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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burgundian_and_Habsburg_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burgundian_and_Habsburg_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burgundian_and_Habsburg_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_and_Austrian_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_and_Austrian_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Spanish and Austrian Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_and_Austrian_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolution_and_United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution_and_United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 French Revolution and United Kingdom of the Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution_and_United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Independent Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Provinces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Politics and government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics and government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Political culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communities_and_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities_and_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Communities and regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communities_and_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locus_of_policy_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locus_of_policy_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Locus of policy jurisdiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locus_of_policy_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Armed forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fine_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fine_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Fine arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Online sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Belgium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 287 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-287" aria-hidden="true" > 287 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8lgia" title="Bèlgia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bèlgia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Белгиэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Белгиэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Белгие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Белгие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="België" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgien" title="Belgien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Belgien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%85%E1%8C%8D" title="ቤልጅግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤልጅግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बेल्जियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बेल्जियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgice" title="Belgice – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Belgice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Бельгиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Бельгиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="بلجيكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلجيكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belchica" title="Belchica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Belchica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A0%DC%93%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%90" title="ܒܠܓܝܩܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܠܓܝܩܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B3%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1" title="Պելճիքա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պելճիքա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8lgica" title="Bèlgica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bèlgica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lxica" title="Bélxica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bélxica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बेल्जियम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बेल्जियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9yhika" title="Véyhika – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Véyhika" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Белген – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Белген" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilkiya" title="Bilkiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Bilkiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A7ika" title="Belçika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Belçika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بلژیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بلژیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lgia" title="Bélgia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bélgia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%9Bliziki" title="Bɛliziki – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bɛliziki" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="বেলজিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেলজিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dk-n%C3%AD-g%C4%AB" title="Pe̍k-ní-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pe̍k-ní-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бельгия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бельгия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бельгія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бельгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бэльгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэльгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बेल्जियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बेल्जियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belhika" title="Belhika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Belhika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljiom" title="Beljiom – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Beljiom" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Белгия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Белгия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejgien" title="Bejgien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bejgien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="པེར་ཅིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པེར་ཅིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgija" title="Belgija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Belgija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Бельги – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бельги" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8lgica" title="Bèlgica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bèlgica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Бельги – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бельги" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belhika" title="Belhika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Belhika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgie" title="Belgie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Belgie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgika" title="Belgika – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Belgika" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lgica" title="Bélgica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Bélgica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bherujyamu" title="Bherujyamu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bherujyamu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belghju" title="Belghju – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Belghju" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad_Belg" title="Gwlad Belg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad Belg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgien" title="Belgien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Belgien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="بلجيكا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بلجيكا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgien" title="Belgien – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Belgien" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgien" title="Belgien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belgien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%96%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ބެލްޖިއަމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބެލްޖިއަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1b%C4%85%C4%85h_H%C3%B3teelnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tábąąh Hóteelnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tábąąh Hóteelnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiska" title="Belgiska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Belgiska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बेल्जियम – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बेल्जियम" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%98" title="བེལ་ཇིཡམ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བེལ་ཇིཡམ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βέλγιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βέλγιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lgi" title="Bélgi – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Bélgi" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бельгия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бельгия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lgica" title="Bélgica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bélgica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgio" title="Belgio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Belgio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lgica" title="Bélgica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bélgica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgika" title="Belgika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Belgika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بلژیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلژیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgique" title="Belgique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Belgique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgje" title="Belgje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Belgje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljik" title="Beljik – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Beljik" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgjo" title="Belgjo – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Belgjo" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bheilg" title="An Bheilg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bheilg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Velg" title="Yn Velg – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Velg" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A7ika" title="Belçika – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Belçika" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Bheilg" title="A' Bheilg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Bheilg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lxica" title="Bélxica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bélxica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Бельги – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Бельги" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%98%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="بلژيک – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="بلژيک" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="બેલ્જિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બેલ્જિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बेल्जियम – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बेल्जियम" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AD-li-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%80" title="Pí-li-sṳ̀ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pí-li-sṳ̀" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D2%97%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3" title="Бельҗмудин Нутг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Бельҗмудин Нутг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%90" title="벨기에 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벨기에" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljik" title="Beljik – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Beljik" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelekiuma" title="Pelekiuma – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pelekiuma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բելգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բելգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बेल्जियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेल्जियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiska" title="Belgiska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Belgiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgija" title="Belgija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Belgija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belhika" title="Belhika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Belhika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="বেলজিয়াম – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বেলজিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgica" title="Belgica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Belgica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Бельги – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бельги" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheljiyam" title="Bheljiyam – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Bheljiyam" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belg%C3%ADa" title="Belgía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Belgía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgio" title="Belgio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Belgio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="בלגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8lgi" title="Bèlgi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bèlgi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%9Bliziki" title="Pɛliziki – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɛliziki" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82" title="ಬೆಲ್ಜಿಯಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಲ್ಜಿಯಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgika" title="Belgika – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Belgika" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бельгия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Бельгия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბელგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბელგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgijsk%C3%B4" title="Belgijskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Belgijskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бельгия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бельгия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Belg" title="Pow Belg – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Belg" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ububiligi" title="Ububiligi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ububiligi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ububirigi" title="Ububirigi – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ububirigi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubelgiji" title="Ubelgiji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubelgiji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бельгия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бельгия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belezi" title="Belezi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Belezi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belga" title="Belga – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Belga" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8ljik" title="Bèljik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bèljik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8ljik" title="Bèljik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bèljik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A7%C3%AEka" title="Belçîka – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Belçîka" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бельгия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бельгия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belje" title="Belje – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Belje" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljika" title="Beljika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Beljika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81" title="ປະເທດແບນຊິກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດແບນຊິກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C4%BCgeja" title="Beļgeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Beļgeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgica" title="Belgica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Belgica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C4%BC%C4%A3ija" title="Beļģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Beļģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belsch" title="Belsch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Belsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бельгия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бельгия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgija" title="Belgija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Belgija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgio" title="Belgio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Belgio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belsj" title="Belsj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Belsj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%9B%CC%81ljika" title="Bɛ́ljika – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bɛ́ljika" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljia" title="Beljia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Beljia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%27gii" title="Bel'gii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bel'gii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/beldjym" title="beldjym – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="beldjym" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubirigi" title="Bubirigi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bubirigi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi" title="Belgi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Belgi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बेल्जियम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बेल्जियम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Белгија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Белгија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belzika" title="Belzika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Belzika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ബെൽജിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെൽജിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C4%A1ju" title="Belġju – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Belġju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehiamu" title="Pehiamu – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pehiamu" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बेल्जियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेल्जियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბელგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბელგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="بلچيكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلچيكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بلجیک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بلجیک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯕꯦꯜꯖꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯦꯜꯖꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%AB-l%C3%A9-s%C3%AC" title="Bī-lé-sì – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bī-lé-sì" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lgica" title="Bélgica – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bélgica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бэльгия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бэльгия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Бельги – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бельги" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘယ်လ်ဂျီယမ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘယ်လ်ဂျီယမ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="België" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="België" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बेल्जियम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेल्जियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बेल्जियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बेल्जियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC" title="ベルギー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルギー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belge" title="Belge – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Belge" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Бельги – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бельги" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgien/fe" title="Belgien/fe – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Belgien/fe" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljum" title="Beljum – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Beljum" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgique" title="Belgique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Belgique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgica" title="Belgica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Belgica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Бельгий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Бельгий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeljiyeem" title="Beeljiyeem – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Beeljiyeem" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiya" title="Belgiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Belgiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਬੈਲਜੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਲਜੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="बेल्जियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बेल्जियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgien" title="Belgien – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Belgien" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belhika" title="Belhika – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Belhika" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belguim" title="Belguim – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Belguim" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85" title="بیلجیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیلجیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B6%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဗယ်စီယံခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗယ်စီယံခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lgika" title="Bélgika – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bélgika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%84%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85" title="بېلجیم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بېلجیم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljiom" title="Beljiom – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Beljiom" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Белгия – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Белгия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80" title="បែលហ្ស៊ិក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បែលហ្ស៊ិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergike" title="Bergike – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bergike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi" title="Belgi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Belgi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljiam" title="Beljiam – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Beljiam" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgien" title="Belgien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Belgien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Βέλγιον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Βέλγιον" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lgica" title="Bélgica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bélgica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiya" title="Belgiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Belgiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A7ika" title="Belçika – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Belçika" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljie" title="Beljie – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Beljie" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljiya" title="Beljiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Beljiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhika" title="Wilhika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wilhika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Белґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Белґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бельгия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бельгия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бельгия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бельгия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belguim" title="Belguim – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Belguim" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peleseuma" title="Peleseuma – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Peleseuma" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="बेल्जियम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बेल्जियम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAleze" title="Bêleze – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Bêleze" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱵᱮᱞᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱮᱞᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8lgiu" title="Bèlgiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bèlgiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belguim" title="Belguim – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Belguim" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgien" title="Belgien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Belgien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgjika" title="Belgjika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Belgjika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiu" title="Belgiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Belgiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8" title="බෙල්ජියම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෙල්ජියම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85" title="بيلجيم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بيلجيم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhelijiyamu" title="IBhelijiyamu – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhelijiyamu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgicko" title="Belgicko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Belgicko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgija" title="Belgija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Belgija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%94%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%97%D1%A5" title="Бєлгїѥ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Бєлгїѥ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgij%C5%8F" title="Belgijŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Belgijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljim" title="Beljim – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Beljim" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%84%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="بەلجیکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەلجیکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgikondre" title="Belgikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Belgikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Белгија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Белгија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgija" title="Belgija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Belgija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lgia" title="Bélgia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bélgia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgien" title="Belgien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belgien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belhika" title="Belhika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Belhika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெல்ஜியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெல்ஜியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bljika" title="Bljika – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bljika" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biljik" title="Biljik – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Biljik" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8lge" title="Bèlge – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Bèlge" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бельгия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бельгия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းပႄႇၵျီႇယမ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပႄႇၵျီႇယမ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belguim" title="Belguim – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Belguim" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="బెల్జియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెల్జియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ljika" title="Béljika – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Béljika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ประเทศเบลเยียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเบลเยียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Белгия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Белгия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelesiume" title="Pelesiume – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pelesiume" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%87%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%A5%E1%8E%BB" title="ᏇᎵᏥᎥᎻ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏇᎵᏥᎥᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A7ika" title="Belçika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belçika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi%C3%BDa" title="Belgiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Belgiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%9Blgyiom" title="Bɛlgyiom – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Bɛlgyiom" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бельгия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бельгия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%85%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%81%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨅᨙᨒᨁᨗᨕ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨅᨙᨒᨁᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бельгія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бельгія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85" title="بلجئیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلجئیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="بېلگىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بېلگىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijliswz" title="Bijliswz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bijliswz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belzo" title="Belzo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Belzo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%27gii" title="Bel'gii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bel'gii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%89" title="Bỉ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bỉ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belg%C3%A4n" title="Belgän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Belgän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi%C3%A4" title="Belgiä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Belgiä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beldjike" title="Beldjike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Beldjike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82" title="比利時 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="比利時" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="België" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belhika" title="Belhika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Belhika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belsik" title="Belsik – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Belsik" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="比利时" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="בעלגיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעלגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%B9%CC%81lj%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m" title="Bẹ́ljíọ̀m – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bẹ́ljíọ̀m" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82" title="比利時 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="比利時" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A7%C4%B1ka" title="Belçıka – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Belçıka" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="België" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belg%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Belgėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Belgėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="比利时" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8lgi" title="Bèlgi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bèlgi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Belgia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Belgium" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Moore</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belcik%C9%99" title="Belcikə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Belcikə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q31#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belgium&params=50_50_N_4_00_E_type:country_region:BE">50°50′N 4°00′E / 50.833°N 4.000°E / 50.833; 4.000</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Northwestern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Belgium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Belgium (disambiguation)">Belgium (disambiguation)</a>. "Belgia" redirects here. For the predecessor as an Ancient Roman province, see <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a>. For the passenger ship, see <a href="/wiki/SS_Belgia" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Belgia">SS Belgia</a>. "Belgique" and "Bélgica" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Belgique_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Belgique (disambiguation)">Belgique (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgica_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Belgica (disambiguation)">Belgica (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Belgium</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Koninkrijk België (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</li><li>Royaume de Belgique (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li><li>Königreich Belgien (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Belgium"><img alt="Flag of Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/125px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/188px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/250px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Belgium" title="Flag of Belgium">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_coat_of_arms_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Belgium"><img alt="Coat of arms of Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Belgium.svg/85px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Belgium.svg/128px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Belgium.svg/170px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1190" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Belgium" title="Coat of arms of Belgium"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: Eendracht maakt macht (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>) L'union fait la force (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) Einigkeit macht stark (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)<div>(English: "<a href="/wiki/Unity_makes_strength" title="Unity makes strength">Unity makes strength</a>")</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  <a href="/wiki/La_Braban%C3%A7onne" title="La Brabançonne">La Brabançonne</a> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">Dutch version: <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="La_Brabançonne_NL.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/La_Braban%C3%A7onne_NL.oga/La_Braban%C3%A7onne_NL.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/La_Braban%C3%A7onne_NL.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Braban%C3%A7onne_NL.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Braban%C3%A7onne_NL.oga&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio> French version: <audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="65" data-mwtitle="La_Brabançonne_FR.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/La_Braban%C3%A7onne_FR.ogg/La_Braban%C3%A7onne_FR.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/La_Braban%C3%A7onne_FR.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Braban%C3%A7onne_FR.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Braban%C3%A7onne_FR.