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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Armed forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_the_French_Revolution_and_the_Napoleonic_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_the_French_Revolution_and_the_Napoleonic_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_the_French_Revolution_and_the_Napoleonic_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanticism,_nationalism,_and_liberalism_in_the_Vormärz_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanticism,_nationalism,_and_liberalism_in_the_Vormärz_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Romanticism, nationalism, and liberalism in the <span><i>Vormärz</i></span> era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Romanticism,_nationalism,_and_liberalism_in_the_Vormärz_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Romanticism, nationalism, and liberalism in the <span><i>Vormärz</i></span> era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Romanticism,_nationalism,_and_liberalism_in_the_Vormärz_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>High culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographic_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Demographic transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peasantry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peasantry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Peasantry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peasantry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapidly_growing_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapidly_growing_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Rapidly growing cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapidly_growing_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Ethnic minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zollverein:_economic_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zollverein:_economic_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span><span><i>Zollverein</i></span>: economic integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zollverein:_economic_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutions_of_1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutions_of_1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Revolutions of 1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutions_of_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_of_the_Confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Dissolution of the Confederation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Confederation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dissolution of the Confederation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Bismarck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Bismarck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Rise of Bismarck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Bismarck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seven_Weeks'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Weeks'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Seven Weeks' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_Weeks'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_German_Confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_German_Confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>North German Confederation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_German_Confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>German Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Territorial legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">German Confederation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitse_Bond" title="Duitse Bond – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duitse Bond" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C4%93odisc_%C4%80%C3%BEb%C4%93orscipe" title="Þēodisc Āþbēorscipe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þēodisc Āþbēorscipe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الاتحاد الألماني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد الألماني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Xerm%C3%A1nica" title="Confederación Xermánica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Confederación Xermánica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya_ittifaq%C4%B1" title="Almaniya ittifaqı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya ittifaqı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="آلمان کونفدراسیونو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان کونفدراسیونو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-%C3%AC-ch%C3%AC_Pang-li%C3%A2n" title="Tek-ì-chì Pang-liân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-ì-chì Pang-liân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Германскі саюз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германскі саюз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Германски съюз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германски съюз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kengevread_alaman" title="Kengevread alaman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kengevread alaman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3_Germ%C3%A0nica" title="Confederació Germànica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Confederació Germànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%C4%95%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Герман пĕрлешĕвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Герман пĕрлешĕвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%BD_spolek" title="Německý spolek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německý spolek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Tyske_Forbund" title="Det Tyske Forbund – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Tyske Forbund" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Bund" title="Deutscher Bund – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutscher Bund" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa_Liit" title="Saksa Liit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa Liit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γερμανική Συνομοσπονδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανική Συνομοσπονδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Germ%C3%A1nica" title="Confederación Germánica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Confederación Germánica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_Federacio" title="Germana Federacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germana Federacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniar_Konfederazioa" title="Germaniar Konfederazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Germaniar Konfederazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کنفدراسیون آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنفدراسیون آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique" title="Confédération germanique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Confédération germanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Xerm%C3%A1nica" title="Confederación Xermánica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Confederación Xermánica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9" title="독일 연방 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일 연방" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գերմանական միություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանական միություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_savez" title="Njemački savez – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemački savez" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederasi_Jerman" title="Konfederasi Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konfederasi Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Германы цæдис – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Германы цæдис" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDska_r%C3%ADkjasambandi%C3%B0" title="Þýska ríkjasambandið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýska ríkjasambandið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederazione_germanica" title="Confederazione germanica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Confederazione germanica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הקונפדרציה הגרמנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקונפדרציה הגרמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="გერმანიის კავშირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის კავშირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirikisho_la_Ujerumani" title="Shirikisho la Ujerumani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shirikisho la Ujerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Герман союзу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Герман союзу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confoederatio_Germanica" title="Confoederatio Germanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Confoederatio Germanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cu_Savien%C4%ABba" title="Vācu Savienība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācu Savienība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itsche_Bond" title="Däitsche Bond – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitsche Bond" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietijos_s%C4%85junga" title="Vokietijos sąjunga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietijos sąjunga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9met_Sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9g" title="Német Szövetség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német Szövetség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Германски Сојуз – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германски Сојуз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანიაშ კონფედერაცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანიაშ კონფედერაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabungan_Jerman" title="Gabungan Jerman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gabungan Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Германы Холбоо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Германы Холбоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitse_Bond" title="Duitse Bond – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitse Bond" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6" title="ドイツ連邦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ連邦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjiisk_Bund" title="Sjiisk Bund – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sjiisk Bund" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tyske_forbund" title="Det tyske forbund – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det tyske forbund" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tyske_forbundet" title="Det tyske forbundet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det tyske forbundet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederacion_Germanica" title="Confederacion Germanica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Confederacion Germanica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="جرمن کنفیڈریشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمن کنفیڈریشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joerman_Konfederieshan" title="Joerman Konfederieshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joerman Konfederieshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="សហព័ន្ធអាល្លឺម៉ង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សហព័ន្ធអាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Niemiecki" title="Związek Niemiecki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Związek Niemiecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confedera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Germ%C3%A2nica" title="Confederação Germânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Confederação Germânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confedera%C8%9Bia_German%C4%83" title="Confederația Germană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Confederația Germană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Германский союз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германский союз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="German Confederation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederata_Gjermane" title="Konfederata Gjermane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konfederata Gjermane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="German Confederation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemeck%C3%BD_spolok" title="Nemecký spolok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemecký spolok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C5%A1ka_zveza" title="Nemška zveza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemška zveza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Немачка конфедерација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Немачка конфедерација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_Savez" title="Njemački Savez – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemački Savez" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_liitto" title="Saksan liitto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan liitto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyska_f%C3%B6rbundet" title="Tyska förbundet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyska förbundet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="สมาพันธรัฐเยอรมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" 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encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">19th-century association of German states</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">German Confederation</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutscher Bund</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1815–1848</li> <li>1850–1866</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of"><img alt="Coat of arms of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wappen_Deutscher_Bund.svg/85px-Wappen_Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wappen_Deutscher_Bund.svg/128px-Wappen_Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wappen_Deutscher_Bund.svg/170px-Wappen_Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="248" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_German_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the German Confederation">Coat of arms</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Deutschlandlied</a></i></span><br />"The Song of the Germans"<br /> (<i>unofficial</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-faz-20120904_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faz-20120904-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="75" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Germany.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/National_Anthem_of_Germany.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/National_Anthem_of_Germany.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Germany.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Germany.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Germany.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Confederation_(1815).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The German Confederation in 1815"><img alt="The German Confederation in 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/German_Confederation_%281815%29.svg/250px-German_Confederation_%281815%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/German_Confederation_%281815%29.svg/375px-German_Confederation_%281815%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/German_Confederation_%281815%29.svg/500px-German_Confederation_%281815%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The German Confederation in 1815</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="States part of the German Confederation, 1815–1866"><img alt="States part of the German Confederation, 1815–1866" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/250px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/375px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/500px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="969" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States part of the German Confederation</a>, 1815–1866</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a> and others</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_German_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the German Confederation">Head of the <i>Präsidialmacht</i> Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1815–1835 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1835–1848 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1850–1866 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(German_Confederation)" title="Federal Convention (German Confederation)">Federal Convention</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 August 1806</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813" title="German campaign of 1813">German campaign</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1813</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Collapse of Confederation of the Rhine</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 October 1813</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Confederation Constitution">Constitution adopted</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 June 1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%9349" class="mw-redirect" title="German revolutions of 1848–49">German Revolutions</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Punctation_of_Olm%C3%BCtz" title="Punctation of Olmütz">Punctation of Olmütz</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 November 1850</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 June 1866</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation_Treaty" title="North German Confederation Treaty">North German Confederation Treaty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 August 1866</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 August 1866</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsthaler" title="Reichsthaler">Reichsthaler</a></i></span> (to 1857)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Conventionsthaler" title="Conventionsthaler">Conventionsthaler</a></i></span> (to 1857)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Vereinsthaler" title="Vereinsthaler">Vereinsthaler</a></i></span> (from 1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/20px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/40px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Rhine_Confederation.svg/20px-Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Rhine_Confederation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Rhine_Confederation.svg/30px-Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Rhine_Confederation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Rhine_Confederation.svg/40px-Commemorative_Medal_of_the_Rhine_Confederation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="510" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia (territories in HRE until 1806 or listed below only)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/20px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/30px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/40px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="706" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg-Bütow (Province of Pomerania)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/20px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/30px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/40px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="706" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Draheim (Province of Pomerania)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg/20px-Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg/30px-Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg/40px-Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="657" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Limburg_(1815%E2%80%931839)" title="Province of Limburg (1815–1839)">Province of Limburg (1815–1839)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire (territories in HRE until 1806 or listed below only)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arms_of_the_duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arms_of_the_duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arms_of_the_duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="354" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Duchy of Oświęcim">Duchy of Oświęcim (after 1818)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/COA_of_Duchy_of_Zator.PNG/20px-COA_of_Duchy_of_Zator.PNG" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/COA_of_Duchy_of_Zator.PNG/30px-COA_of_Duchy_of_Zator.