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id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_pop_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_pop_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In pop culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_pop_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dystopia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopie" title="Distopie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Distopie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="المدينة الفاسدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المدينة الفاسدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiutopiya" title="Antiutopiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antiutopiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95" title="দুঃস্বপ্নলোক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুঃস্বপ্নলোক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антыўтопія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антыўтопія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антыўтопія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антыўтопія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антиутопия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антиутопия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopija" title="Distopija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Distopija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopia" title="Distopia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Distopia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiutopie" title="Antiutopie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antiutopie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dystopia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopi" title="Dystopi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dystopi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ديسطوپيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ديسطوپيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopie" title="Dystopie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dystopie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCstoopia" title="Düstoopia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Düstoopia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δυστοπία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυστοπία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distop%C3%ADa" title="Distopía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Distopía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malutopio" title="Malutopio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malutopio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopia" title="Distopia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Distopia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="ویران‌شهر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویران‌شهر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopie" title="Dystopie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dystopie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distop%C3%ADa" title="Distopía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Distopía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abur%C4%A9ria" title="Aburĩria – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Aburĩria" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84" title="디스토피아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디스토피아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հակաուտոպիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակաուտոպիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="दुःस्थानता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुःस्थानता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopija" title="Distopija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Distopija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopia" title="Distopia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Distopia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyst%C3%B3p%C3%ADa" title="Dystópía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dystópía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopia" title="Distopia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distopia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="דיסטופיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיסטופיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დისტოპია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დისტოპია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антиутопия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антиутопия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антиутопия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антиутопия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiutopija" title="Antiutopija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antiutopija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diszt%C3%B3pia" title="Disztópia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Disztópia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дистопија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дистопија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დისტოპია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დისტოპია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopia" title="Distopia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Distopia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopie" title="Dystopie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dystopie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopy" title="Dystopy – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Dystopy" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2" title="ディストピア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディストピア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopi" title="Dystopi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dystopi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopi" title="Dystopi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dystopi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopia" title="Distopia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Distopia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiutopiya" title="Antiutopiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antiutopiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dystopia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopia" title="Distopia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Distopia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopie" title="Distopie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Distopie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антиутопия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антиутопия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dystopia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiut%C3%B3pia" title="Antiutópia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antiutópia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiutopija" title="Antiutopija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antiutopija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دیستۆپیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیستۆپیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дистопија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дистопија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopija" title="Distopija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Distopija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dystopia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopi" title="Dystopi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dystopi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ดิสโทเปีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดิสโทเปีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80" title="Вайроншаҳр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вайроншаҳр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopya" title="Distopya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Distopya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антиутопія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антиутопія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_%C4%91%C3%A0ng" title="Phản địa đàng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phản địa đàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distopeye" title="Distopeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Distopeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%B9%8C%E6%89%98%E9%82%A6" title="反乌托邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="反乌托邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E6%89%98%E9%82%A6" title="惡托邦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="惡托邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%B9%8C%E6%89%98%E9%82%A6" title="反乌托邦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反乌托邦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopian&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">Dystopian</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Community or society that is undesirable or frightening</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dystopia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dystopia (disambiguation)">Dystopia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dystopia" title="Special:EditPage/Dystopia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dystopia%22">"Dystopia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dystopia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dystopia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dystopia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dystopia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dystopia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg/290px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg/435px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg/580px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>Life in <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City" title="Kowloon Walled City">Kowloon Walled City</a> has often inspired the dystopian identity in modern media works.