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Belgium_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Belgium_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Belgium_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Belgium_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Belgium_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Belgium_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EU-Belgium.svg/250px-EU-Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EU-Belgium.svg/375px-EU-Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EU-Belgium.svg/500px-EU-Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Belgium (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (light green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (light green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belgium&params=50_51_N_4_21_E_type:city">50°51′N 4°21′E / 50.850°N 4.350°E / 50.850; 4.350</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2025)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>64.8% <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgians</a></li><li>35.2% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belgium" title="Demographics of Belgium">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>49% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Belgium">Christianity</a> <ul><li>44% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belgium" title="Catholic Church in Belgium">Catholicism</a></li> <li>5% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>40% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Belgium" title="Irreligion in Belgium">no religion</a></li> <li>7% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Islam</a></li> <li>3% other</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federal</a> parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a><a href="#cite_note-CVGVo-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Philippe</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bart_De_Wever" title="Bart De Wever">Bart De Wever</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Federal Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Belgium)" title="Senate (Belgium)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)" title="Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)">Chamber of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1789–1790</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Belgian_States" title="United Belgian States">United Belgian States</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1790</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium_(1814-1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Belgium (1814-1815)">Provisional Government of Belgium</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1814–1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1815–1839</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1830</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 1830</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Recognized</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1839</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Federated_state#List_of_constituents_by_federation" title="Federated state">Federal state</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1970</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belgium" title="Geography of Belgium">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">30,689<a href="#cite_note-area-4">[4]</a> km2 (11,849 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">136th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.64 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-land-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-cn5oK-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belgium" title="Demographics of Belgium">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2025 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 11,812,354<a href="#cite_note-population-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">384/km2 (994.6/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">22nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2025 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $889.833 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BE-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">37th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $75,187<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BE-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2025 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $689.364 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BE-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $58,248<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BE-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">16th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 24.9<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-9">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.942<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-10">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Belgium" title="Telephone numbers in Belgium">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Belgium" title="Telephone numbers in Belgium">+32</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BE" title="ISO 3166-2:BE">BE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.be" title=".be">.be</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">The flag's official proportions of 13:15 are rarely seen; proportions of 2:3 or similar are more common.</li><li value="2">The <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> region is the de facto capital, but the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a> municipality is the de jure capital.<a href="#cite_note-lmUvF-12">[11]</a></li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Belgium,<a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> officially the Kingdom of Belgium,<a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a>. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, it is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the west. Belgium covers an area of 30,689 km2 (11,849 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-area-4">[4]</a> and has a population of more than 11.7 million;<a href="#cite_note-population-7">[7]</a> its <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> of 383/km2 (990/sq mi) ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">22nd in the world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">sixth in Europe</a>. The capital and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_in_Belgium" title="Metropolitan areas in Belgium">largest metropolitan region</a> is <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>;<a href="#cite_note-16">[d]</a> other major cities are <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>. Belgium is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a> with a complex <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> system structured on regional and linguistic grounds. The country is divided into three highly autonomous <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dBWtI-17">[13]</a> Belgium is also home to two main linguistic communities: the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a>, which constitutes about 60 percent of the population, and the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[e]</a> which constitutes about 40 percent of the population; a small <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community</a>, comprising around one percent of the population, exists in the <a href="/wiki/Eupen-Malmedy" title="Eupen-Malmedy">East Cantons</a>. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its complex system of governance, made up of <a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_Belgium" title="List of governments in Belgium">six different governments</a>. Belgium is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> with an advanced <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income economy</a>. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Six" title="Inner Six">six founding members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, with its capital of Brussels serving as the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> capital of the EU, hosting the official seats of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>, and one of two seats of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> (the other being <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>). Brussels also hosts the headquarters of many major international organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/NATO_headquarters" title="NATO headquarters">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[f]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, present-day Belgium was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> before being annexed into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the mid first century BC. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Belgium's central location kept it relatively prosperous and connected both commercially and politically to its larger neighbours; it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>, the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>. Following rule by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Habsburg Spain</a> (1556–1714), the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Habsburgs</a> (1714–1794), and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolutionary France</a> (1794–1815), most of modern-day Belgium was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>; the country as it exists today was established following the 1830 <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a>. Centuries of being contested and controlled by various European powers earned Belgium the moniker "the Battlefield of Europe",<a href="#cite_note-Hass-21">[15]</a> a reputation reinforced in the 20th century by both <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a>. Belgium was one of the earliest participants of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmaurice-22">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EUbusiness-23">[17]</a> and the first country in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> to become industrialised.<a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a> By the early 20th century, it possessed <a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">several colonies</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Karl-25">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[g]</a> which gained independence between 1960 and 1962.<a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a> The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising tensions between the Dutch-speakers and French-speakers, fueled by differences in political culture and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia. This has resulted in several <a href="/wiki/State_reform_in_Belgium" title="State reform in Belgium">far-reaching state reforms</a>, including the transition from a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> to <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> structure between 1970 and 1993. Tensions persist amid ongoing reforms; the country faces a strong separatist sentiment <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">among the Flemish</a>, controversial <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_with_language_facilities" title="Municipalities with language facilities">language laws</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UCL-29">[22]</a> and a fragmented political landscape that resulted in a record 589 days without <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Belgian_government_formation" title="2010–2011 Belgian government formation">a government formation</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2010_Belgian_federal_election" title="2010 Belgian federal election">2010 federal election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-QLUnh-30">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">History of Belgium</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Belgian_history" title="Timeline of Belgian history">Timeline of Belgian history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/220px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/330px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/440px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> at the time of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s conquest of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> in 54 BCE</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> were the inhabitants of the northernmost part of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. They lived in a region stretching from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, which is much bigger than modern Belgium. However, he also specifically used the Latin word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Belgium#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:Belgium">Belgium</a>" to refer to a politically dominant part of that region, which is now in northernmost France.<a href="#cite_note-31">[24]</a> In contrast, modern Belgium, together with neighbouring parts of the Netherlands and Germany, corresponds to the lands of the most northerly Belgae – the <a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germani_Cisrhenani" class="mw-redirect" title="Germani Cisrhenani">Germani Cisrhenani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aduatuci" class="mw-redirect" title="Aduatuci">Aduatuci</a>. Caesar found these peoples particularly warlike and economically undeveloped, and described them as kinsmen of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> east of the Rhine. Apart from them, the area around <a href="/wiki/Arlon" title="Arlon">Arlon</a> in southern Belgium was a part of the country of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a>, whose lands stretched into present-day Luxembourg and nearby parts of France and Germany. After Caesar's conquests, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> first became the Latin name of a large <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> covering most of Northern Gaul, including the Belgae and Treveri. However, areas closer to the lower Rhine frontier, including the eastern part of modern Belgium, subsequently became part of the frontier province of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>, which continued to interact with their neighbours outside the empire. At the time when central government collapsed in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, the Roman provinces of Belgica and Germania were inhabited by a mix of Romanized populations and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> who came to dominate the military and political class. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> During the 5th century, the area came under the rule of the Frankish <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian</a> kings, who initially established a kingdom ruling over the Romanized population in what is now northern France, and then conquered the other Frankish kingdoms. During the 8th century, the empire of the Franks came to be ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a>, whose centre of power included the area which is now eastern Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-32">[25]</a> Over the centuries, it was divided up in many ways, but the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> in 843 divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms whose borders had a lasting impact on medieval political boundaries. Most of modern Belgium was in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Kingdom</a>, later known as <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>, but the coastal <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">county of Flanders</a>, west of the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>, became the northernmost part of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>, the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In 870 in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Meerssen" title="Treaty of Meerssen">Treaty of Meerssen</a>, modern Belgium lands all became part of the western kingdom for a period, but in 880 in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ribemont" title="Treaty of Ribemont">Treaty of Ribemont</a>, Lotharingia came under the lasting control of the eastern kingdom, which became the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The lordships and bishoprics along the "March" (frontier) between the two great kingdoms maintained important connections between each other. For example, the county of Flanders expanded over the Scheldt into the empire, and during several periods was ruled by the same lords as the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">county of Hainaut</a>. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the cloth industry and commerce boomed especially in the County of Flanders and it became one of the richest areas in Europe. This prosperity played a role in conflicts between Flanders and the <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">king of France</a>. Famously, Flemish militias scored a surprise victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Golden_Spurs" title="Battle of the Golden Spurs">Battle of the Golden Spurs</a> against a strong force of mounted knights in 1302, but France soon regained control of the rebellious province. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burgundian_and_Habsburg_Netherlands">Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte-Haus-Burgund_4-FR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Karte-Haus-Burgund_4-FR.png/220px-Karte-Haus-Burgund_4-FR.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Karte-Haus-Burgund_4-FR.png/330px-Karte-Haus-Burgund_4-FR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Karte-Haus-Burgund_4-FR.png/440px-Karte-Haus-Burgund_4-FR.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3521" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> in the 15th century</figcaption></figure> In the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a> in France took control of Flanders, and from there <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_inheritance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Burgundian inheritance in the Low Countries">proceeded to unite</a> much of what is now the Benelux, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wl7Nu-33">[26]</a> "Burgundy" and "Flanders" were the first two common names used for the Burgundian Netherlands which was the predecessor of the Austrian Netherlands, the predecessor of modern Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a> The union, technically stretching between two kingdoms, gave the area economic and political stability which led to an even greater prosperity and artistic creation. Born in Belgium, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> was heir of the Burgundians, but also of the royal families of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1549" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1549">Pragmatic Sanction of 1549</a> he gave the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> more legitimacy as a stable entity, rather than just a temporary <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>. He also increased the influence of these Netherlands over the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a>, which continued to exist as a large semi-independent enclave.<a href="#cite_note-3kmvZ-35">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_and_Austrian_Netherlands">Spanish and Austrian Netherlands</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> (1568–1648) was triggered by the Spanish government's policy towards <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, which was becoming popular in the Low Countries. The rebellious northern <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a> (Belgica Foederata in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, the "Federated Netherlands") eventually separated from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a> (Belgica Regia, the "Royal Netherlands"). The southern part continued to be ruled successively by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburgs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>) and comprised most of modern Belgium. This was the theatre of several more protracted conflicts during much of the 17th and 18th centuries involving France, including the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a> (1672–1678), the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> (1688–1697), the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1701–1714), and part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolution_and_United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands">French Revolution and United Kingdom of the Netherlands</h3></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars:_Campaigns_of_1794" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1794">campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars</a>, the Low Countries – including territories that were never nominally under Habsburg rule, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Liège – were annexed by the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>, ending Austrian rule in the region. A reunification of the Low Countries as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> occurred at the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> in 1814, after the abdication of Napoleon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Belgium">Independent Belgium</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830,_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830%2C_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830%2C_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830%2C_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830%2C_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830%2C_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Gustave_Wappers_-_Episode_of_the_September_Days_1830%2C_on_the_Grand_Place_of_Brussels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8929" data-file-height="5820" /></a><figcaption>Episode of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> of 1830, <a href="/wiki/Egide_Charles_Gustave_Wappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Egide Charles Gustave Wappers">Gustaf Wappers</a>, 1834</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MapBelg1832-1724.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MapBelg1832-1724.jpg/220px-MapBelg1832-1724.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MapBelg1832-1724.jpg/330px-MapBelg1832-1724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MapBelg1832-1724.jpg/440px-MapBelg1832-1724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5816" data-file-height="4600" /></a><figcaption>Map of Belgium, 1832, before the final settlement of borders in 1839</figcaption></figure> In 1830, the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> led to the re-separation of the Southern Provinces from the Netherlands and to the establishment of a Catholic and bourgeois, officially French-speaking and neutral, independent Belgium under a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium" title="Provisional Government of Belgium">provisional government</a> and a <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Belgium" title="National Congress of Belgium">national congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dobbelaere-VoyE-36">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gooch-37">[30]</a> Since the installation of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a> as king on 21 July 1831, now celebrated as Belgium's <a href="/wiki/National_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Day">National Day</a>, Belgium has been a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in Belgium">laicist</a> constitution based on the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic code">Napoleonic code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UL18v-38">[31]</a> Although the franchise was initially restricted, <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> for men was introduced after the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_general_strike_of_1893" title="Belgian general strike of 1893">general strike of 1893</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Plural_voting" title="Plural voting">plural voting</a> until 1919) and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Party_(Belgium)" title="Catholic Party (Belgium)">Catholic Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Belgium)" title="Liberal Party (Belgium)">Liberal Party</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Labour_Party" title="Belgian Labour Party">Belgian Labour Party</a> emerging towards the end of the 19th century. French was originally the official language used by the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, especially after the rejection of the Dutch monarchy. French progressively lost its dominance as Dutch began to recover its status. This recognition became official in 1898, and in 1967, the parliament accepted a Dutch version of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Constitution">Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-etpIA-39">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> of 1885 ceded control of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> to <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">King Leopold II</a> as his private possession. From around 1900 there was growing international concern for the <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">extreme and savage treatment of the Congolese population under Leopold II</a>, for whom the Congo was primarily a source of revenue from ivory and rubber production.<a href="#cite_note-Forbath-40">[33]</a> Many Congolese were killed by Leopold's agents for failing to meet production quotas for ivory and rubber.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-41">[34]</a> In 1908, this outcry led the Belgian state to assume responsibility for the government of the colony, henceforth called the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iwqD0-42">[35]</a> A Belgian commission in 1919 estimated that Congo's population was half what it was in 1879.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-41">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheering_crowds_greet_British_troops_entering_Brussels,_4_September_1944._BU483.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cheering_crowds_greet_British_troops_entering_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU483.jpg/220px-Cheering_crowds_greet_British_troops_entering_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU483.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cheering_crowds_greet_British_troops_entering_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU483.jpg/330px-Cheering_crowds_greet_British_troops_entering_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU483.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cheering_crowds_greet_British_troops_entering_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU483.jpg/440px-Cheering_crowds_greet_British_troops_entering_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU483.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>Cheering crowds greet British troops entering <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, 4 September 1944.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">Germany invaded Belgium in August 1914</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a> to attack <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and much of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> fighting of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> occurred in western parts of the country. The opening months of the war were known as the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a> due to German excesses. Belgium assumed control of the <a href="/wiki/German_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="German colonies">German colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>) during the war, and in 1924 the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> mandated them to Belgium. In the aftermath of the First World War, Belgium annexed the <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Prussia" title="Districts of Prussia">Prussian districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eupen-Malmedy" title="Eupen-Malmedy">Eupen and Malmedy</a> in 1925, thereby causing the presence of a German-speaking minority. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Belgium">German forces again invaded the country in May 1940</a>, and 40,690 Belgians, over half of them Jews, were killed during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">occupation</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">the Holocaust</a>. From September 1944 to February 1945 <a href="/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine">the Allies liberated</a> Belgium. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_strike_against_Leopold_III_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="General strike against Leopold III of Belgium">a general strike</a> forced King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Leopold III</a> to abdicate in 1951 in favour of his son, <a href="/wiki/King_Baudouin" class="mw-redirect" title="King Baudouin">Prince Baudouin</a>, since <a href="/wiki/Royal_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Question">many Belgians thought he had collaborated with Germany</a> during the war.<a href="#cite_note-Arango-43">[36]</a> The Belgian Congo gained independence in 1960 during the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>;<a href="#cite_note-7TmlQ-44">[37]</a> Ruanda-Urundi followed with its independence two years later. Belgium joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> as a founding member and formed the Benelux group of nations with the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Belgium became one of the six founding members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> in 1951 and of the <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, established in 1957. The latter has now become the European Union, for which Belgium hosts major administrations and institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> and the extraordinary and committee sessions of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. In the early 1990s, Belgium saw several large corruption scandals notably surrounding <a href="/wiki/Marc_Dutroux" title="Marc Dutroux">Marc Dutroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Cools" title="André Cools">Andre Cools</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dioxin_affair" title="Dioxin affair">Dioxin Affair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agusta_scandal" title="Agusta scandal">Agusta Scandal</a> and the murder of <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Karel_Van_Noppen" title="Murder of Karel Van Noppen">Karel van Noppen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belgium" title="Geography of Belgium">Geography of Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/320px-Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/480px-Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/640px-Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>Relief map of Belgium</figcaption></figure> Belgium shares borders with <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (620 km), <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (162/167 km), <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (148 km), and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (450 km). Its total surface, including water area, is 30,689 km2 (11,849 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-area-4">[4]</a> Before 2018, its total area was believed to be 30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi). However, when the country's statistics were measured in 2018, a new calculation method was used. Unlike previous calculations, this one included the area from the coast to the low-water line, revealing the country to be 160 km2 (62 sq mi) larger in surface area than previously thought.<a href="#cite_note-statbel-46">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-hetlaatste-47">[40]</a> Its land area alone is 30,494 square kilometers.<a href="#cite_note-land-5">[5]</a> It lies between latitudes 49°30' and 51°30' N, and longitudes 2°33' and 6°24' E.<a href="#cite_note-nCHdl-48">[41]</a> Belgium has three main geographical regions; the coastal plain in the northwest and the central plateau both belong to the Anglo-Belgian Basin, and the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> uplands in the southeast to the <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Hercynian orogenic belt</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Basin" title="Paris Basin">Paris Basin</a> reaches a small fourth area at Belgium's southernmost tip, <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Lorraine" title="Belgian Lorraine">Belgian Lorraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KKuI7-49">[42]</a> The coastal plain consists mainly of sand dunes and <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a>. Further inland lies a smooth, slowly rising landscape irrigated by numerous waterways, with fertile valleys and the northeastern sandy plain of the <a href="/wiki/Campine" title="Campine">Campine</a> (Kempen). The thickly forested hills and plateaus of the Ardennes are more rugged and rocky with caves and small <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">gorges</a>. Extending westward into France, this area is eastwardly connected to the <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a> in Germany by the <a href="/wiki/High_Fens" title="High Fens">High Fens</a> plateau, on which the <a href="/wiki/Signal_de_Botrange" title="Signal de Botrange">Signal de Botrange</a> forms the country's highest point at 694 m (2,277 ft).<a href="#cite_note-vomkA-50">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-RCKrU-51">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Belgium">The climate</a> is <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime temperate</a> with significant precipitation in all seasons (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: Cfb), like most of northwest Europe.<a href="#cite_note-0vPZn-52">[45]</a> The average temperature is lowest in January at 3 °C (37.4 °F) and highest in July at 18 °C (64.4 °F). The average precipitation per month varies between 54 mm (2.1 in) for February and April, to 78 mm (3.1 in) for July.<a href="#cite_note-7ID7K-53">[46]</a> Averages for the years 2000 to 2006 show daily temperature minimums of 7 °C (44.6 °F) and maximums of 14 °C (57.2 °F) and monthly rainfall of 74 mm (2.9 in); these are about 1 °C and nearly 10 millimeters above last century's normal values, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-statbel2-54">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Belgium" title="Climate change in Belgium">Climate change in Belgium</a> has caused temperatures rises and more frequent and intense <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heatwaves</a>, increases in winter rainfall and decreases in snowfall.<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> By 2100, sea levels along the Belgian coast are projected to rise by 60 to 90 cm with a maximum potential increase of up to 200 cm in the worst-case scenario.<a href="#cite_note-:9-56">[49]</a> The costs of climate change are estimated to amount to €9.5 billion a year in 2050 (2% of Belgian GDP), mainly due to extreme heat, drought and flooding, while economics gains due to milder winters amount to approximately €3 billion a year (0.65% of GDP).<a href="#cite_note-:9-56">[49]</a> In 2023, Belgium emitted 106.82 million tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> (around 0.2% of the global total emissions), equivalent to 9.12 tonnes per person.<a href="#cite_note-:8-57">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> The country has committed to <a href="/wiki/Net-zero_emissions" title="Net-zero emissions">net zero</a> by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, Belgium is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-D9WTK-60">[53]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>, the territory of Belgium belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial ecoregions">terrestrial ecoregions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mixed_forests" title="Atlantic mixed forests">Atlantic mixed forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_European_broadleaf_forests" title="Western European broadleaf forests">Western European broadleaf forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-61">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-kjXhG-62">[55]</a> Belgium had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 1.36/10, ranking it 163rd globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-63">[56]</a> In Belgium <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 23% of the total land area, equivalent to 689,300 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 677,400 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 251,200 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 438,200 hectares (ha). For the year 2015, 47% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>, 53% <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private ownership</a> and 0% with ownership listed as other or unknown.