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/COA_of_Duchy_of_Zator.PNG/40px-COA_of_Duchy_of_Zator.PNG 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="348" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Zator" title="Duchy of Zator">Duchy of Zator (after 1818)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Germany_%281848%29.svg/20px-Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Germany_%281848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Germany_%281848%29.svg/30px-Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Germany_%281848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Germany_%281848%29.svg/40px-Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Germany_%281848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">German Empire (1848–1849)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">German Empire (1848–1849)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Germany_%281848%29.svg/20px-Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Germany_%281848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Germany_%281848%29.svg/30px-Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Germany_%281848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Germany_%281848%29.svg/40px-Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Germany_%281848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Duchy of Oświęcim">Duchy of Oświęcim (after 1850)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arms_of_the_duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arms_of_the_duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arms_of_the_duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="354" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Zator" title="Duchy of Zator">Duchy of Zator (after 1850)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/COA_of_Duchy_of_Zator.PNG/20px-COA_of_Duchy_of_Zator.PNG" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/COA_of_Duchy_of_Zator.PNG/30px-COA_of_Duchy_of_Zator.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/COA_of_Duchy_of_Zator.PNG/40px-COA_of_Duchy_of_Zator.PNG 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="348" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation"><b>Following dissolution:</b><br />North German Confederation</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire as a whole</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/20px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/40px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_%281855%E2%80%931891%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_%281855%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_%281855%E2%80%931891%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_%281855%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_%281855%E2%80%931891%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Baden_%281855%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg/20px-Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg/30px-Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg/40px-Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="657" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Gr. Duchy of Luxembourg</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Liechtenstein">Principality of Liechtenstein</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281852%E2%80%931921%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281852%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281852%E2%80%931921%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281852%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281852%E2%80%931921%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281852%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/20px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/30px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/40px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>German Confederation</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Deutscher Bund</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˌdɔʏtʃɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbʊnt]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d4\/De-Deutscher_Bund.ogg\/De-Deutscher_Bund.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Deutscher Bund.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/De-Deutscher_Bund.ogg/De-Deutscher_Bund.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Deutscher_Bund.ogg" title="File:De-Deutscher Bund.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) was an association of 39 predominantly <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German-speaking</a> sovereign states in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was created by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815 as a replacement of the former <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, which had been dissolved in 1806 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. </p><p>The Confederation had only one organ, the <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(German_Confederation)" title="Federal Convention (German Confederation)">Bundesversammlung</a></i>, or Federal Convention (also Federal Assembly or Confederate Diet). The Convention consisted of the representatives of the member states. The most important issues had to be decided on unanimously. The Convention was presided over by the representative of Austria. This was a formality, however, as the Confederation did not have a head of state, since it was not a state. </p><p>The Confederation, on the one hand, was a strong alliance between its member states because federal law was superior to state law (the decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(German_Confederation)" title="Federal Convention (German Confederation)">Federal Convention</a> were binding for the member states).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Confederation had been established for eternity and was impossible to dissolve (legally), with no member states being able to leave it and no new member being able to join without universal consent in the Federal Convention. On the other hand, the Confederation was weakened by its very structure and member states, partly because the most important decisions in the Federal Convention required unanimity and the purpose of the Confederation was limited to only security matters.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On top of that, the functioning of the Confederation depended on the cooperation of the two most populous member states, Austria and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> which in reality were often in <a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Prussia_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria–Prussia rivalry">opposition</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a>, motivated by liberal, democratic, socialist, and nationalist sentiments, attempted to transform the Confederation into a <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unified German federal state</a> with a liberal constitution (usually called the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a> in English). The Federal Convention was dissolved on 12 July 1848, but was re-established in 1850 after the revolution was crushed by Austria, Prussia, and other states.<sup id="cite_ref-reestablished1850_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reestablished1850-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Confederation was finally dissolved after the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Seven Weeks' War</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> in 1866. The dispute over which had the inherent right to rule German lands ended in favour of Prussia, leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> under Prussian leadership in 1867, to which the eastern portions of the Kingdom of Prussia were added. A number of South German states remained independent until they joined the North German Confederation, which was renamed and proclaimed as the "<a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>" in 1871, as the unified Germany (aside from Austria) with the Prussian king as emperor (Kaiser) after the victory over French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_.Gendarmenmarkt_.Deutscher_Dom_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Berlin_.Gendarmenmarkt_.Deutscher_Dom_010.jpg/220px-Berlin_.Gendarmenmarkt_.Deutscher_Dom_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Berlin_.Gendarmenmarkt_.Deutscher_Dom_010.jpg/330px-Berlin_.Gendarmenmarkt_.Deutscher_Dom_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Berlin_.Gendarmenmarkt_.Deutscher_Dom_010.jpg/440px-Berlin_.Gendarmenmarkt_.Deutscher_Dom_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1695" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece of the Acts of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chart_German_Confederation_of_1815.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chart_German_Confederation_of_1815.svg/220px-Chart_German_Confederation_of_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chart_German_Confederation_of_1815.svg/330px-Chart_German_Confederation_of_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chart_German_Confederation_of_1815.svg/440px-Chart_German_Confederation_of_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Chart: functioning of the German Confederation</figcaption></figure> <p>Most historians have judged the Confederation to have been weak and ineffective, as well as an obstacle to the creation of a German nation-state.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This weakness was part of its design, as the <a href="/wiki/European_Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="European Great Powers">European Great Powers</a>, including Prussia and especially Austria, did not want it to become a nation-state. However, the Confederation was not a 'loose' tie between the German states, as it was impossible to leave the Confederation, and as Confederation law stood above the law of the aligned states. The constitutional weakness of the Confederation lay in the principle of unanimity in the Diet and the limits of the Confederation's scope: it was essentially a military alliance to defend Germany against external attacks and internal riots. Ironically, the War of 1866 proved its ineffectiveness, as it was unable to combine the federal troops in order to fight the Prussian secession.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a> lasted from about 1803 to 1806. Following defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Austerlitz</span></span></a> by the French under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in December 1805, Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a> abdicated, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Empire</a> was dissolved on 6 August 1806. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Treaty of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Pressburg</span></span></a> established the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> in July 1806, joining sixteen of France's allies among the German states (including Bavaria and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Württemberg</span></span>). After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Battle of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Jena–Auerstedt</span></span></a> of October 1806 in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a>, various other German states, including Saxony and Westphalia, also joined the Confederation. Only Austria, Prussia, Danish <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Holstein</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, and the French-occupied <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Erfurt" title="Principality of Erfurt">Principality of Erfurt</a> stayed outside the Confederation of the Rhine. The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a> from 1812 to winter 1814 saw the defeat of Napoleon and the liberation of Germany. In June 1814, the famous German patriot <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">Heinrich vom Stein</a> created the Central Managing Authority for Germany (<i>Zentralverwaltungsbehörde</i>) in Frankfurt to replace the defunct Confederation of the Rhine. However, plenipotentiaries gathered at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> were determined to create a weaker union of German states than that envisaged by Stein. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a></div><p>The German Confederation was created by the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Final_Act_of_the_Congress_of_Vienna/Act_IX" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Final Act of the Congress of Vienna/Act IX">9th Act</a> of the Congress of Vienna on 8 June 1815 after being alluded to in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)#ART.VI" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Paris (1814)">Article 6</a> of the 1814 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a>, ending the War of the Sixth Coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-Heeren1873_p480-482_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heeren1873_p480-482-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Confederation was formally created by a second treaty, the <i>Final Act of the Ministerial Conference to Complete and Consolidate the Organization of the German Confederation</i>. This treaty was not concluded and signed by the parties until 15 May 1820. States joined the German Confederation by becoming parties to the second treaty. The states designated for inclusion in the Confederation were: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Flag </th> <th>Member State </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/15px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/23px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/30px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Anhalt-Bernburg</a> </td> <td>Inherited by the Duke of <a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Anhalt-Dessau</a> in 1863 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_Herzogtum_Anhalt.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Anhalt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_Herzogtum_Anhalt.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Anhalt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_Herzogtum_Anhalt.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Anhalt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Anhalt-Dessau</a> </td> <td>Renamed the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Duchy of Anhalt</a> in 1863 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/15px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/23px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/30px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Anhalt-Köthen</a> </td> <td>Inherited by the Duke of <a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Anhalt-Dessau</a> in 1847; merged with <a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Anhalt-Dessau</a> in 1853 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> </td> <td>Only a part that included the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Crown of Bohemia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Austrian Silesia</a> – and Austrian lands – <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Carniola</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Littoral</a> except <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the Duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Duchy of Oświęcim">Auschwitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Zator" title="Duchy of Zator">Zator</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a>, were also members in 1818–1850 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/46px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a> </td> <td>Annexed by Prussia 20 September 1866 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Electorate of Hesse</a> </td> <td>Also known as Hesse-Kassel; annexed by Prussia 20 September 1866 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/19px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/29px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/38px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a> </td> <td>Also known as Hesse-Darmstadt </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hessen_HG_flag.svg/23px-Hessen_HG_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hessen_HG_flag.svg/35px-Hessen_HG_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hessen_HG_flag.svg/45px-Hessen_HG_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a> </td> <td>Joined in 1817; inherited by the grand-duke of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a> in March 1866; annexed by Prussia 20 September 1866 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png/23px-Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png/35px-Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png/45px-Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hohenzollern-Hechingen</a> </td> <td>Became part of Prussia in 1850 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png/23px-Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png/35px-Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png/45px-Flag_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen_and_Sigmaringen.