 1936 of <a href="/wiki/Double_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Double pneumonia">double pneumonia</a> at the age of 86.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was given a grand funeral, and his study and laboratory were preserved as a museum in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-cavendish9_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavendish9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grave is in the Literatorskie mostki (writers' footways) section of <a href="/wiki/Volkovo_Cemetery" title="Volkovo Cemetery">Volkovo Cemetery</a> in St. Petersburg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflex_system_research">Reflex system research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reflex system research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex">Reflex</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of 'Pavlovian response', see <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">Classical conditioning</a>.</div> <p>Pavlov contributed to many areas of physiology and neurological sciences. Most of his work involved research in <a href="/wiki/Temperament" title="Temperament">temperament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">conditioning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reflex_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex action">involuntary reflex actions</a>. Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion, eventually publishing <i>The Work of the Digestive Glands</i> in 1897, after 12 years of research. His experiments earned him the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These experiments included surgically extracting portions of the digestive system from nonhuman animals, severing nerve bundles to determine the effects, and implanting <a href="/wiki/Fistula" title="Fistula">fistulas</a> between digestive organs and an external pouch to examine the organ's contents. This research served as a base for broad research on the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a>. Further work on reflex actions involved involuntary reactions to stress and pain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nervous_system_research">Nervous system research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nervous system research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_of_Pavlov%27s_dogs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/One_of_Pavlov%27s_dogs.jpg/220px-One_of_Pavlov%27s_dogs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/One_of_Pavlov%27s_dogs.jpg/330px-One_of_Pavlov%27s_dogs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/One_of_Pavlov%27s_dogs.jpg/440px-One_of_Pavlov%27s_dogs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>One of Pavlov's dogs with a surgically implanted <a href="/wiki/Cannula" title="Cannula">cannula</a> to measure <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">salivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">preserved</a> in the Pavlov Museum in <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>Pavlov was always interested in biomarkers of temperament types described by Hippocrates and Galen. He called these biomarkers "properties of nervous systems" and identified three main properties: (1) strength, (2) mobility of nervous processes and (3) a balance between excitation and inhibition and derived four types based on these three properties. He extended the definitions of the four temperament types under study at the time: choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, and melancholic, updating the names to "the strong and impetuous type, the strong equilibrated and quiet type, the strong equilibrated and lively type, and the weak type", respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pavlov and his researchers observed and began the study of <a href="/wiki/Transmarginal_inhibition" title="Transmarginal inhibition">transmarginal inhibition</a> (TMI), the body's natural response of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain by electric shock.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> This research showed how all temperament types responded to the stimuli the same way, but different temperaments move through the responses at different times. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference ... was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pavlov carried out experiments on the digestive glands, as well as investigated the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">gastric</a> function of dogs, and eventually won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1904,<sup id="cite_ref-cavendish9_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavendish9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_1904_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_1904-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the first Russian Nobel laureate. A survey in the <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_General_Psychology" title="Review of General Psychology">Review of General Psychology</a></i>, published in 2002, ranked Pavlov as the 24th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pavlov's principles of classical conditioning have been found to operate across a variety of <a href="/wiki/Behavior_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior therapy">behavior therapies</a> and in experimental and clinical settings, such as educational classrooms and even reducing phobias with <a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">systematic desensitization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ClinicalBehaviorAnalysis_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClinicalBehaviorAnalysis-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_conditioning">Classical conditioning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Classical conditioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basics of Pavlov's <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a> serve as a historical backdrop for current learning theories.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Russian physiologist's initial interest in classical conditioning occurred almost by accident during one of his experiments on digestion in dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarpy_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarpy-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering that Pavlov worked closely with nonhuman animals throughout many of his experiments, his early contributions were primarily about learning in nonhuman animals. However, the fundamentals of classical conditioning have been examined across many different organisms, including humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarpy_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarpy-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic underlying principles of Pavlov's classical conditioning have extended to a variety of settings, such as classrooms and learning environments. </p><p>Classical conditioning focuses on using preceding conditions to alter behavioral reactions. The principles underlying classical conditioning have influenced preventative antecedent control strategies used in the classroom.