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provinces">Provinces</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:transparent; border-color:white; border-width:0"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-shadow:white 0em 0em 0.4em; font-family:Cambria, Georgia, Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 400px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Provinces_of_Belgium.svg/400px-Provinces_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Provinces_of_Belgium.svg/600px-Provinces_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Provinces_of_Belgium.svg/800px-Provinces_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="251" /> <div style="position:absolute; left:194px; top:32px"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_(province)" title="Antwerp (province)"><img alt="Antwerp (province)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Wapen_van_de_provincie_Antwerpen_%28klein%29.svg/20px-Wapen_van_de_provincie_Antwerpen_%28klein%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Wapen_van_de_provincie_Antwerpen_%28klein%29.svg/30px-Wapen_van_de_provincie_Antwerpen_%28klein%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Wapen_van_de_provincie_Antwerpen_%28klein%29.svg/40px-Wapen_van_de_provincie_Antwerpen_%28klein%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="321" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Province" title="Antwerp Province">Antwerp</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:106px; top:60px"><a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders"><img alt="East Flanders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wapen_van_Oost-Vlaanderen.svg/20px-Wapen_van_Oost-Vlaanderen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wapen_van_Oost-Vlaanderen.svg/30px-Wapen_van_Oost-Vlaanderen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wapen_van_Oost-Vlaanderen.svg/40px-Wapen_van_Oost-Vlaanderen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="772" /></a> <a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:178px; top:74px"><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Brabant" title="Flemish Brabant"><img alt="Flemish Brabant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Flemish_Brabant.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Flemish_Brabant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Flemish_Brabant.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Flemish_Brabant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Flemish_Brabant.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Flemish_Brabant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="375" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Brabant" title="Flemish Brabant">Flemish        Brabant</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:122px; top:140px"><a href="/wiki/Hainaut_(province)" title="Hainaut (province)"><img alt="Hainaut (province)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/20px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/30px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/40px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province"> Hainaut</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:140px"><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_(province)" title="Liège (province)"><img alt="Liège (province)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/20px-Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/30px-Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/40px-Armoiries_Principaut%C3%A9_de_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:48px"><a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)"><img alt="Limburg (Belgium)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blason_Limburg_province_Belgique.svg/20px-Blason_Limburg_province_Belgique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blason_Limburg_province_Belgique.svg/30px-Blason_Limburg_province_Belgique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blason_Limburg_province_Belgique.svg/40px-Blason_Limburg_province_Belgique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)"> Limburg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:258px; top:232px"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)"><img alt="Luxembourg (Belgium)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Armoiries_Luxembourg_province.svg/20px-Armoiries_Luxembourg_province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Armoiries_Luxembourg_province.svg/30px-Armoiries_Luxembourg_province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Armoiries_Luxembourg_province.svg/40px-Armoiries_Luxembourg_province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="522" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)"> Luxembourg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:226px; top:168px"><a href="/wiki/Namur_(province)" title="Namur (province)"><img alt="Namur (province)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Blason_namur_prov.svg/20px-Blason_namur_prov.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Blason_namur_prov.svg/30px-Blason_namur_prov.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Blason_namur_prov.svg/40px-Blason_namur_prov.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Namur_Province" title="Namur Province"> Namur</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:124px"><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Brabant" title="Walloon Brabant"><img alt="Walloon Brabant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Walloon_Brabant.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Walloon_Brabant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Walloon_Brabant.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Walloon_Brabant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Walloon_Brabant.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Walloon_Brabant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="375" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Brabant" title="Walloon Brabant">Walloon Brabant</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:26px; top:60px"><a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders"><img alt="West Flanders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Klein_wapen_van_West-Vlaanderen.svg/20px-Klein_wapen_van_West-Vlaanderen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Klein_wapen_van_West-Vlaanderen.svg/30px-Klein_wapen_van_West-Vlaanderen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Klein_wapen_van_West-Vlaanderen.svg/40px-Klein_wapen_van_West-Vlaanderen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="751" /></a> <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:232px"><div class="legend">  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Flanders.svg/23px-Flag_of_Flanders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Flanders.svg/35px-Flag_of_Flanders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Flanders.svg/45px-Flag_of_Flanders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="627" /> <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:260px"><div class="legend">  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Wallonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wallonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Wallonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wallonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Wallonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wallonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:288px"><div class="legend">  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></div></div> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium" title="Provinces of Belgium">Provinces of Belgium</a></div> The territory of Belgium is divided into three Regions, two of which, the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Walloon Region</a>, are in turn subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium" title="Provinces of Belgium">provinces</a>; the third Region, the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Capital Region">Brussels Capital Region</a>, is neither a province nor a part of a province. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="vertical-align:top;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province</th> <th>Dutch name</th> <th>French name</th> <th>German name</th> <th>Capital </th> <th>Area<a href="#cite_note-area-4">[4]</a> </th> <th>Population (1 January 2024)<a href="#cite_note-population-7">[7]</a> </th> <th>Density </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BE" title="ISO 3166-2:BE">ISO 3166-2:BE</a> <a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="11" style="background:#ccf;"><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Antwerp.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antwerp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Antwerp.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antwerp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Antwerp.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antwerp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Province" title="Antwerp Province">Antwerp</a></td> <td>Antwerpen</td> <td>Anvers</td> <td>Antwerpen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> </td> <td>2,876 km2 (1,110 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,926,522 </td> <td>670/km2 (1,700/sq mi) </td> <td>VAN </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Oost-Vlaanderen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oost-Vlaanderen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Oost-Vlaanderen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oost-Vlaanderen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Oost-Vlaanderen.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oost-Vlaanderen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="333" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a></td> <td>Oost-Vlaanderen</td> <td>Flandre orientale</td> <td>Ostflandern </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> </td> <td>3,007 km2 (1,161 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,572,002 </td> <td>520/km2 (1,300/sq mi) </td> <td>VOV </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flemish_Brabant_Flag.png/23px-Flemish_Brabant_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flemish_Brabant_Flag.png/35px-Flemish_Brabant_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flemish_Brabant_Flag.png/45px-Flemish_Brabant_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="133" /> <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Brabant" title="Flemish Brabant">Flemish Brabant</a></td> <td>Vlaams-Brabant</td> <td>Brabant flamand</td> <td>Flämisch-Brabant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a> </td> <td>2,118 km2 (818 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,196,773 </td> <td>570/km2 (1,500/sq mi) </td> <td>VBR </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Limburg_%28Belgium%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Limburg_%28Belgium%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Limburg_%28Belgium%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Limburg_%28Belgium%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Limburg_%28Belgium%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Limburg_%28Belgium%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2681" data-file-height="1787" /> <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Limburg</a></td> <td>Limburg</td> <td>Limbourg</td> <td>Limburg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a> </td> <td>2,427 km2 (937 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">900,098 </td> <td>370/km2 (960/sq mi) </td> <td>VLI </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_West_Flanders.svg/23px-Flag_of_West_Flanders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_West_Flanders.svg/35px-Flag_of_West_Flanders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_West_Flanders.svg/45px-Flag_of_West_Flanders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a></td> <td>West-Vlaanderen</td> <td>Flandre occidentale</td> <td>Westflandern </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> </td> <td>3,197 km2 (1,234 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,226,375 </td> <td>380/km2 (980/sq mi) </td> <td>VWV </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="11" style="background:#ccf;"><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon Region">Walloon Region</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Hainaut.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hainaut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Hainaut.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hainaut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Hainaut.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hainaut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut</a></td> <td>Henegouwen</td> <td>Hainaut</td> <td>Hennegau </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a> </td> <td>3,813 km2 (1,472 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,360,074 </td> <td>360/km2 (930/sq mi) </td> <td>WHT </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège</a></td> <td>Luik</td> <td>Liège</td> <td>Lüttich </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> </td> <td>3,857 km2 (1,489 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,119,038 </td> <td>290/km2 (750/sq mi) </td> <td>WLG </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Unofficial_flag_of_the_Province_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Unofficial_flag_of_the_Province_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Unofficial_flag_of_the_Province_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Unofficial_flag_of_the_Province_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Unofficial_flag_of_the_Province_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Unofficial_flag_of_the_Province_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">Luxembourg</a></td> <td>Luxemburg</td> <td>Luxembourg</td> <td>Luxemburg </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arlon" title="Arlon">Arlon</a> </td> <td>4,459 km2 (1,722 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">295,146 </td> <td>66/km2 (170/sq mi) </td> <td>WLX </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namur_Province.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namur_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namur_Province.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namur_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namur_Province.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namur_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Namur_Province" title="Namur Province">Namur</a></td> <td>Namen</td> <td>Namur</td> <td>Namur (Namür) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> </td> <td>3,675 km2 (1,419 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">503,895 </td> <td>140/km2 (360/sq mi) </td> <td>WNA </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Drapeau_Province_BE_Brabant_Wallon.svg/17px-Drapeau_Province_BE_Brabant_Wallon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Drapeau_Province_BE_Brabant_Wallon.svg/26px-Drapeau_Province_BE_Brabant_Wallon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Drapeau_Province_BE_Brabant_Wallon.svg/34px-Drapeau_Province_BE_Brabant_Wallon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="532" /> <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Brabant" title="Walloon Brabant">Walloon Brabant</a></td> <td>Waals-Brabant</td> <td>Brabant wallon</td> <td>Wallonisch-Brabant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wavre" title="Wavre">Wavre</a> </td> <td>1,097 km2 (424 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">414,130 </td> <td>380/km2 (980/sq mi) </td> <td>WBR </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="11" style="background:#ccf;"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Capital Region">Brussels Capital Region</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels Capital Region</a></td> <td>Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest</td> <td>Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</td> <td>Region Brüssel-Hauptstadt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels City">Brussels City</a> </td> <td>162 km2 (63 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,249,597 </td> <td>7,700/km2 (20,000/sq mi) </td> <td>BBR </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th style="text-align:right;">Total </th> <th>België </th> <th>Belgique </th> <th>Belgien </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Brussels_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels City">Brussels City</a> </th> <th style="text-align:right;">30,689 km2 (11,849 sq mi) </th> <th style="text-align:right;">11,763,650 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">383/km2 (990/sq mi) </th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Politics of Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgian_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian federal government">Belgian federal government</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:287px;max-width:287px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergio_Mattarella_and_Belgian_King_Philippe_at_Quirinale_in_2021_(6)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sergio_Mattarella_and_Belgian_King_Philippe_at_Quirinale_in_2021_%286%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/126px-Sergio_Mattarella_and_Belgian_King_Philippe_at_Quirinale_in_2021_%286%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sergio_Mattarella_and_Belgian_King_Philippe_at_Quirinale_in_2021_%286%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/189px-Sergio_Mattarella_and_Belgian_King_Philippe_at_Quirinale_in_2021_%286%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sergio_Mattarella_and_Belgian_King_Philippe_at_Quirinale_in_2021_%286%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/252px-Sergio_Mattarella_and_Belgian_King_Philippe_at_Quirinale_in_2021_%286%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="733" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Philippe</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">King of the Belgians</a> since 21 July 2013</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:BartDeWever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/BartDeWever.jpg/153px-BartDeWever.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/BartDeWever.jpg/230px-BartDeWever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/BartDeWever.jpg/306px-BartDeWever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="2286" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bart_De_Wever" title="Bart De Wever">Bart De Wever</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister of Belgium</a> since 3 February 2025</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chart_constitution_of_Belgium_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chart_constitution_of_Belgium_EN.svg/220px-Chart_constitution_of_Belgium_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chart_constitution_of_Belgium_EN.svg/330px-Chart_constitution_of_Belgium_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chart_constitution_of_Belgium_EN.svg/440px-Chart_constitution_of_Belgium_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Chart illustrating the federal government construction of Belgium</figcaption></figure> Belgium is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">popular monarchy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">federal parliament</a> is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Belgium)" title="Senate (Belgium)">Senate</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)" title="Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)">Chamber of Representatives</a>. The former is made up of 50 senators appointed by the parliaments of the <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">communities and regions</a> and 10 <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Belgium)#Co-opted_senators" title="Senate (Belgium)">co-opted senators</a>. Prior to 2014, most of the Senate's members were directly elected. The <a href="/wiki/Chambers_of_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambers of parliament">Chamber</a>'s 150 representatives are elected under a <a href="/wiki/Proportional_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Proportional voting">proportional voting</a> system from 11 <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Belgium" title="Arrondissements of Belgium">electoral districts</a>. Belgium has <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">compulsory voting</a> and thus maintains one of the highest rates of <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Franklin-67">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">King</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Philippe</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, though with limited <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">prerogatives</a>. He appoints ministers, including a Prime Minister, that have the confidence of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Representatives of Belgium">Chamber of Representatives</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">federal government</a>. The Council of Ministers is composed of no more than fifteen members. With the possible exception of the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers is composed of an equal number of Dutch-speaking members and French-speaking members.<a href="#cite_note-constitution1-68">[61]</a> The judicial system is based on <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> and originates from the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic code">Napoleonic code</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Belgium)" title="Court of Cassation (Belgium)">Court of Cassation</a> is the court of last resort, with the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_appeal_(Belgium)" title="Court of appeal (Belgium)">courts of appeal</a> one level below.<a href="#cite_note-NJcz8-69">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3></div> Belgium's political institutions are complex; <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">most political power rests on representation of the main cultural communities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-d9qyv-70">[63]</a> Since about 1970, the significant national <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Belgium">Belgian political parties</a> have split into distinct components that mainly represent the political and linguistic interests of these communities.<a href="#cite_note-USStateDpt-71">[64]</a> The major parties in each community, though close to the political center, belong to three main groups: <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Liberals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fYr7M-72">[65]</a> Further notable parties came into being well after the middle of last century, mainly to represent <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Belgium#Linguistic_parties" title="List of political parties in Belgium">linguistic</a>, nationalist, or environmental interests, and recently smaller ones of some specific liberal nature.<a href="#cite_note-USStateDpt-71">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_de_la_Nation_(DSC01812).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Palais_de_la_Nation_%28DSC01812%29.jpg/220px-Palais_de_la_Nation_%28DSC01812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Palais_de_la_Nation_%28DSC01812%29.jpg/330px-Palais_de_la_Nation_%28DSC01812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Palais_de_la_Nation_%28DSC01812%29.jpg/440px-Palais_de_la_Nation_%28DSC01812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5273" data-file-height="3981" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Belgian Federal Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_Belgium" title="List of governments in Belgium">six different governments</a> of the country</figcaption></figure> A string of Christian Democrat coalition governments from 1958 <a href="/wiki/Belgian_federal_election,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian federal election, 1999">was broken in 1999</a> after the first <a href="/wiki/Dioxine_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxine affair">dioxin crisis</a>, a major <a href="/wiki/Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">food contamination</a> scandal.<a href="#cite_note-bKdfB-73">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-hjCXN-74">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-uoINh-75">[68]</a> A "rainbow coalition" emerged from six parties: the Flemish and the French-speaking Liberals, Social Democrats and Greens.<a href="#cite_note-Mbcyv-76">[69]</a> Later, a "<a href="/wiki/Purple_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple (government)">purple coalition</a>" of Liberals and Social Democrats formed after the Greens lost most of their seats in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_federal_election,_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian federal election, 2003">2003 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9lpYO-77">[70]</a> The government led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Guy Verhofstadt</a> from 1999 to 2007 achieved a balanced budget, some <a href="/wiki/Tax_reform" title="Tax reform">tax reforms</a>, a labor-market reform, scheduled <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy#Europe" title="Nuclear energy policy">nuclear phase-out</a> and instigated legislation allowing more stringent <a href="/wiki/War_Crimes_Law_(Belgium)" title="War Crimes Law (Belgium)">war crime</a> and more lenient <a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">soft drug usage</a> prosecution. Restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> were reduced. In 2003, Belgium became one of the first countries in the world to legalise <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Belgium" title="Same-sex marriage in Belgium">same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brusselstimes-78">[71]</a> The government promoted active <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> in Africa<a href="#cite_note-WEf4J-79">[72]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governmental_positions_on_the_Iraq_War_prior_to_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Governmental positions on the Iraq War prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq">opposed the invasion of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LZ5BE-80">[73]</a> It is the only country that does not have age restrictions on euthanasia.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-81">[74]</a> Verhofstadt's coalition fared badly in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_federal_election,_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian federal election, 2007">June 2007 elections</a>. For more than a year, the country experienced a <a href="/wiki/2007_Belgian_government_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Belgian government formation">political crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-N2qAB-82">[75]</a> This crisis was such that many observers speculated on a possible <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Belgium">partition of Belgium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SanFranChro-83">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCJuly2008-84">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph2010-85">[78]</a> From 21 December 2007 until 20 March 2008 the temporary <a href="/wiki/Verhofstadt_III_Government" title="Verhofstadt III Government">Verhofstadt III Government</a> was in office. This was a coalition of the <a href="/wiki/Christen-Democratisch_en_Vlaams" class="mw-redirect" title="Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams">Flemish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanist_Democratic_Centre" title="Humanist Democratic Centre">Francophone Christian Democrats</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Open_Vlaamse_Liberalen_en_Democraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten">Flemish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_R%C3%A9formateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement Réformateur">Francophone Liberals</a> together with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(francophone_Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party (francophone Belgium)">Francophone Social Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-news-86">[79]</a> On that day, a <a href="/wiki/Leterme_I_Government" title="Leterme I Government">new government</a>, led by Flemish Christian Democrat <a href="/wiki/Yves_Leterme" title="Yves Leterme">Yves Leterme</a>, the actual winner of the federal elections of June 2007, was sworn in by the king. On 15 July 2008 Leterme offered the resignation of the cabinet to the king, as no progress in <a href="/wiki/State_reform_in_Belgium" title="State reform in Belgium">constitutional reforms</a> had been made.<a href="#cite_note-news-86">[79]</a> In December 2008, Leterme once more offered his resignation after a <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis">crisis</a> surrounding the sale of <a href="/wiki/Fortis_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis (finance)">Fortis</a> to <a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r7UJ3-87">[80]</a> At this juncture, his resignation was accepted and <a href="/wiki/Christen-Democratisch_en_Vlaams" class="mw-redirect" title="Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams">Christian Democratic and Flemish</a> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a> was sworn in as Prime Minister on 30 December 2008.<a href="#cite_note-4GrHs-88">[81]</a> After Herman Van Rompuy was designated the first permanent <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a> on 19 November 2009, he offered the resignation of his government to King Albert II on 25 November 2009. A few hours later, the <a href="/wiki/Leterme_II_Government" title="Leterme II Government">new government</a> under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yves_Leterme" title="Yves Leterme">Yves Leterme</a> was sworn in. On 22 April 2010, Leterme again offered the resignation of his cabinet to the king<a href="#cite_note-a18xf-89">[82]</a> after one of the coalition partners, the <a href="/wiki/OpenVLD" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenVLD">OpenVLD</a>, withdrew from the government, and on 26 April 2010 King Albert officially accepted the resignation.<a href="#cite_note-pFUq8-90">[83]</a> The Parliamentary elections in Belgium on 13 June 2010 saw the Flemish nationalist <a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">N-VA</a> become the largest party in Flanders, and the Socialist Party PS the largest party in Wallonia.<a href="#cite_note-XVrGP-91">[84]</a> Until December 2011, Belgium was governed by Leterme's <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker government</a> awaiting the end of the deadlocked negotiations for <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Belgian_government_formation" title="2010–2011 Belgian government formation">formation of a new government</a>. By 30 March 2011, this set a new world record for the elapsed time without an official government, previously held by war-torn <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_6_May_2015-92">[85]</a> Finally, in December 2011 the <a href="/wiki/Di_Rupo_Government" title="Di Rupo Government">Di Rupo Government</a> led by Walloon socialist Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Elio_Di_Rupo" title="Elio Di Rupo">Elio Di Rupo</a> was sworn in.<a href="#cite_note-PXMRM-93">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_federal_election,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian federal election, 2014">2014 federal election</a> (coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_regional_elections,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian regional elections, 2014">regional elections</a>) resulted in a further electoral gain for the Flemish nationalist N-VA. However, the incumbent coalition (composed of Flemish and French-speaking Social Democrats, Liberals, and Christian Democrats) maintains a solid majority in Parliament and all electoral constituencies. On 22 July 2014, King Philippe nominated <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a> (MR) and <a href="/wiki/Kris_Peeters" title="Kris Peeters">Kris Peeters</a> (CD&V) to <a href="/wiki/2014_Belgian_government_formation" title="2014 Belgian government formation">lead the formation of a new federal cabinet</a> composed of the Flemish parties N-VA, CD&V, Open Vld and the French-speaking MR, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Michel_I_Government" title="Michel I Government">Michel Government</a>. It was the first time N-VA was part of the federal cabinet, while the French-speaking side was represented only by the MR, which achieved a minority of the public votes in Wallonia.<a href="#cite_note-wMR0S-94">[87]</a> In May <a href="/wiki/2019_Belgian_federal_election" title="2019 Belgian federal election">2019 federal elections</a> in the Flemish-speaking northern region of Flanders, the far-right <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">Vlaams Belang</a> party made major gains. In the French-speaking southern area of Wallonia, the Socialists were strong. The moderate Flemish nationalist party, the N-VA, remained the largest party in parliament.<a href="#cite_note-ftZtr-95">[88]</a> In July 2019, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a> was selected to hold the post of President of the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j3g6O-96">[89]</a> His successor <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Wilm%C3%A8s" title="Sophie Wilmès">Sophie Wilmès</a> was Belgium's first female prime minister. She led the caretaker government since October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-2hC0Z-97">[90]</a> The Flemish Liberal party politician <a href="/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo" title="Alexander De Croo">Alexander De Croo</a> became new prime minister in October 2020. The parties had agreed on the federal government 16 months after the elections.<a href="#cite_note-yD8q7-98">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communities_and_regions">Communities and regions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communities_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Communities_of_Belgium.svg/220px-Communities_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Communities_of_Belgium.svg/330px-Communities_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Communities_of_Belgium.svg/440px-Communities_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Communities: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a> / Dutch language area</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Flemish & French Community / bilingual language area</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a> / French language area</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community</a> / German language area</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Regions_of_Belgium.svg/220px-Regions_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Regions_of_Belgium.svg/330px-Regions_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Regions_of_Belgium.svg/440px-Regions_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Regions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a> / Dutch language area</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</a> / bilingual area</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Walloon Region</a> / French and German language areas</div></figcaption></figure> Following a usage which can be traced back to the Burgundian and Habsburg courts,<a href="#cite_note-zZuRK-99">[92]</a> in the 19th century it was necessary to speak French to belong to the governing upper class, and those who could only speak Dutch were effectively second-class citizens.<a href="#cite_note-ii8cr-100">[93]</a> Late that century, and continuing into the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish movement">Flemish movements</a> evolved to counter this situation.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmaurice1996-p31-101">[94]</a> While the people in Southern Belgium spoke French or dialects of French, and <a href="/wiki/Frenchification_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Frenchification of Brussels">most Brusselers adopted French</a> as their first language, the Flemings refused to do so and succeeded progressively in making Dutch an equal language in the education system.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmaurice1996-p31-101">[94]</a> Following World War II, Belgian politics became increasingly dominated by the autonomy of its two main linguistic communities.<a href="#cite_note-EED-102">[95]</a> Intercommunal tensions rose and the constitution was amended to minimize the potential for conflict.<a href="#cite_note-EED-102">[95]</a> Based on the four language areas defined in 1962–63 (the Dutch, bilingual, French and German language areas), consecutive <a href="/wiki/State_reform_in_Belgium" title="State reform in Belgium">revisions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">the country's constitution</a> in 1970, 1980, 1988 and 1993 established a unique form of a federal state with segregated political power into three levels:<a href="#cite_note-rolandwillemyns-103">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-constitution2-104">[97]</a> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian federal government">federal government</a>, based in Brussels.</li> <li>The three language communities: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a> (Dutch-speaking);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a> (French-speaking);<a href="#cite_note-107">[h]</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The three regions: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a>, subdivided into five <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium" title="Provinces of Belgium">provinces</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Walloon Region</a>, subdivided into five provinces;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</a>.</li></ul></li></ol> The <a href="/wiki/Language_legislation_in_Belgium" title="Language legislation in Belgium">constitutional language areas</a> determine the official languages in their municipalities, as well as the geographical limits of the empowered institutions for specific matters.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmaurice1996-p121-108">[100]</a> Although this would allow for seven parliaments and governments when the Communities and Regions were created in 1980, Flemish politicians decided to merge both.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmaurice1996-p122-109">[101]</a> Thus the Flemings just have one single institutional body of parliament and government is empowered for all except federal and specific municipal matters.