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a> </td> <td>Became part of Prussia in 1850 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg/23px-Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg/35px-Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg/45px-Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a> </td> <td>Held by <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish kings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> since 15th century as a fief of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>; on 28 November 1863, the Federal Assembly removed the Danish delegate pending resolution of the succession issue and the naming of a new delegate from a government recognized by the Assembly; Denmark subsequently ceded it and Sleswig jointly to Austria and Prussia on 30 October 1864 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a>; the duchy technically remained in the Confederation pending final resolution of its status; Sleswig did not become a member in the short time between this war and the dissolution of the Confederation; both duchies were annexed by Prussia on 24 December 1866 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg/8px-Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg/13px-Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg/17px-Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="657" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a> </td> <td>With the Dutch King being the Duke </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Lippe.svg/23px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Lippe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Lippe.svg/35px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Lippe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Lippe.svg/45px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Lippe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lippe-Detmold" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe-Detmold">Lippe-Detmold</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td>With the Dutch King being the Grand Duke </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a> </td> <td>Annexed by Prussia 20 September 1866 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Oldenburg_%28Scandinavian_Cross%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oldenburg_%28Scandinavian_Cross%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Oldenburg_%28Scandinavian_Cross%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oldenburg_%28Scandinavian_Cross%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Oldenburg_%28Scandinavian_Cross%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oldenburg_%28Scandinavian_Cross%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Civil_flag_of_Prussia_1701-1935.svg/23px-Civil_flag_of_Prussia_1701-1935.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Civil_flag_of_Prussia_1701-1935.svg/35px-Civil_flag_of_Prussia_1701-1935.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Civil_flag_of_Prussia_1701-1935.svg/46px-Civil_flag_of_Prussia_1701-1935.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a> were only federal territory in 1848–1850 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_%C3%A4ltere_Linie.svg/19px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_%C3%A4ltere_Linie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_%C3%A4ltere_Linie.svg/29px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_%C3%A4ltere_Linie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_%C3%A4ltere_Linie.svg/38px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_%C3%A4ltere_Linie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="405" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reuss_Elder_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss Elder Line">Reuss, elder line</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_j%C3%BCngere_Linie.svg/19px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_j%C3%BCngere_Linie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_j%C3%BCngere_Linie.svg/29px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_j%C3%BCngere_Linie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_j%C3%BCngere_Linie.svg/38px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Reu%C3%9F_j%C3%BCngere_Linie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reuss_Junior_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss Junior Line">Reuss, junior line</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Saxon_Duchies_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Saxon_Duchies_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Saxon_Duchies_%281815-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Saxon_Duchies_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Saxon_Duchies_%281815-1918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Saxon_Duchies_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a> </td> <td>Became <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> in 1826 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="120" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a> </td> <td>Partitioned and became <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Saxe-Altenburg</a> in 1826 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Saxe-Hildburghausen</a> </td> <td>Duchy partitioned and ruler became Duke of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Saxe-Altenburg</a> in 1826 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Lauenburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lauenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Lauenburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lauenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Lauenburg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lauenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a> </td> <td>Held by Denmark since 1815; by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1864)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1864)">Treaty of Vienna (1864)</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX of Denmark</a> abdicated as duke of Saxe-Lauenburg and ceded the duchy to Prussia and Austria;<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Lauenburg_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Lauenburg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1865 <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I of Prussia</a> acceded as duke in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Gastein_Convention" title="Gastein Convention">Gastein Convention</a> and a vote of <a href="/wiki/The_Estates" title="The Estates">the Estates</a> of Lauenburg<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Lauenburg_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Lauenburg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Saxe-Meiningen_%28until_1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxe-Meiningen_%28until_1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Saxe-Meiningen_%28until_1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxe-Meiningen_%28until_1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Saxe-Meiningen_%28until_1818%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saxe-Meiningen_%28until_1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Saxe-Meiningen</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/45px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Schaumburg-Lippe.svg/23px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Schaumburg-Lippe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Schaumburg-Lippe.svg/35px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Schaumburg-Lippe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Schaumburg-Lippe.svg/45px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstentum_Schaumburg-Lippe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schaumburg-Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstent%C3%BCmer_Schwarzburg.svg/23px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstent%C3%BCmer_Schwarzburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstent%C3%BCmer_Schwarzburg.svg/35px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstent%C3%BCmer_Schwarzburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstent%C3%BCmer_Schwarzburg.svg/45px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstent%C3%BCmer_Schwarzburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstent%C3%BCmer_Schwarzburg.svg/23px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstent%C3%BCmer_Schwarzburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstent%C3%BCmer_Schwarzburg.svg/35px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstent%C3%BCmer_Schwarzburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_F%C3%BCrstent%C3%BCmer_Schwarzburg.svg/45px-Flagge_F%C3%BCrstent%C3%BCmer_Schwarzburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Waldeck_before_1830.svg/23px-Flag_of_Waldeck_before_1830.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Waldeck_before_1830.svg/35px-Flag_of_Waldeck_before_1830.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Waldeck_before_1830.svg/45px-Flag_of_Waldeck_before_1830.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_Hanseatic_City_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Hanseatic City of Bremen">Bremen</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Frankfurt.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Frankfurt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Frankfurt.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Frankfurt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Frankfurt.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Frankfurt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> </td> <td>Annexed by Prussia 20 September 1866 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="The Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1839, as compensation for the loss of part of the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">province of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Luxemburg</span></span></a> to Belgium, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–67)">Duchy of Limburg</a> was created and became a member of the German Confederation (held by the Netherlands jointly with Luxembourg) until the dissolution of 1866. In 1867 the duchy was declared to be an "integral part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands". The cities of Maastricht and Venlo were not included in the Confederation. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurter_F%C3%BCrstentag_1863_Abschlu%C3%9Fphoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Frankfurter_F%C3%BCrstentag_1863_Abschlu%C3%9Fphoto.jpg/300px-Frankfurter_F%C3%BCrstentag_1863_Abschlu%C3%9Fphoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Frankfurter_F%C3%BCrstentag_1863_Abschlu%C3%9Fphoto.jpg/450px-Frankfurter_F%C3%BCrstentag_1863_Abschlu%C3%9Fphoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Frankfurter_F%C3%BCrstentag_1863_Abschlu%C3%9Fphoto.jpg/600px-Frankfurter_F%C3%BCrstentag_1863_Abschlu%C3%9Fphoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1985" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Monarchs of the member states of the German Confederation (with the exception of the Prussian king) meeting at Frankfurt in 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> were the largest and by far the most powerful members of the Confederation. Large parts of both countries were not included in the Confederation, because they had not been part of the former Holy Roman Empire, nor were the greater parts of their armed forces incorporated in the federal army. Austria and Prussia each had one vote in the Federal Assembly. </p><p>Six other major states had one vote each in the Federal Assembly: the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Württemberg</span></span></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Electorate of Hesse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a>. </p><p>Three foreign monarchs ruled member states: the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs" title="List of Danish monarchs">King of Denmark</a> as Duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a> and Duke of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">King of the Netherlands</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Dukes_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grand Dukes of Luxembourg">Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a> and (from 1839) Duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland#List_of_monarchs" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">King of the United Kingdom</a> (until 1837) as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a> were members of the German Confederation. Each of them had a vote in the Federal Assembly. At its foundation in 1815, four member states were ruled by foreign monarchs, as the King of Denmark was Duke of both Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg. </p><p>The four <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City">free cities</a> of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></span></span>, and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></span></span> shared one vote in the Federal Assembly. </p><p>The 23 remaining states (at its formation in 1815) shared five votes in the Federal Assembly: </p> <ul><li>Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Hildburghausen (5 states)</li> <li>Brunswick and Nassau (2 states)</li> <li>Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz (2 states)</li> <li>Oldenburg, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Köthen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (6 states)</li> <li>Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Liechtenstein, Reuss (Elder Branch), Reuss (Younger Branch), Schaumburg-Lippe, Lippe and Waldeck (8 states)</li></ul> <p>There were therefore 17 votes in the Federal Assembly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Germany" title="Category:History of Germany">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of <span class="fn org label">Germany</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Germany" title="Territorial evolution of Germany">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Germany" title="List of historic states of Germany">Historic states</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">Monarchs</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_queens" title="List of German queens">Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holy_Roman_empresses" title="List of Holy Roman empresses">Empresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs_in_1918" title="List of German monarchs in 1918">1918</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_German_monarchs" title="Family tree of German monarchs">Family tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Austria" title="List of rulers of Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bavaria" title="List of rulers of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediatised_houses" title="Mediatised houses">Mediatised</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Eastward settlement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei">Sectionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">Mediatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German Confederation</a></li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i></span></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1871–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1933</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1933–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Contemporary Germany</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation</a></li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Ostgebiete</a></i></span></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1945–1949/1952</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1944–1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West</a>–<a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">division</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1949–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">New states</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Germany (1990–present)">Modern history</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">since 1990</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Template:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rules of the Confederation provided for three different types of military interventions:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the federal war (<i>Bundeskrieg</i>) against an external enemy who attacks federal territory,</li> <li>the federal execution (<i>Bundesexekution</i>) against the government of a member state that violates federal law,</li> <li>the federal intervention (<i>Bundesintervention</i>) supporting a government that is under pressure of a popular uprising.