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>dystopia</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%83#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:δυσ">δυσ</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>dus</i></span>)</i> 'bad' and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:τόπος">τόπος</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>tópos</i></span>)</i> 'place'), also called a <b>cacotopia</b><sup id="cite_ref-Bentham_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentham-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>anti-utopia</b>, is a community or society that is extremely bad or frightening.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often treated as an <a href="/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)" title="Opposite (semantics)">antonym</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a></i>, a term that was coined by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> and figures as the title of <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">his best known work</a>, published in 1516, which created a blueprint for an ideal society with minimal crime, violence, and poverty. The relationship between utopia and dystopia is in actuality, not one of simple opposition, as many dystopias claim to be utopias and <i>vice versa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dystopias are often characterized by fear or distress,<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrannical</a> governments, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_disaster" title="Environmental disaster">environmental disaster</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other characteristics associated with a cataclysmic decline in society. Themes typical of a dystopian society include: complete control over the people in a society through the usage of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a> tactics, heavy censoring of information or denial of free thought, worshiping an unattainable goal, the complete loss of individuality, and heavy enforcement of conformity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite certain overlaps, dystopian fiction is distinct from post-apocalyptic fiction, and an undesirable society is not necessarily dystopian. Dystopian societies appear in many <a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">fictional works</a> and artistic representations, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historical fiction</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities" title="A Tale of Two Cities">A Tale of Two Cities</a></i> (1859) by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(novel)" title="Quo Vadis (novel)">Quo Vadis?</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Man_for_All_Seasons_(play)" title="A Man for All Seasons (play)">A Man for All Seasons</a></i> (1960) by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bolt" title="Robert Bolt">Robert Bolt</a>, stories set in the <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> timelines, like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_(novel)" title="Fatherland (novel)">Fatherland</a></i> (1992), or in the future. Famous examples set in the future included <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Benson" title="Robert Hugh Benson">Robert Hugh Benson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_World" title="Lord of the World">Lord of the World</a></i> (1907), <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zamyatin" title="Yevgeny Zamyatin">Yevgeny Zamyatin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/We_(novel)" title="We (novel)">We</a></i> (1920), <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></i> (1932), <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> (1949), and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a></i> (1953). Dystopian societies appear in many sub-genres of fiction and are often used to draw attention to society, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environment</a>, politics, economics, religion, psychology, ethics, science, or technology. Some authors use the term to refer to existing societies, many of which are, or have been, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> states or societies in an advanced state of collapse. Dystopias, through an exaggerated worst-case scenario, often make a criticism about a current trend, societal norm, or political system.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Dustopia", the original spelling of "dystopia", first appeared in Lewis Henry Younge's <i>Utopia: or Apollo's Golden Days</i> in 1747.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <i>dystopia</i> was used as an antonym for <i><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> in one of his 1868 Parliamentary Speeches (<i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> Commons</i>) by adding the prefix "dys" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">δυσ-</span> "bad") to "topia", reinterpreting the initial "u" as the prefix "eu" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ευ-</span> "good") instead of "ou" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">οὐ</span> "not").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used to denounce the government's Irish land policy: "It is, perhaps, too complimentary to call them Utopians, they ought rather to be called dys-topians, or caco-topians. What is commonly called Utopian is something too good to be practicable; but what they appear to favour is too bad to be practicable".<sup id="cite_ref-Hermansson_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermansson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rusenetal_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rusenetal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decades before the first documented use of the word "dystopia" was "cacotopia"/"kakotopia" (using <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">κακόs</span>, "bad, wicked") originally proposed in 1818 by <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>, "As a match for utopia (or the imagined seat of the best government) suppose a cacotopia (or the imagined seat of the worst government) discovered and described".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bentham_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bentham-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though dystopia became the more popular term, cacotopia finds occasional use; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(novel)" title="A Clockwork Orange (novel)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i> (1962), said it was a better fit for Orwell's <i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i> because "it sounds worse than dystopia".<sup id="cite_ref-beaumont_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaumont-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Claeys" title="Gregory Claeys">Gregory Claeys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Tower_Sargent" title="Lyman Tower Sargent">Lyman Tower Sargent</a>, make certain distinctions between typical synonyms of dystopias. For example, Claeys and Sargent define <i>literary dystopias</i> as societies imagined as substantially worse than the society in which the author writes. Some of these are <b>anti-utopias</b>, which criticise attempts to implement various concepts of utopia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the most comprehensive treatment of the literary and real expressions of the concept, <i>Dystopia: A Natural History</i>, Claeys offers a historical approach to these definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here the tradition is traced from early reactions to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Its commonly <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">anti-collectivist</a> character is stressed, and the addition of other themes—the dangers of science and technology, of social inequality, of corporate dictatorship, of nuclear war—are also traced. A psychological approach is also favored here, with the principle of fear being identified with despotic forms of rule, carried forward from the history of political thought, and group psychology introduced as a means of understanding the relationship between utopia and dystopia. Andrew Norton-Schwartzbard noted that "written many centuries before the concept "dystopia" existed, <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i> in fact includes most of the typical characteristics associated with this genre – even if placed in a religious framework rather than in the future of the mundane world, as modern dystopias tend to be".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same vein, Vicente Angeloti remarked that "<a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s emblematic phrase, <i>a boot stamping on a human face – forever</i>, would aptly describe the situation of the denizens in Dante's Hell. Conversely, Dante's famous inscription <i>Abandon all hope, ye who enter here</i> would have been equally appropriate if placed at the entrance to Orwell's "<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Love" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Love">Ministry of Love</a>" and its notorious "<a href="/wiki/Room_101" class="mw-redirect" title="Room 101">Room 101</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction#In_society" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction § In society</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zbigniew_Libera_-_Wyj%C5%9Bcie_ludzi_z_miast_(2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Zbigniew_Libera_-_Wyj%C5%9Bcie_ludzi_z_miast_%282010%29.jpg/220px-Zbigniew_Libera_-_Wyj%C5%9Bcie_ludzi_z_miast_%282010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Zbigniew_Libera_-_Wyj%C5%9Bcie_ludzi_z_miast_%282010%29.jpg/330px-Zbigniew_Libera_-_Wyj%C5%9Bcie_ludzi_z_miast_%282010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Zbigniew_Libera_-_Wyj%C5%9Bcie_ludzi_z_miast_%282010%29.jpg/440px-Zbigniew_Libera_-_Wyj%C5%9Bcie_ludzi_z_miast_%282010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption><i>People Leaving the Cities</i>, photo art by <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Libera" title="Zbigniew Libera">Zbigniew Libera</a>, which imagines a dystopian future in which people have to leave dying <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolises</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dystopias typically reflect contemporary <a href="/wiki/Sociopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociopolitical">sociopolitical</a> realities and extrapolate worst-case scenarios as warnings for necessary social change or caution.