<sup id="cite_ref-Kern_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kern-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical conditioning set the groundwork for the present day <a href="/wiki/Behavior_modification" title="Behavior modification">behavior modification</a> practices, such as antecedent control. Antecedent events and conditions are defined as those conditions occurring before the behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberto_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pavlov's early experiments used manipulation of events or stimuli preceding behavior (i.e., a tone) to produce salivation in dogs much like teachers manipulate instruction and learning environments to produce positive behaviors or decrease maladaptive behaviors. Although he did not refer to the tone as an antecedent, Pavlov was one of the first scientists to demonstrate the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses. Pavlov systematically presented and withdrew stimuli to determine the antecedents that were eliciting responses, which is similar to the ways in which educational professionals conduct functional behavior assessments.<sup id="cite_ref-Stichter_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stichter-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antecedent strategies are supported by empirical evidence to operate implicitly within classroom environments. Antecedent-based interventions are supported by research to be preventative, and to produce immediate reductions in problem behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-Kern_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kern-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pavlov was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1904. He was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1907">Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1907</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elected an International Member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1908,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was awarded the Royal Society's <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> in 1915, and elected an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pavlov%27s_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlov's dog">Pavlov's dog</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pavlovian_session" title="Pavlovian session">Pavlovian session</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavlov%27s_typology" title="Pavlov's typology">Pavlov's typology</a> are named in his honour. The asteroid <a href="/wiki/1007_Pawlowia" title="1007 Pawlowia">1007 Pawlowia</a> and the lunar crater <i><a href="/wiki/Pavlov_(crater)" title="Pavlov (crater)">Pavlov</a></i> were also named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-springer-asteroid-crater_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer-asteroid-crater-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept for which Pavlov is best known is the "<a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">conditioned reflex</a>", or what he called the "conditional reflex", which he developed jointly with his assistant Ivan Tolochinov in 1901; <a href="/wiki/Edwin_B._Twitmyer" title="Edwin B. Twitmyer">Edwin B. Twitmyer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> published similar research in 1902, a year before Pavlov published his. The concept was developed after observing the rates of salivation in dogs. Pavlov noticed that his dogs began to salivate in the presence of the technician who normally fed them, rather than simply salivating in the presence of the food. If a buzzer or metronome was sounded before the food was given, the dog would later come to associate the sound with the presentation of the food and salivate upon the presentation of the sound stimulus alone.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolochinov, whose own term for the phenomenon had been "reflex at a distance", communicated the results at the Congress of Natural Sciences in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the same year Pavlov more fully explained the findings, at the 14th <a href="/wiki/International_Medical_Congress" title="International Medical Congress">International Medical Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, where he read a paper titled <i>The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of <a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a>. The idea of "conditioning", as an automatic form of learning, became a key concept in the developing specialism of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">comparative psychology</a>, and the general approach to psychology that underlay it, <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>. Pavlov's work with classical conditioning was of huge influence on how humans perceived themselves, their behavior and learning processes; his studies of classical conditioning continue to be central to modern <a href="/wiki/Behavior_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior therapy">behavior therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> was founded by Pavlov in 1925 and named after him following his death.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> observed that "[w]hether Pavlov's methods can be made to cover the whole of human behaviour is open to question, but at any rate they cover a very large field and within this field they have shown how to apply <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific methods</a> with quantitative exactitude".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. Pavlovian conditioning is a major theme in <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></i> (1932), and in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a></i> (1973). </p><p>It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signalled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell. However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including electric shocks, <a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metronome" title="Metronome">metronomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuning_fork" title="Tuning fork">tuning forks</a>, and a range of visual stimuli, in addition to the ring of a bell. In 1994, <a href="/wiki/A._Charles_Catania" title="A. Charles Catania">A. Charles Catania</a> cast doubt on whether Pavlov ever actually used a bell in his experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Littman tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov's contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bekhterev" title="Vladimir Bekhterev">Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev</a> and John B. Watson. Roger K. Thomas, of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a>, however, said they had found "three additional references to Pavlov's use of a bell that strongly challenge Littman's argument".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reply, Littman suggested that Catania's recollection, that Pavlov did not use a bell in research, was "convincing ... and correct".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, the psychologist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a> reviewed Pavlov's "Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes" for <i><a href="/wiki/The_BMJ" title="The BMJ">The BMJ</a></i>: Volume I – "Twenty-five Years of Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity of Animals", Volume II – "Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F.,_%D0%93._%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0._1924%D0%B3._(pavlovs_museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F.%2C_%D0%93._%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0._1924%D0%B3._%28pavlovs_museum%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F.%2C_%D0%93._%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0._1924%D0%B3._%28pavlovs_museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F.%2C_%D0%93._%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0._1924%D0%B3._%28pavlovs_museum%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F.