<a href="#cite_note-110">[i]</a> The overlapping boundaries of the Regions and Communities have created two notable peculiarities: the territory of the Brussels-Capital Region (which came into existence nearly a decade after the other regions) is included in both the Flemish and French Communities, and the territory of the German-speaking Community lies wholly within the Walloon Region. Conflicts about jurisdiction between the bodies are resolved by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court of Belgium">Constitutional Court of Belgium</a>. The structure is intended as a compromise to allow different cultures to live together peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmaurice-22">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locus_of_policy_jurisdiction">Locus of policy jurisdiction</h3></div> The Federal State's authority includes justice, defense, federal police, social security, nuclear energy, monetary policy and public debt, and other aspects of public finances. State-owned companies include the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Post_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Post Group">Belgian Post Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Company_of_Belgium" title="National Railway Company of Belgium">Belgian Railways</a>. The Federal Government is responsible for the obligations of Belgium and its federalized institutions towards the European Union and NATO. It controls substantial parts of public health, home affairs and foreign affairs.<a href="#cite_note-fedgov1-111">[102]</a> The budget—without the debt—controlled by the federal government amounts to about 50% of the national fiscal income. The federal government employs around 12% of the civil servants.<a href="#cite_note-3JE9u-112">[103]</a> Communities exercise their authority only within linguistically determined geographical boundaries, originally oriented towards the individuals of a Community's language: culture (including audiovisual media), education and the use of the relevant language. Extensions to personal matters less directly connected with language comprise health policy (curative and preventive medicine) and assistance to individuals (protection of youth, social welfare, aid to families, <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrant</a> assistance services, and so on.).<a href="#cite_note-fedgov2-113">[104]</a> Regions have authority in fields that can be broadly associated with their territory. These include economy, employment, agriculture, water policy, housing, public works, energy, transport, the environment, town and country planning, nature conservation, credit and foreign trade. They supervise the provinces, municipalities and intercommunal utility companies.<a href="#cite_note-fedgov3-114">[105]</a> In several fields, the different levels each have their own say on specifics. With education, for instance, the autonomy of the Communities neither includes decisions about the compulsory aspect nor allows for setting minimum requirements for awarding qualifications, which remain federal matters.<a href="#cite_note-fedgov1-111">[102]</a> Each level of government can be involved in scientific research and international relations associated with its powers. The treaty-making power of the Regions' and Communities' Governments is the broadest of all the Federating units of all the Federations all over the world.<a href="#cite_note-Lagasse1-115">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lagasse2-116">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suinen-117">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg/220px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg/330px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg/440px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5180" data-file-height="2894" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building">Berlaymont building</a> in Brussels, seat of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belgium" title="Foreign relations of Belgium">Foreign relations of Belgium</a></div> Because of its location at the crossroads of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, Belgium has historically been the route of invading armies from its larger neighbors. With virtually defenseless borders, Belgium has traditionally sought to avoid domination by the more powerful nations which surround it through a policy of mediation. The Belgians have been strong advocates of <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>. The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and of several of the institutions of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> are located in Belgium. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces" title="Belgian Armed Forces">Belgian Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FA-109_(50064453591).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FA-109_%2850064453591%29.jpg/220px-FA-109_%2850064453591%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FA-109_%2850064453591%29.jpg/330px-FA-109_%2850064453591%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FA-109_%2850064453591%29.jpg/440px-FA-109_%2850064453591%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="1838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcon</a> of the Belgian Air Component</figcaption></figure> The Belgian Armed Forces had 23,200 active personnel in 2023, including 8,500 in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Land_Component" title="Belgian Land Component">Land Component</a>, 1,400 in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Naval_Component" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Naval Component">Naval Component</a>, 4,900 in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Air_Component" title="Belgian Air Component">Air Component</a>, 1,450 in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Medical_Component" title="Belgian Medical Component">Medical Component</a>, and 6,950 in joint service, in addition to 5,900 reserve personnel.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-118">[109]</a> In 2019, Belgium's defense budget totaled €4.303 billion ($4.921 billion) representing .93% of its GDP.<a href="#cite_note-R8Zsp-119">[110]</a> The operational commands of the four components are subordinate to the Staff Department for Operations and Training of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Belgium)" title="Ministry of Defence (Belgium)">Ministry of Defense</a>, which is headed by the <a href="/wiki/ACOS_Operations_and_Training" class="mw-redirect" title="ACOS Operations and Training">Assistant Chief of Staff Operations and Training</a>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_(Belgium)" title="Chief of Defence (Belgium)">Chief of Defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LAP2a-120">[111]</a> The Belgian military consists of volunteers (conscription was abolished in 1995), and citizens of other EU states, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, or Lichtenstein are also able to join. Belgium has troops deployed in several African countries as part of UN or EU missions, in Iraq for the <a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">war against the Islamic State</a>, and in eastern Europe for the NATO presence there.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-118">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[112]</a> The effects of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> made <a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">collective security</a> a priority for <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belgium" title="Foreign relations of Belgium">Belgian foreign policy</a>. In March 1948 Belgium signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Treaty of Brussels</a> and then joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 1948. However, the integration of the armed forces into NATO did not begin until after the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HBglz-122">[113]</a> The Belgians, along with the Luxembourg government, sent a detachment of battalion strength to fight in Korea known as the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_United_Nations_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian United Nations Command">Belgian United Nations Command</a>. This mission was the first in a long line of UN missions which the Belgians supported. Currently, the Belgian Marine Component is working closely together with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Navy">Dutch Navy</a> under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Benelux" title="Admiral Benelux">Admiral Benelux</a>. According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, Belgium is the 16th most peaceful country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-123">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Economy of Belgium</a></div> Belgium's strongly globalized economy<a href="#cite_note-rlY6Y-124">[115]</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium" title="Transport in Belgium">transport infrastructure</a> are integrated with the rest of Europe. Its location at the heart of a highly industrialized region helped make it the world's 15th largest trading nation in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-29KnH-125">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-6qStY-126">[117]</a> The economy is characterized by a highly productive work force, high <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">GNP</a> and high exports per capita.<a href="#cite_note-diplomatbe1-127">[118]</a> Belgium's main imports are raw materials, machinery and equipment, chemicals, raw diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, and oil products. Its main exports are machinery and equipment, chemicals, finished diamonds, metals and metal products, and foodstuffs.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-128">[119]</a> The Belgian economy is heavily service-oriented and shows a dual nature: a dynamic Flemish economy and a Walloon economy that lags behind.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmaurice-22">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-SvlJ5-129">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[j]</a> One of the founding members of the European Union, Belgium strongly supports an <a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">open economy</a> and the extension of the powers of EU institutions to integrate member economies. Since 1922, through the <a href="/wiki/Belgium-Luxembourg_Economic_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union">Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union</a>, Belgium and Luxembourg have been a single trade market with customs and currency union.<a href="#cite_note-PnEgr-131">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg/220px-Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg/330px-Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg/440px-Ougr%C3%A9e_Cokerie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Steelmaking along the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ougr%C3%A9e" title="Ougrée">Ougrée</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a></figcaption></figure> Belgium was the first continental European country to undergo the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-erih-132">[122]</a> Areas in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège Province</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> rapidly developed mining and steelmaking, which flourished until the mid-20th century in the <a href="/wiki/Sillon_industriel" title="Sillon industriel">Sambre and Meuse valley</a> and made Belgium one of the three most industrialized nations in the world from 1830 to 1910.<a href="#cite_note-jwR7A-133">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Q0dyY-134">[124]</a> However, by the 1840s the textile industry of Flanders was in severe crisis, and the region experienced <a href="/wiki/European_Potato_Failure" class="mw-redirect" title="European Potato Failure">famine</a> from 1846 to 1850.<a href="#cite_note-WYx8x-135">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gynyt-136">[126]</a> After World War II, <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> experienced a rapid expansion of the chemical and petroleum industries. The 1973 and <a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crises</a> sent the economy into a recession; it was particularly prolonged in Wallonia, where the steel industry had become less competitive and experienced a serious decline.<a href="#cite_note-usdepartmentofstate1-137">[127]</a> In the 1980s and 1990s, the economic center of the country continued to shift northwards and is now concentrated in the populous <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Diamond" title="Flemish Diamond">Flemish Diamond</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-THRZa-138">[128]</a> By the end of the 1980s, Belgian <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomic policies">macroeconomic policies</a> had resulted in a cumulative government debt of about 120% of GDP. As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgium&action=edit">[update]</a>, the budget was balanced and public debt was equal to 90.30% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-UwQoK-139">[129]</a> In 2005 and 2006, real GDP growth rates of 1.5% and 3.0%, respectively, were slightly above the average for the Euro area. Unemployment rates of 8.4% in 2005 and 8.2% in 2006 were close to the area average. By October 2010, this had grown to 8.5% compared to an average rate of 9.6% for the European Union as a whole (EU 27).<a href="#cite_note-nbb-140">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-jWtuA-141">[131]</a> From 1832 until 2002, Belgium's currency was the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_franc" title="Belgian franc">Belgian franc</a>. Belgium switched to the euro in 2002, with the first sets of euro coins being minted in 1999. The standard <a href="/wiki/Belgian_euro_coins" title="Belgian euro coins">Belgian euro coins</a> designated for circulation show the portrait of the monarch (first King Albert II, since 2013 King Philippe). Despite an 18% decrease observed from 1970 to 1999, Belgium still had in 1999 the highest <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Belgium" title="Rail transport in Belgium">rail network</a> density within the European Union with 113.8 km/1 000 km2. On the other hand, the same period, 1970–1999, has seen a huge growth (+56%) of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_motorways_in_Belgium" title="List of motorways in Belgium">motorway network</a>. In 1999, the density of km motorways per 1000 km2 and 1000 inhabitants amounted to 55.1 and 16.5 respectively and were significantly superior to the EU's means of 13.7 and 15.9.<a href="#cite_note-panorama-142">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_cranes_at_Zeebr%C3%BCgge,_Belgium_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Port_cranes_at_Zeebr%C3%BCgge%2C_Belgium_2.JPG/220px-Port_cranes_at_Zeebr%C3%BCgge%2C_Belgium_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Port_cranes_at_Zeebr%C3%BCgge%2C_Belgium_2.JPG/330px-Port_cranes_at_Zeebr%C3%BCgge%2C_Belgium_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Port_cranes_at_Zeebr%C3%BCgge%2C_Belgium_2.JPG/440px-Port_cranes_at_Zeebr%C3%BCgge%2C_Belgium_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Zeebrugge" title="Port of Zeebrugge">Port of Zeebrugge</a></figcaption></figure> From a biological resource perspective, Belgium has a low endowment: Belgium's <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> adds up to only 0.8 global hectares in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-143">[133]</a> just about half of the 1.6 global hectares of biocapacity available per person worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-TcuGH-144">[134]</a> In contrast, in 2016, Belgians used on average 6.3 global hectares of biocapacity - their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they required about eight times as much biocapacity as Belgium contains. As a result, Belgium was running a biocapacity deficit of 5.5 global hectares per person in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-143">[133]</a> Belgium experiences some of the most congested traffic in Europe. In 2010, commuters to the cities of Brussels and Antwerp spent respectively 65 and 64 hours a year in traffic jams.<a href="#cite_note-wxOHJ-145">[135]</a> Like in most small European countries, more than 80% of the airways traffic is handled by a single airport, the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">Brussels Airport</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">ports of Antwerp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Zeebrugge" title="Port of Zeebrugge">Zeebrugge (Bruges)</a> share more than 80% of Belgian maritime traffic, Antwerp being the second European harbor with a gross weight of goods handled of 115 988 000 t in 2000 after a growth of 10.9% over the preceding five years.<a href="#cite_note-panorama-142">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-xrHdp-146">[136]</a> In 2016, the port of Antwerp handled 214 million tons after a year-on-year growth of 2.7%.<a href="#cite_note-IokZW-147">[137]</a> There is a large economic gap between <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>. Wallonia was historically wealthy compared to Flanders, mostly due to its <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industries</a>, but the decline of the steel industry post-World War II led to the region's rapid decline, whereas Flanders rose swiftly. Since then, Flanders has been prosperous, among the wealthiest regions in Europe, whereas Wallonia has been languishing. As of 2007, the unemployment rate of Wallonia is over double that of Flanders. The divide has played a key part in the tensions between the Flemish and Walloons in addition to the already-existing language divide. <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Pro-independence movements</a> have gained high popularity in Flanders as a consequence. The separatist <a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">New Flemish Alliance</a> (N-VA) party, for instance, is the largest party in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-Crisis-148">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Divided-149">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-google-150">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brussels" title="Science and technology in Brussels">Science and technology in Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Flanders" title="Science and technology in Flanders">Science and technology in Flanders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Wallonia" title="Science and technology in Wallonia">Science and technology in Wallonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mercator.jpg/170px-Mercator.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mercator.jpg/255px-Mercator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mercator.jpg/340px-Mercator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a></figcaption></figure> Contributions to the development of science and technology have appeared throughout the country's history. The 16th century <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a> flourishing of Western Europe included <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomist</a> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalist">herbalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Rembert_Dodoens" title="Rembert Dodoens">Rembert Dodoens</a><a href="#cite_note-dQGxf-151">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-kXPyM-152">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-hV1er-153">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-vjZwZ-154">[144]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Stevin" title="Simon Stevin">Simon Stevin</a> among the most influential scientists.<a href="#cite_note-jnhYL-155">[145]</a> Chemist <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Solvay" title="Ernest Solvay">Ernest Solvay</a><a href="#cite_note-zHHZT-156">[146]</a> and engineer <a href="/wiki/Zenobe_Gramme" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenobe Gramme">Zenobe Gramme</a> (École industrielle de Liège)<a href="#cite_note-ec0kr-157">[147]</a> gave their names to the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_process" title="Solvay process">Solvay process</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gramme_dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramme dynamo">Gramme dynamo</a>, respectively, in the 1860s. <a href="/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">Bakelite</a> was developed in 1907–1909 by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a>. Ernest Solvay also acted as a major philanthropist and gave his name to the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Institute_of_Sociology" title="Solvay Institute of Sociology">Solvay Institute of Sociology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Brussels_School_of_Economics_and_Management" title="Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management">Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management</a> and the International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry which are now part of the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles" title="Université libre de Bruxelles">Université libre de Bruxelles</a>. In 1911, he started a series of conferences, the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Conference" title="Solvay Conference">Solvay Conferences</a> on Physics and Chemistry, which have had a deep impact on the evolution of quantum physics and chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-VJ9RO-158">[148]</a> A major contribution to fundamental science was also due to a Belgian, <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Georges Lemaître</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Catholic University of Louvain</a>), who is credited with proposing the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> theory of the origin of the universe in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-Eq42c-159">[149]</a> Three <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine</a> were awarded to Belgians: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a> (Université libre de Bruxelles) in 1919, <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghent" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent">University of Ghent</a>) in 1938 and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> (Université libre de Bruxelles) together with <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Université catholique de Louvain</a>) in 1974. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> (Université libre de Bruxelles) was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 2013. <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a> (Université libre de Bruxelles) was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-dXPik-160">[150]</a> Two Belgian mathematicians have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Deligne" title="Pierre Deligne">Pierre Deligne</a> in 1978 and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bourgain" title="Jean Bourgain">Jean Bourgain</a> in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-AdIxU-161">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-zjTQ6-162">[152]</a> Belgium was ranked 24th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-163">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belgium" title="Demographics of Belgium">Demographics of Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgians</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_in_Belgium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Population_density_in_Belgium.png/350px-Population_density_in_Belgium.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Population_density_in_Belgium.png/525px-Population_density_in_Belgium.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Population_density_in_Belgium.png/700px-Population_density_in_Belgium.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Population density in Belgium by <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Belgium" title="Arrondissements of Belgium">arrondissement</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:00_Bruxelles_-_Mont_des_Arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/00_Bruxelles_-_Mont_des_Arts.jpg/220px-00_Bruxelles_-_Mont_des_Arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/00_Bruxelles_-_Mont_des_Arts.jpg/330px-00_Bruxelles_-_Mont_des_Arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/00_Bruxelles_-_Mont_des_Arts.jpg/440px-00_Bruxelles_-_Mont_des_Arts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2225" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption>Brussels, the capital city and largest metropolitan area of Belgium</figcaption></figure> As of 1 January 2024, the total population of Belgium according to its population register was 11,763,650.<a href="#cite_note-population-7">[7]</a> The population density of Belgium is 383/km2 (990/sq mi) as of January 2024, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">22nd most densely populated</a> country in the world, and the <a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">6th most densely populated</a> country in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The most densely populated province is <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp province">Antwerp</a>, the least densely populated province is <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">Luxembourg</a>. As of January 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a> (Flanders) had a population of 6,821,770 (58.0% of Belgium), its most populous cities being <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> (545,000), <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> (270,000), and <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> (120,000). The <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon Region">Walloon Region</a> (Wallonia) had a population of 3,692,283 (31.4% of Belgium), its most populous cities being <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> (204,000), <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> (196,000), and <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> (114,000). The <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</a> (Brussels) had a population of 1,249,597 (10.6% of Belgium), existing of <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region">19 municipalities</a>, its most populous cities being the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">city of Brussels</a> (197,000), <a href="/wiki/Schaerbeek" title="Schaerbeek">Schaerbeek</a> (130,000), and <a href="/wiki/Anderlecht" title="Anderlecht">Anderlecht</a> (127,000).<a href="#cite_note-population-7">[7]</a> In 2017 the average <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) across Belgium was 1.64 children per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1; it remains considerably below the high of 4.87 children born per woman in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-zNyvS-164">[154]</a> Belgium subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with an average age of 41.6 years.<a href="#cite_note-r40EE-165">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3></div> As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgium&action=edit">[update]</a>, nearly 92% of the population had Belgian citizenship,<a href="#cite_note-HhLsk-166">[156]</a> and other European Union member citizens account for around 6%. The prevalent foreign nationals were Italian (171,918), French (125,061), Dutch (116,970), <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> (80,579), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> (43,509), Spanish (42,765), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> (39,419) and German (37,621).<a href="#cite_note-uWPjZ-167">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-O7sup-168">[158]</a> In 2007, there were 1.38 million foreign-born residents in Belgium, corresponding to 12.9% of the total population. Of these, 685,000 (6.4%) were born outside the EU, and 695,000 (6.5%) were born in another EU Member State.<a href="#cite_note-7g7jl-169">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-f3GT2-170">[160]</a> At the beginning of 2012, people of foreign background and their descendants were estimated to have formed around 25% of the total population i.e. 2.8 million new Belgians.<a href="#cite_note-npdata.be-171">[161]</a> Of these new Belgians, 1,200,000 are of European ancestry and 1,350,000<a href="#cite_note-npdata-172">[162]</a> are from non-Western countries (most of them from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a>). Since the modification of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_nationality_law" title="Belgian nationality law">Belgian nationality law</a> in 1984, more than <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belgium" title="Demographics of Belgium">1.3 million migrants have acquired Belgian citizenship</a>. The largest group of immigrants and their descendants in Belgium are <a href="/wiki/Italian_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Belgians">Italian Belgians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_Belgium" title="Moroccans in Belgium">Moroccan Belgians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[163]</a> 89.2% of inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> origin have been naturalized, as have 88.4% of people of Moroccan background, 75.4% of Italians, 56.2% of the French and 47.8% of Dutch people.<a href="#cite_note-npdata-172">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Belgium" title="Statistics Belgium">Statbel</a> released figures of the Belgian population in relation to the origin of people in Belgium. According to the data, as of 1 January 2021, 67.3% of the Belgian population was of ethnic Belgian origin, and 32.7% were of foreign origin or nationality, with 20.3% of those of a foreign nationality or ethnic group originating from neighbouring countries. The study also found that 74.5% of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels Capital Region</a> were of non-Belgian origin, of which 13.8% originated from neighbouring countries.<a href="#cite_note-Demographics2020-174">[164]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Belgium <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Numbers according to the Belgium's National Register,<a href="#cite_note-175">[165]</a> (1 January 2023)</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Belgium" title="List of cities in Belgium">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Belgium">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Belgium" title="List of cities in Belgium">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Belgium">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadsgezicht_van_Antwerpen_vanaf_het_MAS_30-05-2012_15-29-35.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antwerp"><img alt="Antwerp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Stadsgezicht_van_Antwerpen_vanaf_het_MAS_30-05-2012_15-29-35.jpg/120px-Stadsgezicht_van_Antwerpen_vanaf_het_MAS_30-05-2012_15-29-35.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Stadsgezicht_van_Antwerpen_vanaf_het_MAS_30-05-2012_15-29-35.jpg/180px-Stadsgezicht_van_Antwerpen_vanaf_het_MAS_30-05-2012_15-29-35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Stadsgezicht_van_Antwerpen_vanaf_het_MAS_30-05-2012_15-29-35.jpg/240px-Stadsgezicht_van_Antwerpen_vanaf_het_MAS_30-05-2012_15-29-35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4280" data-file-height="2407" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gent_vanuit_Meestentoren1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghent"><img alt="Ghent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gent_vanuit_Meestentoren1.JPG/120px-Gent_vanuit_Meestentoren1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gent_vanuit_Meestentoren1.JPG/180px-Gent_vanuit_Meestentoren1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gent_vanuit_Meestentoren1.JPG/240px-Gent_vanuit_Meestentoren1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="1897" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">536,079</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Molenbeek-Saint-Jean" title="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean">Molenbeek-Saint-Jean/Sint-Jans-Molenbeek</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Capital Region">Brussels</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">97,610 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charleroi"><img alt="Charleroi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg/120px-Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg/180px-Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg/240px-Charleroi_-_place_Charles_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Liege_View_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liège"><img alt="Liège" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Liege_View_03.jpg/120px-Liege_View_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Liege_View_03.jpg/180px-Liege_View_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Liege_View_03.jpg/240px-Liege_View_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">267,709</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">96,055 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">203,245</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aalst,_Belgium" title="Aalst, Belgium">Aalst</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">89,915 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">194,877</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">88,463 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Capital Region">Brussels</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">192,950</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ixelles/Elsene" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixelles/Elsene">Ixelles/Elsene</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Capital Region">Brussels</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">88,081 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Schaerbeek/Schaarbeek" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaerbeek/Schaarbeek">Schaerbeek/Schaarbeek</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Capital Region">Brussels</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">130,422</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uccle/Ukkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Uccle/Ukkel">Uccle/Ukkel</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Capital Region">Brussels</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,706 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anderlecht" title="Anderlecht">Anderlecht</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Capital Region">Brussels</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">124,353</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La_Louvi%C3%A8re" title="La Louvière">La Louvière</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">81,293 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">119,445</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sint-Niklaas" title="Sint-Niklaas">Sint-Niklaas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">81,066 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">113,174</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,299 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">102,851</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kortrijk" title="Kortrijk">Kortrijk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">78,841 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages of Belgium</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Estimated distribution of primary languages in Belgium</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkSlateGray; width:59%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">59%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkSlateGray; width:40%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">40%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkSlateGray; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_signs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brussels_signs.jpg/220px-Brussels_signs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brussels_signs.jpg/330px-Brussels_signs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brussels_signs.jpg/440px-Brussels_signs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">Bilingual</a> signs in Brussels</figcaption></figure> Belgium has three official languages: Dutch, French and German. A number of non-official minority languages are spoken as well.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-16thEd-176">[166]</a> As no census exists, there are no official statistical data regarding the distribution or usage of Belgium's three official languages or their <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gkqeP-177">[167]</a> However, various criteria, including the language(s) of parents, of education, or the second-language status of foreign born, may provide suggested figures. An estimated 60% of the Belgian population are native speakers of Dutch (often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a>), and 40% of the population speaks French natively. French-speaking Belgians are often referred to as Walloons, although the French speakers in Brussels are not Walloons.<a href="#cite_note-178">[k]</a> The total number of native Dutch speakers is estimated to be about 6.23 million, concentrated in the northern Flanders region, while native French speakers number 3.32 million in Wallonia and an estimated 870,000 (or 85%) in the officially bilingual Brussels-Capital Region.<a href="#cite_note-179">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-britishcouncil-180">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community</a> is made up of 73,000 people in the east of the <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Walloon Region</a>; around 10,000 German and 60,000 Belgian nationals are speakers of German. Roughly 23,000 more German speakers live in municipalities near the official Community.<a href="#cite_note-German-speaking_Community-181">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-sTtZw-182">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-UMYYg-183">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-ofCHC-184">[172]</a> Both <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Dutch">Belgian Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a> have <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">minor differences</a> in vocabulary and semantic nuances from the varieties spoken respectively in the Netherlands and France. Many Flemish people still speak <a href="/wiki/Dutch_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dialects">dialects of Dutch</a> in their local environment. <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a>, considered either as a dialect of French or a distinct <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-yBPue-185">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-S2M27-186">[174]</a> is now only understood and spoken occasionally, mostly by elderly people. Walloon is divided into four dialects, which along with those of <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-15thEd-187">[175]</a> are rarely used in public life and have largely been replaced by French. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruxelles_-_Basilique_Nationale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_%C3%A0_Koekelberg_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bruxelles_-_Basilique_Nationale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_%C3%A0_Koekelberg_%285%29.jpg/220px-Bruxelles_-_Basilique_Nationale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_%C3%A0_Koekelberg_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bruxelles_-_Basilique_Nationale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_%C3%A0_Koekelberg_%285%29.jpg/330px-Bruxelles_-_Basilique_Nationale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_%C3%A0_Koekelberg_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bruxelles_-_Basilique_Nationale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_%C3%A0_Koekelberg_%285%29.jpg/440px-Bruxelles_-_Basilique_Nationale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_%C3%A0_Koekelberg_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4712" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart,_Brussels" title="Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels">National Basilica of the Sacred Heart</a> in <a href="/wiki/Koekelberg" title="Koekelberg">Koekelberg</a>, Brussels</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Religion in Belgium</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Constitution of Belgium</a> provides for freedom of religion, and the government respects this right in practice.<a href="#cite_note-MarshallCavendish2009-188">[176]</a> Belgium officially recognizes three religions: Christianity (Catholic, Protestantism, Orthodox churches and Anglicanism), Islam and Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-01gjU-189">[177]</a> During the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Albert I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baudouin_I_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudouin I of Belgium">Baudouin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_royal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian royal family">Belgian royal family</a> had a reputation of deeply rooted Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-MarshallCavendish2009-188">[176]</a> Catholicism has traditionally been Belgium's majority religion; being especially strong in Flanders. However, by 2009 Sunday <a href="/wiki/Church_attendance" title="Church attendance">church attendance</a> was 5% for Belgium in total; 3% in Brussels,<a href="#cite_note-oLN9X-190">[178]</a> and 5.4% in Flanders. Church attendance in 2009 in Belgium was roughly half of the Sunday church attendance in 1998 (11% for the total of Belgium in 1998).<a href="#cite_note-DSDy4-191">[179]</a> Despite the drop in church attendance, Catholic identity nevertheless remains an important part of Belgium's culture.<a href="#cite_note-MarshallCavendish2009-188">[176]</a> According to the Eurobarometer 2010,<a href="#cite_note-Special_Eurobarometer_393-192">[180]</a> 37% of Belgian citizens believe in God, 31% in some sort of spirit or life-force. 27% do not believe in any sort of spirit, God, or life-force. 5% did not respond. According to the Eurobarometer 2015, 60.7% of the total population of Belgium adhered to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> being the largest denomination with 52.9%. Protestants comprised 2.1% and Orthodox Christians were the 1.6% of the total. Non-religious people comprised 32.0% of the population and were divided between atheists (14.9%) and agnostics (17.1%). A further 5.2% of the population was Muslim and 2.1% were believers in other religions.<a href="#cite_note-EB2015-193">[181]</a> The same survey held in 2012 found that Christianity was the largest religion in Belgium, accounting for 65% of <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-194">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syna_Bruxelles-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Syna_Bruxelles-2.JPG/150px-Syna_Bruxelles-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Syna_Bruxelles-2.JPG/225px-Syna_Bruxelles-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Syna_Bruxelles-2.JPG/300px-Syna_Bruxelles-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Synagogue of Brussels">Great Synagogue of Brussels</a></figcaption></figure> In the early 2000s, there were approximately 42,000 Jews in Belgium. The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_of_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Community of Antwerp">Jewish Community of Antwerp</a> (numbering some 18,000) is one of the largest in Europe, and one of the last places in the world where <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> is the primary language of a large Jewish community (mirroring certain Orthodox and Hasidic communities in New York, New Jersey, and Israel). In addition, most Jewish children in Antwerp receive a Jewish education.<a href="#cite_note-2n62d-195">[183]</a> There are several Jewish newspapers and more than 45 active synagogues (30 of which are in Antwerp) in the country. A 2006 inquiry in Flanders, considered to be a more religious region than Wallonia, showed that 55% considered themselves religious and that 36% believed that God created the universe.<a href="#cite_note-50wwA-196">[184]</a> On the other hand, Wallonia has become one of Europe's most secular/least religious regions. Most of the French-speaking region's population does not consider religion an important part of their lives, and as much as 45% of the population identifies as irreligious. This is particularly the case in eastern Wallonia and areas along the French border. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg/220px-Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg/330px-Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg/440px-Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3061" data-file-height="1725" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels" title="Great Mosque of Brussels">Great Mosque of Brussels</a>, former seat of the Islamic and Cultural Centre of Belgium</figcaption></figure> A 2008 estimate found that approximately 6% of the Belgian population (628,751 people) is <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Muslim</a>. Muslims constitute 23.6% of the population of <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, 4.9% of <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> and 5.1% of <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>. The majority of Belgian Muslims live in the major cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Brussels and <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>. The largest group of immigrants in Belgium are Moroccans, with 400,000 people. The Turks are the third largest group, and the second largest Muslim ethnic group, numbering 220,000.<a href="#cite_note-hbvl.be-197">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-XcRNH-198">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belgium" title="Healthcare in Belgium">Healthcare in Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UZA_ziekenhuis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/UZA_ziekenhuis.jpg/220px-UZA_ziekenhuis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/UZA_ziekenhuis.jpg/330px-UZA_ziekenhuis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/UZA_ziekenhuis.jpg/440px-UZA_ziekenhuis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>University Hospital of Antwerp</figcaption></figure> The Belgians enjoy good health. According to 2012 estimates, the average life expectancy is 79.65 years.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-128">[119]</a> Since 1960, life expectancy has, in line with the European average, grown by two months per year. Death in Belgium is mainly due to heart and vascular disorders, <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a>, disorders of the respiratory system and unnatural causes of death (accidents, suicide). Non-natural causes of death and cancer are the most common causes of death for females up to age 24 and males up to age 44.<a href="#cite_note-Corens2007-199">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belgium" title="Healthcare in Belgium">Healthcare in Belgium</a> is financed through both social security contributions and taxation. Health insurance is compulsory. Health care is delivered by a mixed public and private system of independent medical practitioners and public, university and semi-private hospitals. Health care service are payable by the patient and reimbursed later by health insurance institutions, but for ineligible categories (of patients and services) so-called 3rd party payment systems exist.<a href="#cite_note-Corens2007-199">[187]</a> The Belgian health care system is supervised and financed by the federal government, the Flemish and Walloon Regional governments; and the German Community also has (indirect) oversight and responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-Corens2007-199">[187]</a> For the first time in Belgian history, the first child was euthanized following the 2-year mark of the removal of the euthanization age restrictions. The child had been euthanized due to an incurable disease that was inflicted upon the child. Although there may have been some support for the euthanization there is a possibility of controversy due to the issue revolving around the subject of assisted suicide.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-200">[188]</a> Excluding assisted suicide, Belgium has the highest suicide rate in Western Europe and one of the <a href="/wiki/Suicide_rate_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide rate by country">highest suicide rates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed world</a> (exceeded only by Lithuania, South Korea, and Latvia).<a href="#cite_note-dVw5w-201">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Education in Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-09-24_17.42_Leuven,_universiteitsbibliotheek_ceg74154_foto4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2011-09-24_17.42_Leuven%2C_universiteitsbibliotheek_ceg74154_foto4.jpg/220px-2011-09-24_17.42_Leuven%2C_universiteitsbibliotheek_ceg74154_foto4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2011-09-24_17.42_Leuven%2C_universiteitsbibliotheek_ceg74154_foto4.jpg/330px-2011-09-24_17.42_Leuven%2C_universiteitsbibliotheek_ceg74154_foto4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2011-09-24_17.42_Leuven%2C_universiteitsbibliotheek_ceg74154_foto4.jpg/440px-2011-09-24_17.42_Leuven%2C_universiteitsbibliotheek_ceg74154_foto4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>The Central Library of the <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a> University</figcaption></figure> Education is compulsory from 6 to 18 years of age for Belgians.<a href="#cite_note-Hofman_Hofman_Gray_Daly-202">[190]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> countries in 2002, Belgium had the third highest proportion of 18- to 21-year-olds enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Postsecondary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Postsecondary education">postsecondary education</a>, at 42%.<a href="#cite_note-NCES_Tbl-388-203">[191]</a> Though an estimated 99% of the adult population is literate, concern is rising over <a href="/wiki/Functional_illiteracy" title="Functional illiteracy">functional illiteracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-15thEd-187">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-204">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> (PISA), coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Belgium's education as the 19th best in the world, being significantly higher than the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_PISA-2006-205">[193]</a> Education is organized separately by each community. The Flemish Community scores noticeably above the French and German-speaking Communities.<a href="#cite_note-De-Meyer_Pauly_Van-de-Poele-206">[194]</a> Mirroring the structure of the 19th-century Belgian political landscape, characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Belgium)" title="Liberal Party (Belgium)">Liberal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Party_(Belgium)" title="Catholic Party (Belgium)">Catholic parties</a>, the educational system is segregated into secular and religious schools. The secular branch of schooling is controlled by the communities, the provinces, or the municipalities, while religious, mainly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic branch</a> education, is organized by religious authorities, which are also subsidized and supervised by the communities.<a href="#cite_note-De-Ley-207">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Culture of Belgium</a></div> Despite its <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Belgium">political and linguistic divisions</a>, the region corresponding to today's Belgium has seen the flourishing of major artistic movements that have had tremendous influence on European art and culture. Nowadays, to a certain extent, cultural life is concentrated within each language Community, and a variety of barriers have made a shared cultural sphere less pronounced.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmaurice-22">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-kED6Y-208">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-PjUPH-209">[197]</a> Since the 1970s, there are no bilingual universities or colleges in the country except the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_(Belgium)" title="Royal Military Academy (Belgium)">Royal Military Academy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Maritime_Academy" title="Antwerp Maritime Academy">Antwerp Maritime Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-S2dnp-210">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fine_arts">Fine arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_painters" title="List of Belgian painters">List of Belgian painters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Belgium">Architecture of Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Music of Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamgods_open.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lamgods_open.jpg/220px-Lamgods_open.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lamgods_open.jpg/330px-Lamgods_open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lamgods_open.jpg/440px-Lamgods_open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6265" data-file-height="4581" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ghent_Altarpiece" title="Ghent Altarpiece">Ghent Altarpiece</a>: The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb (interior view), painted 1432 by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">van Eyck</a></figcaption></figure> Contributions to painting and architecture have been especially rich. The <a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nv4HY-211">[199]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Flemish Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Baroque painting</a><a href="#cite_note-HFu1w-212">[200]</a> and major examples of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a><a href="#cite_note-LFwFJ-213">[201]</a> are milestones in the history of art. While the 15th century's art in the Low Countries is dominated by the religious paintings of <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a>, the 16th century is characterized by a broader panel of styles such as <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Brueghel the Elder">Peter Breughel</a>'s landscape paintings and <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Lombard" title="Lambert Lombard">Lambert Lombard</a>'s representation of the antique.<a href="#cite_note-LjaN3-214">[202]</a> Though the Baroque style of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a> flourished in the early 17th century in the Southern Netherlands,<a href="#cite_note-bGwvp-215">[203]</a> it gradually declined thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-I0Pep-216">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-9nPUy-217">[205]</a> During the 19th and 20th centuries many original <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealist</a> Belgian painters emerged, including <a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">James Ensor</a> and other artists belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Les_XX" title="Les XX">Les XX</a> group, <a href="/wiki/Constant_Permeke" title="Constant Permeke">Constant Permeke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Delvaux" title="Paul Delvaux">Paul Delvaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a>. The avant-garde <a href="/wiki/COBRA_(avant-garde_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="COBRA (avant-garde movement)">CoBrA movement</a> appeared in the 1950s, while the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Panamarenko" title="Panamarenko">Panamarenko</a> remains a remarkable figure in contemporary art.<a href="#cite_note-2jzAd-218">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-1BIrR-219">[207]</a> Multidisciplinary artists <a href="/wiki/Jan_Fabre" title="Jan Fabre">Jan Fabre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wim_Delvoye" title="Wim Delvoye">Wim Delvoye</a> and the painter <a href="/wiki/Luc_Tuymans" title="Luc Tuymans">Luc Tuymans</a> are other internationally renowned figures on the contemporary art scene. Belgian contributions to architecture also continued into the 19th and 20th centuries, including the work of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Victor Horta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_van_de_Velde" title="Henry van de Velde">Henry van de Velde</a>, who were major initiators of the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-ibivW-220">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-jIXeI-221">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TV-uitzending_Domino_Jacques_Brel_tijdens_de_opname_in_Amsterdam,_Marcanti,_Bestanddeelnr_914-8399.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/TV-uitzending_Domino_Jacques_Brel_tijdens_de_opname_in_Amsterdam%2C_Marcanti%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-8399.jpg/220px-TV-uitzending_Domino_Jacques_Brel_tijdens_de_opname_in_Amsterdam%2C_Marcanti%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-8399.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/TV-uitzending_Domino_Jacques_Brel_tijdens_de_opname_in_Amsterdam%2C_Marcanti%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-8399.jpg/330px-TV-uitzending_Domino_Jacques_Brel_tijdens_de_opname_in_Amsterdam%2C_Marcanti%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-8399.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/TV-uitzending_Domino_Jacques_Brel_tijdens_de_opname_in_Amsterdam%2C_Marcanti%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-8399.jpg/440px-TV-uitzending_Domino_Jacques_Brel_tijdens_de_opname_in_Amsterdam%2C_Marcanti%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-8399.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3694" data-file-height="2434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Brel" title="Jacques Brel">Jacques Brel</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">vocal music</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish School</a> developed in the southern part of the Low Countries and was an important contribution to Renaissance culture.<a href="#cite_note-Y5k58-222">[210]</a> In the 19th and 20th centuries, there was an emergence of major violinists, such as <a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Henri Vieuxtemps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Eugène Ysaÿe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux" title="Arthur Grumiaux">Arthur Grumiaux</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Sax" title="Adolphe Sax">Adolphe Sax</a> invented the saxophone in 1846. The composer <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">César Franck</a> was born in Liège in 1822. Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> in Belgium is also of repute. Jazz musicians <a href="/wiki/Django_Reinhardt" title="Django Reinhardt">Django Reinhardt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toots_Thielemans" title="Toots Thielemans">Toots Thielemans</a> and singer <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Brel" title="Jacques Brel">Jacques Brel</a> have achieved global fame. Nowadays, singer <a href="/wiki/Stromae" title="Stromae">Stromae</a> has been a musical revelation in Europe and beyond, having great success. In rock/pop music, <a href="/wiki/Telex_(band)" title="Telex (band)">Telex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Front_242" title="Front 242">Front 242</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%27s_Choice" title="K's Choice">K's Choice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hooverphonic" title="Hooverphonic">Hooverphonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zap_Mama" title="Zap Mama">Zap Mama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soulwax" title="Soulwax">Soulwax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deus_(band)" title="Deus (band)">dEUS</a> are well known. In the heavy metal scene, bands like <a href="/wiki/Machiavel_(band)" title="Machiavel (band)">Machiavel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_Zero_(band)" title="Channel Zero (band)">Channel Zero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enthroned" title="Enthroned">Enthroned</a> have a worldwide fan-base.<a href="#cite_note-XSYvA-223">[211]</a> Belgium has produced several well-known <a href="/wiki/Belgian_literature" title="Belgian literature">authors</a>, including the poets <a href="/wiki/Emile_Verhaeren" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Verhaeren">Emile Verhaeren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_Gezelle" title="Guido Gezelle">Guido Gezelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Goffin" title="Robert Goffin">Robert Goffin</a> and novelists <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Conscience" title="Hendrik Conscience">Hendrik Conscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stijn_Streuvels" title="Stijn Streuvels">Stijn Streuvels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Simenon" title="Georges Simenon">Georges Simenon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lilar" title="Suzanne Lilar">Suzanne Lilar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Claus" title="Hugo Claus">Hugo Claus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Nothomb" title="Amélie Nothomb">Amélie Nothomb</a>. The poet and playwright <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1911. <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Herg%C3%A9" title="Hergé">Hergé</a> is the best known of <a href="/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Belgian comics">Franco-Belgian comics</a>, but many other major authors, including <a href="/wiki/Peyo" title="Peyo">Peyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Smurfs" title="The Smurfs">The Smurfs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Franquin" title="André Franquin">André Franquin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaston_Lagaffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaston Lagaffe">Gaston Lagaffe</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dupa" title="Dupa">Dupa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cubitus" title="Cubitus">Cubitus</a>), <a href="/wiki/Morris_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris (comics)">Morris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luke" title="Lucky Luke">Lucky Luke</a>), <a href="/wiki/Greg_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greg (comics)">Greg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achille_Talon" title="Achille Talon">Achille Talon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lambil" title="Lambil">Lambil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Les_Tuniques_Bleues" title="Les Tuniques Bleues">Les Tuniques Bleues</a>), <a href="/wiki/Edgar_P._Jacobs" title="Edgar P. Jacobs">Edgar P. Jacobs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willy_Vandersteen" title="Willy Vandersteen">Willy Vandersteen</a> brought the Belgian cartoon strip industry a worldwide fame.<a href="#cite_note-PtwmV-224">[212]</a> Additionally, famous crime author <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> created the character <a href="/wiki/Hercule_Poirot" title="Hercule Poirot">Hercule Poirot</a>, a Belgian detective, who has served as a <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> in a number of her acclaimed mystery novels. <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Belgian cinema</a> has brought a number of mainly Flemish novels to life on-screen.<a href="#cite_note-225">[m]</a> Other Belgian directors include <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Delvaux" title="André Delvaux">André Delvaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stijn_Coninx" title="Stijn Coninx">Stijn Coninx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luc_Dardenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Luc Dardenne">Luc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Dardenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Pierre Dardenne">Jean-Pierre Dardenne</a>; well-known actors include <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme" title="Jean-Claude Van Damme">Jean-Claude Van Damme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Decleir" title="Jan Decleir">Jan Decleir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Gillain" title="Marie Gillain">Marie Gillain</a>; and successful films include <a href="/wiki/Bullhead_(film)" title="Bullhead (film)">Bullhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man_Bites_Dog_(film)" title="Man Bites Dog (film)">Man Bites Dog</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Alzheimer_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="The Alzheimer Affair">The Alzheimer Affair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yH1O7-226">[213]</a> Belgium is also home to a number of successful fashion designers <a href="/wiki/Category:Belgian_fashion_designers" title="Category:Belgian fashion designers">Category:Belgian fashion designers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Belgium" title="Folklore of Belgium">Folklore of Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg/220px-Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg/330px-Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg/440px-Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4056" data-file-height="2902" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gilles" title="Gilles">Gilles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Binche" title="Binche">Binche</a>, in costume, wearing wax masks</figcaption></figure> Folklore plays a major role in Belgium's cultural life; the country has a comparatively high number of processions, <a href="/wiki/Cavalcade" title="Cavalcade">cavalcades</a>, parades, <a href="/wiki/Ommegang" title="Ommegang">ommegangs</a>, ducasses,<a href="#cite_note-227">[n]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kermesse_(festival)" title="Kermesse (festival)">kermesses</a>, and other local festivals, nearly always with an originally religious or <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_the_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of the Low Countries">mythological background</a>. The three-day <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Binche" title="Carnival of Binche">Carnival of Binche</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a>, with its famous <a href="/wiki/Gilles" title="Gilles">Gilles</a> (men dressed in high, plumed hats and bright costumes) is held just before <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> (the 40 days between <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>). Together with the 'Processional Giants and Dragons' of <a href="/wiki/Ath" title="Ath">Ath</a>, Brussels, <a href="/wiki/Dendermonde" title="Dendermonde">Dendermonde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a>, it is recognized by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AyTJs-228">[214]</a> Other examples are the three-day <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Aalst" title="Carnival of Aalst">Carnival of Aalst</a> in February or March; the still very religious processions of <a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood" title="Procession of the Holy Blood">the Holy Blood</a> taking place in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> in May, the <a href="/wiki/Virga_Jesse_Basilica" title="Virga Jesse Basilica">Virga Jesse procession</a> held every seven years in <a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Hanswijk" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Hanswijk">annual procession of Hanswijk</a> in Mechelen, the 15 August festivities in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, and the Walloon festival in <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>. Originated in 1832 and revived in the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Gentse_Feesten" title="Gentse Feesten">Gentse Feesten</a> (a music and theatre festival organized in Ghent around <a href="/wiki/Belgian_National_Day" title="Belgian National Day">Belgian National Day</a>, on 21 July) have become a modern tradition. Several of these festivals include sporting competitions, such as <a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">cycling</a>, and many fall under the category of kermesses. A major non-official holiday (which is however not an official public holiday) is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day">Saint Nicholas Day</a> (Dutch: <a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a>, French: la Saint-Nicolas), a festivity for children, and in Liège, for students.<a href="#cite_note-X3HNa-229">[215]</a> It takes place each year on 6 December and is a sort of early <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. On the evening of 5 December, before going to bed, children put their shoes by the hearth with water or wine and a carrot for Saint Nicholas' horse or <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a>. According to tradition, Saint Nicholas comes at night and travels down the chimney. He then takes the food and water or wine, leaves presents, goes back up, feeds his horse or donkey, and continues on his course. He also knows whether children have been good or bad. This holiday is especially loved by children in Belgium and the Netherlands. Dutch immigrants imported the tradition into the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where Saint Nicholas is now known as <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moules_Frites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Moules_Frites.jpg/220px-Moules_Frites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Moules_Frites.jpg/330px-Moules_Frites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Moules_Frites.jpg/440px-Moules_Frites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moules-frites" title="Moules-frites">Moules-frites</a> or mosselen met friet is a representative dish of Belgium.</figcaption></figure> Belgium is famous for <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waffle" title="Waffle">waffles</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">French fries</a>. The national dishes are <a href="/wiki/Steak_frites" title="Steak frites">steak and fries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moules-frites" title="Moules-frites">mussels with fries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7hiRd-230">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-cwjud-231">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[218]</a> Many highly ranked Belgian restaurants can be found in the most influential restaurant guides, such as the <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Guide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EWmqW-233">[219]</a> One of the many beers with the high prestige is that of the <a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappist</a> <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a>. Technically, it is an <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ale</a> and traditionally each abbey's beer is served in its own glass (the forms, heights and widths are different). There are only eleven breweries (six of them are Belgian) that are allowed to brew <a href="/wiki/Trappist_beer" title="Trappist beer">Trappist beer</a>. Although Belgian gastronomy is connected to French cuisine, some <a href="/wiki/Recipe" title="Recipe">recipes</a> were reputedly invented there, such as French fries (despite the name, although their exact place of origin is uncertain), <a href="/wiki/Flemish_stew" title="Flemish stew">Flemish Carbonade</a> (a beef stew with beer, mustard and <a href="/wiki/Bay_laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay laurel">bay laurel</a>), <a href="/wiki/Speculaas" title="Speculaas">speculaas</a> (or speculoos in French, a sort of cinnamon and ginger-flavoured <a href="/wiki/Shortcrust_pastry" title="Shortcrust pastry">shortcrust</a> <a href="/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit">biscuit</a>), <a href="/wiki/Brussels_waffle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels waffle">Brussels waffles</a> (and their variant, <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_waffle" title="Liège waffle">Liège waffles</a>), <a href="/wiki/Waterzooi" title="Waterzooi">waterzooi</a> (a broth made with chicken or fish, cream and vegetables), <a href="/wiki/Endive" title="Endive">endive</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bechamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechamel">bechamel</a> sauce, <a href="/wiki/Brussels_sprout" title="Brussels sprout">Brussels sprouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgian_pralines" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian pralines">Belgian pralines</a> (Belgium has some of the most renowned <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> houses), charcuterie (deli meats) and <a href="/wiki/Paling_in_%27t_groen" title="Paling in 't groen">Paling in 't groen</a> (river <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eels</a> in a sauce of green herbs). Brands of Belgian chocolate and pralines, like <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Or_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Or (brand)">Côte d'Or</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolatier_Neuhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolatier Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_(chocolate_maker)" title="Leonidas (chocolate maker)">Leonidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godiva_Chocolatier" title="Godiva Chocolatier">Godiva</a> are famous, as well as independent producers such as Burie and Del Rey in Antwerp and Mary's in Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-6teth-234">[220]</a> Belgium produces over <a href="/wiki/Belgian_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian beer">1100 varieties of beer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BierbijbelNieuwsblad-235">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-BierbijbelKW-236">[222]</a> The Trappist beer of the <a href="/wiki/Westvleteren_Brewery" title="Westvleteren Brewery">Abbey of Westvleteren</a> has repeatedly been rated the world's best beer.<a href="#cite_note-0BjgZ-237">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-yTWd9-238">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-IOJxz-239">[225]</a> The biggest brewer in the world by volume is <a href="/wiki/Anheuser-Busch_InBev" class="mw-redirect" title="Anheuser-Busch InBev">Anheuser-Busch InBev</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EpBpi-240">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eddy_Merckx_Molteni_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eddy_Merckx_Molteni_1973.jpg/170px-Eddy_Merckx_Molteni_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eddy_Merckx_Molteni_1973.jpg/255px-Eddy_Merckx_Molteni_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eddy_Merckx_Molteni_1973.jpg/340px-Eddy_Merckx_Molteni_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Merckx" title="Eddy Merckx">Eddy Merckx</a>, regarded as one of the greatest cyclists of all time</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Belgium" title="Sport in Belgium">Sport in Belgium</a></div> Since the 1970s, sports clubs and federations are organized separately within each <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">language community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ch0h8-241">[227]</a> The Administration de l'Éducation Physique et du Sport (<a href="/wiki/ADEPS" title="ADEPS">ADEPS</a>) is responsible for recognising the various French-speaking sports federations and also runs three sports centres in the Brussels-Capital Region.<a href="#cite_note-242">[228]</a> Its Dutch-speaking counterpart is Sport Vlaanderen (formerly called <a href="/wiki/Bloso" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloso">BLOSO</a>).<a href="#cite_note-243">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is the most popular sport in both parts of Belgium; also very popular are cycling, tennis, swimming, judo<a href="#cite_note-tR60q-244">[230]</a> and basketball.