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dystopian fictions invariably reflect the concerns and fears of their creators' contemporaneous culture.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this, they can be considered a subject of <a href="/wiki/Social_studies" title="Social studies">social studies</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In dystopias, citizens may live in a dehumanized state, be under constant surveillance, or have a fear of the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the film <i><a href="/wiki/What_Happened_to_Monday" title="What Happened to Monday">What Happened to Monday</a></i> the protagonists (identical septuplet sisters) risk their lives by taking turns onto the outside world because of a <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a> place in this futuristic dystopian society.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1967 study, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kermode" title="Frank Kermode">Frank Kermode</a> suggests that the failure of religious prophecies led to a shift in how society apprehends this ancient mode. Christopher Schmidt notes that, while the world goes to waste for future generations, people distract themselves from disaster by passively watching it as entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2010s, there was a surge of popular dystopian <a href="/wiki/Young_adult_literature" title="Young adult literature">young adult literature</a> and blockbuster films.<sup id="cite_ref-time1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jstor1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have commented on this trend, saying that "it is easier to imagine the end of the world than it is to imagine the <a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">end of capitalism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fisher-2009_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural theorist and critic <a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Mark Fisher</a> identified the phrase as encompassing the theory of <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">capitalist realism</a>—the perceived "widespread sense that not only is capitalism the only viable political and economic system, but also that it is now impossible even to imagine a coherent alternative to it"—and used the above quote as the title to the opening chapter of his book, <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism"><i>Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?</i></a>. In the book, he also refers to dystopian film such as <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Men" title="Children of Men">Children of Men</a></i> (originally a <a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Men" title="The Children of Men">novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/P._D._James" title="P. D. James">P. D. James</a>) to illustrate what he describes as the "slow cancellation of the future".<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher-2009_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theo_James" title="Theo James">Theo James</a>, an actor in <i><a href="/wiki/Divergent_(film)" title="Divergent (film)">Divergent</a></i> (originally a <a href="/wiki/Divergent_(novel)" title="Divergent (novel)">novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Roth" title="Veronica Roth">Veronica Roth</a>), explains that "young people in particular have such a fascination with this kind of story [...] It's becoming part of the consciousness. You grow up in a world where it's part of the conversation all the time – the statistics of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">our planet warming up</a>. The environment is changing. The weather is different. These are things that are very visceral and very obvious, and they make you question the future, and how we will survive. It's so much a part of everyday life that young people inevitably – consciously or not – are questioning their futures and how the Earth will be. I certainly do. I wonder what kind of world my children's kids will live in."<sup id="cite_ref-time1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entire substantial <a href="/wiki/Sub-genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-genre">sub-genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative history">alternative history</a> works depicting a world in which <a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_Axis_victory_in_World_War_II" title="Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II">Nazi Germany won the Second World War</a> can be considered as dystopias. So can other works of Alternative History, in which a historical turning point led to a manifestly repressive world. For example, the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">mockumentary</a> <i><a href="/wiki/C.S.A.:_The_Confederate_States_of_America" title="C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America">C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America</a>,</i> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_H._Winters" title="Ben H. Winters">Ben Winters</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Underground_Airlines" title="Underground Airlines">Underground Airlines</a></i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a> continues to the present, with "electronic slave auctions" carried out via the Internet and slaves controlled by electronic devices implanted in their spines, or <a href="/wiki/Keith_Roberts" title="Keith Roberts">Keith Roberts</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pavane_(novel)" title="Pavane (novel)">Pavane</a></i> in which 20th Century Britain is ruled by a Catholic theocracy and the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> is actively torturing and burning "heretics".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_themes">Common themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Common themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dystopia" title="Special:EditPage/Dystopia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dystopia%22">"Dystopia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dystopia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dystopia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dystopia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dystopia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dystopia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Sleeper_Wakes" class="mw-redirect" title="When the Sleeper Wakes">When the Sleeper Wakes</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> depicted the governing class as <a href="/wiki/Hedonistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedonistic">hedonistic</a> and shallow.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinhoff153_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinhoff153-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> contrasted Wells's world to that depicted in Jack London's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Heel" title="The Iron Heel">The Iron Heel</a></i>, where the dystopian rulers are brutal and dedicated to the point of fanaticism, which Orwell considered more plausible.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinhoff147_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinhoff147-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political principles at the root of fictional utopias (or "perfect worlds") are <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealistic</a> in principle and result in positive consequences for the inhabitants; the political principles on which fictional dystopias are based, while often based on utopian ideals, result in negative consequences for inhabitants because of at least one <a href="/wiki/Fatal_flaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatal flaw">fatal flaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Utopia_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utopia-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dystopias are often filled with <a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">pessimistic</a> views of the ruling class or a government that is brutal or uncaring, ruling with an "iron fist".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Dystopian governments are sometimes ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">fascist or communist</a> regime or dictator. These dystopian government establishments often have protagonists or groups that lead a "<a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance</a>" to enact change within their society, as is seen in <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/V_for_Vendetta" title="V for Vendetta">V for Vendetta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Donawerth_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donawerth-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dystopian political situations are depicted in novels such as <i><a href="/wiki/We_(novel)" title="We (novel)">We</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Sower_(novel)" title="Parable of the Sower (novel)">Parable of the Sower</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_Games" title="The Hunger Games">The Hunger Games</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Divergent_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divergent (book)">Divergent</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a></i> and such films as <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brazil_(1985_film)" title="Brazil (1985 film)">Brazil</a></i> (1985), <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Royale_(film)" title="Battle Royale (film)">Battle Royale</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/FAQ:_Frequently_Asked_Questions" title="FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions">FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Soylent_Green" title="Soylent Green">Soylent Green</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Purge:_Election_Year" title="The Purge: Election Year">The Purge: Election Year</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Logan%27s_Run" title="Logan's Run">Logan's Run</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Running_Man_(1987_film)" title="The Running Man (1987 film)">The Running Man</a></i> (1987).