</li></ul> <p>Other military conflicts were foreign to the confederation (<i>bundesfremd</i>). An example is Austria's oppression of the uprising in Northern Italy in 1848 and 1849, as these Austrian territories lay outside of the confederation's borders. </p><p>During the existence of the Confederation, there was only one federal war: the war against Denmark beginning with the Schleswig-Holstein uprising in 1848 (the <a href="/wiki/First_Schleswig_War" title="First Schleswig War">First Schleswig War</a>). The conflict became a federal war when the Bundestag demanded from Denmark to withdraw its troops from Schleswig (April 12) and recognized the revolutionary of Schleswig-Holstein (April 22). The confederation was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">German Empire of 1848</a>. Prussia was <i>de facto</i> the most important member state conducting the war for Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several examples for federal executions and especially federal interventions. In 1863, the Confederation ordered a federal execution against the duke of Holstein (the Danish king). Federal troops occupied Holstein which was a member state. After this, Austria and Prussia declared war on Denmark, the Second Schleswig War (or <i>Deutsch-Dänischer Krieg</i> in German). As Schleswig and Denmark were not member states, this war was foreign to the Confederation. The Confederation took no part in this war. </p><p>A federal intervention confronted for example the <a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">raid of the revolutionaries in Baden</a> in April 1848. </p><p>In June 1866, the Federal Convention decided to takes measures against Prussia. This decision was technically not a federal execution for a lack of time to observe the actual procedure. Prussia had violated, according to the majority of the convention, federal law by sending its troops to Holstein. The decision led to the war in summer 1866 that ended with the dissolution of the confederation (<a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">known as <i>Seven Weeks War</i> or by other names</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Armed forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Federal_Army" title="German Federal Army">German Federal Army</a> (<i>Deutsches Bundesheer</i>) was supposed to collectively defend the German Confederation from external enemies, primarily France. Successive laws passed by the Confederate Diet set the form and function of the army, as well as contribution limits of the member states. The Diet had the power to declare war and was responsible for appointing a supreme commander of the army and commanders of the individual army corps. This made mobilization extremely slow and added a political dimension to the army. In addition, the Diet oversaw the construction and maintenance of several <a href="/wiki/Fortresses_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Fortresses of the German Confederation">German Federal Fortresses</a> and collected funds annually from the member states for this purpose. </p><p>Projections of army strength were published in 1835, but the work of forming the Army Corps did not commence until 1840 as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine Crisis">Rhine Crisis</a>. Money for the fortresses were determined by an act of the Confederate Diet in that year. By 1846, Luxemburg still had not formed its own contingent, and Prussia was rebuffed for offering to supply 1,450 men to garrison the Luxemburg fortress that should have been supplied by Waldeck and the two Lippes. In that same year, it was decided that a common symbol for the Federal Army should be the old Imperial two-headed eagle, but without crown, scepter, or sword, as any of those devices encroached on the individual sovereignty of the states. King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV of Prussia</a> was among those who derided the "disarmed imperial eagle" as a national symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German Federal Army was divided into ten Army Corps (later expanded to include a Reserve Corps). However, the Army Corps were not exclusive to the German Confederation but composed from the national armies of the member states, and did not include all of the armed forces of a state. For example, Prussia's army consisted of nine Army Corps but contributed only three to the German Federal Army. </p><p>The strength of the mobilized German Federal Army was projected to total 303,484 men in 1835 and 391,634 men in 1860, with the individual states providing the following figures:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Area [km<sup>2</sup>] </th> <th>Population<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Matriculation class<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(proportion of total) </th> <th>Annual expenditures <br />(in Austrian Gulden) </th> <th>Army Corps </th> <th>Troop Totals<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Austrian Empire<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-BA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 197,573 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-BA_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10,086,900 </td> <td>31.4% </td> <td>9,432,000 </td> <td>I, II, III </td> <td>158,037 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Kingdom of Prussia<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-BA_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 185,496 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-BA_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 9,957,000 </td> <td>26.5% </td> <td>7,956,000 </td> <td>IV, V, VI </td> <td>133,769 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Kingdom of Bavaria </td> <td>76,258 </td> <td>4,120,000 </td> <td>11.8% </td> <td>3,540,000 </td> <td>VII </td> <td>59,334 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Kingdom of Hannover </td> <td>38,452 </td> <td>1,549,000 </td> <td>4.3% </td> <td>1,299,000 </td> <td>X (1st Div., part) </td> <td>21,757 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Kingdom of Württemberg </td> <td>19,504 </td> <td>1,547,400 </td> <td>4.6% </td> <td>1,389,000 </td> <td>VIII (1st Div.) </td> <td>23,259 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Kingdom of Saxony </td> <td>14,993 </td> <td>1,480,000 </td> <td>4.0% </td> <td>1,194,000 </td> <td>IX (1st Div.) </td> <td>20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Grand Duchy of Baden </td> <td>15,269 </td> <td>1,175,000 </td> <td>3.3% </td> <td>993,000 </td> <td>VIII (2nd Div.) </td> <td>16,667 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt </td> <td>7,680 </td> <td>720,000 </td> <td>2.2% </td> <td>615,000 </td> <td>VIII (3rd Div., part) </td> <td>10,325 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin </td> <td>13,304 </td> <td>455,000 </td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>357,000 </td> <td>X (2nd Div., part) </td> <td>5,967 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz </td> <td>2,929 </td> <td>85,000 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>72,000 </td> <td>X (2nd Div., part) </td> <td>1,197 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg </td> <td>6,420 </td> <td>250,000 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>219,000 </td> <td>X (2nd Div., part) </td> <td>3,740 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Grand Duchy of Luxemburg (with the Duchy of Limburg) </td> <td>2,586 </td> <td>259,500 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>120,000 </td> <td>IX (2nd Div., part) </td> <td>2,706 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar </td> <td>3,593 </td> <td>233,814 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>201,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>3,350 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Electoral Hesse </td> <td>9,581 </td> <td>629,000 </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>564,000 </td> <td>IX (2nd Div., part) </td> <td>9,466 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau </td> <td>840 </td> <td>57,629 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>57,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>1,422 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Duchy of Anhalt-Köthen<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>727 </td> <td>36,000 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>30,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>325<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>780 </td> <td>43,325 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>36,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>616 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Duchy of Brunswick </td> <td>3,690 </td> <td>245,783 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td>X (1st Div., part) </td> <td>3,493 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Duchies of Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>9,580 </td> <td>450,000 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>35,000 </td> <td>X (2nd Div., part) </td> <td>6,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Duchy of Nassau </td> <td>4,700 </td> <td>360,000 </td> <td>1.0% </td> <td>300,000 </td> <td>IX (2nd Div., part) </td> <td>6,109 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg </td> <td>1,287 </td> <td>114,048 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>99,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>1,638 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2,688 </td> <td>156,639 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>111,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>1,860 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>nil% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>0<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen </td> <td>2,293 </td> <td>136,000 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>114,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>1,918 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen </td> <td>906 </td> <td>42,341 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>420,000 </td> <td>VIII (3rd Div., part) </td> <td>356<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Principality of Hohenzollern-Hechingen </td> <td>236 </td> <td>17,000 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>15,000 </td> <td>VIII (3rd Div., part) </td> <td>155 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Principality of Lippe-Detmold </td> <td>1,133 </td> <td>77,500 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>69,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>1,202 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe </td> <td>536 </td> <td>23,128 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>21,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>350 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Principality of Liechtenstein </td> <td>159 </td> <td>5,800 </td> <td>nil% </td> <td>6,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Principality of Reuß elder line </td> <td>316 </td> <td>24,500 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>21,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>1,241 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Principality of Reuß younger line </td> <td>826 </td> <td>59,000 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>51,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>see Reuß elder line </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt </td> <td>940 </td> <td>60,000 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>54,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>899 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Principality of Waldeck </td> <td>1,121 </td> <td>56,000 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>51,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>866 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen </td> <td>862 </td> <td>51,767 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>45,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>751 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Landgraviate of Hessen-Homburg<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>275 </td> <td>23,000 </td> <td>0.-% </td> <td>21,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>333 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Free City of Lübeck </td> <td>298 </td> <td>45,600 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>39,000 </td> <td>X (2nd Div., part) </td> <td>669 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Free City of Hamburg </td> <td>410 </td> <td>154,000 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>129,000 </td> <td>X (2nd Div., part) </td> <td>2,163 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Free City of Bremen </td> <td>256 </td> <td>52,000 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>48,000 </td> <td>X (2nd Div., part) </td> <td>748 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Free City of Frankfurt </td> <td>101 </td> <td>54,000 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>48,000 </td> <td>Reserve (part) </td> <td>1,119 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the year 1835.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The matriculation class determined the percentage of expenditures for 1835.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the year 1860.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not included Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a> (but with Auschwitz and Zator), <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>, Croatia and upper Italian lands apart from <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BA-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BA_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">federal share.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Without <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inherited by the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau in 1847 and formally merged in 1853.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figures for 1835; merged with Anhalt-Dessau army in 1847.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merged with Anhalt-Dessau in 1863.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Troops were attached to the Danish army until 1864, as the King of Denmark was also Duke of both lands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gotha passed to Saxe-Coburg in 1826.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Partitioned between Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Meiningen in 1826.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No figures reported before partition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figures for 1835; merged with Prussian army in 1850.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merged with Grand Ducal Hesse in 1866.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1806 and 1815, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> organized the German states, aside from Prussia and Austria, into the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, but this collapsed after his defeats in 1812 to 1815. The German Confederation had roughly the same boundaries as the Empire at the time of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (less what is now <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>). It also kept intact most of Confederation's reconstituted member states and their boundaries. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Confederation_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German Confederation member states">member states</a>, drastically reduced to 39 from more than 300 (see <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei">Kleinstaaterei</a></i></span>) under the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, were recognized as fully sovereign. The members pledged themselves to mutual defense, and <a href="/wiki/Fortresses_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Fortresses of the German Confederation">joint maintenance of the fortresses</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Mainz">Mainz</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rastatt" title="Rastatt">Rastatt</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></span></span>, and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landau" title="Landau">Landau</a></span></span>. </p><p>The only organ of the Confederation was the <a href="/wiki/Bundesversammlung_(German_Confederation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesversammlung (German Confederation)">Federal Assembly</a> (officially <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesversammlung</i></span>, often called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundestag</i></span>), which consisted of the delegates of the states' governments. There was no head of state, but the Austrian delegate presided over the Assembly (according to the Bundesakte). Austria did not have extra powers, but consequently the Austrian delegate was called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Präsidialgesandther</i></span> and Austria the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Präsidialmacht</i></span> (presiding power). The Assembly met in Frankfurt. </p><p>The Confederation was enabled to accept and deploy ambassadors. It allowed ambassadors of the European powers to the Assembly, but rarely deployed ambassadors itself. </p><p>During the revolution of 1848/49 the Federal Assembly was inactive. It transferred its powers to the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Provisorische_Zentralgewalt" title="Provisorische Zentralgewalt">Provisorische Zentralgewalt</a></span></span>, the revolutionary German Central Government of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_National_Assembly" title="Frankfurt National Assembly">Frankfurt National Assembly</a>. After crushing the revolution and illegally disbanding the National Assembly, the Prussian King failed to create a German nation state by himself. The Federal Assembly was revived in 1850 on Austrian initiative, but only fully reinstalled in the Summer of 1851. </p><p>Rivalry between Prussia and Austria grew more and more, especially after 1859. The Confederation was dissolved in 1866 after the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, and was succeeded in 1866 by the Prussian-dominated <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a>. Unlike the German Confederation, the North German Confederation was in fact a true state. Its territory comprised the parts of the German Confederation north of the river <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a>, plus Prussia's eastern territories and the Duchy of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a></span></span>, but excluded Austria and the other southern German states. </p><p>Prussia's influence was widened by the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> resulting in the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> at <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a></span></span> on 18 January 1871, which united the North German Federation with the southern German states. All the constituent states of the former German Confederation became part of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kaiserreich</i></span> in 1871, except Austria, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–67)">Duchy of Limburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_the_French_Revolution_and_the_Napoleonic_invasions">Impact of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic invasions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:German_Confederation" title="Talk:German Confederation">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg/220px-Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg/330px-Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg/440px-Prince_Metternich_by_Lawrence.