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href="#Career_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career and research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career and research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post_war_years:_1945–1950" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_war_years:_1945–1950"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Post war years: 1945–1950</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_war_years:_1945–1950-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA_–_Phase_One" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA_–_Phase_One"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>DNA – Phase One</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA_–_Phase_One-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA_Phase_two_1951–52" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA_Phase_two_1951–52"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>DNA Phase two 1951–52</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA_Phase_two_1951–52-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1953" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1953"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post-1953</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1953-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_featuring_Maurice_Wilkins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_featuring_Maurice_Wilkins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Books featuring Maurice Wilkins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_featuring_Maurice_Wilkins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maurice Wilkins</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B2" title="موريس ويلكنز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موريس ويلكنز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moris_Uilkins" title="Moris Uilkins – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Moris Uilkins" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="موریس ویلکینز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موریس ویلکینز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="মরিস উইলকিন্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মরিস উইলকিন্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Марыс Уілкінс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марыс Уілкінс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Морис Уилкинс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Морис Уилкинс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="موریس ویلکینز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موریس ویلکینز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9C%8C%ED%82%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="모리스 윌킨스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모리스 윌킨스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD" title="Մորիս Ուիլկինս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մորիս Ուիլկինս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="מוריס וילקינס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוריס וילקינס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მორის უილკინსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მორის უილკინსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Морис Уилкинс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Морис Уилкинс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_Wilkins" title="Mauritius Wilkins – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mauritius Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriss_Vilkinss" title="Moriss Vilkinss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Moriss Vilkinss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მორის უილკინსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მორის უილკინსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B2" title="موريس ويلكنز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موريس ويلكنز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="موریس ویلکینز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="موریس ویلکینز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="モーリス・ウィルキンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モーリス・ウィルキンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B2" title="مائورس ولکنز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مائورس ولکنز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Hugh_Frederick_Wilkins" title="Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Уилкинс, Морис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уилкинс, Морис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="मारीस् एच् विल्किन्स् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मारीस् एच् विल्किन्स्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%B5%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3" title="مۆریس ویڵکنس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆریس ویڵکنس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moris_Vilkins" title="Moris Vilkins – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Moris Vilkins" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="มอริส วิลคินส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มอริส วิลคินส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Моріс Вілкінс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Моріс Вілкінс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3" title="میورس ولیکنس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میورس ولیکنس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="莫里斯·威尔金斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="莫里斯·威尔金斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Maurice Wilkins" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="莫里斯·威爾金斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莫里斯·威爾金斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184659#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">New Zealand-born British biophysicist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Maurice Wilkins, see <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Maurice Wilkins (disambiguation)">Maurice Wilkins (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Maurice Wilkins</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurice_H_F_Wilkins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Maurice_H_F_Wilkins.jpg/220px-Maurice_H_F_Wilkins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Maurice_H_F_Wilkins.jpg/330px-Maurice_H_F_Wilkins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Maurice_H_F_Wilkins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="575" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Maurice Wilkins with one of the cameras he developed specially for X-ray diffraction studies at King's College London<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1916-12-15</span>)</span>15 December 1916<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Pongaroa" title="Pongaroa">Pongaroa</a>, New Zealand</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 October 2004<span style="display:none">(2004-10-05)</span> (aged 87)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_London" title="Blackheath, London">Blackheath, London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Birmingham" title="King Edward's School, Birmingham">King Edward's School, Birmingham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (MA)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> (PhD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">X-ray diffraction, DNA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Ruth Wilkins</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(divorced)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Patricia Ann Chidgey</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1959)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research">Lasker Award</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.722993">Phosphorescence decay laws and electronic processes in solids</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1940)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(physicist)" title="John Randall (physicist)">John Randall</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (15 December 1916 – 5 October 2004)<sup id="cite_ref-rsbm_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsbm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>-born <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureate">Nobel laureate</a> whose research spanned multiple areas of physics and biophysics, contributing to the scientific understanding of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">phosphorescence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">isotope separation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical microscopy">optical microscopy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a>. He is known for his work at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> on the structure of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. </p><p>Wilkins' work on DNA falls into two distinct phases. The first was in 1948–1950, when his initial studies produced the first clear X-ray images of DNA, which he presented at a conference in Naples in 1951 attended by <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a>. During the second phase, 1951–52, Wilkins produced clear "B form" X-shaped images from squid sperm, images he sent to James Watson and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, causing Watson to write "Wilkins... has obtained extremely excellent X-ray diffraction photographs" [of DNA].