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. An earlier example is <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Begum%27s_Millions" class="mw-redirect" title="The Begum's Millions">The Begum's Millions</a></i> with its depiction of Stahlstadt (Steel City), a vast industrial and mining complex, which is totally devoted to the production of ever more powerful and destructive weapons, and which is ruled by the dictatorial and totally ruthless Prof. Schultze – a <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> who dreams of world conquest and as the first step plots the complete destruction of the nearby Ville-France, a utopian model city constructed and maintained with public health as its government's primary concern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economic structures of dystopian societies in literature and other media have many variations, as the economy often relates directly to the elements that the writer is depicting as the source of the oppression. There are several <a href="/wiki/Archetypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Archetypes">archetypes</a> that such societies tend to follow. A theme is the dichotomy of <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economies</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economies, a conflict which is found in such works as <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Anthem_(novella)" title="Anthem (novella)">Anthem</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kuttner" title="Henry Kuttner">Henry Kuttner</a>'s short story "The Iron Standard". Another example of this is reflected in <a href="/wiki/Norman_Jewison" title="Norman Jewison">Norman Jewison</a>'s 1975 film <i><a href="/wiki/Rollerball_(1975_film)" title="Rollerball (1975 film)">Rollerball</a></i> (1975).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some dystopias, such as that of <i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i>, feature <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black markets</a> with goods that are dangerous and difficult to obtain or the characters may be at the mercy of the state-controlled economy. <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Player_Piano_(novel)" title="Player Piano (novel)">Player Piano</a></i> depicts a dystopia in which the centrally controlled economic system has indeed made material abundance plentiful but deprived the mass of humanity of meaningful labor; virtually all work is menial, unsatisfying and only a small number of the small group that achieves education is admitted to the elite and its work.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tanith_Lee" title="Tanith Lee">Tanith Lee</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Bite_the_Sun" title="Don't Bite the Sun">Don't Bite the Sun</a></i>, there is no want of any kind – only unabashed consumption and hedonism, leading the protagonist to begin looking for a deeper meaning to existence.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in dystopias where the economic system is not the source of the society's flaws, as in <i>Brave New World</i>, the state often controls the economy; a character, reacting with horror to the suggestion of not being part of the social body, cites as a reason that works for everyone else.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other works feature extensive <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>; both consequences of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, where privately owned and unaccountable large corporations have replaced the government in setting policy and making decisions. They manipulate, infiltrate, control, bribe, are contracted by and function as government. This is seen in the novels <i><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Government" title="Jennifer Government">Jennifer Government</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Oryx_and_Crake" title="Oryx and Crake">Oryx and Crake</a></i> and the movies <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(film)" title="Alien (film)">Alien</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/RoboCop" title="RoboCop">RoboCop</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Visioneers" title="Visioneers">Visioneers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Idiocracy" title="Idiocracy">Idiocracy</a></i>, <i>Soylent Green</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/WALL-E" title="WALL-E">WALL-E</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rollerball_(1975_film)" title="Rollerball (1975 film)">Rollerball</a></i>. Corporate republics are common in the <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> genre, as in <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_Crash" title="Snow Crash">Snow Crash</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F" title="Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?">Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</a></i> (as well as the film <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i>, influenced by and based upon Dick's novel).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Class">Class</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dystopian fiction frequently draws stark contrasts between the privileges of the ruling class and the dreary existence of the working class. In the 1931 novel <i>Brave New World</i> by <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>, a class system is prenatally determined with Alphas, Betas, Gammas, Deltas and Epsilons, with the lower classes having reduced brain function and special conditioning to make them satisfied with their position in life.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of this society there also exist several human settlements that exist in the conventional way but which the World Government describes as "savages".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i>, the dystopian society described within has a tiered class structure with the ruling elite "Inner Party" at the top, the "Outer Party" below them functioning as a type of middle-class with minor privileges, and the working-class "Proles" (short for <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>) at the bottom of the hierarchy with few rights, yet making up the vast majority of the population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <i>Ypsilon Minus</i> by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Franke" title="Herbert W. Franke">Herbert W. Franke</a>, people are divided into numerous alphabetically ranked groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the film <a href="/wiki/Elysium_(film)" title="Elysium (film)"><i>Elysium</i></a>, the majority of Earth's population on the surface lives in poverty with little access to health care and are subject to worker exploitation and <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a>, while the wealthy live above the Earth in luxury with access to technologies that cure all diseases, reverse aging, and regenerate body parts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Written a century earlier, the future society depicted in <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a></i> had started in a similar way to <i>Elysium</i> – the workers consigned to living and working in underground tunnels while the wealthy live on a surface made into an enormous beautiful garden. But over a long time period, the roles were eventually reversed – the rich degenerated and became a decadent "livestock" regularly caught and eaten by the underground cannibal Morlocks. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some fictional dystopias, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a></i>, have eradicated the family and kept it from re-establishing itself as a social institution. In <i>Brave New World</i>, where children are reproduced artificially, the concepts of "mother" and "father" are considered <a href="/wiki/Obscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Obscene">obscene</a>. In some novels, such as <a href="/wiki/We_(novel)" title="We (novel)"><i>We</i></a>, the state is hostile to motherhood, as a pregnant woman from One State is in revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-Beauchamp_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In dystopias, religious groups may play the role of oppressed or oppressor. One of the earliest examples is <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Benson" title="Robert Hugh Benson">Robert Hugh Benson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_World" title="Lord of the World">Lord of the World</a></i>, about a futuristic world where <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> have taken over the world and the only remaining source of dissent is a tiny and persecuted <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> minority.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Brave New World</i> the establishment of the state included lopping off the tops of all crosses (as symbols of Christianity) to make them "T"s (as symbols of <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Henry Ford's Model T</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/That_Hideous_Strength" title="That Hideous Strength">That Hideous Strength</a></i> the leaders of the fictional National Institute of Coordinated Experiments, a joint venture of academia and government to promote an anti-traditionalist social agenda, are contemptuous of religion and require initiates to desecrate Christian symbols. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i> takes place in a future United States under a Christian-based theocratic regime.