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Austrian chancellor and foreign minister <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></span></span> dominated the German Confederation from 1815 until 1848.</figcaption></figure> <p>The late 18th century was a period of political, economic, intellectual, and cultural reforms, <a href="/wiki/The_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enlightenment">the Enlightenment</a> (represented by figures such as <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></span></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></span></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>), but also involving early <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, and climaxing with the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, where freedom of the individual and nation was asserted against privilege and custom. Representing a great variety of types and theories, they were largely a response to the disintegration of previous cultural patterns, coupled with new patterns of production, specifically the rise of industrial capitalism. </p><p>However, the defeat of Napoleon enabled conservative and reactionary regimes such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsarist</a> Russia to survive, laying the groundwork for the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> and the alliance that strove to oppose radical demands for change ushered in by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>'s position on the continent now intact and ostensibly secure under its reactionary premier <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></span></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> empire would serve as a barrier to contain the emergence of Italian and German nation-states as well, in addition to containing France. But this reactionary balance of power, aimed at blocking German and <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a> on the continent, was precarious. </p><p>After Napoleon's final defeat in 1815, the surviving member states of the defunct Holy Roman Empire joined to form the German Confederation (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutscher Bund</i></span>) – a rather loose organization, especially because the two great rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, each feared domination by the other. </p><p>In Prussia the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></span></span> rulers forged a centralized state. By the time of the Napoleonic Wars, Prussia, grounded in the virtues of its established military aristocracy (the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junkers</a></i></span></i>) and stratified by rigid hierarchical lines, had been surpassed militarily and economically by France. After 1807, Prussia's defeats by Napoleonic France highlighted the need for administrative, economic, and social reforms to improve the efficiency of the bureaucracy and encourage practical merit-based education. Inspired by the Napoleonic organization of German and Italian principalities, the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Reform_Movement" title="Prussian Reform Movement">Prussian Reform Movement</a> led by <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Karl August von Hardenberg</a></span></span> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl,_Baron_von_und_zum_Stein" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl, Baron von und zum Stein">Count <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Stein</span></span></a> was conservative, enacted to preserve <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a> privilege while modernizing institutions. </p><p>Outside Prussia, industrialization progressed slowly, and was held back because of political disunity, conflicts of interest between the nobility and merchants, and the continued existence of the guild system, which discouraged competition and innovation. While this kept the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> at bay, affording the old order a measure of stability not seen in France, Prussia's vulnerability to Napoleon's military proved to many among the old order that a fragile, divided, and traditionalist Germany would be easy prey for its cohesive and industrializing neighbor. </p><p>The reforms laid the foundation for Prussia's future military might by professionalizing the military and decreeing universal <a href="/wiki/Military_conscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Military conscription">military conscription</a>. In order to industrialize Prussia, working within the framework provided by the old aristocratic institutions, land reforms were enacted to break the monopoly of the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Junker</i></span>s</i> on land ownership, thereby also abolishing, among other things, the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal practice of serfdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanticism,_nationalism,_and_liberalism_in_the_Vormärz_era"><span id="Romanticism.2C_nationalism.2C_and_liberalism_in_the_Vorm.C3.A4rz_era"></span>Romanticism, nationalism, and liberalism in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vormärz</i></span> era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Romanticism, nationalism, and liberalism in the Vormärz era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the forces unleashed by the French Revolution were seemingly under control after the Vienna Congress, the conflict between conservative forces and liberal nationalists was only deferred at best. The era until the failed 1848 revolution, in which these tensions built up, is commonly referred to as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz" title="Vormärz">Vormärz</a></i></span> ("pre-March"), in reference to the outbreak of riots in March 1848. </p><p>This conflict pitted the forces of the old order against those inspired by the French Revolution and the Rights of Man. The breakdown of the competition was, roughly, the emerging <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petit-bourgeoisie" class="mw-redirect" title="Petit-bourgeoisie">petit-bourgeoisie</a> (engaged mostly in commerce, trade, and industry), and the growing (and increasingly radicalized) industrial <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">working class</a>; and the other side associated with landowning aristocracy or military aristocracy (the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Junker</i></span>s</i>) in Prussia, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> monarchy in Austria, and the conservative notables of the small <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> and <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> in Germany. </p><p>Meanwhile, demands for change from below had been fomenting due to the influence of the French Revolution. Throughout the German Confederation, Austrian influence was paramount, drawing the ire of the nationalist movements. <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Metternich</span></span> considered nationalism, especially the nationalist youth movement, the most pressing danger: German nationalism might not only repudiate Austrian dominance of the Confederation, but also stimulate nationalist sentiment within the Austrian Empire itself. In a multi-national <a href="/wiki/Polyglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglot">polyglot</a> state in which Slavs and Magyars outnumbered the Germans, the prospects of Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Polish, Serb, or Croatian sentiment along with middle class liberalism was certainly horrifying to the monarchist landed aristocracy. </p><p>Figures like <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/August_Heinrich_Hoffmann_von_Fallersleben" title="August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben">August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Ludwig Uhland</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Herwegh" title="Georg Herwegh">Georg Herwegh</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_B%C3%B6rne" title="Ludwig Börne">Ludwig Börne</a></span></span>, and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">Bettina von Arnim</a></span></span> rose in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vormärz</i></span> era. Father <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Jahn">Friedrich Jahn</a></span></span>'s gymnastic associations exposed middle class German youth to nationalist and democratic ideas, which took the form of the nationalistic and liberal democratic college fraternities known as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Burschenschaft" title="Burschenschaft">Burschenschaften</a></i></span>. The Wartburg Festival in 1817 celebrated <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> as a proto-German nationalist, linking Lutheranism to German nationalism, and helping arouse religious sentiments for the cause of German nationhood. The festival culminated in the burning of several books and other items that symbolized <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> attitudes. One item was a book by <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/August_von_Kotzebue" title="August von Kotzebue">August von Kotzebue</a></span></span>. In 1819, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Kotzebue</span></span> was accused of spying for Russia, and then murdered by a theological student, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Sand" title="Karl Ludwig Sand">Karl Ludwig Sand</a></span></span>, who was <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">executed</a> for the crime. Sand belonged to a militant nationalist faction of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Burschenschaften</i></span>. <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Metternich</span></span> used the murder as a pretext to issue the <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a> of 1819, which dissolved the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Burschenschaften</i></span>, cracked down on the liberal press, and seriously restricted <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_culture">High culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: High culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Universitaet_um_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Berlin_Universitaet_um_1850.jpg/280px-Berlin_Universitaet_um_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Berlin_Universitaet_um_1850.jpg/420px-Berlin_Universitaet_um_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Berlin_Universitaet_um_1850.jpg/560px-Berlin_Universitaet_um_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4042" data-file-height="2659" /></a><figcaption>The University of Berlin in 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>German artists and intellectuals, heavily influenced by the French Revolution, turned to <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>. At the universities, high-powered professors developed international reputations, especially in the humanities led by history and philology, which brought a new historical perspective to the study of political history, theology, philosophy, language, and literature. With <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a></span></span> (1770–1831) in philosophy, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></span></span> (1768–1834) in theology and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a></span></span> (1795–1886) in history, the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>, founded in 1810, became the world's leading university. <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Von Ranke</span></span>, for example, professionalized history and set the world standard for historiography. By the 1830s, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology had emerged with world class science, led by <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></span></span> (1769–1859) in natural science and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a></span></span> (1777–1855) in mathematics. Young intellectuals often turned to politics, but their support for the failed Revolution of 1848 forced many into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_transition">Demographic transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographic transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of the German Confederation (excluding Austria) grew 60% from 1815 to 1865, from 21,000,000 to 34,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENipperdey199686_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENipperdey199686-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The era saw the <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">demographic transition</a> take place in Germany. It was a transition from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth and death rates<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as the country developed from a pre-industrial to a modernized agriculture and supported a fast-growing industrialized urban economic system. In previous centuries, the shortage of land meant that not everyone could marry, and marriages took place after age 25. The high birthrate was offset by a very high rate of <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a>, plus periodic epidemics and harvest failures. After 1815, increased agricultural productivity meant a larger food supply, and a decline in famines, epidemics, and malnutrition. This allowed couples to marry earlier, and have more children. Arranged marriages became uncommon as young people were now allowed to choose their own marriage partners, subject to a veto by the parents. The upper and middle classes began to practice <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, and a little later so too did the peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENipperdey199687–92,_99_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENipperdey199687–92,_99-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population in 1800 was heavily rural,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with only 8% of the people living in communities of 5,000 to 100,000 and another 2% living in cities of more than 100,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobility">Nobility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a heavily agrarian society, land ownership played a central role. Germany's nobles, especially those in the East called <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junkers</a></i></span></i>, dominated not only the localities, but also the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian court">Prussian court</a>, and especially the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian army">Prussian army</a>. Increasingly after 1815, a centralized Prussian government based in Berlin took over the powers of the nobles, which in terms of control over the peasantry had been almost absolute. They retained control of the judicial system on their estates until 1848, as well as control of hunting and game laws. They paid no land tax until 1861 and kept their police authority until 1872, and controlled church affairs into the early 20th century. To help the nobility avoid indebtedness, Berlin set up a credit institution to provide capital loans in 1809, and extended the loan network to peasants in 1849. When the German Empire was established in 1871, the nobility controlled the army and the Navy, the bureaucracy, and the royal court; they generally set governmental policies.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peasantry">Peasantry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Peasantry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peasants continued to center their lives in the village, where they were members of a corporate body and helped manage community resources and monitor community life. In the East, they were serfs who were bound prominently to parcels of land. In most of Germany, farming was handled by tenant farmers who paid rents and obligatory services to the landlord, who was typically a nobleman.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peasant leaders supervised the fields and ditches and grazing rights, maintained public order and morals, and supported a village court which handled minor offenses. Inside the family, the patriarch made all the decisions and tried to arrange advantageous marriages for his children. Much of the villages' communal life centered around church services and holy days. In Prussia, the peasants drew lots to choose conscripts required by the army. The noblemen handled external relationships and politics for the villages under their control, and were not typically involved in daily activities or decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapidly_growing_cities">Rapidly growing cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rapidly growing cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1815, the urban population grew rapidly, due primarily to the influx of young people from the rural areas. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> grew from 172,000 people in 1800 to 826,000 in 1870; <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> grew from 130,000 to 290,000; <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> from 40,000 to 269,000; <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Breslau</span></span> (now <span title="Polish-language text"><span lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></span></span>) from 60,000 to 208,000; <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> from 60,000 to 177,000; <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a></span></span> (now <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>) from 55,000 to 112,000. Offsetting this growth, there was extensive emigration, especially to the United States. Emigration totaled 480,000 in the 1840s, 1,200,000 in the 1850s, and 780,000 in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_minorities">Ethnic minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ethnic minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite its name and intention, the German Confederation was not entirely populated by Germans; many people of other ethnic groups lived within its borders: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a> lived in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">western Luxembourg</a> prior to its division in 1839;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–67)">Duchy of Limburg</a> (a member between 1839 and 1866) had an entirely <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> population;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenians">Slovenians</a> lived in south and southeast Austria;</li> <li>Bohemia and Moravia, of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a> were inhabited by a majority of <a href="/wiki/Czech_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech people">Czechs</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> had also a <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> and Czech inhabitants, while <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> were present in the parts of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a> and the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">province of Brandenburg</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a></li> <li>Prussian part of the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of Poland</a> was inhabited by a majority of Poles.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zollverein:_economic_integration"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zollverein</i></span>: economic integration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Zollverein: economic integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_unified_1815_1871.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/German_unified_1815_1871.svg/300px-German_unified_1815_1871.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="455" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/German_unified_1815_1871.svg/450px-German_unified_1815_1871.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/German_unified_1815_1871.svg/600px-German_unified_1815_1871.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zollverein</i></span> and German unification</figcaption></figure> <p>Further efforts to improve the confederation began in 1834 with the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a>, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i></span>. In 1834, the Prussian regime sought to stimulate wider trade advantages and industrialism by decree – a logical continuation of the program of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Stein</span></span> and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Hardenberg</span></span> less than two decades earlier. Historians have seen three Prussian goals: as a political tool to eliminate Austrian influence in Germany; as a way to improve the economies; and to strengthen Germany against potential French aggression while reducing the economic independence of smaller states.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inadvertently, these reforms sparked the unification movement and augmented a middle class demanding further political rights, but at the time backwardness and Prussia's fears of its stronger neighbors were greater concerns. The customs union opened up a common market, ended tariffs between states, and standardized weights, measures, and currencies within member states (excluding Austria), forming the basis of a proto-national economy.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1842 the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zollverein</i></span> included most German states. Within the next twenty years, the output of German furnaces increased fourfold. Coal production grew rapidly as well. In turn, German industry (especially the works established by the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a></span></span> family) introduced the steel gun, cast-<a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">breech-loading rifle</a>, exemplifying Germany's successful application of technology to weaponry. Germany's security was greatly enhanced, leaving the Prussian state and the landowning aristocracy secure from outside threat. German manufacturers also produced heavily for the civilian sector. No longer would Britain supply half of Germany's needs for manufactured goods, as it did beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by developing a strong industrial base, the Prussian state strengthened the middle class and thus the nationalist movement. <a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a>, especially increased national consciousness among the German states, made political unity a far likelier scenario. Germany finally began exhibiting all the features of a proto-nation. </p><p>The crucial factor enabling Prussia's conservative regime to survive the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vormärz</i></span> era was a rough coalition between leading sectors of the <a href="/wiki/Landed_upper_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Landed upper class">landed upper class</a> and the emerging commercial and manufacturing interests. Even if the commercial and industrial element is weak, it must be strong enough (or soon become strong enough) to become worthy of co-optation, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> terrified enough perceptive elements of Prussia's <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Junker</i></span>s</i> for the state to be sufficiently accommodating. </p><p>While relative stability was maintained until 1848, with enough <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> elements still content to exchange the "right to rule for the right to make money", the landed upper class found its economic base sinking. While the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zollverein</i></span> brought economic progress and helped to keep the bourgeoisie at bay for a while, it increased the ranks of the middle class swiftly – the very social base for the nationalism and liberalism that the Prussian state sought to stem. </p><p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zollverein</i></span> was a move toward economic integration, modern industrial capitalism, and the victory of centralism over localism, quickly bringing to an end the era of guilds in the small German princely states. This led to the 1844 revolt of the <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesian</a> Weavers, who saw their livelihood destroyed by the flood of new manufactures. </p><p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zollverein</i></span> also weakened Austrian domination of the Confederation as economic unity increased the desire for political unity and nationalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutions_of_1848">Revolutions of 1848</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Revolutions of 1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_(war).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_German_Confederation_%28war%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>War ensign of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsflotte" title="Reichsflotte">Reichsflotte</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Jack_of_the_German_Confederation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Naval_Jack_of_the_German_Confederation.svg/180px-Naval_Jack_of_the_German_Confederation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Naval_Jack_of_the_German_Confederation.svg/270px-Naval_Jack_of_the_German_Confederation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Naval_Jack_of_the_German_Confederation.svg/360px-Naval_Jack_of_the_German_Confederation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Naval jack of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsflotte</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>News of the <a href="/wiki/The_Revolutions_of_1848_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="The Revolutions of 1848 in France">1848 Revolution</a> in Paris quickly reached discontented bourgeois liberals, republicans and more radical working-men. The first revolutionary uprisings in Germany began in the state of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a></span></span> in March 1848. Within a few days, there were revolutionary uprisings in other states including Austria, and finally in Prussia. On 15 March 1848, the subjects of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Friedrich Wilhelm IV</a></span></span> of Prussia vented their long-repressed political aspirations in violent rioting in Berlin, while barricades were erected in the streets of Paris. King <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe of France"><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr">Louis-Philippe</span></span> of France</a> fled to Great Britain. <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Friedrich Wilhelm</span></span> gave in to the popular fury, and promised a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, a parliament, and support for German unification, safeguarding his own rule and regime.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 May, the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a> (Frankfurt Assembly) opened its first session, with delegates from various German states. It was immediately divided between those favoring a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kleindeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleindeutschland">kleindeutsche</a></i></span> (small German) or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kleindeutschland_and_Gro%C3%9Fdeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleindeutschland and Großdeutschland">grossdeutsche</a></i></span> (greater German) solution. The former favored offering the imperial crown to Prussia. The latter favored the Habsburg crown in Vienna, which would integrate Austria proper and <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (but not Hungary) into the new Germany. </p><p>In May to August, the Assembly installed a provisional German Central Government, while conservatives swiftly moved against the reformers. As in Austria and Russia, this middle-class assertion increased authoritarian and reactionary sentiments among the landed upper class, whose economic position was declining. They turned to political levers to preserve their rule. As the Prussian army proved loyal, and the peasants were uninterested, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Friedrich Wilhelm</span></span> regained his confidence. The Assembly belatedly issued its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_German_People&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Declaration of the Rights of the German People (page does not exist)">Declaration of the Rights of the German People</a>; a constitution was drawn up (excluding Austria, which openly rejected the Assembly), and the leadership of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reich</i></span> was offered to <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Friedrich Wilhelm</span></span>, who refused to "pick up a crown from the gutter". As the monarchist forces marched their armies to crush rebellions in cities and towns throughout Austria and Germany the Frankfurt Assembly was forced to flee, first to Stuttgart and then to Württemberg, where, reduced to so few deputies that it could no longer form a quorum, its final meeting was forcibly dispersed on 18 June 1849 by the Württemberg army. With the complete triumph of monarchist reaction rampaging across all of Europe, thousands of German middle class liberals and "red" <a href="/wiki/Forty-eighters" title="Forty-eighters">Forty-eighters</a> were forced to flee into exile (primarily to the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia). </p><p>In 1849, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Friedrich Wilhelm</span></span> proposed his own constitution. His document concentrated real power in the hands of the King and the upper classes, and called for a confederation of North German states – the <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Union" title="Erfurt Union">Erfurt Union</a>. Austria and Russia, fearing a strong, Prussian-dominated Germany, responded by pressuring Saxony and Hanover to withdraw, and forced Prussia to abandon the scheme in a treaty dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Punctation_of_Olm%C3%BCtz" title="Punctation of Olmütz">humiliation of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Olmütz</span></span></a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissolution_of_the_Confederation">Dissolution of the Confederation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dissolution of the Confederation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Bismarck">Rise of Bismarck</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rise of Bismarck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new generation of statesmen responded to popular demands for national unity for their own ends, continuing Prussia's tradition of autocracy and reform from above. Germany found an able leader to accomplish the seemingly paradoxical task of conservative modernization. In 1851, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> was appointed by King <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm I">Wilhelm I</a> of Prussia (the future Kaiser Wilhelm I) to circumvent the liberals in the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Prussia" title="Landtag of Prussia">Landtag of Prussia</a>, who resisted Wilhelm's autocratic militarism. Bismarck told the Diet, "The great questions of the day are not decided by speeches and majority votes ... but by blood and iron" – that is, by warfare and industrial might.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prussia already had a great army; it was now augmented by rapid growth of <a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">economic power</a>. </p><p>Gradually, Bismarck subdued the more restive elements of the middle class with a combination of threats and reforms, reacting to the revolutionary sentiments expressed in 1848 by providing them with the economic opportunities for which the urban middle sectors had been fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Weeks'_War"><span id="Seven_Weeks.27_War"></span>Seven Weeks' War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Seven Weeks' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German Confederation ended as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866 between the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and its allies on one side and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> and its allies on the other. The Confederation had 33 members immediately before its dissolution. In the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Prague peace treaty</a>, on 23 August 1866, Austria had to accept that the Confederation was dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, the remaining member states confirmed the dissolution. The treaty allowed Prussia to create a new <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesverhältnis</i></span> (a new kind of federation) in the North of Germany. The South German states were allowed to create a <a href="/wiki/South_German_Confederation" title="South German Confederation">South German Confederation</a> but this did not come into existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_German_Confederation">North German Confederation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: North German Confederation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prussia created the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> in 1867, a federal state combining all German states north of the river <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> and also the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> territories in <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>. Besides Austria, the South German states Bavaria, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Württemberg</span></span>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Baden</span></span>, and Hesse-<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Darmstadt</span></span> remained separate from the rest of Germany. However, due to the successful prosecution of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the four southern states joined the North German Confederation by treaties in November 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECase1902[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJpagen151_139]_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECase1902[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJpagen151_139]-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Empire">German Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: German Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Franco-Prussian War drew to a close, <a href="/wiki/King_Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="King Ludwig II of Bavaria">King Ludwig II of Bavaria</a> was persuaded to ask King Wilhelm to assume the crown of the new German Empire. On 1 January 1871, the Empire was declared by the presiding princes and generals in the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. The Diet of the North German Confederation moved to rename the North German Confederation as the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and gave the title of <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a> to the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Prussia">King of Prussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECase1902139–140_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECase1902139–140-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new constitution of the state, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_German_Confederation_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the German Confederation 1871">Constitution of the German Confederation</a>, effectively transformed the Diet of the Confederation into the German Parliament (<i>Reichstag</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_ffm_paulskirche_marine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/2008_ffm_paulskirche_marine.jpg/220px-2008_ffm_paulskirche_marine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/2008_ffm_paulskirche_marine.jpg/330px-2008_ffm_paulskirche_marine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/2008_ffm_paulskirche_marine.jpg/440px-2008_ffm_paulskirche_marine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>In Frankfurt at the Paulskirche, June 14, 2008: The German navy commemorates the 160th anniversary of the decision of the Frankfurt Parliament to create the <i>Reichsflotte</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern German nation state known as the Federal Republic is the continuation of the North German Confederation of 1867. This North German Confederation, a federal state, was a totally new creation: the law of the German Confederation ended, and new law came into existence. The German Confederation was, according to historian Kotulla, an association of states <i>(Staatenbund)</i> with some elements of a federal state <i>(Bundesstaat)</i>, and the North German Confederation was a federal state with some elements of an association of states.