<a href="#cite_note-DM5hq-245">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team" title="Belgium national football team">Belgium national football team</a> has been among the best on the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Rankings">FIFA World Rankings</a> ever since November 2015, when it reached the top spot for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Fmads-246">[232]</a> Since the 1990s, the team has been the world's number one for the most years in history, only behind the records of <a href="/wiki/Brazil_National_Football_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil National Football Team">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain_National_Football_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain National Football Team">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[233]</a> The team's golden generations with the world class players in the squad, namely <a href="/wiki/Eden_Hazard" title="Eden Hazard">Eden Hazard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_De_Bruyne" title="Kevin De Bruyne">Kevin De Bruyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Pfaff" title="Jean-Marie Pfaff">Jean-Marie Pfaff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Ceulemans" title="Jan Ceulemans">Jan Ceulemans</a> achieved the bronze medals at <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">World Cup 2018</a>, and silver medals at <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1980" title="UEFA Euro 1980">Euro 1980</a>. Belgium hosted the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1972" title="UEFA Euro 1972">Euro 1972</a>, and co-hosted the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000" title="UEFA Euro 2000">Euro 2000</a> with the Netherlands. Belgians hold <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tour_de_France_winners" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tour de France winners">the most Tour de France victories</a> of any country except France. They also have the most victories on the <a href="/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Championships" title="UCI Road World Championships">UCI Road World Championships</a>. With five victories in the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> and numerous other cycling records, Belgian cyclist <a href="/wiki/Eddy_Merckx" title="Eddy Merckx">Eddy Merckx</a> is regarded as one of the greatest cyclists of all time.<a href="#cite_note-rFgQf-248">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Gilbert" title="Philippe Gilbert">Philippe Gilbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remco_Evenepoel" title="Remco Evenepoel">Remco Evenepoel</a> were the 2012 and 2022 world champions, respectively. Other well-known Belgian cyclists are <a href="/wiki/Tom_Boonen" title="Tom Boonen">Tom Boonen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wout_van_Aert" title="Wout van Aert">Wout van Aert</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kim_Clijsters" title="Kim Clijsters">Kim Clijsters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justine_Henin" title="Justine Henin">Justine Henin</a> both were <a href="/wiki/WTA_Awards" title="WTA Awards">Player of the Year</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">Women's Tennis Association</a> as they were ranked the number one female tennis player. The <a href="/wiki/Circuit_de_Spa-Francorchamps" title="Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps">Spa-Francorchamps</a> motor-racing circuit hosts the <a href="/wiki/Formula_One_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula One World Championship">Formula One World Championship</a> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Grand_Prix" title="Belgian Grand Prix">Belgian Grand Prix</a>. The Belgian driver, <a href="/wiki/Jacky_Ickx" title="Jacky Ickx">Jacky Ickx</a>, won eight Grands Prix and six <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a> and finished twice as runner-up in the Formula One World Championship. Belgium also has a strong reputation in, <a href="/wiki/Motocross" title="Motocross">motocross</a> with the riders <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Robert" title="Joël Robert">Joël Robert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_De_Coster" title="Roger De Coster">Roger De Coster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Job%C3%A9" title="Georges Jobé">Georges Jobé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Geboers" title="Eric Geboers">Eric Geboers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Everts" title="Stefan Everts">Stefan Everts</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-rCTsM-249">[235]</a> Sporting events annually held in Belgium include the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Van_Damme" title="Memorial Van Damme">Memorial Van Damme</a> athletics competition, the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Grand_Prix" title="Belgian Grand Prix">Belgian Grand Prix</a> Formula One, and a number of <a href="/wiki/Classic_cycle_races" title="Classic cycle races">classic cycle races</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Tour_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Tour of Flanders">Tour of Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège–Bastogne–Liège">Liège–Bastogne–Liège</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Summer Olympics</a> were held in Antwerp. The <a href="/wiki/1977_European_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 European Basketball Championship">1977 European Basketball Championship</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Belgium portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Belgium-related_articles" title="Index of Belgium-related articles">Index of Belgium-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Belgium" title="Outline of Belgium">Outline of Belgium</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> .be is the common internet top-level domain name for Belgium. The <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a> domain is also used, as it is shared with other <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: België <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈbɛlɣijə]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3b\/Nl-belgie.ogg\/Nl-belgie.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-belgie.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Nl-belgie.ogg/Nl-belgie.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-belgie.ogg" title="File:Nl-belgie.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Belgique <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bɛlʒik]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fa\/Fr-belgique.ogg\/Fr-belgique.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-belgique.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Fr-belgique.ogg/Fr-belgique.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-belgique.ogg" title="File:Fr-belgique.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Belgien <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbɛlɡi̯ən]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7c\/De-Belgien.ogg\/De-Belgien.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Belgien.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/De-Belgien.ogg/De-Belgien.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Belgien.ogg" title="File:De-Belgien.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Dutch: Koninkrijk België <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈkoːnɪŋkˌrɛik ˈbɛlɣijə]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e6\/Nl-Koninkrijk_Belgi%C3%AB.ogg\/Nl-Koninkrijk_Belgi%C3%AB.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Koninkrijk Belgi\u00eb.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Nl-Koninkrijk_Belgi%C3%AB.ogg/Nl-Koninkrijk_Belgi%C3%AB.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Koninkrijk_Belgi%C3%AB.ogg" title="File:Nl-Koninkrijk België.ogg">ⓘ</a>; French: Royaume de Belgique <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁwa.jom də bɛl.ʒik]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bb\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Royaume_de_Belgique.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Royaume_de_Belgique.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Royaume de Belgique.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Royaume_de_Belgique.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Royaume_de_Belgique.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-GrandCelinien-Royaume_de_Belgique.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Royaume de Belgique.wav">ⓘ</a>; German: Königreich Belgien <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈkøːnɪkˌʁaɪ̯ç ˈbɛlɡi̯ən]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ef\/De-K%C3%B6nigreich_Belgien.ogg\/De-K%C3%B6nigreich_Belgien.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-K\u00f6nigreich Belgien.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/De-K%C3%B6nigreich_Belgien.ogg/De-K%C3%B6nigreich_Belgien.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-K%C3%B6nigreich_Belgien.ogg" title="File:De-Königreich Belgien.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_in_Belgium" title="Metropolitan areas in Belgium">whose metropolitan area</a> comprises the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a> itself plus 18 independent municipal entities, counts over 1,700,000 inhabitants, but these communities are counted separately by the <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Belgium" title="Statistics Belgium">Belgian Statistics Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The name "French Community" refers to <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgians</a>, and not to <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a> residing in Belgium. As such, the French Community of Belgium is sometimes rendered in English as "the French-speaking Community of Belgium" for clarity.<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Belgium is a member of, or affiliated to, many international organizations, including <a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">ACCT</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">AfDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">AsDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia_Group" title="Australia Group">Australia Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">BIS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Convention on Cybercrime">CCC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">CE</a>, <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">EAPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">EBRD</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">EIB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">EMU</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>, EU, <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Ten_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Ten (economics)">G-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">ICC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">ICRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">IDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">IEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">IFRCS</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">IHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">IMSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">IOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a>, <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a> (observers), <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Agency" title="Nuclear Energy Agency">NEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group" title="Nuclear Suppliers Group">NSG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a> (observer), <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">OPCW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">PCA</a>, UN, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">UNECE</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNMOGIP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMOGIP">UNMOGIP</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">UNTSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_African_Development_Bank" title="West African Development Bank">WADB</a> (non-regional), <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">WEU</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTrO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zangger_Committee" title="Zangger Committee">ZC</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Between 1885 and 1908, the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>, which was privately owned by King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a>, was characterized by widespread <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">atrocities</a> and disease; amid public outcry in Europe, Belgium annexed the territory as a colony.<a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Since 2011, the French Community has used the name "Wallonia-Brussels Federation" (French: Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles), which is controversial because its name in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Belgian Constitution</a> has not changed and because it is seen as a political statement.<a href="#cite_note-105">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> The Constitution set out seven institutions each of which can have a parliament, government and administration. In fact, there are only six such bodies because the Flemish Region merged into the Flemish Community. This single Flemish body thus exercises powers about Community matters in the bilingual area of Brussels-Capital and in the Dutch language area, while about Regional matters only in Flanders. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> The richest (per capita income) of Belgium's three regions is the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon Region">Walloon Region</a> and lastly the <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</a>. The ten municipalities with the highest reported income are: <a href="/wiki/Laethem-Saint-Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Laethem-Saint-Martin">Laethem-Saint-Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keerbergen" title="Keerbergen">Keerbergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasne" title="Lasne">Lasne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oud-Heverlee" title="Oud-Heverlee">Oud-Heverlee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hove,_Belgium" title="Hove, Belgium">Hove</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Pinte" title="De Pinte">De Pinte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meise" title="Meise">Meise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knokke-Heist" title="Knokke-Heist">Knokke-Heist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bierbeek" title="Bierbeek">Bierbeek</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827090211/http://trends.rnews.be/fr/economie/actualite/politique-economique/ou-habitent-les-belges-les-plus-riches/article-1194966031033.htm">"Où habitent les Belges les plus riches?"</a>. trends.be. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trends.rnews.be/fr/economie/actualite/politique-economique/ou-habitent-les-belges-les-plus-riches/article-1194966031033.htm">the original</a> on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O%C3%B9+habitent+les+Belges+les+plus+riches%3F&rft.pub=trends.be&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrends.rnews.be%2Ffr%2Feconomie%2Factualite%2Fpolitique-economique%2Fou-habitent-les-belges-les-plus-riches%2Farticle-1194966031033.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Native speakers of Dutch living in Wallonia and of French in Flanders are relatively small minorities that furthermore largely balance one another, hence attributing all inhabitants of each unilingual area to the area's language can cause only insignificant inaccuracies (99% can speak the language). Dutch: Flanders' 6.079 million inhabitants and about 15% of Brussels' 1.019 million are 6.23 million or 59.3% of the 10.511 million inhabitants of Belgium (2006); German: 70,400 in the German-speaking Community (which has <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_with_language_facilities" title="Municipalities with language facilities">language facilities</a> for its less than 5% French-speakers) and an estimated 20,000–25,000 speakers of German in the Walloon Region outside the geographical boundaries of their official Community, or 0.9%; French: in the latter area as well as mainly in the rest of Wallonia (3.321 million) and 85% of the Brussels inhabitants (0.866 million) thus 4.187 million or 39.8%; together indeed 100%. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Flemish Academic Eric Corijn (initiator of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charta91.be/">Charta 91</a>), at a colloquium regarding Brussels, on 2001-12-05, states that in Brussels 91% of the population speaks French at home, either alone or with another language, and about 20% speaks Dutch at home, either alone (9%) or with French (11%)—After ponderation, the repartition can be estimated at between 85 and 90% French-speaking, and the remaining are Dutch-speaking, corresponding to the estimations based on languages chosen in Brussels by citizens for their official documents (ID, driving licenses, weddings, birth, sex, and so on); all these statistics on language are also available at Belgian Department of Justice (for weddings, birth, sex), Department of Transport (for Driving licenses), Department of Interior (for IDs), because there are no means to know precisely the proportions since Belgium has abolished 'official' linguistic censuses, thus official documents on language choices can only be estimations. For a web source on this topic, see e.g. <a href="#General">General online sources: Janssens, Rudi</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Notable Belgian films based on works by Flemish authors include: De Witte (author <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Claes" title="Ernest Claes">Ernest Claes</a>) movie by Jan Vanderheyden and Edith Kiel in 1934, remake as De Witte van Sichem directed by <a href="/wiki/Robbe_De_Hert" title="Robbe De Hert">Robbe De Hert</a> in 1980; De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen (<a href="/wiki/Johan_Daisne" title="Johan Daisne">Johan Daisne</a>) <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Delvaux" title="André Delvaux">André Delvaux</a> 1965; Mira ('De teleurgang van de Waterhoek' by <a href="/wiki/Stijn_Streuvels" title="Stijn Streuvels">Stijn Streuvels</a>) <a href="/wiki/Fons_Rademakers" title="Fons Rademakers">Fons Rademakers</a> 1971; <a href="/wiki/Malpertuis" title="Malpertuis">Malpertuis</a> (aka The Legend of Doom House) (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Ray_(author)" title="Jean Ray (author)">Jean Ray</a> [pen name of Flemish author who mainly wrote in French, or as John Flanders in Dutch]) <a href="/wiki/Harry_K%C3%BCmel" title="Harry Kümel">Harry Kümel</a> 1971; De loteling (<a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Conscience" title="Hendrik Conscience">Hendrik Conscience</a>) Roland Verhavert 1974; Dood van een non (<a href="/wiki/Maria_Rosseels" title="Maria Rosseels">Maria Rosseels</a>) Paul Collet and Pierre Drouot 1975; Pallieter (<a href="/wiki/Felix_Timmermans" title="Felix Timmermans">Felix Timmermans</a>) Roland Verhavert 1976; De komst van Joachim Stiller (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lampo" title="Hubert Lampo">Hubert Lampo</a>) <a href="/wiki/Harry_K%C3%BCmel" title="Harry Kümel">Harry Kümel</a> 1976; <a href="/wiki/De_Leeuw_van_Vlaanderen_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="De Leeuw van Vlaanderen (novel)">De Leeuw van Vlaanderen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Conscience" title="Hendrik Conscience">Hendrik Conscience</a>) <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Claus" title="Hugo Claus">Hugo Claus</a> (a famous author himself) 1985; <a href="/wiki/Daens_(film)" title="Daens (film)">Daens</a> ('Pieter Daens' by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Paul_Boon" title="Louis Paul Boon">Louis Paul Boon</a>) <a href="/wiki/Stijn_Coninx" title="Stijn Coninx">Stijn Coninx</a> 1992; see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070514023803/http://www.ledoux.be/nl/dvdmain.htm">Filmarchief les DVD!s de la cinémathèque</a> (in Dutch). Retrieved on 7 June 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> The Dutch word ommegang is here used in the sense of an entirely or mainly non-religious procession, or the non-religious part thereof—see also <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommegang" class="extiw" title="nl:Ommegang">its article on the Dutch-language Wikipedia</a>; the Processional Giants of Brussels, Dendermonde and Mechelen mentioned in this paragraph are part of each city's ommegang. The French word ducasse refers also to a procession; the mentioned Processional Giants of Ath and Mons are part of each city's ducasse. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/structure-population/origin">"Diverity according to origin in Belgium"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-population-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_7-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/fr/pop/statistiques/population-bevolking-20250101.pdf">"Population Belgium"</a> (PDF). ibz. 1 January 2025. 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(Belgium)"</a>. www.imf.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. Retrieved 17 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28Belgium%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D124%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurogini-9"><a href="#cite_ref-eurogini_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en">"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey"</a>. ec.europa.eu. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009091832/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income+%E2%80%93+EU-SILC+survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftessi190%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-10"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. p. 288. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lmUvF-12"><a href="#cite_ref-lmUvF_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.const-court.be/en/basic_text/belgian_constitution.pdf">The Belgian Constitution</a> (PDF). Brussels, Belgium: Belgian House of Representatives. May 2014. p. 63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810142522/http://www.const-court.be/en/basic_text/belgian_constitution.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belgian+Constitution&rft.place=Brussels%2C+Belgium&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Belgian+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.const-court.be%2Fen%2Fbasic_text%2Fbelgian_constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/statistieken/cijfers/bevolking/structuur/woonplaats/groot/">"Statbel the Belgian statistics office"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516082938/https://statbel.fgov.be/nl/statistieken/cijfers/bevolking/structuur/woonplaats/groot/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statbel+the+Belgian+statistics+office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Fnl%2Fstatistieken%2Fcijfers%2Fbevolking%2Fstructuur%2Fwoonplaats%2Fgroot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dBWtI-17"><a href="#cite_ref-dBWtI_17-0">^</a> Pateman, Robert and Elliott, Mark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lV-k7lGyKl4C&pg=PA27">Belgium</a>. Benchmark Books. p. 27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2059-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2059-0">978-0-7614-2059-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.cor.europa.eu/subsidiarity/maps/Pages/Regions.aspx?region=BEFRE">"Belgium - French speaking community"</a>. portal.cor.europa.eu. Retrieved 30 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portal.cor.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Belgium+-+French+speaking+community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.cor.europa.eu%2Fsubsidiarity%2Fmaps%2FPages%2FRegions.aspx%3Fregion%3DBEFRE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hass-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Hass_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaß,_Torsten2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haß, Torsten (17 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609152931/http://www.fh-kehl.de/zeitung/rezensionen/2003/cook%2Cbelgium.htm">Rezension zu (Review of) Cook, Bernard: Belgium. A History</a> (in German). FH-Zeitung (journal of the <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-5824-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-5824-3"><bdi>978-0-8204-5824-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fh-kehl.de/zeitung/rezensionen/2003/cook,belgium.htm">the original</a> on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007. <q>die Bezeichnung Belgiens als "the cockpit of Europe" (James Howell, 1640), die damals noch auf eine kriegerische Hahnenkampf-Arena hindeutete</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rezension+zu+%28Review+of%29+Cook%2C+Bernard%3A+Belgium.+A+History&rft.pub=FH-Zeitung+%28journal+of+the+Fachhochschule%29&rft.date=2003-02-17&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-5824-3&rft.au=Ha%C3%9F%2C+Torsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fh-kehl.de%2Fzeitung%2Frezensionen%2F2003%2Fcook%2Cbelgium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988">—The book reviewer, Haß, attributes the expression in English to <a href="/wiki/James_Howell" title="James Howell">James Howell</a> in 1640. Howell's original phrase "the cockpit of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>" became modified afterwards, as shown by: *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmont,_John" class="citation web cs1">Carmont, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511040638/http://www2.napier.ac.uk/warpoets/Hydraissues/Hyn01/hyn01a03.html">"The Hydra No.1 New Series (November 1917)—Arras And Captain Satan"</a>. War Poets Collection. Napier University's Business School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napier.ac.uk/warpoets/Hydraissues/Hyn01/hyn01a03.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+Poets+Collection&rft.atitle=The+Hydra+No.1+New+Series+%28November+1917%29%E2%80%94Arras+And+Captain+Satan&rft.au=Carmont%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napier.ac.uk%2Fwarpoets%2FHydraissues%2FHyn01%2Fhyn01a03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988">—and as such coined for Belgium: *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood,_James1907" class="citation web cs1">Wood, James (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/c/cockpitofeurope.html">"Nuttall Encyclopaedia of General Knowledge—Cockpit of Europe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809172927/http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/c/cockpitofeurope.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2007. <q>Cockpit of Europe, Belgium, as the scene of so many battles between the Powers of Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuttall+Encyclopaedia+of+General+Knowledge%E2%80%94Cockpit+of+Europe&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Wood%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fromoldbooks.org%2FWood-NuttallEncyclopaedia%2Fc%2Fcockpitofeurope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> (See also <a href="/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nuttall Encyclopaedia">The Nuttall Encyclopaedia</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzmaurice-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmaurice_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmaurice_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmaurice_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmaurice_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmaurice,_John1996" class="citation web cs1">Fitzmaurice, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/dd/report9/report9d.htm">"New Order? 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The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725031238/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/belgium-s-genocidal-colonial-legacy-haunts-country-s-future-a7984191.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021. 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UCL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160524135618/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dutchstudies/an/SP_LINKS_UCL_POPUP/SPs_english/brussels/eiland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expatica.com/be/news/belgian-news/belgian-government-sworn-in-ending-18-month-crisis_193630.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expatica&rft.atitle=Belgian+government+sworn+in%2C+ending+18-month+crisis&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatica.com%2Fbe%2Fnews%2Fbelgian-news%2Fbelgian-government-sworn-in-ending-18-month-crisis_193630.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Caesar, Gallic War, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0002:book=8:chapter=46&highlight=belgio%2Cbelgium">8.46</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811110505/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0002:book=8:chapter=46&highlight=belgio%2Cbelgium">Archived</a> 11 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "quattuor legiones in Belgio collocavit", "his confectis rebus ad legiones in Belgium se recipit hibernatque Nemetocennae". (In online English translations the second part is often included in the next paragraph <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_8#47">8.47</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621075642/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_8#47">Archived</a> 21 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWightman1985" class="citation cs2">Wightman, Edith (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aEyS54uSj88C&pg=PA12">Gallia Belgica</a>, University of California Press, p. 12, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05297-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05297-0"><bdi>978-0-520-05297-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallia+Belgica&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05297-0&rft.aulast=Wightman&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaEyS54uSj88C%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988">. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_VillaescusaJacquemin2011" class="citation cs2">González Villaescusa; Jacquemin (2011), "Gallia Belgica: An Entity with No National Claim", Études rurales, 2 (2): 93–111, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.9499">10.4000/etudesrurales.9499</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+rurales&rft.atitle=Gallia+Belgica%3A+An+Entity+with+No+National+Claim&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.9499&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Villaescusa&rft.au=Jacquemin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner1980" class="citation cs2">Werner, Matthias (1980), Der Lütticher Raum in frühkarolingischer Zeit : Untersuchungen zur Geschichte einer karolingischen Stammlandschaft</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+L%C3%BCtticher+Raum+in+fr%C3%BChkarolingischer+Zeit+%3A+Untersuchungen+zur+Geschichte+einer+karolingischen+Stammlandschaft&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wl7Nu-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Wl7Nu_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmundson,_George1922" class="citation web cs1">Edmundson, George (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authorama.com/history-of-holland-3.html">"Chapter I: The Burgundian Netherlands"</a>. 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Sociological Analysis. 51: S1 – S13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3711670">10.2307/3711670</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3711670">3711670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Analysis&rft.atitle=From+Pillar+to+Postmodernity%3A+The+Changing+Situation+of+Religion+in+Belgium&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES1+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES13%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3711670&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3711670%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Dobbelaere%2C+Karel&rft.au=Voy%C3%A9%2C+Liliane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gooch-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Gooch_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooch,_Brison_Dowling1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brison_D._Gooch" title="Brison D. Gooch">Gooch, Brison Dowling</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/3461234">Belgium and the February Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands. p. 112. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222235/http://www.questia.com/read/3461234">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belgium+and+the+February+Revolution&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers%2C+The+Hague%2C+Netherlands&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Gooch%2C+Brison+Dowling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F3461234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UL18v-38"><a href="#cite_ref-UL18v_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/country/belgium_in_nutshell/symbols/national_holiday/">"National Day and feast days of Communities and Regions"</a>. Belgian Federal Government. 3 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724132628/http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/country/belgium_in_nutshell/symbols/national_holiday/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Day+and+feast+days+of+Communities+and+Regions&rft.pub=Belgian+Federal+Government&rft.date=2010-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belgium.be%2Fen%2Fabout_belgium%2Fcountry%2Fbelgium_in_nutshell%2Fsymbols%2Fnational_holiday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-etpIA-39"><a href="#cite_ref-etpIA_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeschouwer2004" class="citation web cs1">Deschouwer, Kris (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614025223/http://www.unrisd.org/UNRISD/website/document.nsf/ab82a6805797760f80256b4f005da1ab/ec506a59176be044c1256e9e003077c3/%24FILE/Deschou.pdf">"Ethnic structure, inequality and governance of the public sector in Belgium"</a> (PDF). United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrisd.org/UNRISD/website/document.nsf/ab82a6805797760f80256b4f005da1ab/ec506a59176be044c1256e9e003077c3/$FILE/Deschou.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+structure%2C+inequality+and+governance+of+the+public+sector+in+Belgium&rft.pub=United+Nations+Research+Institute+for+Social+Development+%28UNRISD%29&rft.date=2004-01&rft.aulast=Deschouwer&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrisd.org%2FUNRISD%2Fwebsite%2Fdocument.nsf%2Fab82a6805797760f80256b4f005da1ab%2Fec506a59176be044c1256e9e003077c3%2F%24FILE%2FDeschou.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbath-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Forbath_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbath1977" class="citation book cs1">Forbath, Peter (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UtgwAQAAIAAJ&q=The%2BRiver%2BCongo%3A%2BThe%2BDiscovery%2C%2BExploration%2Band%2BExploitation%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWorld%27s%2BMost%2BDramatic%2BRivers">The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic Rivers</a>. Harper & Row. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122490-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122490-4"><bdi>978-0-06-122490-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123070716/https://books.google.com/books?id=UtgwAQAAIAAJ&q=The+River+Congo%3A+The+Discovery%2C+Exploration+and+Exploitation+of+the+World%27s+Most+Dramatic+Rivers">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+River+Congo%3A+The+Discovery%2C+Exploration+and+Exploitation+of+the+World%27s+Most+Dramatic+Rivers&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-06-122490-4&rft.aulast=Forbath&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUtgwAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%252BRiver%252BCongo%253A%252BThe%252BDiscovery%252C%252BExploration%252Band%252BExploitation%252Bof%252Bthe%252BWorld%2527s%252BMost%252BDramatic%252BRivers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiding2002" class="citation news cs1">Riding, Alan (21 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/21/arts/belgium-confronts-its-heart-darkness-unsavory-colonial-behavior-congo-will-be.html">"Belgium Confronts Its Heart of Darkness; Unsavory Colonial Behavior in the Congo Will Be Tackled by a New Study – The New York Times"</a>. nytimes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224172454/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/21/arts/belgium-confronts-its-heart-darkness-unsavory-colonial-behavior-congo-will-be.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Belgium+Confronts+Its+Heart+of+Darkness%3B+Unsavory+Colonial+Behavior+in+the+Congo+Will+Be+Tackled+by+a+New+Study+%E2%80%93+The+New+York+Times&rft.date=2002-09-21&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F09%2F21%2Farts%2Fbelgium-confronts-its-heart-darkness-unsavory-colonial-behavior-congo-will-be.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iwqD0-42"><a href="#cite_ref-iwqD0_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith2005" class="citation book cs1">Meredith, Martin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNZ6srograIC&q=congo%2Bfree%2Bstate">The State of Africa</a>. Jonathan Ball. pp. 95–96(?). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86842-220-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86842-220-3"><bdi>978-1-86842-220-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925082012/https://books.google.com/books?id=jNZ6srograIC&q=congo%2Bfree%2Bstate">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. 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Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-0040-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-0040-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-0040-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215075435/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLzkugAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023. 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Retrieved 29 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Congolese+Civil+War+1960%E2%80%931964&rft.date=2003-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2FA1304803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228177797">"Policy Failure and Corruption in Belgium: Is Federalism to Blame?"</a>. researchgate.