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity">Identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Russian novel <i><a href="/wiki/We_(novel)" title="We (novel)">We</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zamyatin" title="Yevgeny Zamyatin">Yevgeny Zamyatin</a>, first published in 1921, people are permitted to live out of public view twice a week for one hour and are only referred to by numbers instead of names. The latter feature also appears in the film <i><a href="/wiki/THX_1138" title="THX 1138">THX 1138</a></i>. In some dystopian works, such as <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Bergeron" title="Harrison Bergeron">Harrison Bergeron</a></i>, society forces individuals to <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conform</a> to radical <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> social norms that discourage or suppress accomplishment or even competence as forms of inequality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Complete conformity and suppression of individuality (to the point of acting in unison) is also depicted in <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_L%27Engle" title="Madeleine L'Engle">Madeleine L'Engle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Wrinkle_in_Time" title="A Wrinkle in Time">A Wrinkle in Time</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence">Violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Violence is prevalent in many dystopias, often in the form of war, but also in urban crimes led by (predominately teenage) <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gangs</a> (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(novel)" title="A Clockwork Orange (novel)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i>), or rampant crime met by <a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">blood sports</a> (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Royale_(novel)" title="Battle Royale (novel)">Battle Royale</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Running_Man_(1987_film)" title="The Running Man (1987 film)">The Running Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_Games" title="The Hunger Games">The Hunger Games</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Divergent_(novel)" title="Divergent (novel)">Divergent</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Purge" title="The Purge">The Purge</a></i>). It is also explained in <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Berne" title="Suzanne Berne">Suzanne Berne</a>'s essay "Ground Zero", where she explains her experience of the aftermath of 11 September 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature">Nature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fictional dystopias are commonly urban and frequently isolate their characters from all contact with the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes they require their characters to avoid nature, as when <a href="/wiki/Walking#Leisure_activity" title="Walking">walks</a> are regarded as dangerously <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">anti-social</a> in Ray Bradbury's <i>Fahrenheit 451</i>, as well as within Bradbury's short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Pedestrian" title="The Pedestrian">The Pedestrian</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <i>That Hideous Strength</i>, science coordinated by government is directed toward the control of nature and the elimination of natural human instincts. In <i>Brave New World</i>, the lower class is conditioned to be afraid of nature but also to visit the countryside and consume transport and games to promote economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lois Lowry's "<a href="/wiki/The_Giver" title="The Giver">The Giver</a>" shows a society where technology and the desire to create a utopia has led humanity to enforce climate control on the environment, as well as to eliminate many undomesticated species and to provide psychological and pharmaceutical repellent against human instincts. <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Machine_Stops" title="The Machine Stops">The Machine Stops</a>" depicts a highly changed global environment which forces people to live underground due to an atmospheric contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Angel Galdon-Rodriguez points out, this sort of isolation caused by external toxic hazard is later used by Hugh Howey in his series of dystopias of the <a href="/wiki/Silo_(series)" title="Silo (series)">Silo Series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excessive pollution that destroys nature is common in many dystopian films, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/RoboCop" title="RoboCop">RoboCop</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/WALL-E" title="WALL-E">WALL-E</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/April_and_the_Extraordinary_World" title="April and the Extraordinary World">April and the Extraordinary World</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Soylent_Green" title="Soylent Green">Soylent Green</a></i>, as well as in videogames like <i><a href="/wiki/Half-Life_2" title="Half-Life 2">Half-Life 2</a></i>. A few "green" fictional dystopias do exist, such as in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Carson_(author)" title="Michael Carson (author)">Michael Carson</a>'s short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Punishment_of_Luxury_(short_story)" title="The Punishment of Luxury (short story)">The Punishment of Luxury</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Russell_Hoban" title="Russell Hoban">Russell Hoban</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Riddley_Walker" title="Riddley Walker">Riddley Walker</a></i>. The latter is set in the aftermath of nuclear war, "a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">post-nuclear holocaust</a> Kent, where technology has reduced to the level of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to the <a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">technologically utopian</a> claims, which view technology as a beneficial addition to all aspects of humanity, technological dystopia concerns itself with and focuses largely (but not always) on the negative effects caused by new technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushkoff-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><i>Technologies reflect and encourage the worst aspects of human nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushkoff-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaron_Lanier" title="Jaron Lanier">Jaron Lanier</a>, a digital pioneer, has become a technological dystopian: "I think it's a way of interpreting technology in which people forgot taking responsibility."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "'Oh, it's the computer that did it, not me.' 'There's no more middle class? Oh, it's not me. The computer did it'" This quote explains that people begin to not only blame the technology for the changes in lifestyle but also believe that technology is an omnipotence. It also points to a technological determinist perspective in terms of reification.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><i>Technologies harm our interpersonal communication, relationships, and communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenbaum_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenbaum-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></dt> <dd>A decrease in communication within family members and friend groups due to increased time in technology use. Virtual space misleadingly heightens the impact of real presence; people resort to technological medium for communication nowadays.</dd> <dt><i>Technologies reinforce hierarchies – concentrate knowledge and skills; increase surveillance and erode privacy; widen inequalities of power and wealth; giving up control to machines.</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a>, a technological utopian, states in his article that the professional designers "re-mystified" the computer so it wasn't so readable anymore; users had to depend on the special programs built into the software that was incomprehensible for normal users.<sup id="cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushkoff-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><i>New technologies are sometimes regressive (worse than previous technologies).<sup id="cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushkoff-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></dt> <dt><i>The unforeseen impacts of technology are negative.<sup id="cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushkoff-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></dt> <dd>"The most common way is that there's some magic artificial intelligence in the sky or in the cloud or something that knows how to translate, and what a wonderful thing that this is available for free. But there's another way to look at it, which is the technically true way: You gather a ton of information from real live translators who have translated phrases… It's huge but very much like Facebook, it's selling people back to themselves… [With translation] you're producing this result that looks magical but in the meantime, the original translators aren't paid for their work… You're actually shrinking the economy."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosenbaum_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenbaum-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><i>More efficiency and choices can harm our quality of life (by causing stress, destroying jobs, making us more materialistic).<sup id="cite_ref-Heitman_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heitman-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></dt> <dd>In his article "Prest-o! Change-o!", technological dystopian <a href="/wiki/James_Gleick" title="James Gleick">James Gleick</a> mentions the remote control being the classic example of technology that does not solve the problem "it is meant to solve". Gleick quotes Edward Tenner, a historian of technology, that the ability and ease of switching channels by the remote control serves to increase distraction for the viewer. Then it is only expected that people will become more dissatisfied with the channel they are watching.<sup id="cite_ref-Heitman_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heitman-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><i>New technologies can solve problems of old technologies or just create new problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushkoff-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></dt> <dd>The remote control example explains this claim as well, for the increase in laziness and dissatisfaction levels was clearly not a problem in times without the remote control. He also takes social psychologist Robert Levine's example of Indonesians "'whose main entertainment consists of watching the same few plays and dances, month after month, year after year,' and with Nepalese Sherpas who eat the same meals of potatoes and tea through their entire lives. The Indonesians and Sherpas are perfectly satisfied". Because of the invention of the remote control, it merely created more problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Heitman_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heitman-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><i>Technologies destroy nature (harming human health and the environment).