<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953, Wilkins' group coordinator <a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(physicist)" title="John Randall (physicist)">Sir John Randall</a> instructed <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gosling" title="Raymond Gosling">Raymond Gosling</a> to hand over to Wilkins a high-quality image of "B" form DNA (<i><a href="/wiki/Photo_51" title="Photo 51">Photo 51</a></i>), which Gosling had made in 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-due_credit_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-due_credit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which his supervisor <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a> "put it aside"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as she was leaving King's College London. Wilkins showed it to Watson.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This image, along with the knowledge that <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> had proposed an incorrect structure of DNA, "mobilised"<sup id="cite_ref-Linus_Pauling_and_The_Race_for_DNA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linus_Pauling_and_The_Race_for_DNA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watson and Crick to restart model building. With additional information from research reports of Wilkins and Franklin, obtained via <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a>, Watson and Crick correctly described the double-helix structure of DNA in 1953. </p><p>Wilkins continued to test, verify, and make significant corrections to the Watson–Crick DNA model and to study the structure of RNA.<sup id="cite_ref-An_historical_memoir_in_honour_of_Maurice_Wilkins_1916-2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-An_historical_memoir_in_honour_of_Maurice_Wilkins_1916-2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilkins, Crick, and Watson were awarded the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine</a>, "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Wilkins&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilkinsMonumentPongaroa2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/WilkinsMonumentPongaroa2009.jpg/220px-WilkinsMonumentPongaroa2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/WilkinsMonumentPongaroa2009.jpg/330px-WilkinsMonumentPongaroa2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/WilkinsMonumentPongaroa2009.jpg/440px-WilkinsMonumentPongaroa2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Maurice Wilkins, Main Street, Pongaroa, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilkins was born in <a href="/wiki/Pongaroa" title="Pongaroa">Pongaroa</a>, New Zealand, where his father, Edgar Henry Wilkins, was a medical doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelBio_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelBio-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His older sister was the translator and poet <a href="/wiki/Eithne_Wilkins" title="Eithne Wilkins">Eithne Wilkins</a>. His family had come from Dublin, where his paternal and maternal grandfathers were, respectively, Headmaster of Dublin High School and a Chief of Police. The Wilkinses moved to <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England when Maurice was 6. Later, he attended Wylde Green College and then went to <a href="/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Birmingham" title="King Edward's School, Birmingham">King Edward's School, Birmingham</a> from 1929 to 1934.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wilkins went to <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a> in 1935; he studied the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Sciences_(Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Sciences (Cambridge)">Natural Sciences Tripos</a>, specialising in Physics, and received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio_at_St_John's_College,_Cambridge_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio_at_St_John's_College,_Cambridge-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a>, who was one of Wilkins' instructors at St. John's, had been appointed to the Chair of Physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, and had appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(physicist)" title="John Randall (physicist)">John Randall</a> to his staff. Wilkins became a PhD student of Randall at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>. In 1945, they published four papers in the <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society">Proceedings of the Royal Society</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">phosphorescence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> traps.<sup id="cite_ref-GarlickWilkins1945_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarlickWilkins1945-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RandallWilkins1945a_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RandallWilkins1945a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RandallWilkins1945b_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RandallWilkins1945b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RandallWilkins1945c_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RandallWilkins1945c-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilkins received a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> for this work in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-phd_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phd-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Wilkins&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_war_years:_1945–1950"><span id="Post_war_years:_1945.E2.80.931950"></span>Post war years: 1945–1950</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Wilkins&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post war years: 1945–1950"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> Wilkins developed improved radar screens at Birmingham, then worked on isotope separation at the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> during the years 1944–45.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Randall had been appointed to the Chair of Physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>. In 1945, he appointed Wilkins as Assistant Lecturer in his department at the University of St Andrews. Randall was negotiating with the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a> (MRC) to set up a laboratory to apply the experimental methods of physics to problems of biology. The combination of these disciplines as <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysics</a> was a novel idea. The MRC told Randall that this had to be done in another university. In 1946 Randall was appointed Wheatstone Professor of Physics, in charge of the entire Physics department at King's College, London, with the funding to set up a Biophysics Unit. He brought Wilkins with him as Assistant Director of the unit. They appointed a team of scientists trained in both the physical and biological sciences. The "management philosophy" was to explore the use of many techniques in parallel, to find which looked promising, and then to focus on these. Wilkins, as the scientist with most diverse experience of physics and Assistant Director of the unit, had general oversight of the varied projects besides direct involvement in his personal research projects that included new types of optical microscopy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King's College received funding to build completely new Physics and Engineering Departments where vaults beneath the Strand level College forecourt had been destroyed by bombs during the War. The Biophysics Unit, several more experimental physics groups and the theoretical group started to move in, during the early months of 1952. The laboratories were opened formally by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Cherwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cherwell">Lord Cherwell</a> on 27 June. Wilkins' article for <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)"><i>Nature</i></a> described both departments, consistent with his leadership role and prestige within the college at large.