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=researchgate.net&rft.atitle=Policy+Failure+and+Corruption+in+Belgium%3A+Is+Federalism+to+Blame%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F228177797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statbel-46"><a href="#cite_ref-statbel_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statbel.fgov.be/en/news/new-data-land-use">"New data on land use"</a>. Statbel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190319065916/https://statbel.fgov.be/en/news/new-data-land-use">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2019. 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Retrieved 17 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Het+Laatste+Nieuws&rft.atitle=Belgi%C3%AB+is+160+km%C2%B2+groter+dan+gedacht&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hln.be%2Fnieuws%2Fbinnenland%2Fbelgie-is-160-km-groter-dan-gedacht~a3d8d378%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nCHdl-48"><a href="#cite_ref-nCHdl_48-0">^</a> (in Dutch) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belgium.be/nl/over_belgie/land/geografie/">Geografische beschrijving van België – Over Belgie – Portaal Belgische Overheid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819004400/http://www.belgium.be/nl/over_belgie/land/geografie/">Archived</a> 19 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Belgium.be. 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Retrieved 27 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tiscali.reference&rft.atitle=Rwanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiscali.co.uk%2Freference%2Fencyclopaedia%2Fhutchinson%2Fm0019846.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> The article shows an example of Belgium's recent[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] African policies. </li> <li id="cite_note-LZ5BE-80"><a href="#cite_ref-LZ5BE_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050116083744/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/02/16/sprj.irq.nato.belgium.ap/">"Belgian demand halts NATO progress"</a>. CNN. 16 February 2003. 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The Guardian. 28 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518143714/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/28/belgium-first-female-pm-sophie-wilmes">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Belgium+gets+first+female+PM+as+Sophie+Wilm%C3%A8s+takes+office&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Foct%2F28%2Fbelgium-first-female-pm-sophie-wilmes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yD8q7-98"><a href="#cite_ref-yD8q7_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDidili2020" class="citation web cs1">Didili, Zoi (1 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111053156/https://www.neweurope.eu/article/belgium-agrees-on-federal-government-de-croo-to-become-pm/">"Belgium agrees on federal government, De Croo to become PM"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neweurope.eu/article/belgium-agrees-on-federal-government-de-croo-to-become-pm/">the original</a> on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgium+agrees+on+federal+government%2C+De+Croo+to+become+PM&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft.aulast=Didili&rft.aufirst=Zoi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neweurope.eu%2Farticle%2Fbelgium-agrees-on-federal-government-de-croo-to-become-pm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zZuRK-99"><a href="#cite_ref-zZuRK_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer,_Johannes1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kramer, Johannes (1984). Zweisprachigkeit in den Benelux-ländern (in German). Buske Verlag. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87118-597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87118-597-7"><bdi>978-3-87118-597-7</bdi></a>. <q>Zur prestige Sprache wurde in den Spanischen Niederlanden ganz eindeutig das Französische. Die Vertreter Spaniens beherrschten normalerweise das Französische, nicht aber das Niederländische; ein beachtlicher Teil der am Hofe tätigen Adligen stammte aus Wallonien, das sich ja eher auf die spanische Seite geschlagen hatte als Flandern und Brabant. In dieser Situation war es selbstverständlich, dass die flämischen Adligen, die im Laufe der Zeit immer mehr ebenfalls zu Hofbeamten wurden, sich des Französischen bedienen mussten, wenn sie als gleichwertig anerkannt werden wollten. [Transl.: The prestigious language in the Spanish Netherlands was clearly French. Spain's representatives usually mastered French but not Dutch; a notable part of the nobles at the court came from Wallonia, which had taken party for the Spanish side to a higher extent than Flanders and Brabant. It was therefore evident within this context that the Flemish nobility, of which a progressively larger number became servants of the court, had to use French, if it wanted to get acknowledged as well.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zweisprachigkeit+in+den+Benelux-l%C3%A4ndern&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Buske+Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-3-87118-597-7&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ii8cr-100"><a href="#cite_ref-ii8cr_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte,_ElsCraeybeckx,_JanMeynen,_Alain2009" class="citation book cs1">Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan & Meynen, Alain (2009). Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards. Brussels: Academic and Scientific Publishers. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Belgium%3A+From+1830+Onwards&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Academic+and+Scientific+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Witte%2C+Els&rft.au=Craeybeckx%2C+Jan&rft.au=Meynen%2C+Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzmaurice1996-p31-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmaurice1996-p31_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmaurice1996-p31_101-1">b</a> <a href="#Fitzmaurice">Fitzmaurice (1996)</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-EED-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EED_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EED_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/belgium/background.html">"Belgium"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Election_Database&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Election Database (page does not exist)">European Election Database</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Social_Science_Data_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Social Science Data Services">Norwegian Social Science Data Services</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429005023/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/belgium/background.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Election+Database&rft.atitle=Belgium&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsd.uib.no%2Feuropean_election_database%2Fcountry%2Fbelgium%2Fbackground.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rolandwillemyns-103"><a href="#cite_ref-rolandwillemyns_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillemyns,_Roland2002" class="citation journal cs1">Willemyns, Roland (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626185804/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/023/0036/jmmd0230036.pdf">"The Dutch-French Language Border in Belgium"</a> (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 23 (1&2): 36–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01434630208666453">10.1080/01434630208666453</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143809695">143809695</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/023/0036/jmmd0230036.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 June 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Multilingual+and+Multicultural+Development&rft.atitle=The+Dutch-French+Language+Border+in+Belgium&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1%262&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01434630208666453&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143809695%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Willemyns%2C+Roland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multilingual-matters.net%2Fjmmd%2F023%2F0036%2Fjmmd0230036.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution2-104"><a href="#cite_ref-constitution2_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706134014/http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/grondwetEN.pdf">"The Belgian Constitution – Article 4"</a> (PDF). Belgian House of Representatives. January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/grondwetEN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Belgian+Constitution+%E2%80%93+Article+4&rft.pub=Belgian+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dekamer.be%2Fkvvcr%2Fpdf_sections%2Fpublications%2Fconstitution%2FgrondwetEN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lalibre.be/regions/bruxelles/2011/05/25/la-nouvelle-federation-wallonie-bruxelles-defraye-la-chronique-2T2TN7FK7JETVHQP74NJ62TO44/">"La nouvelle Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles défraye la chronique"</a>. La Libre.be (in French). 30 September 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Libre.be&rft.atitle=La+nouvelle+F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+Wallonie-Bruxelles+d%C3%A9fraye+la+chronique&rft.date=2024-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lalibre.be%2Fregions%2Fbruxelles%2F2011%2F05%2F25%2Fla-nouvelle-federation-wallonie-bruxelles-defraye-la-chronique-2T2TN7FK7JETVHQP74NJ62TO44%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhnet.be/archives-journal/2011/04/05/une-federation-wallonie-bruxelles-QGB7F434AZHEJLEGBGW4DC2C44/">"Une Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles"</a>. DHnet (in French). 30 September 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DHnet&rft.atitle=Une+F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+Wallonie-Bruxelles&rft.date=2024-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhnet.be%2Farchives-journal%2F2011%2F04%2F05%2Fune-federation-wallonie-bruxelles-QGB7F434AZHEJLEGBGW4DC2C44%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzmaurice1996-p121-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmaurice1996-p121_108-0">^</a> <a href="#Fitzmaurice">Fitzmaurice (1996)</a>, p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzmaurice1996-p122-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmaurice1996-p122_109-0">^</a> <a href="#Fitzmaurice">Fitzmaurice (1996)</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-fedgov1-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fedgov1_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fedgov1_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/federal_authorities/competence_federal_government/">"The Federal Government's Powers"</a>. .be Portal. Belgian Federal Government. 3 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216052602/http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/federal_authorities/competence_federal_government/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=.be+Portal&rft.atitle=The+Federal+Government%27s+Powers&rft.date=2010-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belgium.be%2Fen%2Fabout_belgium%2Fgovernment%2Ffederal_authorities%2Fcompetence_federal_government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3JE9u-112"><a href="#cite_ref-3JE9u_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagasse,_Charles-Etienne2003" class="citation book cs1">Lagasse, Charles-Etienne (2003). Les nouvelles institutions politiques de la Belgique et de l'Europe. Namur: Erasme. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87127-783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87127-783-5"><bdi>978-2-87127-783-5</bdi></a>. <q>In 2002, 58.92% of the fiscal income was going to the budget of the federal government, but more than one-third was used to pay the interests of the public debt. Without including this post, the share of the federal government budget would be only 48.40% of the fiscal income. There are 87.8% of the civil servants who are working for the Regions or the Communities and 12.2% for the Federal State.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+nouvelles+institutions+politiques+de+la+Belgique+et+de+l%27Europe&rft.place=Namur&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Erasme&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-87127-783-5&rft.au=Lagasse%2C+Charles-Etienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fedgov2-113"><a href="#cite_ref-fedgov2_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/communities/">"The Communities"</a>. .be Portal. Belgian Federal Government. 3 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615153816/http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/communities/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=.be+Portal&rft.atitle=The+Communities&rft.date=2010-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belgium.be%2Fen%2Fabout_belgium%2Fgovernment%2Fcommunities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fedgov3-114"><a href="#cite_ref-fedgov3_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/regions/">"The Regions"</a>. .be Portal. Belgian Federal Government. 3 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615153938/http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/regions/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=.be+Portal&rft.atitle=The+Regions&rft.date=2010-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belgium.be%2Fen%2Fabout_belgium%2Fgovernment%2Fregions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lagasse1-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Lagasse1_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagasse,_Charles-Etienne2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lagasse, Charles-Etienne (18 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kazanfed.ru/en/actions/konfer8/6/">"Federalism in Russia, Canada and Belgium: experience of comparative research"</a> (in French). Kazan Institute of Federalism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620120400/http://www.kazanfed.ru/en/actions/konfer8/6/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2008. <q>La Belgique constitue ainsi le seul exemple clair du transfert d'une partie de la compétence " affaires étrangères " à des entités fédérées. (Transl.: Belgium is thus the only clear example of a transfer of a part of the "Foreign Affairs" competences to federated units.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federalism+in+Russia%2C+Canada+and+Belgium%3A+experience+of+comparative+research&rft.pub=Kazan+Institute+of+Federalism&rft.date=2004-05-18&rft.au=Lagasse%2C+Charles-Etienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kazanfed.ru%2Fen%2Factions%2Fkonfer8%2F6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lagasse2-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Lagasse2_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagasse,_Charles-Etienne" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lagasse, Charles-Etienne. Les nouvelles institutions de la Belgique et de l'Europe (in French). p. 603. <q>[Le fédéralisme belge] repose sur une combinaison unique d'équipollence, d'exclusivité et de prolongement international des compétences. ([Belgian federalism] is based on a unique combination of equipollence, of exclusivity, and of international extension of competences.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+nouvelles+institutions+de+la+Belgique+et+de+l%27Europe&rft.pages=603&rft.au=Lagasse%2C+Charles-Etienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suinen-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Suinen_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuinen,_Philippe2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suinen, Philippe (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/10/SUINEN/14406.html">"Une Première mondiale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001117170500/http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/10/SUINEN/14406.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2000. Retrieved 5 October 2008. <q>Dans l'organisation de ces autonomies, la Belgique a réalisé une " première " mondiale: afin d'éviter la remise en cause, par le biais de la dimension internationale, de compétences exclusives transférées aux entités fédérées, les communautés et régions se sont vu reconnaître une capacité et des pouvoirs internationaux. (In organizing its autonomies, Belgium realized a World's First: to avoid a relevant stalemate, international consequences caused transfers of exclusive competences to federal, community and regional entities that are recognized to have become internationally enabled and empowered.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=Une+Premi%C3%A8re+mondiale&rft.date=2000-10&rft.au=Suinen%2C+Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-diplomatique.fr%2F2000%2F10%2FSUINEN%2F14406.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iiss2023-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iiss2023_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iiss2023_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIISS2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">IISS</a> (2023). The Military Balance 2023. International Institute for Strategic Studies. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2023&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2023&rft.au=IISS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-R8Zsp-119"><a href="#cite_ref-R8Zsp_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eda.europa.eu/DefenceData/Belgium?DDYear=2010">"Defence Data of Belgium in 2010"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924153002/http://www.eda.europa.eu/DefenceData/Belgium?DDYear=2010">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defence+Data+of+Belgium+in+2010&rft.pub=European+Defence+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eda.europa.eu%2FDefenceData%2FBelgium%3FDDYear%3D2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAP2a-120"><a href="#cite_ref-LAP2a_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil.be/def/index.asp">"Defensie La Défense"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614214307/http://www.mil.be/def/index.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defensie+La+D%C3%A9fense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mil.be%2Fdef%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belgium/#military-and-security">Belgium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109104644/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belgium/#military-and-security">Archived</a> 9 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA World Factbook. Accessed 10 February 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-HBglz-122"><a href="#cite_ref-HBglz_122-0">^</a> David Isby and Charles Kamps Jr, 'Armies of NATO's Central Front,' Jane's Publishing Company, 1985, p.59 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf">"2024 Global Peace Index"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024+Global+Peace+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economicsandpeace.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F06%2FGPI-2024-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rlY6Y-124"><a href="#cite_ref-rlY6Y_124-0">^</a> Belgium ranked first in the KOF <a href="/wiki/Globalization_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalization Index">Globalization Index</a> 2009<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFETH_Zürich" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/ETH_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH Zürich">ETH Zürich</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/">"KOF Index of Globalization"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531222435/http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KOF+Index+of+Globalization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalization.kof.ethz.ch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29KnH-125"><a href="#cite_ref-29KnH_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004073036/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2078rank.html">"Rank Order – Exports"</a>. CIA – The 2008 world factbook. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html">the original</a> on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008. <q>15[th]: Belgium $322,200,000,000 (2007 est.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+2008+world+factbook&rft.atitle=Rank+Order+%E2%80%93+Exports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2078rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6qStY-126"><a href="#cite_ref-6qStY_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004070323/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2087rank.html">"Rank Order – Imports"</a>. CIA – The 2008 world factbook. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2087rank.html">the original</a> on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008. <q>15[th]: Belgium $323,200,000,000 (2007 est.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+2008+world+factbook&rft.atitle=Rank+Order+%E2%80%93+Imports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2087rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diplomatbe1-127"><a href="#cite_ref-diplomatbe1_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatie.be/en/belgium/belgiumdetail.asp?TEXTID=49019">"Belgian economy"</a>. Belgium. Belgian Federal Public Service (ministry) of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615182722/http://www.diplomatie.be/en/belgium/belgiumdetail.asp?TEXTID=49019">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009. <q>Belgium is the world leader in terms of export per capita and can justifiably call itself the 'world's largest exporter'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belgium&rft.atitle=Belgian+economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.be%2Fen%2Fbelgium%2Fbelgiumdetail.asp%3FTEXTID%3D49019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belgium">"Belgium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 23 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Belgium&rft.date=2021-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbelgium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2021.zip">(Archived 2021 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-SvlJ5-129"><a href="#cite_ref-SvlJ5_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103007/http://www.expatica.com/actual/article.asp?subchannel_id=48&story_id=17824">"Wallonia in 'decline' thanks to politicians"</a>. Expatica Communications BV. 9 March 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expatica.com/actual/article.asp?subchannel_id=48&story_id=17824">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wallonia+in+%27decline%27+thanks+to+politicians&rft.pub=Expatica+Communications+BV&rft.date=2005-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expatica.com%2Factual%2Farticle.asp%3Fsubchannel_id%3D48%26story_id%3D17824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PnEgr-131"><a href="#cite_ref-PnEgr_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930131538/http://www.mae.lu/fr/Site-MAE/Politique-etrangere-et-europeenne/Organisations-Economiques-Regionales/L-Union-economique-belgo-luxembourgeoise">"L'Union économique belgo-luxembourgeoise"</a> (in French). Luxembourgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mae.lu/fr/Site-MAE/Politique-etrangere-et-europeenne/Organisations-Economiques-Regionales/L-Union-economique-belgo-luxembourgeoise">the original</a> on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Union+%C3%A9conomique+belgo-luxembourgeoise&rft.pub=Luxembourgian+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mae.lu%2Ffr%2FSite-MAE%2FPolitique-etrangere-et-europeenne%2FOrganisations-Economiques-Regionales%2FL-Union-economique-belgo-luxembourgeoise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-erih-132"><a href="#cite_ref-erih_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731024244/http://en.erih.net/index.php?pageId=114">"Industrial History Belgium"</a>. European Route of Industrial Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.erih.net/index.php?pageId=114">the original</a> on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrial+History+Belgium&rft.pub=European+Route+of+Industrial+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.erih.net%2Findex.php%3FpageId%3D114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jwR7A-133"><a href="#cite_ref-jwR7A_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRioux,_Jean-Pierre1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rioux, Jean-Pierre (1989). La révolution industrielle (in French). Paris: Seuil. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-000651-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-000651-4"><bdi>978-2-02-000651-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+r%C3%A9volution+industrielle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-2-02-000651-4&rft.au=Rioux%2C+Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Q0dyY-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Q0dyY_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erih.net/industrial-history/belgium.html">"Industrial History, Belgium"</a>. European route of industrial heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731104102/http://www.erih.net/industrial-history/belgium.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrial+History%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=European+route+of+industrial+heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erih.net%2Findustrial-history%2Fbelgium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WYx8x-135"><a href="#cite_ref-WYx8x_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanhaute,_EricPaping,_RichardÓ_Gráda,_Cormac2006" class="citation conference cs1">Vanhaute, Eric; Paping, Richard & Ó Gráda, Cormac (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Vanhaute.pdf">The European subsistence crisis of 1845–1850: a comparative perspective</a> (PDF). IEHC. Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011200315/http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Vanhaute.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+European+subsistence+crisis+of+1845%E2%80%931850%3A+a+comparative+perspective&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Vanhaute%2C+Eric&rft.au=Paping%2C+Richard&rft.au=%C3%93+Gr%C3%A1da%2C+Cormac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Fiehc2006%2Fpapers3%2FVanhaute.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gynyt-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Gynyt_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanhaute2007" class="citation book cs1">Vanhaute, Eric (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722225255/http://biblio.ugent.be/input/download?func=downloadFile&fileOId=919187&recordOId=359578">"'So worthy an example to Ireland'. The subsistance and industrial crisis of 1845–1850 in Flanders"</a>. When the potato failed. Causes and effects of the 'last' European subsistance crisis, 1845–1850. Brepols. pp. 123–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51985-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51985-2"><bdi>978-2-503-51985-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblio.ugent.be/input/download?func=downloadFile&fileOId=919187&recordOId=359578">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27So+worthy+an+example+to+Ireland%27.+The+subsistance+and+industrial+crisis+of+1845%E2%80%931850+in+Flanders&rft.btitle=When+the+potato+failed.+Causes+and+effects+of+the+%27last%27+European+subsistance+crisis%2C+1845%E2%80%931850&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51985-2&rft.aulast=Vanhaute&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ugent.be%2Finput%2Fdownload%3Ffunc%3DdownloadFile%26fileOId%3D919187%26recordOId%3D359578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usdepartmentofstate1-137"><a href="#cite_ref-usdepartmentofstate1_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2874.htm">"Background Note: Belgium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a>, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121042120/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2874.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Belgium&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State%2C+Bureau+of+European+and+Eurasian+Affairs&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2874.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-THRZa-138"><a href="#cite_ref-THRZa_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanhaverbeke,_Wim" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vanhaverbeke, Wim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314033239/http://edata.ub.unimaas.nl/www-edocs/loader/file.asp?id=264">"Het belang van de Vlaamse Ruit vanuit economisch perspectief The importance of the Flemish Diamond from an economical perspective"</a> (in Dutch). Netherlands Institute of Business Organization and Strategy Research, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maastricht" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maastricht">University of Maastricht</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edata.ub.unimaas.nl/www-edocs/loader/file.asp?id=264">the original</a> on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Het+belang+van+de+Vlaamse+Ruit+vanuit+economisch+perspectief+The+importance+of+the+Flemish+Diamond+from+an+economical+perspective&rft.pub=Netherlands+Institute+of+Business+Organization+and+Strategy+Research%2C+University+of+Maastricht&rft.au=Vanhaverbeke%2C+Wim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedata.ub.unimaas.nl%2Fwww-edocs%2Floader%2Ffile.asp%3Fid%3D264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UwQoK-139"><a href="#cite_ref-UwQoK_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005546/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2186rank.html">"The World Factbook—(Rank Order—Public debt)"</a>. CIA. 17 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2186rank.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook%E2%80%94%28Rank+Order%E2%80%94Public+debt%29&rft.pub=CIA&rft.date=2007-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2186rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbb-140"><a href="#cite_ref-nbb_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070430165049/http://www.nbb.be/pub/00_00_00_00_02/?l=en&t=ho">"Key figures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbb.be/pub/00_00_00_00_02/?l=en&t=ho">the original</a> on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+figures&rft.pub=National+Bank+of+Belgium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbb.be%2Fpub%2F00_00_00_00_02%2F%3Fl%3Den%26t%3Dho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jWtuA-141"><a href="#cite_ref-jWtuA_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euractiv.com/en/regional-policy/belgium-makes-place-urban-enterprises-news-500878">"EurActiv"</a>. Belgium makes place for urban enterprises. EurActiv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430045610/http://www.euractiv.com/en/regional-policy/belgium-makes-place-urban-enterprises-news-500878">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belgium+makes+place+for+urban+enterprises&rft.atitle=EurActiv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fen%2Fregional-policy%2Fbelgium-makes-place-urban-enterprises-news-500878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-panorama-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-panorama_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-panorama_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807053511/http://www.uni-mannheim.de/edz/pdf/eurostat/02/KS-DA-02-001-EN-N-EN.pdf">Panorama of Transport</a> (PDF). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-894-4845-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-894-4845-1"><bdi>978-92-894-4845-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-mannheim.de/edz/pdf/eurostat/02/KS-DA-02-001-EN-N-EN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panorama+of+Transport&rft.pub=Office+for+Official+Publications+of+the+European+Communities&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-92-894-4845-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-mannheim.de%2Fedz%2Fpdf%2Feurostat%2F02%2FKS-DA-02-001-EN-N-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-footprintdata-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-footprintdata_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-footprintdata_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=255&type=BCpc,EFCpc">"Country Trends"</a>. Global Footprint Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808050235/http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=255&type=BCpc,EFCpc">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Trends&rft.pub=Global+Footprint+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.footprintnetwork.org%2F%23%2FcountryTrends%3Fcn%3D255%26type%3DBCpc%2CEFCpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TcuGH-144"><a href="#cite_ref-TcuGH_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinHanscomMurthyGalli2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Murthy, Adeline; Galli, Alessandro; Evans, Mikel; Neill, Evan; Mancini, Maria Serena; Martindill, Jon; Medouar, Fatime-Zahra; Huang, Shiyu; Wackernagel, Mathis (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources7030058">"Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018"</a>. Resources. 7 (3): 58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources7030058">10.3390/resources7030058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources&rft.atitle=Ecological+Footprint+Accounting+for+Countries%3A+Updates+and+Results+of+the+National+Footprint+Accounts%2C+2012%E2%80%932018&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fresources7030058&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hanscom%2C+Laurel&rft.au=Murthy%2C+Adeline&rft.au=Galli%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Evans%2C+Mikel&rft.au=Neill%2C+Evan&rft.au=Mancini%2C+Maria+Serena&rft.au=Martindill%2C+Jon&rft.au=Medouar%2C+Fatime-Zahra&rft.au=Huang%2C+Shiyu&rft.au=Wackernagel%2C+Mathis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fresources7030058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wxOHJ-145"><a href="#cite_ref-wxOHJ_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFidler,_Stephen2010" class="citation web cs1">Fidler, Stephen (3 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/brussels/2010/11/03/europes-traffic-jam-capitals/">"Europe's Top Traffic Jam Capitals"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119085745/http://blogs.wsj.com/brussels/2010/11/03/europes-traffic-jam-capitals/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Top+Traffic+Jam+Capitals&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft.au=Fidler%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fbrussels%2F2010%2F11%2F03%2Feuropes-traffic-jam-capitals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-xrHdp-146"><a href="#cite_ref-xrHdp_146-0">^</a> Another comparative study on transportation in Belgium: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">OECD environmental performance reviews: Belgium. OECD. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-03111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-03111-1"><bdi>978-92-64-03111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD+environmental+performance+reviews%3A+Belgium&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-64-03111-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IokZW-147"><a href="#cite_ref-IokZW_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portofantwerp.com/en/news/port-antwerp-finishes-2016-growth-27-definitive-figure">"Double record for freight volume"</a>. port of Antwerp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223213915/http://www.portofantwerp.com/en/news/port-antwerp-finishes-2016-growth-27-definitive-figure">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=port+of+Antwerp&rft.atitle=Double+record+for+freight+volume&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portofantwerp.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fport-antwerp-finishes-2016-growth-27-definitive-figure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crisis-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Crisis_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/thebelgiancrisis/the-crisis">"The Belgian Crisis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911185958/https://sites.google.com/site/thebelgiancrisis/the-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Belgian+Crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fthebelgiancrisis%2Fthe-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Divided-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Divided_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Lichfield2007" class="citation news cs1">John Lichfield (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgium-a-nation-divided-765752.html">"Belgium: A nation divided"</a>. Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531090436/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgium-a-nation-divided-765752.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Belgium%3A+A+nation+divided&rft.date=2007&rft.au=John+Lichfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fbelgium-a-nation-divided-765752.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-150"><a href="#cite_ref-google_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook,_B.A.2002" class="citation book cs1">Cook, B.A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p9gGAU3InGUC&pg=PA139">Belgium: A History</a>. Peter Lang. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-5824-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-5824-3"><bdi>978-0-8204-5824-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518143714/https://books.google.com/books?id=p9gGAU3InGUC&pg=PA139#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belgium%3A+A+History&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-5824-3&rft.au=Cook%2C+B.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp9gGAU3InGUC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dQGxf-151"><a href="#cite_ref-dQGxf_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plantaardigheden.nl/dodoens/over_dodoens/leven_en_werk.htm#dodoens">"Rembert Dodoens: iets over zijn leven en werk—Dodoens' werken"</a>. Plantaardigheden—Project Rembert Dodoens (Rembertus Dodonaeus) (in Dutch). Balkbrug: Stichting Kruidenhoeve/Plantaardigheden. 20 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610070835/http://www.plantaardigheden.nl/dodoens/over_dodoens/leven_en_werk.