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still, the discussions and ideas of the period 1815–66 had a huge influence on the constitution of the North German Confederation. Most notably may be the Federal Council, the organ representing the member states. It is a certain copy of the 1815 Federal Convention of the German Confederation. The successor of that Federal Council of 1867 is the modern <a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a> of the Federal Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German Confederation does not play a very prominent role in German historiography and national culture. It is mainly seen negatively as an instrument to oppress the liberal, democratic and national movements of the period. On the contrary, the March revolution (1849/49) with its events and institutions attract much more attention and partially devotion. The most important memorial sites are the <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church,_Frankfurt_am_Main" title="St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt am Main">Paulskirche</a> in Frankfurt, which is now a cultural hall of national importance, and the <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Rastatt" title="Schloss Rastatt">Rastatt castle</a> with the <i><a href="/wiki/Erinnerungsst%C3%A4tte_f%C3%BCr_die_Freiheitsbewegungen_in_der_deutschen_Geschichte" title="Erinnerungsstätte für die Freiheitsbewegungen in der deutschen Geschichte">Erinnerungsstätte für die Freiheitsbewegungen in der deutschen Geschichte</a></i> (a museum and memorial site for the freedom movements in the German history, not only the March revolution). </p><p>The remnants of the federal fortifications are certain tourists attractions at least regionally or for people interested in military history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_legacy">Territorial legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Territorial legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current countries whose territory were partly or entirely located inside the boundaries of the German Confederation 1815–1866 are: </p> <ul><li>Germany (all <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a> except <a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig" title="Southern Schleswig">Southern <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Schleswig</span></span></a> in the north of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></span></span>)</li> <li>Austria (all <a href="/wiki/States_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Austria">states</a> except <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (entire territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (entire territory)</li> <li>Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–67)">Duchy of Limburg</a>, was a member of the Confederation from 1839 until 1866)</li> <li>Czech Republic (entire territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (except for <span title="Slovene-language text"><span lang="sl"><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a></span></span> and the municipalities of <span title="Slovene-language text"><span lang="sl"><a href="/wiki/Koper" title="Koper">Koper</a></span></span>, <span title="Slovene-language text"><span lang="sl"><a href="/wiki/Izola" title="Izola">Izola</a></span></span> and <span title="Slovene-language text"><span lang="sl"><a href="/wiki/Piran" title="Piran">Piran</a></span></span>)</li> <li>Poland (<a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodship" class="mw-redirect" title="West Pomeranian Voivodship">West Pomeranian Voivodship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodship" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubusz Voivodship"><span title="Polish-language text"><span lang="pl">Lubusz</span></span> Voivodship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodship" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Silesian Voivodship">Lower Silesian Voivodship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opole_Voivodship" class="mw-redirect" title="Opole Voivodship"><span title="Polish-language text"><span lang="pl">Opole</span></span> Voivodship</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodship" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Voivodship">Silesia</a> – overwhelmingly German speaking at the time; <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>, and much of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a> were admitted into the Confederation on 11 April 1848,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the terms of the restored Confederate Diet removed these territories on 30 May 1851)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Belgium (nine of the eleven cantons of <a href="/wiki/Eupen-Malmedy" title="Eupen-Malmedy">Eupen-Malmedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège Province</a>); the larger province of Luxembourg had left the Confederation at its accession to Belgium in 1839</li> <li>Italy (autonomous region of <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol"><span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it">Trentino-Alto Adige</span></span>/<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Südtirol</span></span></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trieste" title="Province of Trieste">Province of Trieste</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Gorizia" title="Province of Gorizia">Province of Gorizia</a> except the <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Monfalcone" title="Monfalcone">Monfalcone</a></span></span> enclave, and the municipalities of <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Tarvisio" title="Tarvisio">Tarvisio</a></span></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Malborghetto_Valbruna" title="Malborghetto Valbruna">Malborghetto Valbruna</a></span></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Pontebba" title="Pontebba">Pontebba</a></span></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></span></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Fiumicello" title="Fiumicello">Fiumicello</a></span></span>, and <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Cervignano_del_Friuli" title="Cervignano del Friuli">Cervignano</a></span></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Udine" title="Province of Udine">Province of Udine</a>)</li> <li>Croatia (the <span title="Croatian-language text"><span lang="hr"><a href="/wiki/Pazin" title="Pazin">Pazin</a></span></span> territory in <a href="/wiki/Istria_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Istria county">Istria county</a> and the coastal strip between <span title="Croatian-language text"><span lang="hr"><a href="/wiki/Opatija" title="Opatija">Opatija</a></span></span> and <span title="Croatian-language text"><span lang="hr"><a href="/wiki/Plomin" title="Plomin">Plomin</a></span></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Liburnia" title="Liburnia">Liburnia</a> region)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> proper has never been a member state, but its king was at the same time the duke of the member states Holstein and Lauenburg. The Duchy of Schleswig (which nowadays partially belongs to Denmark) was never a part of the Confederation although it was mentioned in the 1849 Frankfurt Constitution and governed briefly by a government installed by the German Central Government. However, Holstein, Lauenburg and Schleswig were combined under an Austrian-Prussian condominium in 1864–1866. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_countries_in_Europe_after_1815" title="Former countries in Europe after 1815">Former countries in Europe after 1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(German_Confederation)" title="Federal Convention (German Confederation)">Federal Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The German Confederation did not include German-speaking lands in the eastern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>), the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Switzerland" title="German-speaking Switzerland">German-speaking cantons of Switzerland</a> (including a third of majority francophone <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>), <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and a north-eastern strip of <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> in France, and southern portions of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig#19th_century_and_the_rise_of_nationalism" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Schleswig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Kingdom of Denmark</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The monasteries of Bavaria, which controlled 56% of the land, were broken up by the government, and sold off around 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENipperdey199659_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENipperdey199659-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For details on the life of a representative peasant farmer who migrated in 1710 to Pennsylvania, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKratz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kratz, Bernd (2008). "Hans Stauffer: A Farmer in Germany Before his Emigration to Pennsylvania". <i>Genealogist</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">131–</span>169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genealogist&rft.atitle=Hans+Stauffer%3A+A+Farmer+in+Germany+Before+his+Emigration+to+Pennsylvania&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kratz&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-faz-20120904-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faz-20120904_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinfried_Klein2012" class="citation news cs1">Winfried Klein (14 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/geisteswissenschaften/vom-deutschlandlied-zur-nationalhymne-wer-sind-wir-und-was-wollen-wir-dazu-singen-11878854.html">"Wer sind wir, und was wollen wir dazu singen?"</a>. <i>FAZ.NET</i>. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FAZ.NET&rft.atitle=Wer+sind+wir%2C+und+was+wollen+wir+dazu+singen%3F&rft.date=2012-09-14&rft.au=Winfried+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Ffeuilleton%2Fgeisteswissenschaften%2Fvom-deutschlandlied-zur-nationalhymne-wer-sind-wir-und-was-wollen-wir-dazu-singen-11878854.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Rudolf Huber: <i>Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789.</i> Vol. I: <i>Reform und Restauration 1789 bis 1830</i>. 2nd ed., Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart [et al.] 1967, pp. 601/602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Rudolf Huber: <i>Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789.</i> Vol. I: <i>Reform und Restauration 1789 bis 1830</i>. 2nd ed., Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart [et al.] 1967, pp. 594/595.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reestablished1850-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reestablished1850_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080/Meyers2/seite/werk/meyers/band/4/seite/0892/meyers_b4_s0892.html">Deutsche Geschichte 1848/49</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018234015/http://susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080/Meyers2/seite/werk/meyers/band/4/seite/0892/meyers_b4_s0892.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meyers_Konversationslexikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyers Konversationslexikon">Meyers Konversationslexikon</a> 1885–1892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1985" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Loyd E. (1985). "The German Confederation and the Consolidation of State Power in the South German States, 1815–1848". <i>Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1750–1850: Proceedings</i>. <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">332–</span>346. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0093-2574">0093-2574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consortium+on+Revolutionary+Europe%2C+1750%E2%80%931850%3A+Proceedings&rft.atitle=The+German+Confederation+and+the+Consolidation+of+State+Power+in+the+South+German+States%2C+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E332-%3C%2Fspan%3E346&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0093-2574&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Loyd+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Rudolf Huber: <i>Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band III: Bismarck und das Reich.</i> 3rd ed., W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1988, pp. 559/560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heeren1873_p480-482-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heeren1873_p480-482_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeeren1873" class="citation cs2">Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig (1873), <a href="/wiki/David_Alphonso_Talboys" title="David Alphonso Talboys">Talboys, David Alphonso</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vc88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA480"><i>A Manual of the History of the Political System of Europe and its Colonies</i></a>, London: H. G. Bohn, pp. <span class="nowrap">480–</span>481</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+the+History+of+the+Political+System+of+Europe+and+its+Colonies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E480-%3C%2Fspan%3E481&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Heeren&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Hermann+Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVc88AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_Lauenburg-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_Lauenburg_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_Lauenburg_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ia600303.us.archive.org//load_djvu_applet.php?file=26/items/EncyclopaediaBritannica1911HQDJVU/Encyclopedia_Britannica_16_L_-_Lord_Advocate.djvu">"Lauenburg"</a>, in: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>: 29 vols., <sup>11</sup>1910–1911, vol. 16 'L to Lord Advocate', p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following Ernst Rudolf Huber: <i>Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789.</i> vol. I: <i>Reform und Restauration 1789 bis 1830.</i> 2nd ed., W. Kohlhammer: Stuttgart et al., 1967, pp. 607–609.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Rudolf Huber: <i>Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789.</i> vol. 2: <i>Der Kampf um Einheit und Freiheit 1830 bis 1850.</i> W. Kohlhammer: Stuttgart et al., 1960, pp. 669–671.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treitschke, Heinrich. <i>History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Jarrold & Sons, London, 1919. Vol. VII, p. 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Beilage zum Militaer-Wochenblatt fuer das deutsche Bundesheer.</i> No. 3, 1860.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson, George S. (2000). "What Killed August von Kotzebue? The Temptations of Virtue and the Political Theology of German Nationalism, 1789–1819". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Modern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Modern History">Journal of Modern History</a></i>. <b>72</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">890–</span>943. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F318549">10.1086/318549</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/318549">318549</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144652797">144652797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=What+Killed+August+von+Kotzebue%3F+The+Temptations+of+Virtue+and+the+Political+Theology+of+German+Nationalism%2C+1789%E2%80%931819&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E890-%3C%2Fspan%3E943&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144652797%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F318549%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F318549&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan1989" class="citation book cs1">Sheehan, James J. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanhistory17700shee/page/324"><i>German History: 1770–1866</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanhistory17700shee/page/324">324–371, 802–820</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1982-2120-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-1982-2120-7"><bdi>0-1982-2120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+History%3A+1770%E2%80%931866&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=324-371%2C+802-820&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-1982-2120-7&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanhistory17700shee%2Fpage%2F324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENipperdey199686-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENipperdey199686_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNipperdey1996">Nipperdey 1996</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENipperdey199687–92,_99-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENipperdey199687–92,_99_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNipperdey1996">Nipperdey 1996</a>, pp. 87–92, 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapham1936" class="citation book cs1">Clapham, J. H. (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89837"><i>The Economic Development of France and Germany: 1815–1914</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89837/page/n77">6</a>–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Development+of+France+and+Germany%3A+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=6-28&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.89837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1971" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Eugen (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernhistoryofe0000webe"><i>A Modern History of Europe</i></a></span>. New York: Norton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernhistoryofe0000webe/page/586">586</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3930-9981-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-3930-9981-4"><bdi>0-3930-9981-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=586&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-3930-9981-4&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernhistoryofe0000webe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSagarra1977">Sagarra 1977</a>, pp. 37–55, 183–202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENipperdey199659-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENipperdey199659_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNipperdey1996">Nipperdey 1996</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSagarra1977">Sagarra 1977</a>, pp. 140–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nipperdey, <i>Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866</i> pp. 96–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1991" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, David T. (1991). "Prussian aims for the Zollverein, 1828–1833". <i><a href="/wiki/Historian_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historian (journal)">Historian</a></i>. <b>53</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">285–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1991.tb00808.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1991.tb00808.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historian&rft.atitle=Prussian+aims+for+the+Zollverein%2C+1828%E2%80%931833&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1991.tb00808.x&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. O. Henderson, <i>The Zollverein</i> (1959) is the standard history in English</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Manchester, <i>The Arms of Krupp, 1587–1968</i> (1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James J. Sheehan, <i>German History, 1770–1866</i> (1993), pp. 656–710</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattheisen1983" class="citation journal cs1">Mattheisen, Donald J. (1983). "History as Current Events: Recent Works on the German Revolution of 1848". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="American Historical Review">American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>88</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1219–</span>1237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1904890">10.2307/1904890</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1904890">1904890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=History+as+Current+Events%3A+Recent+Works+on+the+German+Revolution+of+1848&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1219-%3C%2Fspan%3E1237&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1904890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1904890%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mattheisen&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2006" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Martin (2006). <i>A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000</i>. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany%2C+1800%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=105&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Pflanze, <i>Bismarck and the Development of Germany, Vol. 1: The Period of Unification, 1815–1871</i> (1971)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Rudolf Huber: <i>Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789.</i> Vol. III: Bismarck und das Reich. 3rd ed., <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, Stuttgart 1988, pp. 571, 576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECase1902[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJpagen151_139]-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECase1902[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJpagen151_139]_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCase1902">Case 1902</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJ/page/n151">139</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECase1902139–140-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECase1902139–140_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCase1902">Case 1902</a>, pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Rudolf Huber: <i>Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789.</i> Vol. III: Bismarck und das Reich. 3rd ed., W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart [u. a.] 1988, p. 747.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kotulla: <i>Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934)</i>. Springer, Berlin 2008, p. 505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Boldt: <i>Erfurter Unionsverfassung</i>. In: Gunther Mai (ed.): <i>Die Erfurter Union und das Erfurter Unionsparlament 1850.</i> Böhlau: Köln [et al.] 2000, pp. 417–431, here pp. 429/430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich Sybel, <i>The Founding of the German Empire by William I</i>. 1890. Vol. 1, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Eugene Little, <i>Cyclopedia of Classified Dates: With an Exhaustive Index</i>, 1900, p. 819.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCase1902" class="citation book cs1">Case, Nelson (1902). <i>European Constitutional History</i>. Cincinnati: Jennings & Pye. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/608806061">608806061</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6918961M">6918961M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Constitutional+History&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=Jennings+%26+Pye&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F608806061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6918961M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Case&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagarra1977" class="citation book cs1">Sagarra, Eda (1977). <i>A Social History of Germany: 1648–1914</i>. Holmes & Meier. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofg0000saga/page/37">37–55, 183–202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8419-0332-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8419-0332-8"><bdi>0-8419-0332-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21299230M">21299230M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Germany%3A+1648%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=37-55%2C+183-202&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL21299230M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-8419-0332-8&rft.aulast=Sagarra&rft.aufirst=Eda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNipperdey1996" class="citation book cs1">Nipperdey, Thomas (1996). <i>Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6910-2636-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-6910-2636-X"><bdi>0-6910-2636-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+from+Napoleon+to+Bismarck&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-6910-2636-X&rft.aulast=Nipperdey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Confederation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:German_Confederation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:German Confederation">German Confederation</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Final_Act_of_the_Congress_of_Vienna/Act_IX" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Final Act of the Congress of Vienna/Act IX">Federative Constitution of Germany, of the 8th June 1815.</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackbourn1998" class="citation book cs1">Blackbourn, David (1998). <i>The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1918</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1950-7671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1950-7671-4"><bdi>978-0-1950-7671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Nineteenth+Century%3A+A+History+of+Germany%2C+1780%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-1950-7671-4&rft.aulast=Blackbourn&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackbournEley1984" class="citation book cs1">Blackbourn, David; Eley, Geoff (1984). <i>The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peculiarities+of+German+History%3A+Bourgeois+Society+and+Politics+in+Nineteenth-Century+Germany&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Blackbourn&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Eley%2C+Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrose1997" class="citation book cs1">Brose, Eric Dorn (1997). <i>German History, 1789–1871: From the Holy Roman Empire to the Bismarckian Reich</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+History%2C+1789%E2%80%931871%3A+From+the+Holy+Roman+Empire+to+the+Bismarckian+Reich&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Brose&rft.aufirst=Eric+Dorn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansLee1986" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J.; Lee, W. R., eds. (1986). <i>The German Peasantry: Conflict and Community from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Peasantry%3A+Conflict+and+Community+from+the+Eighteenth+to+the+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1993" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Barrington Jr. (1993) [1966]. <i>Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1405-5086-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1405-5086-3"><bdi>978-0-1405-5086-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Origins+of+Dictatorship+and+Democracy&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-1405-5086-3&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Barrington+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPflanze1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pflanze, Otto (1971). <i>Bismarck and the Development of Germany</i>. Vol. 1: The Period of Unification, <span class="nowrap">1815–</span>1871.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bismarck+and+the+Development+of+Germany&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Pflanze&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamm1967" class="citation book cs1">Ramm, Agatha (1967). <i>Germany, 1789–1919</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%2C+1789%E2%80%931919&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Ramm&rft.aufirst=Agatha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagarra1980" class="citation book cs1">Sagarra, Eda (1980). <i>Introduction to Nineteenth Century Germany</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Nineteenth+Century+Germany&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Sagarra&rft.aufirst=Eda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan1993" class="citation book cs1">Sheehan, James J (1993). <i>German History, 1770–1866</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+History%2C+1770%E2%80%931866&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=James+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStier1976" class="citation map cs1">Stier, Hans-Erich (1976). <i><span></span></i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte</i></span><i><span></span></i> (Map). Westermann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22de%22%3EGro%C3%9Fer+Atlas+zur+Weltgeschichte%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+German-language+text&rft.pub=Westermann&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Stier&rft.aufirst=Hans-Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span> (in German, detailed maps)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner1977" class="citation book cs1">Werner, George S (1977). <i>Bavaria in the German Confederation 1820–1848</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bavaria+in+the+German+Confederation+1820%E2%80%931848&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=George+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a> (1815–1866)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/175px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/263px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/350px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1839)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Anhalt (Ascania)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1847)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Reuss" title="Imperial County of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuss-Ebersdorf</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Reuss-Lobenstein</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf </a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1824-1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Schleiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Schleiz">Reuss-Schleiz</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1848)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> partially</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unification_of_Germany196" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unification_of_Germany" title="Template:Unification of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unification_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Unification of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unification_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unification of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unification_of_Germany196" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(later <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German Confederation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="German Empire (1848–1849)">German Empire (1848–1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Union" title="Erfurt Union">Erfurt Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1814–1815</span> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1815–1848</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz" title="Vormärz">Vormärz</a></i> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1817</span> <a href="/wiki/Wartburg_Festival" title="Wartburg Festival">Wartburg Festival</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1819</span> <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1832</span> <a href="/wiki/Hambach_Festival" title="Hambach Festival">Hambach Festival</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1833</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Wachensturm" title="Frankfurter Wachensturm">Frankfurter Wachensturm</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849"><span style="font-size:85%;">1848</span> Revolutions</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1848–1849</span> <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1848</span> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1848)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1850</span> <a href="/wiki/Punctation_of_Olm%C3%BCtz" title="Punctation of Olmütz">Punctation of Olmütz</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1850-1851</span> <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Conference_(1851)" title="Dresden Conference (1851)">Dresden Conference</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1862</span> <a href="/wiki/Blood_and_Iron_(speech)" title="Blood and Iron (speech)">"Blood and Iron" speech</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1864</span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1866</span> <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1870–1871</span> <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1871</span> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">Baron von Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles I of Württemberg">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Simson" title="Eduard von Simson">Eduard von Simson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Franz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Daniel_Bassermann" title="Friedrich Daniel Bassermann">Friedrich Daniel Bassermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ferdinand_von_Beust" title="Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust">Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Gagern" title="Heinrich von Gagern">Heinrich von Gagern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gustav_Droysen" title="Johann Gustav Droysen">Johann Gustav Droysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Saxony" title="John, King of Saxony">John, King of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Karl August von Hardenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blum" title="Robert Blum">Robert Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_rivalry" title="Austro-Prussian rivalry">Austro-Prussian rivalry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burschenschaft" title="Burschenschaft">Burschenschaft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Das Lied der Deutschen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Wacht_am_Rhein" title="Die Wacht am Rhein">Die Wacht am Rhein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag of Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtzow_Free_Corps" title="Lützow Free Corps">Lützow Free Corps</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Germany" title="Lesser Germany">Lesser Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">German question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Austria_proposal" title="Greater Austria proposal">Greater Austria proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question" title="Schleswig–Holstein question">Schleswig–Holstein question</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137179268">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2033890-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50074157">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205104n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205104n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Německý spolek (1815-1866)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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