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA_–_Phase_One"><span id="DNA_.E2.80.93_Phase_One"></span>DNA – Phase One</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Wilkins&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: DNA – Phase One"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At King's College, Wilkins pursued, among other things, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a> work on ram sperm and DNA that had been obtained from calf thymus by the Swiss scientist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Signer" title="Rudolf Signer">Rudolf Signer</a>. The DNA from Signer's lab was much more intact than the DNA which had previously been isolated. Wilkins discovered that it was possible to produce thin threads from this concentrated DNA solution that contained highly ordered arrays of DNA suitable for the production of X-ray diffraction patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-WilkinsNobelLecture_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilkinsNobelLecture-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a carefully bundled group of these DNA threads and keeping them hydrated, Wilkins and a graduate student <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gosling" title="Raymond Gosling">Raymond Gosling</a> obtained X-ray photographs of DNA that showed that the long, thin DNA molecule in the sample from Signer had a regular, crystal-like structure in these threads. Gosling later said "When... I first saw all those discrete diffraction spots ...emerging on the film in the developing dish was a truly eureka moment....we realised that if DNA was the gene material then we had just shown that genes could crystallize!<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" This initial X-ray diffraction work at King's College was done in May or June 1950. It was one of the X-ray diffraction photographs taken in 1950, shown at a meeting in Naples a year later, that sparked <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">James Watson's</a> interest in DNA<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing him to write "suddenly I was excited about chemistry.....I began to wonder whether it would be possible for me to join Wilkins in working on DNA".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time Wilkins also introduced <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> to the importance of DNA. Crick advised him to work on proteins telling Wilkins "what you ought to do is find yourself a good protein".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilkins knew that proper experiments on the threads of purified DNA would require better X-ray equipment. Wilkins ordered a new X-ray tube and a new microcamera. He also suggested to Randall that the soon-to-be-appointed <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a> should be reassigned from work on protein solutions to join the DNA effort.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the summer of 1950 Randall had arranged for a three-year research fellowship that would fund Rosalind Franklin in his laboratory. Franklin was delayed in finishing her work in Paris. Late in 1950, Randall wrote to Franklin to inform her that rather than work on protein, she should take advantage of Wilkins's preliminary work<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that she should do X-ray studies of DNA fibers made from Signer's samples of DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-RF-ProfilesInScience_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RF-ProfilesInScience-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA_Phase_two_1951–52"><span id="DNA_Phase_two_1951.E2.80.9352"></span>DNA Phase two 1951–52</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Wilkins&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: DNA Phase two 1951–52"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in 1951 Franklin finally arrived. Wilkins was away on holiday and missed an initial meeting at which Raymond Gosling stood in for him along with <a href="/wiki/Alex_Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex Stokes">Alex Stokes</a>, who, like Crick, would solve the basic mathematics that make possible a general theory of how helical structures diffract X-rays. No work had been done on DNA in the laboratory for several months; the new X-ray tube sat unused, waiting for Franklin. Franklin ended up with the DNA from Signer, Gosling became her PhD student, and she had the expectation that DNA X-ray diffraction work was her project. Wilkins returned to the laboratory expecting, on the other hand, that Franklin would be his collaborator and that they would work together on the DNA project that he had started.<sup id="cite_ref-RF-ProfilesInScience_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RF-ProfilesInScience-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confusion over Franklin's and Wilkins' roles in relation to the DNA effort (which later developed into considerable tension between them) is clearly attributable to Randall. In his letter of appointment he told Franklin "as far as the experimental X-ray effort [on DNA] is concerned, there will be at the moment only yourself and Gosling".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Randall never informed Wilkins of his decision to give Franklin sole responsibility for the DNA effort and Wilkins only learned of the letter years after Franklin's death. He later wrote "My opinion is very clear: that Randall was very wrong to have written to Rosalind telling her that Stokes and I wished to stop our work on DNA, without consulting us. After Raymond [Gosling] and I got a clear crystalline X-ray pattern I was very eager to continue that work ... Trying to understand 'what really happened' when a very admirable scientist [Randall] models himself on Napoleon is not easy ... [but the letter] was very damaging to her and to me".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By November 1951, Wilkins had evidence that DNA in cells as well as purified DNA had a helical structure.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alex Stokes had solved the basic mathematics of helical diffraction theory and thought that Wilkins's X-ray diffraction data indicated a helical structure in DNA. Wilkins met with Watson and Crick and told them about his results. This information from Wilkins, along with additional information gained by Watson when he heard Franklin talk about her research during a King's College research meeting, stimulated Watson and Crick to create their first molecular model of DNA, a model with the phosphate backbones at the center. Upon viewing the model of the proposed structure, Franklin told Watson and Crick that it was wrong. Franklin based this on two observations. First, experiments by J.M. Gulland showed that the CO- and NH<sub>2</sub> groups of the bases could not be <a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">titrated</a>, and so were probably inaccessible. Secondly, crystallographic evidence showed that the structural units of DNA were progressively separated by the addition of water, leading to the formation of a gel and then a solution. Franklin believed that the simplest explanation of this was for the <a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">hydrophilic</a> part of the molecule to be on the outside. Crick tried to get Wilkins to continue with additional molecular modeling efforts, but Wilkins did not take this approach.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Early in 1952, Wilkins began a series of experiments on sepia sperm which were very encouraging. "I...got much clearer patterns than the previous year.....when I met <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Lawrence Bragg">[Sir William Lawrence] Bragg</a> by chance I showed him the pattern [which] very clearly offered strong evidence for a helical structure for DNA....the sharp sperm patterns were very inspiring, and had the special interest that sperm were real live objects and not just purified DNA extracted by chemists from living material". Wilkins was particularly interested in whether living samples would yield meaningful X-ray diffraction patterns – his results showed they could.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1952, Franklin also refused to participate in molecular modeling efforts and continued to work on step-by-step detailed analysis of her X-ray diffraction data (<a href="/wiki/Patterson_function" title="Patterson function">Patterson</a> synthesis). By the spring of 1952, Franklin had received permission from Randall to ask to transfer her fellowship so that she could leave King's College and work in <a href="/wiki/J._D._Bernal" title="J. D. Bernal">John Bernal</a>'s laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkbeck College">Birkbeck College</a>, also in London. Franklin remained at King's College until the middle of March 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> had published a proposed but incorrect structure of DNA, making the same basic error that Watson and Crick had made a year earlier. Some of those working on DNA in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> feared that Pauling would quickly solve the DNA structure once he recognized his error and put the backbones of the nucleotide chains on the outside of a model of DNA. After March 1952 Franklin concentrated on the X-ray data for the A-form of less hydrated DNA while Wilkins tried to work on the hydrated B-form. Wilkins was handicapped because Franklin had all of the good DNA. Wilkins got new DNA samples, but it was not as good as the original sample he had obtained in 1950 and which Franklin continued to use. Most of his new results were for biological samples like sperm cells, which also suggested a helical structure for DNA. In July 1952 Franklin reported to him and Stokes that her newest results made her doubt the helical nature of the A-form.