</i></dt> <dd>The need for business replaced community and the "story online" replaced people as the "soul of the Net". Because information was now able to be bought and sold, there was not as much communication taking place.<sup id="cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushkoff-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_pop_culture">In pop culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In pop culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dystopian themes are in many television shows and video games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077" title="Cyberpunk 2077">Cyberpunk 2077</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Half_Life_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Half Life 2">Half Life 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_Games" title="The Hunger Games">The Hunger Games</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk:_Edgerunners" title="Cyberpunk: Edgerunners">Cyberpunk: Edgerunners</a></i>, '<a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner_2049" title="Blade Runner 2049">Blade Runner 2049</a><i>, <a href="/wiki/Elysium_(film)" title="Elysium (film)"><i>Elysium</i></a> and </i><a href="/wiki/Titanfall" title="Titanfall">Titanfall</a><i>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_dystopia" title="Digital dystopia">Digital dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">Dissident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_emigration" title="Inner emigration">Inner emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafkaesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafkaesque">Kafkaesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_comics" title="List of dystopian comics">List of dystopian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">List of dystopian films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_literature" title="List of dystopian literature">List of dystopian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_works" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dystopian works">List of dystopian works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">Police state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft science fiction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGirardLambot2014" class="citation book cs1">Girard, Greg; Lambot, Ian (2014). <i>City of Darkness Revisited</i>. Somerset: Watermark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781873200889" title="Special:BookSources/9781873200889"><bdi>9781873200889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Darkness+Revisited&rft.place=Somerset&rft.pub=Watermark&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781873200889&rft.aulast=Girard&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Lambot%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bentham-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bentham_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusenRüsenFehrRieger2005" class="citation book cs1">Rusen, Jorn; Rüsen, Jörn; Fehr, Michael; Rieger, Thomas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ye0vWc85eYC&pg=PA230"><i>Thinking Utopia: Steps into Other Worlds</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-440-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-440-1"><bdi>978-1-57181-440-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Utopia%3A+Steps+into+Other+Worlds&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-440-1&rft.aulast=Rusen&rft.aufirst=Jorn&rft.au=R%C3%BCsen%2C+J%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Fehr%2C+Michael&rft.au=Rieger%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ye0vWc85eYC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dystopia">"Definition of "dystopia"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Merriam-Webster. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+%22dystopia%22&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdystopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514124830/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/dystopia?q=dystopia">"Definition of "dystopia"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University Press. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/dystopia?q=dystopia">the original</a> on 14 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Definition+of+%22dystopia%22&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fdystopia%3Fq%3Ddystopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://literarydevices.net/dystopia/">"Dystopia – Examples and Definition of Dystopia as a Literary Device"</a>. <i>Literary Devices</i>. 6 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+Devices&rft.atitle=Dystopia+%E2%80%93+Examples+and+Definition+of+Dystopia+as+a+Literary+Device&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliterarydevices.net%2Fdystopia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oksd.wednet.edu/cms/lib/WA01001356/Centricity/Domain/120/Utopia%20vs.pdf">"Utopia vs. Dystopia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Okanogan School District</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Okanogan+School+District&rft.atitle=Utopia+vs.+Dystopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oksd.wednet.edu%2Fcms%2Flib%2FWA01001356%2FCentricity%2FDomain%2F120%2FUtopia%2520vs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.williams.edu/engl117s16/uncategorized/the-fine-line-between-utopia-and-dystopia/">"The Fine Line between Utopia and Dystopia | The Prolongation of Work"</a>. <i>sites.williams.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.williams.edu&rft.atitle=The+Fine+Line+between+Utopia+and+Dystopia+%7C+The+Prolongation+of+Work&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.williams.edu%2Fengl117s16%2Funcategorized%2Fthe-fine-line-between-utopia-and-dystopia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraryguides.mdc.edu/c.php?g=957851&p=6914808">"Dystopias & Utopias: Dystopias"</a>. <i>Miami Dade College Learning Resources</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miami+Dade+College+Learning+Resources&rft.atitle=Dystopias+%26+Utopias%3A+Dystopias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibraryguides.mdc.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D957851%26p%3D6914808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead_Write_Think2006" class="citation web cs1">Read Write Think (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/lesson_images/lesson926/DefinitionCharacteristics.pdf">"Dystopias: Definition and Characteristics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Read Write Think</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923092325/http://www.readwritethink.org:80/files/resources/lesson_images/lesson926/DefinitionCharacteristics.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Read+Write+Think&rft.atitle=Dystopias%3A+Definition+and+Characteristics&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Read+Write+Think&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.readwritethink.org%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2Flesson_images%2Flesson926%2FDefinitionCharacteristics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounge1747" class="citation book cs1">Younge, Lewis Henry (1747). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DCRcAAAAQAAJ&dq=Anon+%5BLewis+Henry+Younge%5D,+Utopia:+or+Apollo%E2%80%99s+Golden+Days,+Dublin,+George+Faulkner,+1747.+See+Deirdre+Ni+Chuanacha%C3%ADn,+Utopianism+in+Eighteenth-Century+Ireland,+Cork,+Cork+University+Press,+2016.&pg=PA1"><i>Utopia: Or, Apollo's Golden Days</i></a>. George Faulkner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utopia%3A+Or%2C+Apollo%27s+Golden+Days&rft.pub=George+Faulkner&rft.date=1747&rft.aulast=Younge&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDCRcAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DAnon%2B%255BLewis%2BHenry%2BYounge%255D%2C%2BUtopia%3A%2Bor%2BApollo%25E2%2580%2599s%2BGolden%2BDays%2C%2BDublin%2C%2BGeorge%2BFaulkner%2C%2B1747.%2BSee%2BDeirdre%2BNi%2BChuanacha%25C3%25ADn%2C%2BUtopianism%2Bin%2BEighteenth-Century%2BIreland%2C%2BCork%2C%2BCork%2BUniversity%2BPress%2C%2B2016.%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTisdall2016" class="citation news cs1">Tisdall, Nigel (4 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/2f94aa6a-a0f8-11e6-891e-abe238dee8e2">"Postcard from Belgium: the birthplace of utopia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Postcard+from+Belgium%3A+the+birthplace+of+utopia&rft.date=2016-11-04&rft.aulast=Tisdall&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F2f94aa6a-a0f8-11e6-891e-abe238dee8e2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill1988" class="citation book cs1">Mill, John Stuart (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/262"><i>Public and parliamentary speeches – Part I – November 1850 – November 1868</i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-03791-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-03791-3"><bdi>0-415-03791-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+and+parliamentary+speeches+%E2%80%93+Part+I+%E2%80%93+November+1850+%E2%80%93+November+1868&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-415-03791-3&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitles%2F262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hermansson-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hermansson_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://passagen.se/">"Passagen – Online sedan 1995 – Jämför försäkringar, lån och elavtal"</a>. <i>Passagen</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Passagen&rft.atitle=Passagen+%E2%80%93+Online+sedan+1995+%E2%80%93+J%C3%A4mf%C3%B6r+f%C3%B6rs%C3%A4kringar%2C+l%C3%A5n+och+elavtal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpassagen.se%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Dystopia" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/2009-05-2009">"Dystopia"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dystopia&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F2009-05-2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span> According to the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, a "dystopia" is: <blockquote><p>"An imaginary place or condition in which everything is as bad as possible; opp. UTOPIA (cf. CACOTOPIA). So dystopian n., one who advocates or describes a dystopia; dystopian a., of or pertaining to a dystopia; dystopianism, dystopian quality or characteristics."