%2C_%D0%93._%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0._1924%D0%B3._%28pavlovs_museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F.%2C_%D0%93._%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0._1924%D0%B3._%28pavlovs_museum%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%98.%D0%9F.%2C_%D0%93._%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0._1924%D0%B3._%28pavlovs_museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Pavlov (right) and his granddaughter Milochka pictured with <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> in 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>Pavlov married Seraphima Vasilievna Karchevskaya on 1 May 1881. Seraphima, called Sara for short, was born in 1855. They had met in 1878 or 1879 when she went to St. Petersburg to study at the Pedagogical Institute. In her later years, she suffered from ill health and died in 1947.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first nine years of their marriage were marred by financial problems; Pavlov and his wife often had to stay with others to have a home and, for a time, the two lived apart so that they could find hospitality. Although their poverty caused despair, material welfare was a secondary consideration. Sara's first pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. When she conceived again, the couple took precautions, and she safely gave birth to their first child, a boy whom they named Mirchik; Sara became deeply depressed following Mirchik's sudden death in childhood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pavlov and his wife eventually had four more children: Vladimir, Victor, Vsevolod, and Vera.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelbio_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their youngest son, Vsevolod, died of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> in 1935, only one year before his father.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pavlov was an atheist. Pavlov's follower E. M. Kreps asked him whether he was religious. Kreps writes that Pavlov smiled and replied: "Listen, good fellow, in regard to [claims of] my religiosity, my belief in God, my church attendance, there is no truth in it; it is sheer fantasy. I was a seminarian, and like the majority of seminarians, I became an unbeliever, an atheist in my school years."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnrep1936" class="citation journal cs1">Anrep, G. V. (1936). "Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849–1936". <i><a href="/wiki/Obituary_Notices_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society">Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>2</b> (5): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1936.0001">10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/769124">769124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Ivan+Petrovich+Pavlov.+1849%E2%80%931936&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1936.0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F769124%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Anrep&rft.aufirst=G.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447349">Ivan Pavlov</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pavlov.amr-museum.ru/engl/e_museum.htm">The memorial estate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114175850/http://pavlov.amr-museum.ru/engl/e_museum.htm">Archived</a> 14 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> About the house</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Credo_Reference-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Credo_Reference_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Credo_Reference_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Credo_Reference_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Credo_Reference_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehy,_NoelChapman,_Antony_J.Conroy,_Wendy_A.2002" class="citation book cs1">Sheehy, Noel; Chapman, Antony J.; Conroy, Wendy A., eds. (2002). <i>Ivan Petrovich Pavlov</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28561-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28561-2"><bdi>978-0-415-28561-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+Petrovich+Pavlov&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28561-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelbio-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelbio_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/pavlov-bio.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1904 Ivan Pavlov"</a>. Nobelmedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+and+Medicine+1904+Ivan+Pavlov&rft.pub=Nobelmedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1904%2Fpavlov-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsratyan1953">Asratyan (1953)</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsratyan1953">Asratyan (1953)</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cavendish9-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cavendish9_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cavendish9_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cavendish9_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cavendish9_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cavendish9_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish,_Richard.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cavendish, Richard. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/death-ivan-pavlov">"Death of Ivan Pavlov"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>61</b> (2): 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Death+of+Ivan+Pavlov&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Cavendish%2C+Richard.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Frichard-cavendish%2Fdeath-ivan-pavlov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsratyan1953">Asratyan (1953)</a>, pp. 9–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodes,_Daniel_Philip2002" class="citation book cs1">Todes, Daniel Philip (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4FpobBC2V1oC&pg=PA50"><i>Pavlov's Physiology Factory: Experiment, Interpretation, Laboratory Enterprise</i></a>. JHU Press. pp. 50–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6690-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6690-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-6690-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pavlov%27s+Physiology+Factory%3A+Experiment%2C+Interpretation%2C+Laboratory+Enterprise&rft.pages=50-&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6690-6&rft.au=Todes%2C+Daniel+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4FpobBC2V1oC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsratyan1953">Asratyan (1953)</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsratyan1953">Asratyan (1953)</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asratyan_1953_17–18-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asratyan_1953_17–18_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asratyan_1953_17–18_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsratyan1953">Asratyan (1953)</a>, pp. 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindholz1997" class="citation journal cs1">Windholz, George (1997). "Ivan P. Pavlov: An overview of his life and psychological work". <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>52</b> (9): 941–946. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.52.9.941">10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Ivan+P.