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In early 1953 Watson visited King's College and Wilkins showed him a high quality image of the B-form X-ray diffraction pattern, now identified as <a href="/wiki/Photo_51" title="Photo 51">photograph 51</a>, that Franklin had produced in March 1952. Wilkins had shown this image produced by Franklin without notifying or receiving authorization from the principal investigator who produced the image. With the knowledge that Pauling was working on DNA and had submitted a model of DNA for publication, Watson and Crick mounted one more concentrated effort to deduce the structure of DNA. Through <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a>, his thesis supervisor, Crick gained access to a progress report from King's College that included useful information from Franklin about the features of DNA she had deduced from her X-ray diffraction data. Watson and Crick published their proposed DNA double helical structure in a paper in the journal <i>Nature</i> in April 1953. In this paper Watson and Crick acknowledged that they had been "stimulated by.... the unpublished results and ideas" of Wilkins and Franklin.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_Crick_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson_Crick-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Watson-Crick paper appeared in <i>Nature</i> on 25 April 1953. The members of the Cambridge and King's College laboratories agreed to report their interlocking work in three papers with continuous pagination in <i>Nature</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_Crick_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson_Crick-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sir Lawrence Bragg, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a>, where Watson and Crick worked, gave a talk at <a href="/wiki/Guy%27s_Hospital_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy's Hospital Medical School">Guy's Hospital Medical School</a> in London on Thursday 14 May 1953 which resulted in an article by <a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Calder" title="Ritchie Calder">Ritchie Calder</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/News_Chronicle" title="News Chronicle">News Chronicle</a></i> of London, on Friday 15 May 1953, entitled "Why You Are You. Nearer Secret of Life." The news reached readers of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> the next day; Victor K. McElheny, in researching his biography of Watson, <i>Watson and DNA: Making a Scientific Revolution</i>, found a clipping of a six-paragraph <i>New York Times</i> article written from London and dated 16 May 1953 with the headline "Form of 'Life Unit' in Cell Is Scanned." The article ran in an early edition and was then pulled to make space for news deemed more important. (The <i>New York Times</i> subsequently ran a longer article on 12 June 1953). The Cambridge University undergraduate newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Varsity_(Cambridge)" title="Varsity (Cambridge)">Varsity</a></i> also ran its own short article on the discovery on Saturday 30 May 1953. Bragg's original announcement at a <a href="/wiki/Solvay_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvay conference">Solvay conference</a> on <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> on 8 April 1953 went unreported by the press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1953">Post-1953</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Wilkins&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-1953"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the initial 1953 series of publications on the double helix structure of DNA, Wilkins continued research as leader of a team that performed a range of meticulous experiments to establish the <a href="/wiki/Double_helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Double helix">helical</a> model as valid among different biological species, as well as in living systems, to establish the universality of the double helix structure.<sup id="cite_ref-WilkinsNobelLecture_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilkinsNobelLecture-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became deputy director of the MRC Biophysics Unit at King's in 1955, and succeeded Randall as director of the unit from 1970 to 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fuller_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Wilkins&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilkins_Plaque_Pongaroa_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Wilkins_Plaque_Pongaroa_2009.jpg/220px-Wilkins_Plaque_Pongaroa_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Wilkins_Plaque_Pongaroa_2009.jpg/330px-Wilkins_Plaque_Pongaroa_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Wilkins_Plaque_Pongaroa_2009.jpg/440px-Wilkins_Plaque_Pongaroa_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A plaque commemorating Maurice Wilkins and his discovery, beneath the monument, Pongaroa, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilkins was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1959" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1959">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1959</a><sup id="cite_ref-rsbm_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsbm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an <a href="/wiki/EMBO_Member" class="mw-redirect" title="EMBO Member">EMBO Member</a> in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-membo_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-membo-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960 he was presented with the <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Health_Association" title="American Public Health Association">American Public Health Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Lasker Award">Albert Lasker Award</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1962 he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. Also in 1962 he shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> with Watson and Crick for the discovery of the structure of DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelBio_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelBio-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1969 to 1991, Wilkins was the founding President of the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_Social_Responsibility_in_Science" title="British Society for Social Responsibility in Science">British Society for Social Responsibility in Science</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, King's College London opened the <i>Franklin-Wilkins Building</i> in honour of Dr. Franklin's and Professor Wilkins' work at the college.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wording on the DNA sculpture (donated by James Watson) outside <a href="/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge" title="Clare College, Cambridge">Clare College</a>'s Thirkill Court, Cambridge, England is </p><p>a) on the base: </p> <dl><dd>i) "These strands unravel during cell reproduction. Genes are encoded in the sequence of bases."</dd> <dd>ii) "The double helix model was supported by the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins."</dd></dl> <p>b) on the helices: </p> <dl><dd>i) "The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson while Watson lived here at Clare."</dd> <dd>ii) "The molecule of DNA has two helical strands that are linked by base pairs Adenine – Thymine or Guanine – Cytosine."</dd></dl> <p>The Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">University of Auckland</a>, launched in 2002, was renamed the Maurice Wilkins Centre in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Wilkins&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilkins was married twice. His first wife, Ruth, was an art student whom he met whilst he was at Berkeley. Their marriage ended in divorce, and Ruth bore her son by Wilkins after their divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilkins married his second wife Patricia Ann Chidgey in 1959. They had four children, Sarah, George, Emily and William. His widow Patricia and the children from their marriage survived him.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fuller_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years before World War II, he was an anti-war activist, joining the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scientists%27_Anti-War_Group" title="Cambridge Scientists' Anti-War Group">Cambridge Scientists' Anti-War Group</a>. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> by the Soviet Army in September 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formerly classified UK security service papers reveal that Wilkins came under suspicion of leaking atomic secrets. The files, released in August 2010, indicate surveillance of Wilkins ended by 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "After the war I wondered what I would do, as I was very disgusted with the dropping of two bombs on civilian centres in Japan," he told Britain's <i>Encounter</i> radio program in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilkins published his autobiography, <i>The Third Man of the Double Helix</i>, in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Wilkins&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3720060.stm">"Science mourns DNA pioneer Wilkins"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Science+mourns+DNA+pioneer+Wilkins&rft.date=2004-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F3720060.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsbm-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rsbm_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsbm_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnottKibbleShallice2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Struther_Arnott" title="Struther Arnott">Arnott, S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tom_W._B._Kibble" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom W. B. Kibble">Kibble, T. W. B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tim_Shallice" title="Tim Shallice">Shallice, T.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2006.0031">"Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins. 15 December 1916 – 5 October 2004: Elected FRS 1959"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>52</b>. London: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>: 455–478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2006.0031">10.1098/rsbm.2006.0031</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18551798">18551798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Maurice+Hugh+Frederick+Wilkins.+15+December+1916+%E2%80%93+5+October+2004%3A+Elected+FRS+1959&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=455-478&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2006.0031&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18551798&rft.aulast=Arnott&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Kibble%2C+T.+W.+B.&rft.au=Shallice%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.2006.0031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Olby" title="Robert Olby">Robert Olby</a>; <i>The Path to The Double Helix: Discovery of DNA</i>; p366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James D. Watson, <i>The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix</i> p180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-due_credit-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-due_credit_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F496270a">"Due credit"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>496</b> (7445): 270. 18 April 2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F496270a">10.1038/496270a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23607133">23607133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Due+credit&rft.volume=496&rft.issue=7445&rft.pages=270&rft.date=2013-04-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F496270a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23607133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F496270a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitkowski_J2019" class="citation journal cs1">Witkowski J (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-01176-9">"The forgotten scientists who paved the way to the double helix"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>568</b> (7752): 308–309. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.568..308W">2019Natur.568..308W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-01176-9">10.1038/d41586-019-01176-9</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+forgotten+scientists+who+paved+the+way+to+the+double+helix&rft.volume=568&rft.issue=7752&rft.pages=308-309&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-019-01176-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.568..308W&rft.au=Witkowski+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-019-01176-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maddox p178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James D. 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T.; Wilkins, M. H. F. (1945). "Phosphorescence and Electron Traps. I. The Study of Trap Distributions". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>184</b> (999): 365–389. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1945RSPSA.184..365R">1945RSPSA.184..365R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1945.0024">10.1098/rspa.1945.0024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-5021">1364-5021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96403935">96403935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=Phosphorescence+and+Electron+Traps.+I.+The+Study+of+Trap+Distributions&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=999&rft.pages=365-389&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1945.0024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96403935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1364-5021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1945RSPSA.184..365R&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+M.+H.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RandallWilkins1945b-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RandallWilkins1945b_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandallWilkins1945" class="citation journal cs1">Randall, J. T.; Wilkins, M. H. F. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1945.0025">"Phosphorescence and Electron Traps. II. The Interpretation of Long-Period Phosphorescence"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>184</b> (999): 390–407. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1945RSPSA.184..390R">1945RSPSA.184..390R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1945.0025">10.1098/rspa.1945.0025</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-5021">1364-5021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=Phosphorescence+and+Electron+Traps.+II.+The+Interpretation+of+Long-Period+Phosphorescence&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=999&rft.pages=390-407&rft.date=1945&rft.issn=1364-5021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1945.0025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1945RSPSA.184..390R&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+M.+H.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1945.0025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RandallWilkins1945c-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RandallWilkins1945c_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandallWilkins1945" class="citation journal cs1">Randall, J. T.; Wilkins, M. H. F. (1945). "The Phosphorescence of Various Solids". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>184</b> (999): 347–364. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1945RSPSA.184..347R">1945RSPSA.184..347R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1945.0023">10.1098/rspa.1945.0023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-5021">1364-5021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96325894">96325894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Phosphorescence+of+Various+Solids&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=999&rft.pages=347-364&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1945.0023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96325894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1364-5021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1945RSPSA.184..347R&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+M.+H.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phd-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phd_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins1940" class="citation thesis cs1">Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114350/http://copac.jisc.ac.uk/id/45259599?style=html"><i>Phosphorescence decay laws and electronic processes in solids</i></a>. <i>jisc.ac.uk</i> (PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.722993">uk.bl.ethos.722993</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copac.jisc.ac.uk/id/45259599?style=html">the original</a> on 10 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Phosphorescence+decay+laws+and+electronic+processes+in+solids&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Maurice+Hugh+Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcopac.jisc.ac.uk%2Fid%2F45259599%3Fstyle%3Dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins, p 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris" class="citation web cs1">Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dnaandsocialresponsibility.blogspot.com/2010/09/maurice-wilkins-brief-biography.html">"DNA and Social Responsibility"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNA+and+Social+Responsibility&rft.au=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdnaandsocialresponsibility.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F09%2Fmaurice-wilkins-brief-biography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins, Ch 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins1952" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkins, M. H. F. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F170261a0">"Engineering, Biophysics and Physics at King's College, London: New Building"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>170</b> (4320): 261–263. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952Natur.170..261W">1952Natur.170..261W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F170261a0">10.1038/170261a0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Engineering%2C+Biophysics+and+Physics+at+King%27s+College%2C+London%3A+New+Building&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=4320&rft.pages=261-263&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F170261a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1952Natur.170..261W&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=M.+H.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F170261a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilkinsNobelLecture-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WilkinsNobelLecture_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WilkinsNobelLecture_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/wilkins-lecture.pdf">Wilkins, Maurice HF, 'The Molecular Configuration of Nucleic Acids'. 1962 Nobel lecture, 11 December 1962</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James D. Watson, The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix p25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins, p 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James D. Watson, The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix p25-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Olby" title="Robert Olby">Robert Olby</a>; "The Path to The Double Helix: Discovery of DNA"; p354</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins, p 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins pp 144–145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RF-ProfilesInScience-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RF-ProfilesInScience_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RF-ProfilesInScience_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/kr/feature/dna">"The DNA Riddle: King's College, London, 1951–1953"</a>. <i>Rosalind Franklin – Profiles in Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a>. 12 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rosalind+Franklin+%E2%80%93+Profiles+in+Science&rft.atitle=The+DNA+Riddle%3A+King%27s+College%2C+London%2C+1951%E2%80%931953&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2Fspotlight%2Fkr%2Ffeature%2Fdna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins, p 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins, p 143-150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Chapter 2 of <i>The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology</i> by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Freeland_Judson" title="Horace Freeland Judson">Horace Freeland Judson</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</a> (1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87969-478-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87969-478-5">0-87969-478-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins, pp. 179–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins, p 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson_Crick-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_Crick_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_Crick_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonCrick1953" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, J. D.; Crick, F. H. C. (25 April 1953). "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid". <i>Nature</i>. <b>171</b> (4356): 737–738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W">1953Natur.171..737W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0">10.1038/171737a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054692">13054692</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4253007">4253007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+Structure+of+Nucleic+Acids%3A+A+Structure+for+Deoxyribose+Nucleic+Acid&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=737-738&rft.date=1953-04-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171737a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4253007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054692&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..737W&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Crick%2C+F.+H.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsStokesWilson1953" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkins, M. H.; Stokes, A. R.; Wilson, H. R. (1953). "Molecular structure of deoxypentose nucleic acids". <i>Nature</i>. <b>171</b> (4356): 738–740. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..738W">1953Natur.171..738W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171738a0">10.1038/171738a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054693">13054693</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4280080">4280080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+structure+of+deoxypentose+nucleic+acids&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=738-740&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171738a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4280080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054693&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..738W&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+A.+R.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinGosling1953" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin, R. E.; Gosling, R. G. (1953). "Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate". <i>Nature</i>. <b>171</b> (4356): 740–741. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..740F">1953Natur.171..740F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171740a0">10.1038/171740a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054694">13054694</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4268222">4268222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+Configuration+in+Sodium+Thymonucleate&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=740-741&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171740a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4268222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054694&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..740F&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft.au=Gosling%2C+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Tucker2004" class="citation news cs1">Anthony Tucker (6 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/oct/07/guardianobituaries.science">"Maurice Wilkins"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Maurice+Wilkins&rft.date=2004-10-06&rft.au=Anthony+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2Foct%2F07%2Fguardianobituaries.science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuller-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fuller_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fuller_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson_Fuller2004" class="citation news cs1">Watson Fuller (9 October 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-maurice-wilkins-27635.html">"Professor Maurice Wilkins"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-maurice-wilkins-27635.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Professor+Maurice+Wilkins&rft.date=2004-10-09&rft.au=Watson+Fuller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fprofessor-maurice-wilkins-27635.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-membo-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-membo_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.embo.org/profile/maurice-hf-wilkins">"Maurice Wilkins EMBO profile"</a>. <i>people.embo.org</i>. Heidelberg: <a href="/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Organization" title="European Molecular Biology Organization">European Molecular Biology Organization</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=people.embo.org&rft.atitle=Maurice+Wilkins+EMBO+profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.embo.org%2Fprofile%2Fmaurice-hf-wilkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/double-helical-structure-of-dna/">"1960 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award: Double helical structure of DNA"</a>. <i>The Lasker Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lasker+Foundation&rft.atitle=1960+Albert+Lasker+Basic+Medical+Research+Award%3A+Double+helical+structure+of+DNA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laskerfoundation.org%2Fawards%2Fshow%2Fdouble-helical-structure-of-dna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a> 9 August 1975, pp 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maddox, p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mauricewilkinscentre.org/about-us/our-history.aspx">"Our History"</a>. Maurice Wilkins Centre<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History&rft.pub=Maurice+Wilkins+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mauricewilkinscentre.org%2Fabout-us%2Four-history.