</p></blockquote> <p>The example of first usage given in the <i>OED</i> (1989 ed.) refers to the 1868 speech by John Stuart Mill quoted above. Other examples given in the <i>OED</i> include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>1952 Negley & Patrick Quest for Utopia xvii. 298 The Mundus Alter et Idem [of Joseph Hall] is...the opposite of eutopia, the ideal society: it is a dystopia, if it is permissible to coin a word. 1962 C. WALSH From Utopia to Nightmare 11 The 'dystopia' or 'inverted utopia'. Ibid. 12 Stories...that seemed in their dystopian way to be saying something important. Ibid. ii. 27 A strand of utopianism or dystopianism. 1967 Listener 5 Jan. 22 The modern classics Aldous Huxley's <i>Brave New World</i> and George Orwell's <i>Nineteen Eighty Four</i> are dystopias. They describe not a world we should like to live in, but one we must be sure to avoid. 1968 <i>New Scientist</i> 11 July 96/3 It is a pleasant change to read some hope for our future is trevor ingram ... I fear that our real future is more likely to be dystopian.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1868/mar/12/adjourned-debate">"Adjourned Debate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 12 March 1868<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Adjourned+Debate.&rft.date=1868-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1868%2Fmar%2F12%2Fadjourned-debate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rusenetal-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rusenetal_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusenRüsenFehrRieger2005" class="citation book cs1">Rusen, Jorn; Rüsen, Jörn; Fehr, Michael; Rieger, Thomas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ye0vWc85eYC&pg=PA230"><i>Thinking Utopia: Steps into Other Worlds</i></a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-440-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-440-1"><bdi>978-1-57181-440-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Utopia%3A+Steps+into+Other+Worlds&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-440-1&rft.aulast=Rusen&rft.aufirst=Jorn&rft.au=R%C3%BCsen%2C+J%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Fehr%2C+Michael&rft.au=Rieger%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ye0vWc85eYC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=kako/s">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, κα^κός"</a>. <i>perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1818). <i>Plan of Parliamentary Reform, in the form of a catechism</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beaumont-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beaumont_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2006" class="citation journal cs1">Beaumont, Matthew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/198770">"Cacotopianism, the Paris Commune, and England's Anti-Communist Imaginary, 1870-1900"</a>. <i>ELH</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 465–487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Felh.2006.0012">10.1353/elh.2006.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6547">1080-6547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162348064">162348064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ELH&rft.atitle=Cacotopianism%2C+the+Paris+Commune%2C+and+England%27s+Anti-Communist+Imaginary%2C+1870-1900&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=465-487&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162348064%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1080-6547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Felh.2006.0012&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F1%2Farticle%2F198770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaeysSargent1999" class="citation book cs1">Claeys, Gregory; Sargent, Lyman Tower (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24EUCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Utopia Reader</i></a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814715710" title="Special:BookSources/9780814715710"><bdi>9780814715710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Utopia+Reader&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780814715710&rft.aulast=Claeys&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Sargent%2C+Lyman+Tower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D24EUCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaeys2016" class="citation book cs1">Claeys, Gregory (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wKTDQAAQBAJ&q=Dystopia%3A+A+Natural+History.+Oxford+University+Press%2C+2016."><i>Dystopia: A Natural History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191088612" title="Special:BookSources/9780191088612"><bdi>9780191088612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dystopia%3A+A+Natural+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780191088612&rft.aulast=Claeys&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wKTDQAAQBAJ%26q%3DDystopia%253A%2BA%2BNatural%2BHistory.%2BOxford%2BUniversity%2BPress%252C%2B2016.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Andrew C. Norton-Schwartzbard, "Foretastes of Modernity in Renaissance Literature and Art" in Catherine Summers (ed.) "Papers Presented to The Fourth Inter-University Symposium on Late Medieval Culture", p.59, p.71 (note).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vicente Angeloti, "Leggere Dante con gli occhi del tardo Novecento", Trimestrale Letterario di Firenze, Estate 1987, pp. 38-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theguardian1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/26/dystopian-stories-margaret-atwood-walking-dead-zombies">"Dystopian stories used to reflect our anxieties. Now they reflect our reality"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 26 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dystopian+stories+used+to+reflect+our+anxieties.+Now+they+reflect+our+reality&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2015%2Foct%2F26%2Fdystopian-stories-margaret-atwood-walking-dead-zombies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/literature-english/english-literature-20th-cent-present/dystopia">"Dystopia facts, information, pictures"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Cast of Divergent Explains"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Why+Do+We+Love+Dystopian+Stories+So+Much%3F+The+Cast+of+Divergent+Explains&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F32022%2Fdivergent-dystopian-stories-shailene-woodley-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerMcLaughlin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Stephen; McLaughlin, Greg (1 January 2015). "From Belfast to Bamako: Cinema in the Era of Capitalist Realism". <i>Ireland and Cinema</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK: 107–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137496362_10">10.1057/9781137496362_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-56410-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-56410-1"><bdi>978-1-349-56410-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ireland+and+Cinema&rft.atitle=From+Belfast+to+Bamako%3A+Cinema+in+the+Era+of+Capitalist+Realism&rft.pages=107-116&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137496362_10&rft.isbn=978-1-349-56410-1&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaviro2010" class="citation book cs1">Shaviro, Steven (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MetRyPdbh9QC&pg=PA88"><i>Post Cinematic Affect</i></a>. John Hunt Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846944314" title="Special:BookSources/9781846944314"><bdi>9781846944314</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post+Cinematic+Affect&rft.pub=John+Hunt+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781846944314&rft.aulast=Shaviro&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMetRyPdbh9QC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2014" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Kieran (24 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khVdCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT94"><i>Marx and the Alternative to Capitalism</i></a>. Lulu Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781312382626" title="Special:BookSources/9781312382626"><bdi>9781312382626</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx+and+the+Alternative+to+Capitalism&rft.pub=Lulu+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft.isbn=9781312382626&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhVdCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassler-Forest2012" class="citation book cs1">Hassler-Forest, Dan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xFMEjZW-XTEC&pg=PA207"><i>Capitalist Superheroes: Caped Crusaders in the Neoliberal Age</i></a>. John Hunt Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780991795" title="Special:BookSources/9781780991795"><bdi>9781780991795</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalist+Superheroes%3A+Caped+Crusaders+in+the+Neoliberal+Age&rft.pub=John+Hunt+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781780991795&rft.aulast=Hassler-Forest&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxFMEjZW-XTEC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-2009-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher-2009_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher-2009_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2009" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/capitalistrealis00fish_748"><i>Capitalist realism : is there no alternative?</i></a>. Library Genesis. Winchester, UK; Washington [D.C.]: Zero Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84694-317-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84694-317-1"><bdi>978-1-84694-317-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalist+realism+%3A+is+there+no+alternative%3F&rft.pub=Winchester%2C+UK%3B+Washington+%5BD.C.