+Pavlov%3A+An+overview+of+his+life+and+psychological+work&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=941-946&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.52.9.941&rft.aulast=Windholz&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Credo_Reference2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Credo_Reference2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Credo_Reference2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Credo_Reference2_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Ivan Pavlov". <i>Science in the Early Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ivan+Pavlov&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century%3A+An+Encyclopedia.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_1904-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_1904_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_1904_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904"</a>. nobelprize.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1448261">"Professor Pavlov"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>53</b> (1360): 74. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921Sci....53Q..74M">1921Sci....53Q..74M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.53.1360.74">10.1126/science.53.1360.74</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17790056">17790056</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29949004">29949004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Professor+Pavlov&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1360&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.53.1360.74&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29949004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17790056&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1921Sci....53Q..74M&rft.au=Morgulis%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1448261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin,_V.I.1921" class="citation web cs1">Lenin, V.I. 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Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ivan+Petrovich+Pavlow+%281849%E2%80%931936%29&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fbiografie%2Fpmknaw%2F%3Fpagetype%3DauthorDetail%26aId%3DPE00002265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-springer-asteroid-crater-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-springer-asteroid-crater_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmadel2007" class="citation book cs1">Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VoJ5nUyIzCsC&pg=PA87"><i>Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1007) Pawlowia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Berlin_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Berlin Heidelberg">Springer Berlin Heidelberg</a>. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3"><bdi>978-3-540-00238-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names+%E2%80%93+%281007%29+Pawlowia&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-00238-3&rft.aulast=Schmadel&rft.aufirst=Lutz+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVoJ5nUyIzCsC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodes2002" class="citation book cs1">Todes, Daniel Philip (2002). <i>Pavlov's Physiology Factory</i>. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 232 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6690-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6690-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-6690-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pavlov%27s+Physiology+Factory&rft.place=Baltimore+MD&rft.pages=232+ff&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6690-6&rft.aulast=Todes&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlov1927" class="citation book cs1">Pavlov, I. P. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/"><i>Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Translated and Edited by G. V. Anrep</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conditioned+Reflexes%3A+An+Investigation+of+the+Physiological+Activity+of+the+Cerebral+Cortex.+Translated+and+Edited+by+G.+V.+Anrep&rft.place=London&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Pavlov&rft.aufirst=I.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsychclassics.yorku.ca%2FPavlov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaud,_J._J.Wolpe,_J.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Plaud, J. J.; Wolpe, J. (1997). "Pavlov's contributions to behavior therapy: The obvious and the not so obvious". <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>52</b> (9): 966–972. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.52.9.966">10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.966</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9382243">9382243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Pavlov%27s+contributions+to+behavior+therapy%3A+The+obvious+and+the+not+so+obvious&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=966-972&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.52.9.966&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9382243&rft.au=Plaud%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Wolpe%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infran.ru/history_eng.htm">Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150313175854/http://www.infran.ru/history_eng.htm">Archived</a> 13 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. infran.ru</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLe1Bav9NBcC&pg=PA32"><i>The Scientific Outlook</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24996-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24996-1"><bdi>0-415-24996-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Outlook&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-24996-1&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeLe1Bav9NBcC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/A._Charles_Catania" title="A. Charles Catania">Catania, A. Charles</a> (1994); <i>Query: Did Pavlov's Research Ring a Bell?</i>, Psycoloquy Newsletter, Tuesday, 7 June 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas,_Roger_K.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Roger K. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk/cgi/psyc/newpsy?article=5.80">"Pavlov's dogs "dripped Saliva at the Sound of a Bell"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Psycoloquy</i>. <b>5</b> (80).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psycoloquy&rft.atitle=Pavlov%27s+dogs+%22dripped+Saliva+at+the+Sound+of+a+Bell%22&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=80&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Roger+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk%2Fcgi%2Fpsyc%2Fnewpsy%3Farticle%3D5.80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittman,_Richard_A.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Littman, Richard A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk/cgi/psyc/newpsy?5.49">"Bekhterev and Watson Rang Pavlov's Bell"</a>. <i>Psycoloquy</i>. <b>5</b> (49).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psycoloquy&rft.atitle=Bekhterev+and+Watson+Rang+Pavlov%27s+Bell&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=49&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Littman%2C+Richard+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk%2Fcgi%2Fpsyc%2Fnewpsy%3F5.49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEysenck1964" class="citation journal cs1">Eysenck, H. J. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1815950">"Pavlov's Writings"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>2</b> (5401): 111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.5401.111-b">10.1136/bmj.2.5401.111-b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1815950">1815950</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Pavlov%27s+Writings&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5401&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1815950%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.5401.111-b&rft.aulast=Eysenck&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1815950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabkin1949" class="citation book cs1">Babkin, B.P. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pavlovabiography010332mbp"><i>Pavlov, A Biography</i></a>. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 27–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-4397-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-4397-5"><bdi>978-1-4067-4397-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pavlov%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pages=27-54&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-4397-5&rft.aulast=Babkin&rft.aufirst=B.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpavlovabiography010332mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindholz,_George1986" class="citation journal cs1">Windholz, George (1986). "Pavlov's Religious Orientation". <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 320–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1386296">10.2307/1386296</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1386296">1386296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Pavlov%27s+Religious+Orientation&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=320-27&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1386296&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1386296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Windholz%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsratyan1953" class="citation book cs1">Asratyan, E. A. (1953). <i>I. P. Pavlov: His Life and Work</i>. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I.+P.+Pavlov%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Asratyan&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoakes1984" class="citation book cs1">Boakes, Robert (1984). <i>From Darwin to behaviourism</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23512-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23512-9"><bdi>978-0-521-23512-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Darwin+to+behaviourism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23512-9&rft.aulast=Boakes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirkinJ.A._Whitworth1987" class="citation book cs1">Firkin, Barry G.; J.A. Whitworth (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmedi0000firk"><i>Dictionary of Medical Eponyms</i></a></span>. Parthenon Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85070-333-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85070-333-4"><bdi>978-1-85070-333-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Medical+Eponyms&rft.pub=Parthenon+Publishing&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-85070-333-4&rft.aulast=Firkin&rft.aufirst=Barry+G.&rft.au=J.A.+Whitworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofmedi0000firk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodes1997" class="citation journal cs1">Todes, D. P. (1997). "Pavlov's Physiological Factory". <i>Isis</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 205–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F383690">10.1086/383690</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/236572">236572</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9325628">9325628</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19598834">19598834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Pavlov%27s+Physiological+Factory&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-246&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9325628&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19598834%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F236572%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F383690&rft.aulast=Todes&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+Pavlov" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Ivan Pavlov</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ivan+Pavlov">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ivan+Pavlov&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Ivan Pavlov</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ivan+Pavlov">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ivan+Pavlov&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Medicine article on Pavlov</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100924061613/http://dubnaulab.cshl.edu/data/JD_dogs.html">Link to a list of Pavlov's dogs with some pictures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.butler-bowdon.com/Pavlov-Conditioned-Reflexes">Commentary on Pavlov's <i>Conditioned Reflexes</i></a> from <i>50 Psychology Classics</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120706061005/http://russian.lingualift.com/blog/ivan-pavlov-dogs-nobel/">Ivan Pavlov and his dogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pavlovtowardsscientificpsychologypsychiatry"><i>Ivan P. Pavlov: Toward a Scientific Psychology and Psychiatry</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Pavlov%2C%20Ivan%20Petrovich%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pavlov%2C%20Ivan%20P%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pavlov%2C%20I%2E%20P%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ivan%20Petrovich%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ivan%20P%2E%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22I%2E%20P%2E%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pavlov%2C%20Ivan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ivan%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ivan%20Petrovich%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ivan%20P%2E%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22I%2E%20P%2E%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22I%2E%20Petrovich%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pavlov%2C%20Ivan%20Petrovich%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pavlov%2C%20Ivan%20P%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pavlov%2C%20I%2E%20P%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pavlov%2C%20I%2E%20Petrovich%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ivan%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pavlov%2C%20Ivan%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ivan%20Petrovich%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ivan%20P%2E%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20title%3A%22I%2E%20P%2E%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ivan%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ivan%20Petrovich%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ivan%20P%2E%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20description%3A%22I%2E%20P%2E%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pavlov%2C%20Ivan%20Petrovich%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pavlov%2C%20Ivan%20P%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ivan%20Pavlov%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pavlov%2C%20Ivan%22%29%20OR%20%28%221849-1936%22%20AND%20Pavlov%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ivan Pavlov</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/013324">Newspaper clippings about Ivan Pavlov</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/296">Ivan Pavlov</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42985#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture on 12 December 1904 <i>Physiology of Digestion</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Crookes</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" title="Horace