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins, Chapter 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins p 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Travis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/aug/26/british-scientist-spy-mi5-investigation">"Nobel-winning British scientist accused of spying by MI5, papers reveal"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 26 August 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/rn/relig/enc/stories/s39549.htm">"A Bunch of Genes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_National" title="Radio National">Radio National</a>. 4 July 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Bunch+of+Genes&rft.pub=Radio+National&rft.date=1999-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Frn%2Frelig%2Fenc%2Fstories%2Fs39549.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilkins, Maurice (14 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwIJ6CG3r3QC"><i>Maurice Wilkins: The Third Man of the Double Helix: An Autobiography</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191578144" title="Special:BookSources/9780191578144"><bdi>9780191578144</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maurice+Wilkins%3A+The+Third+Man+of+the+Double+Helix%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2005-07-14&rft.isbn=9780191578144&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHwIJ6CG3r3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_featuring_Maurice_Wilkins">Books featuring Maurice Wilkins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Wilkins&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Books featuring Maurice Wilkins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Maurice Wilkins</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=28132149">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=28132149&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Maurice Wilkins</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=28132149">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=28132149&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li>Maurice Wilkins, <i>The Third Man of the Double Helix: The Autobiography of Maurice Wilkins</i>. Oxford University Press, 2003 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860665-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860665-6">0-19-860665-6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Olby" title="Robert Olby">Robert Olby</a>; "Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick (1916–2004)", <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, online edn, Oxford University Press, Jan 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Olby" title="Robert Olby">Robert Olby</a>; "Francis Crick: Hunter of Life's Secrets", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-798-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-798-3">978-0-87969-798-3</a>, published in August 2009.</li> <li>John Finch; <i>A Nobel Fellow on Every Floor</i>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a> 2008, 381 pp, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-940-0">978-1-84046-940-0</a>; this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Olby" title="Robert Olby">Robert Olby</a>; <i>The Path to The Double Helix: Discovery of DNA</i>; first published in October 1974 by MacMillan, with foreword by Francis Crick; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-68117-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-68117-3">0-486-68117-3</a>; the definitive DNA textbook, revised in 1994, with a 9-page postscript.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Freeland_Judson" title="Horace Freeland Judson">Horace Freeland Judson</a>, <i>The Eighth Day of Creation. Makers of the Revolution in Biology</i>; CSHL Press 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87969-478-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87969-478-5">0-87969-478-5</a>.</li> <li>Watson, James D. <i>The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA</i>; The Norton Critical Edition, which was published in 1980, edited by Gunther S. Stent:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01245-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01245-X">0-393-01245-X</a>.</li> <li>Chomet, S. (Ed.), <i>D.N.A. Genesis of a Discovery</i>, 1994, Newman- Hemisphere Press, London; NB a few copies are available from Newman-Hemisphere at 101 Swan Court, London SW3 5RY.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maddox,_Brenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Maddox, Brenda">Maddox, Brenda</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin:_The_Dark_Lady_of_DNA" title="Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA">Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA</a></i>, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-018407-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-018407-8">0-06-018407-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayre,_Anne" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayre, Anne">Sayre, Anne</a> 1975. <i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_and_DNA" title="Rosalind Franklin and DNA">Rosalind Franklin and DNA</a></i>. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32044-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32044-8">0-393-32044-8</a>.</li> <li>Crick, Francis, 1990. <i><a href="/wiki/What_Mad_Pursuit:_A_Personal_View_of_Scientific_Discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery">What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery</a></i> (Basic Books reprint edition) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-09138-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-09138-5">0-465-09138-5</a></li> <li>Watson, James D., <i><a href="/wiki/The_Double_Helix:_A_Personal_Account_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Structure_of_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA">The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA</a></i>, Atheneum, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-70602-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-70602-2">0-689-70602-2</a> (first published in 1968)</li> <li>Krude, Torsten (Ed.) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dnachangingscien0000unse/page/n2/mode/1up">DNA Changing Science and Society</a></i>: The Darwin Lectures for 2003 CUP 2003, includes a lecture by Sir <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a> on Rosalind Franklin's involvement in the determination of the structure of DNA.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridley,_Matt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridley, Matt">Ridley, Matt</a>; <i>Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code</i> was first published in June 2006 in the US and then in the UK September 2006, by HarperCollins Publishers; 192 pp, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-082333-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-082333-X">0-06-082333-X</a>; this short book is in the publisher's <a href="/wiki/Eminent_Lives" title="Eminent Lives">Eminent Lives</a> series.</li> <li><i>Light Is A Messenger, the life and science of William Lawrence Bragg</i> by Graeme Hunter, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-852921-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-852921-X">0-19-852921-X</a>; Oxford University Press, 2004.</li> <li><i>Designs For Life: Molecular Biology After World War II</i> by <a href="/wiki/Soraya_de_Chadarevian" title="Soraya de Chadarevian">Soraya de Chadarevian</a>; CUP 2002, 444 pp; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57078-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57078-6">0-521-57078-6</a>; it includes James Watson's "well kept open secret" from April 2003!