%5D%3A+Zero+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84694-317-1&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcapitalistrealis00fish_748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2013" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Mark (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/MarkFisherGhostsOfMyLifeWritingsOnDepreBookZZ.org"><i>Ghosts of My Life: Writings on Depression, Hauntology and Lost Futures</i></a>. Winchester, UK: Zero Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghosts+of+My+Life%3A+Writings+on+Depression%2C+Hauntology+and+Lost+Futures&rft.place=Winchester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Zero+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMarkFisherGhostsOfMyLifeWritingsOnDepreBookZZ.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinhoff153-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steinhoff153_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Steinhoff, "Utopia Reconsidered: Comments on <i>1984</i>" 153, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., <i>No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5">0-8093-1113-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinhoff147-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steinhoff147_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Steinhoff, "Utopia Reconsidered: Comments on <i>1984</i>" 147, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., <i>No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5">0-8093-1113-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utopia-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Utopia_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/utopia">"Definition of Utopia | Dictionary.com"</a>. <i>dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Utopia+%26%23124%3B+Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Futopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snodgrass-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Snodgrass" title="Mary Ellen Snodgrass">Mary Ellen Snodgrass</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Utopian Literature</i>, ABC-Clio Literary Companion Ser. (Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio Inc., 1995) xii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874367573" title="Special:BookSources/0874367573">0874367573</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874367577" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874367577">978-0874367577</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donawerth-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donawerth_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Donawerth, "Genre Blending and the Critical Dystopia", in <i>Dark Horizons: Science Fiction and the Dystopian Imagination</i>, ed. Raffaella Baccolini and Tom Moylan (New York: Routledge, 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard P. Segal, "Vonnegut's <i>Player Piano</i>: An Ambiguous Technological Dystopia," 163 in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., <i>No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5">0-8093-1113-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Tanith. <i>Don't Bite the Sun</i>. Bantam Books:1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Matter, "On Brave New World" 98, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., <i>No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5">0-8093-1113-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Matter, "On <i>Brave New World</i>" 95, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., <i>No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5">0-8093-1113-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beauchamp-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beauchamp_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gorman Beauchamp, "Zamiatin's <i>We</i>" 70, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., <i>No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5">0-8093-1113-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hugh Benson (2011), <i>Lord of the World</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Augustine%27s_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Augustine's Press (page does not exist)">Saint Augustine's Press</a>, Page 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Matter, "On <i>Brave New World</i>" 94, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., <i>No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction</i>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-1113-5">0-8093-1113-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Atwood, <i>The Handmaid's Tale</i>, McClelland and Stewart, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-0813-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-0813-9">0-7710-0813-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerne" class="citation journal cs1">Berne, Suzanne. "Ground Zero". <i>Patterns for College Writing</i>: 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+for+College+Writing&rft.atitle=Ground+Zero&rft.pages=182&rft.aulast=Berne&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_S._RabkinMartin_H._GreenbergJoseph_D._Olander1983" class="citation book cs1">Eric S. Rabkin; Martin H. Greenberg; Joseph D. Olander, eds. (1983). "Avatism and Utopia 4". <i>No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction</i>. 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Revista de estudios sobre la ciudad como espacio plural</i>. <b>6</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5209%2Frev_ANRE.2014.v6.n2.47585">10.5209/rev_ANRE.2014.v6.n2.47585</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%81ngulo+Recto.+Revista+de+estudios+sobre+la+ciudad+como+espacio+plural&rft.atitle=Urban+and+Natural+Spaces+in+Dystopian+Literature+Depicted+as+Opposed+Scenarios&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5209%2Frev_ANRE.2014.v6.n2.47585&rft.aulast=Galdon+Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Angel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5209%252Frev_ANRE.2014.v6.n2.47585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaldon_Rodriguez2014" class="citation journal cs1">Galdon Rodriguez, Angel (19 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5209%2Frev_ANRE.2014.v6.n2.47585">"Espacios urbanos y naturales como escenarios opuestos en la literatura distópica"</a>. <i>Ángulo Recto. Revista de estudios sobre la ciudad como espacio plural</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 85–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5209%2Frev_ANRE.2014.v6.n2.47585">10.5209/rev_ANRE.2014.v6.n2.47585</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1989-4015">1989-4015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%81ngulo+Recto.+Revista+de+estudios+sobre+la+ciudad+como+espacio+plural&rft.atitle=Espacios+urbanos+y+naturales+como+escenarios+opuestos+en+la+literatura+dist%C3%B3pica&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-100&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5209%2Frev_ANRE.2014.v6.n2.47585&rft.issn=1989-4015&rft.aulast=Galdon+Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Angel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5209%252Frev_ANRE.2014.v6.n2.47585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelf2002" class="citation book cs1">Self, W. (2002) [1980]. Introduction. <i><a href="/wiki/Riddley_Walker" title="Riddley Walker">Riddley Walker</a></i>. By <a href="/wiki/Russell_Hoban" title="Russell Hoban">Hoban, Russell</a>. London: Bloomsbury. p. v.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Riddley+Walker&rft.place=London&rft.pages=v&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Self&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rushkoff-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rushkoff_55-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rushkoff, D. (2002). "Renaissance Now! Media Ecology and the New Global Narrative." <i>Explorations in Media Ecology</i>, 1(1), 21–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/tecdet/tdet05.html">"Technological Determinism: Reification"</a>. <i>visual-memory.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visual-memory.co.uk&rft.atitle=Technological+Determinism%3A+Reification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisual-memory.co.uk%2Fdaniel%2FDocuments%2Ftecdet%2Ftdet05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenbaum-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenbaum_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenbaum_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaum" class="citation web cs1">Rosenbaum, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/what-turned-jaron-lanier-against-the-web-165260940/">"What Turned Jaron Lanier Against the Web?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=What+Turned+Jaron+Lanier+Against+the+Web%3F&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Finnovation%2Fwhat-turned-jaron-lanier-against-the-web-165260940%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADystopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heitman-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heitman_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heitman_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heitman_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heitman, B. (13 April 2011). "The Information: A History, A Theory, A Flood". (Books) (Book review). <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>, 146–150.</span> </li> </ol></div></div><p> See also Gregory Claeys. "When Does Utopianism Produce Dystopia?" in: Zsolt Czigányik, ed. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Utopian Horizons. Utopia and Ideology – The Interaction of Political and Utopian Thought</i> (Budapest: CEU Press, 2016), pp. 41–61. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dystopia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/dystopia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/dystopia">dystopia</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140602032600/http://www.dystopiatracker.com/E">Dystopia Tracker</a>, predictions about the future and their realisations in real life.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dystopic.co.uk">Dystopic</a>, dystopian fiction and its place in reality.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/dystopias">Dystopias</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wemu.org/post/climate-change-dystopia">Climate Change Dystopia</a>, discusses current popularity of the dystopian genre.</li> 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">Character arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">Character flaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude 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