Tabberer Brown">Horace Tabberer Brown</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist)" title="Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)">Thomas Lewis</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and 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aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1904_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1904 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1904_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1904 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1904 Nobel Prize in Literature">1904</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ivan Pavlov</a> (Russia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1901_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1901 Nobel Prize winners">1901</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1902 Nobel Prize winners">1902</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1903 Nobel Prize winners">1903</a></dd> <dd><b>1904 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1905_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1905 Nobel Prize winners">1905</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners">1906</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners">1907</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1908_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1908 Nobel Prize winners">1908</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1909_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1909 Nobel Prize winners">1909</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#BFD7FF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology" title="Template:Psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology" title="Template talk:Psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic <br />psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi-stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stylized letter psi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/50px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/75px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/100px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied <br />psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" title="Qualitative psychological research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" title="Quantitative psychological research">Quantitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">Self-report inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mischel" title="Walter Mischel">Walter Mischel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Elliot Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McEwen" title="Bruce McEwen">Bruce McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Diener" title="Ed Diener">Ed Diener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Kessler" title="Ronald C. Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Fiske" title="Susan Fiske">Susan Fiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:psychology">Wiktionary definition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:en:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:en:Psychology">Wiktionary category</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Psychology">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Psychology">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Psychology">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Psychology">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Psychology">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42985#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42985#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42985#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008115516X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/36977716">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40894/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtX4HfQ4hTKcdfCkmpHG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pavlov, Ivan P."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118592297">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 1849-1936"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79091172">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12275842k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12275842k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452332">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pavlov, Ivan Petrovič"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV052452">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35413027">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk19990075732&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000001801&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX977138">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/60877">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067794483">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90160185">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000055605&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000311472&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000078404">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=162409">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201624271">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqq9nv5l12zbb">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810612207205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/118227">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266457805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13941202">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00834905?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/ivan-p-pavlov/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/943768">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118592297.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118592297">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031568513">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6474d39">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&oldid=1258248928">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&oldid=1258248928</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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[\"Copley Medallists 1901-1950\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Family name hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 7,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox scientist\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1901-1925\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobelprize\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"OldStyleDate\"] = 1,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 1,\n [\"Psychology\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","25.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","13.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getDescription","40","3.4"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.4"],["[others]","320","27.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-psqwl","timestamp":"20241122140405","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ivan Pavlov","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivan_Pavlov","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42985","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42985","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-14T19:00:32Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T23:18:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7d\/Ivan_Pavlov_NLM3.jpg","headline":"Russian physiologist (1849-1936)"}</script> </body> </html>