</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Agnes_Sophia_Tait" title="Sylvia Agnes Sophia Tait">Tait, Sylvia</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Tait" title="James Francis Tait">James Francis Tait</a>. <i>A Quartet of Unlikely Discoveries</i> (Athena Press 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84401-343-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84401-343-X">1-84401-343-X</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>James D. Watson, <i>The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix</i>, edited by Alexander Gann and Jan Witkowski (2012) Simon & Schuster, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-1549-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-1549-0">978-1-4767-1549-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Wilkins&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maurice_Wilkins" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlby2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Olby" title="Robert Olby">Olby, R.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01397">"Quiet debut for the double helix"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>421</b> (6921): 402–405. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..402O">2003Natur.421..402O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01397">10.1038/nature01397</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12540907">12540907</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4315521">4315521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Quiet+debut+for+the+double+helix&rft.volume=421&rft.issue=6921&rft.pages=402-405&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4315521%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12540907&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.421..402O&rft.aulast=Olby&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature01397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaurice+Wilkins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peoplesarchive.com/">for the People's Archive/BBC 90 story interview with Crick AND the 236 story interview with Brenner</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/374">Maurice Wilkins</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184659#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> with the Nobel Lecture on 11 December 1961 <i>The Molecular Configuration of Nucleic Acids</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050826083936/http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/DNA50/reviews.html">Reading University site on 50th anniversary of Discovery of the structure of DNA</a>. Includes a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050826083936/http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/DNA50/reviews.html">list of Books</a> on the subject.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040804182408/http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/wilkins.html">Biography (from the New Zealand Edge)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404020818/http://www.ba-education.demon.co.uk/for/science/dnamain.html">Discovery Story in <i>BA Magazine</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingscollections.org/exhibitions/archives/dna">DNA: The King's Story detailing Wilkins' involvement in elucidating the structure of DNA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dnaandsocialresponsibility.blogspot.co.uk/">DNA and Social Responsibility Project: Archiving Maurice Wilkin's Personal Papers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/archive.html">List of classic papers in <i>Nature</i> on DNA structure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/audiointerviews/profilepages/crickwatson1.shtml">Listen to Francis Crick and James Watson talking on the BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/science/dna-article.pdf">For reproduction of the original text in June 1953 (PDF)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030821111823/http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-56/iss-3/p42.html">for Lynne Elkins' article on Franklin.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/indexes/2003/02/25/health/genetics/index.html"><i>New York Times</i> 50th anniversary series</a> of excellent articles.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/science/dna-article.pdf">The first American newspaper coverage of the discovery of the DNA structure</a>: Saturday, 13 June 1953 <i>The New York Times</i> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021M-C0408X0017XX-0100V0.xml">Listen to an oral history interview with Maurice Wilkins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130131014/http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021M-C0408X0017XX-0100V0.xml">Archived</a> 30 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – a life story interview recorded for <a href="/wiki/National_Life_Stories" title="National Life Stories">National Life Stories</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="DNA_structure_research_at_King&#039;s_College_London_1947–1959" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:King%27s_College_DNA" title="Template:King's College DNA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:King%27s_College_DNA" title="Template talk:King's College DNA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:King%27s_College_DNA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:King's College DNA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DNA_structure_research_at_King&#039;s_College_London_1947–1959" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">DNA structure research at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> 1947–1959</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gosling" title="Raymond Gosling">Raymond Gosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(physicist)" title="John Randall (physicist)">John Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Stokes" title="Alec Stokes">Alexander Stokes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maurice Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wilson" title="Herbert Wilson">Herbert Wilson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Photo_51" title="Photo 51">Photo 51</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png/45px-DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png/68px-DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png/90px-DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1962_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1962_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1962 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1962_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1962 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1962_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1962 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1962_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1962 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> (Soviet Union)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James D. Watson</a> (United States)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maurice Wilkins</a> (Great Britain/Australia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1957_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1957 Nobel Prize winners">1957</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1958_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1958 Nobel Prize winners">1958</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1959_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1959 Nobel Prize winners">1959</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1960 Nobel Prize winners">1960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1961_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1961 Nobel Prize winners">1961</a></dd> <dd><b>1962 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1963_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1963 Nobel Prize winners">1963</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1964 Nobel Prize winners">1964</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1965_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1965 Nobel Prize winners">1965</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1966_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1966 Nobel Prize winners">1966</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1967_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1967 Nobel Prize winners">1967</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184659#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184659#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184659#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000055436881">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/28132149">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1719520/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkMJWtmrBjcyW6mQDCfbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128762608">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003118099">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01028323">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20010092636&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p256524068">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99020709">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007345443105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=154227">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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