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2007. <q>het Cruijdeboeck, dat in 1554 verscheen. Dit meesterwerk was na de bijbel in die tijd het meest vertaalde boek. Het werd gedurende meer dan een eeuw steeds weer heruitgegeven en gedurende meer dan twee eeuwen was het het meest gebruikte handboek over kruiden in West-Europa. Het is een werk van wereldfaam en grote wetenschappelijke waarde. De nieuwe gedachten die Dodoens erin neerlegde, werden de bouwstenen voor de botanici en medici van latere generaties. (... the Cruijdeboeck, published in 1554. This masterpiece was, after the Bible, the most translated book in that time. It continued to be republished for more than a century and for more than two centuries it was the mostly used referential about herbs. It is a work with world fame and great scientific value. The new thoughts written down by Dodoens, became the building bricks for botanists and physicians of later generations.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plantaardigheden%E2%80%94Project+Rembert+Dodoens+%28Rembertus+Dodonaeus%29&rft.atitle=Rembert+Dodoens%3A+iets+over+zijn+leven+en+werk%E2%80%94Dodoens%27+werken&rft.date=2005-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplantaardigheden.nl%2Fdodoens%2Fover_dodoens%2Fleven_en_werk.htm%23dodoens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kXPyM-152"><a href="#cite_ref-kXPyM_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson2004" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609192011/http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Stevin.html">"Simon Stevin"</a>. MacTutor History of Mathematics. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Stevin.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007. <q>Although he did not invent decimals (they had been used by the Arabs and the Chinese long before Stevin's time) he did introduce their use in mathematics in Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics&rft.atitle=Simon+Stevin&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2F~history%2FBiographies%2FStevin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hV1er-153"><a href="#cite_ref-hV1er_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_BroeDe_WeerdtYsebaertVercauteren1999" class="citation journal cs1">De Broe, Marc E.; De Weerdt, Dirk L.; Ysebaert, Dirk K.; Vercauteren, Sven R.; De Greef, Kathleen E.; De Broe, Luc C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000013462">"Abstract (*)"</a>. American Journal of Nephrology. 19 (2): 282–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000013462">10.1159/000013462</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10213829">10213829</a>. <q>The importance of A. Vesalius' publication 'de humani corporis fabrica libri septem' cannot be overestimated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Nephrology&rft.atitle=Abstract+%28%2A%29&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E282-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000013462&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10213829&rft.aulast=De+Broe&rft.aufirst=Marc+E.&rft.au=De+Weerdt%2C+Dirk+L.&rft.au=Ysebaert%2C+Dirk+K.&rft.au=Vercauteren%2C+Sven+R.&rft.au=De+Greef%2C+Kathleen+E.&rft.au=De+Broe%2C+Luc+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1159%252F000013462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> (*) Free abstract for pay-per-view article by<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_BroeDe_WeerdtYsebaertVercauteren1999" class="citation journal cs1">De Broe, Marc E.; De Weerdt, Dirk L.; Ysebaert, Dirk K.; Vercauteren, Sven R.; De Greef, Kathleen E.; De Broe, Luc C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000013462">"The Low Countries – 16th/17th century"</a>. American Journal of Nephrology. 19 (2): 282–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000013462">10.1159/000013462</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10213829">10213829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Nephrology&rft.atitle=The+Low+Countries+%E2%80%93+16th%2F17th+century&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E282-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000013462&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10213829&rft.aulast=De+Broe&rft.aufirst=Marc+E.&rft.au=De+Weerdt%2C+Dirk+L.&rft.au=Ysebaert%2C+Dirk+K.&rft.au=Vercauteren%2C+Sven+R.&rft.au=De+Greef%2C+Kathleen+E.&rft.au=De+Broe%2C+Luc+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1159%252F000013462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vjZwZ-154"><a href="#cite_ref-vjZwZ_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidbon,_Mark2000" class="citation web cs1">Midbon, Mark (24 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/science/sc0022.html">"'A Day Without Yesterday': Georges Lemaitre & the Big Bang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commonweal_(magazine)" title="Commonweal (magazine)">Commonweal</a>, republished: Catholic Education Resource Center (CERC). pp. 18–19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706021420/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/science/sc0022.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27A+Day+Without+Yesterday%27%3A+Georges+Lemaitre+%26+the+Big+Bang&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Commonweal%2C+republished%3A+Catholic+Education+Resource+Center+%28CERC%29&rft.date=2000-03-24&rft.au=Midbon%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Farticles%2Fscience%2Fsc0022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jnhYL-155"><a href="#cite_ref-jnhYL_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson,_Patricia1969" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Patricia (1969). The Fair Face of Flanders. Lannoo Uitgeverij. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-209-4385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-209-4385-6"><bdi>978-90-209-4385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fair+Face+of+Flanders&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Lannoo+Uitgeverij&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-90-209-4385-6&rft.au=Carson%2C+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zHHZT-156"><a href="#cite_ref-zHHZT_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay,_Lance2003" class="citation book cs1">Day, Lance (2003). Lance Day; Ian McNeil (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415060424">Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology</a>. Routledge. p. 1135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02829-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02829-2"><bdi>978-0-203-02829-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+History+of+Technology&rft.pages=1135&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-203-02829-2&rft.au=Day%2C+Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780415060424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ec0kr-157"><a href="#cite_ref-ec0kr_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward,_Gordon2003" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Gordon (2003). Lance Day; Ian McNeil (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415060424">Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415060424/page/523">523</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02829-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02829-2"><bdi>978-0-203-02829-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+History+of+Technology&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-203-02829-2&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780415060424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VJ9RO-158"><a href="#cite_ref-VJ9RO_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsson,_Ulf2001" class="citation book cs1">Larsson, Ulf (2001). Cultures of Creativity: the Centennial Exhibition of the Nobel Prize. Science History Publications. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88135-288-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88135-288-7"><bdi>978-0-88135-288-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+Creativity%3A+the+Centennial+Exhibition+of+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Science+History+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-88135-288-7&rft.au=Larsson%2C+Ulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eq42c-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Eq42c_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117044852/http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/cosmic/p_lemaitre.html">"Georges Lemaître, Father of the Big Bang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/cosmic/p_lemaitre.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georges+Lema%C3%AEtre%2C+Father+of+the+Big+Bang&rft.pub=American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnh.org%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Frfl%2Fweb%2Fessaybooks%2Fcosmic%2Fp_lemaitre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dXPik-160"><a href="#cite_ref-dXPik_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1977/">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977"</a>. Nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203102528/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1977/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1977&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1977%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdIxU-161"><a href="#cite_ref-AdIxU_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Deligne.html">"Pierre Deligne"</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pierre+Deligne&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FDeligne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> (Retrieved 10 November 2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-zjTQ6-162"><a href="#cite_ref-zjTQ6_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bourgain.html">"Jean Bourgain"</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean+Bourgain&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FBourgain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> (Retrieved 10 November 2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">"Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a>. www.wipo.int. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zNyvS-164"><a href="#cite_ref-zNyvS_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_Roser2014" class="citation cs2">Max Roser (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=BEL">"Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last two centuries"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_World_In_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Our World In Data">Our World In Data</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gapminder_Foundation" title="Gapminder Foundation">Gapminder Foundation</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811110505/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=BEL">archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023, retrieved 18 May 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+In+Data%2C+Gapminder+Foundation&rft.atitle=Total+Fertility+Rate+around+the+world+over+the+last+two+centuries&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Max+Roser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fchildren-born-per-woman%3Fyear%3D1800%26country%3DBEL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-r40EE-165"><a href="#cite_ref-r40EE_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belgium/">"World Factbook Europe: Belgium"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>, 3 February 2021, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109104644/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belgium/">archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021, retrieved 18 May 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=World+Factbook+Europe%3A+Belgium&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbelgium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HhLsk-166"><a href="#cite_ref-HhLsk_166-0">^</a> This number evolved to 89% in 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelgian_Federal_Government" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Belgian Federal Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031222719/http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/statistiques/chiffres/population/structure/natact/beletr/">"Population par sexe et nationalité pour la Belgique et les régions, 2001 et 2011"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/statistiques/chiffres/population/structure/natact/beletr/">the original</a> on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+par+sexe+et+nationalit%C3%A9+pour+la+Belgique+et+les+r%C3%A9gions%2C+2001+et+2011&rft.au=Belgian+Federal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2Fchiffres%2Fpopulation%2Fstructure%2Fnatact%2Fbeletr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uWPjZ-167"><a href="#cite_ref-uWPjZ_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin,_Nicolas2006" class="citation web cs1">Perrin, Nicolas (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614025224/http://www.dofi.fgov.be/nl/statistieken/belgian%20migration%20point/punt%208%20Belgian%20Statistical%20Report%20on%20Asylum%20and%20Migration%202003.pdf">"European Migration Network—Annual Statistical Report on migration and asylum in Belgium (Reference year 2003)—section A. 1) b) Population by citizenship & c) Third country nationals, 1 January 2004"</a> (PDF). Study Group of Applied Demographics (Gédap). Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Interior—Immigration Office. pp. 5–9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dofi.fgov.be/nl/statistieken/belgian%20migration%20point/punt%208%20Belgian%20Statistical%20Report%20on%20Asylum%20and%20Migration%202003.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Migration+Network%E2%80%94Annual+Statistical+Report+on+migration+and+asylum+in+Belgium+%28Reference+year+2003%29%E2%80%94section+A.+1%29+b%29+Population+by+citizenship+%26+c%29+Third+country+nationals%2C+1+January+2004&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Belgian+Federal+Government+Service+%28ministry%29+of+Interior%E2%80%94Immigration+Office&rft.date=2006-04&rft.au=Perrin%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dofi.fgov.be%2Fnl%2Fstatistieken%2Fbelgian%2520migration%2520point%2Fpunt%25208%2520Belgian%2520Statistical%2520Report%2520on%2520Asylum%2520and%2520Migration%25202003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O7sup-168"><a href="#cite_ref-O7sup_168-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021008133014/http://ecodata.mineco.fgov.be/mdn/Vreemde_bevolking.jsp">De vreemde bevolking</a>. ecodata.mineco.fgov.be </li> <li id="cite_note-7g7jl-169"><a href="#cite_ref-7g7jl_169-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emploi.belgique.be/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=28772">L'immigration en Belgique. Effectifs, mouvements et marche du travail</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331120203/http://www.emploi.belgique.be/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=28772">Archived</a> 31 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Rapport 2009. Direction générale Emploi et marché du travai </li> <li id="cite_note-f3GT2-170"><a href="#cite_ref-f3GT2_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelgian_Federal_Government" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Belgian Federal Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825030522/http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/statistiques/chiffres/population/structure/paysnaiss/">"Structure de la population selon le pays de naissance"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/statistiques/chiffres/population/structure/paysnaiss/">the original</a> on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structure+de+la+population+selon+le+pays+de+naissance&rft.au=Belgian+Federal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2Fchiffres%2Fpopulation%2Fstructure%2Fpaysnaiss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-npdata.be-171"><a href="#cite_ref-npdata.be_171-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npdata.be/BuG/155-Vreemde-afkomst/Vreemde-afkomst.htm">BuG 155 – Bericht uit het Gewisse – 01 januari 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120908042303/http://www.npdata.be/BuG/155-Vreemde-afkomst/Vreemde-afkomst.htm">Archived</a> 8 September 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. npdata.be (1 January 2012). </li> <li id="cite_note-npdata-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npdata_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npdata_172-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npdata.be/BuG/159-Verkiezingen-2012/Verkiezingen-2012.htm">BuG 159 – Bericht uit het Gewisse – 7 mei 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126102459/http://www.npdata.be/BuG/159-Verkiezingen-2012/Verkiezingen-2012.htm">Archived</a> 26 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. npdata.be (7 May 2012). </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inca-cgil.be/informazioni-sul-belgio/">"Informazioni sul Belgio - Sede INCA-CGIL in Belgio"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127034148/http://www.inca-cgil.be/informazioni-sul-belgio/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Informazioni+sul+Belgio+-+Sede+INCA-CGIL+in+Belgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inca-cgil.be%2Finformazioni-sul-belgio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demographics2020-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Demographics2020_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/origin">"Diversity according to origin in Belgium"</a>. Statbel.fgov.be. 16 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218104221/https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/origin">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statbel.fgov.be&rft.atitle=Diversity+according+to+origin+in+Belgium&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Fen%2Fthemes%2Fpopulation%2Forigin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fr/population/statistiques-de-population/">"Statistiques de population: Chiffres de population au 1er janvier 2023"</a> (in French). Belgium's National Register. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20231129195331/https://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fr/population/statistiques-de-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistiques+de+population%3A+Chiffres+de+population+au+1er+janvier+2023&rft.pub=Belgium%27s+National+Register&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibz.rrn.fgov.be%2Ffr%2Fpopulation%2Fstatistiques-de-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-16thEd-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue-16thEd_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_M._Paul2009" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). "Languages of Belgium". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BE">Ethnologue: Languages of the World</a> (sixteenth ed.). Dallas, Texas, U.S.: <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>. pp. 1, 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-216-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-216-6"><bdi>978-1-55671-216-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429095334/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BE">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languages+of+Belgium&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas%2C+U.S.&rft.pages=1%2C+248&rft.edition=sixteenth&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55671-216-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DBE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gkqeP-177"><a href="#cite_ref-gkqeP_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Witte,_Bruno1996" class="citation news cs1">de Witte, Bruno (1996). Rainey, Anson F. (ed.). "Surviving in Babel? Language rights and European integration". Canaanite in the Amarna Tablets. Vol. 1. Brill. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10521-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10521-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10521-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canaanite+in+the+Amarna+Tablets&rft.atitle=Surviving+in+Babel%3F+Language+rights+and+European+integration&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=122&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10521-8&rft.au=de+Witte%2C+Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britishcouncil-180"><a href="#cite_ref-britishcouncil_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071122233056/http://www.britishcouncil.org/eumd-information-background-belgium.htm">"Belgium Market background"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishcouncil.org/eumd-information-background-belgium.htm">the original</a> on 22 November 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2007. <q>The capital Brussels, 80–85 percent French-speaking, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgium+Market+background&rft.pub=British+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcouncil.org%2Feumd-information-background-belgium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988">—Strictly, the capital is the municipality <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">(City of) Brussels</a>, though the Brussels-Capital Region might be intended because of its name and also its other municipalities housing institutions typical for a capital. </li> <li id="cite_note-German-speaking_Community-181"><a href="#cite_ref-German-speaking_Community_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070530023348/http://www.dglive.be/EN/Desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1263/2264_read-27181/">"The German-speaking Community"</a>. The German-speaking Community. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dglive.be/EN/Desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1263/2264_read-27181/">the original</a> on 30 May 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+German-speaking+Community&rft.pub=The+German-speaking+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dglive.be%2FEN%2FDesktopdefault.aspx%2Ftabid-1263%2F2264_read-27181%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> The (original) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dglive.be/DesktopDefault.aspx/tabid-84/186_read-448/">version in German language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070529215057/http://www.dglive.be/DesktopDefault.aspx/tabid-84/186_read-448/">Archived</a> 29 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (already) mentions 73,000 instead of 71,500 inhabitants. </li> <li id="cite_note-sTtZw-182"><a href="#cite_ref-sTtZw_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070628233901/http://www.dglive.be/EN/Desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1408/2267_read-27184/">"Citizens from other countries in the German-speaking Community"</a>. The German-speaking Community. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dglive.be/EN/Desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1408/2267_read-27184/">the original</a> on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizens+from+other+countries+in+the+German-speaking+Community&rft.pub=The+German-speaking+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dglive.be%2FEN%2FDesktopdefault.aspx%2Ftabid-1408%2F2267_read-27184%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMYYg-183"><a href="#cite_ref-UMYYg_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511181257/http://www.aber.ac.uk/cgi-bin/user/merwww/index.pl?rm=lang_detail%3Bid%3D112%3Blang%3D1">"German (Belgium)—Overview of the language"</a>. Mercator, Minority Language Media in the European Union, supported by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">University of Wales</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aber.ac.uk/cgi-bin/user/merwww/index.pl?rm=lang_detail;id=112;lang=1">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+%28Belgium%29%E2%80%94Overview+of+the+language&rft.pub=Mercator%2C+Minority+Language+Media+in+the+European+Union%2C+supported+by+the+European+Commission+and+the+University+of+Wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aber.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fuser%2Fmerwww%2Findex.pl%3Frm%3Dlang_detail%3Bid%3D112%3Blang%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ofCHC-184"><a href="#cite_ref-ofCHC_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclerc,_Jacques2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leclerc, Jacques (19 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/belgiqueger.htm">"Belgique • België • Belgien—La Communauté germanophone de Belgique"</a>. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde (in French). Host: Trésor de la langue française au Québec (TLFQ), <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a>, Quebec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503050229/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/europe/belgiqueger.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27am%C3%A9nagement+linguistique+dans+le+monde&rft.atitle=Belgique+%E2%80%A2+Belgi%C3%AB+%E2%80%A2+Belgien%E2%80%94La+Communaut%C3%A9+germanophone+de+Belgique&rft.date=2006-04-19&rft.au=Leclerc%2C+Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlfq.ulaval.ca%2Faxl%2Feurope%2Fbelgiqueger.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yBPue-185"><a href="#cite_ref-yBPue_185-0">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Larousse" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Petit Larousse">Le Petit Larousse</a>, Walloon is a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Langue_d%27o%C3%AFl" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue d'oïl">langue d'oïl</a>. According to the Meyers grosses Taschenlexikon </li> <li id="cite_note-S2M27-186"><a href="#cite_ref-S2M27_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJules,_Feller1912" class="citation book cs1">Jules, Feller (1912). Notes de philologie wallonne. Liège: Vaillant Carmanne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+de+philologie+wallonne&rft.place=Li%C3%A8ge&rft.pub=Vaillant+Carmanne&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Jules%2C+Feller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-15thEd-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue-15thEd_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue-15thEd_187-1">b</a> Among Belgium native German speakers many are familiar with the local dialect varieties of their region, that include dialects that spill over into neighboring Luxembourg and Germany.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_Raymond_G._Jr.2005" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005). "Languages of Belgium". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Fifteenth ed.). Dallas, Texas, U.S.: <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languages+of+Belgium&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas%2C+U.S.&rft.edition=Fifteenth&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> (Online version: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BE">Sixteenth edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051203231327/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BE">Archived</a> 3 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-MarshallCavendish2009-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarshallCavendish2009_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarshallCavendish2009_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarshallCavendish2009_188-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoopbuyck,_P.Torfs,_R.2009" class="citation book cs1">Loopbuyck, P. & Torfs, R. (2009). The world and its people – Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Vol. 4. 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Retrieved 11 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutional+context+of+education+systems+in+Europe%3A+a+cross-country+comparison+on+quality+and+equity&rft.pages=97%2C+105&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-2744-4&rft.aulast=Hofman&rft.aufirst=Roelande+H.&rft.au=Hofman%2C+W.+H.+A.&rft.au=Gray%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Daly%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnskLDqh40dwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> Extracts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nskLDqh40dwC&pg=PA97">p. 97</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nskLDqh40dwC&pg=PA105">p. 105</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCES_Tbl-388-203"><a href="#cite_ref-NCES_Tbl-388_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d05/tables/dt05_388.asp">"Table 388. 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Human Development Indicators. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> (UNDP). 2000. pp. 172–173. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614025222/http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2000/en/pdf/hdr_2000_back1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Development+Indicators&rft.atitle=I.+Monitoring+Human+Development%3A+Enlarging+peoples%27s+choices+...+%E2%80%945.+Human+poverty+in+OECD%2C+Eastern+Europe+and+the+CIS&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Freports%2Fglobal%2F2000%2Fen%2Fpdf%2Fhdr_2000_back1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD_PISA-2006-205"><a href="#cite_ref-OECD_PISA-2006_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf">"Range of rank on the PISA 2006 science scale"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229020307/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Range+of+rank+on+the+PISA+2006+science+scale&rft.pub=OECD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F42%2F8%2F39700724.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-De-Meyer_Pauly_Van-de-Poele-206"><a href="#cite_ref-De-Meyer_Pauly_Van-de-Poele_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Meyer,_IngePauly,_JanVan_de_Poele,_Luc2005" class="citation web cs1">De Meyer, Inge; Pauly, Jan; Van de Poele, Luc (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/60/36324368.pdf">"Learning for Tomorrow's Problems – First Results from PISA2003"</a> (PDF). Ministry of the Flemish Community – Education Department; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghent" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent">University of Ghent</a> – Department of Education, Ghent, Belgium (Online by <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>). p. 52. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428094513/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/60/36324368.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learning+for+Tomorrow%27s+Problems+%E2%80%93+First+Results+from+PISA2003&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Ministry+of+the+Flemish+Community+%E2%80%93+Education+Department%3B+University+of+Ghent+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Education%2C+Ghent%2C+Belgium+%28Online+by+OECD%29&rft.date=2005&rft.au=De+Meyer%2C+Inge&rft.au=Pauly%2C+Jan&rft.au=Van+de+Poele%2C+Luc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F57%2F60%2F36324368.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-De-Ley-207"><a href="#cite_ref-De-Ley_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Ley,_Herman2000" class="citation web cs1">De Ley, Herman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609120804/http://www.flwi.ugent.be/cie/CIE/deley10.htm">"Humanists and Muslims in Belgian Secular Society (Draft version)"</a>. Centrum voor Islam in Europe (Center for Islam in Europe), <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University" title="Ghent University">Ghent University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flwi.ugent.be/cie/CIE/deley10.htm">the original</a> on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humanists+and+Muslims+in+Belgian+Secular+Society+%28Draft+version%29&rft.pub=Centrum+voor+Islam+in+Europe+%28Center+for+Islam+in+Europe%29%2C+Ghent+University&rft.date=2000&rft.au=De+Ley%2C+Herman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flwi.ugent.be%2Fcie%2FCIE%2Fdeley10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kED6Y-208"><a href="#cite_ref-kED6Y_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalpolicies.net/web/belgium.php?aid=831">"Belgium—Arts and cultural education"</a>. Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 8th edition. Council of Europe / ERICarts. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831150145/http://www.culturalpolicies.net/web/belgium.php?aid=831">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Compendium+of+Cultural+Policies+and+Trends+in+Europe%2C+8th+edition&rft.atitle=Belgium%E2%80%94Arts+and+cultural+education&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalpolicies.net%2Fweb%2Fbelgium.php%3Faid%3D831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PjUPH-209"><a href="#cite_ref-PjUPH_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224164244/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/portal/sites/members/belgium_en.htm">"Belgique"</a>. European Culture Portal. <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/culture/portal/sites/members/belgium_en.htm">the original</a> on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Culture+Portal&rft.atitle=Belgique&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fculture%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fmembers%2Fbelgium_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S2dnp-210"><a href="#cite_ref-S2dnp_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonthier,_Adrien2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gonthier, Adrien (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2003/05/GONTHIER/10142">"Frontière linguistique, frontière politique, une presse en crise"</a>. Le Monde diplomatique (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327212104/http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2003/05/GONTHIER/10142">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=Fronti%C3%A8re+linguistique%2C+fronti%C3%A8re+politique%2C+une+presse+en+crise&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Gonthier%2C+Adrien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-diplomatique.fr%2F2003%2F05%2FGONTHIER%2F10142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumford2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Mumford" title="David Mumford">Mumford, David</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westerneurope20000wayn_0">"The World Today Series"</a>. The New York Times. Western Europe/2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887985-89-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-887985-89-5"><bdi>978-1-887985-89-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+World+Today+Series&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-887985-89-5&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesterneurope20000wayn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nv4HY-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Nv4HY_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/euwl/ht07euwl.htm">"Low Countries, 1000–1400 AD"</a>. Timeline of Art History. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070415094905/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/euwl/ht07euwl.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Low+Countries%2C+1000%E2%80%931400+AD&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fht%2F07%2Feuwl%2Fht07euwl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HFu1w-212"><a href="#cite_ref-HFu1w_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/08/euwl/ht08euwl.htm">"Low Countries, 1400–1600 AD"</a>. Timeline of Art History. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429051506/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/08/euwl/ht08euwl.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Low+Countries%2C+1400%E2%80%931600+AD&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fht%2F08%2Feuwl%2Fht08euwl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LFwFJ-213"><a href="#cite_ref-LFwFJ_213-0">^</a> Several examples of major architectural realizations in Belgium belong to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/be">"Belgium"</a>. Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428173145/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/be">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Properties+inscribed+on+the+World+Heritage+List&rft.atitle=Belgium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2Fbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LjaN3-214"><a href="#cite_ref-LjaN3_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrick1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hendrick, Jacques (1987). La peinture au pays de Liège (in French). Liège: Editions du Perron. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87114-026-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87114-026-9"><bdi>978-2-87114-026-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+peinture+au+pays+de+Li%C3%A8ge&rft.place=Li%C3%A8ge&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Editions+du+Perron&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-2-87114-026-9&rft.aulast=Hendrick&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bGwvp-215"><a href="#cite_ref-bGwvp_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuratzsch1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guratzsch, Herwig (1979). Die große Zeit der niederländische Malerei (in German). Freiburg im Beisgau: Verlag Herder. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+gro%C3%9Fe+Zeit+der+niederl%C3%A4ndische+Malerei&rft.place=Freiburg+im+Beisgau&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Verlag+Herder&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Guratzsch&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-I0Pep-216"><a href="#cite_ref-I0Pep_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/09/euwl/ht09euwl.htm">"Low Countries, 1600–1800 AD"</a>. Timeline of Art History. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070513131424/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/09/euwl/ht09euwl.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Low+Countries%2C+1600%E2%80%931800+AD&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fht%2F09%2Feuwl%2Fht09euwl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9nPUy-217"><a href="#cite_ref-9nPUy_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013022635/http://wwar.com/masters/movements/flemish_school.html">"Art History: Flemish School: (1600–1800)—Artists: (biography & artworks)"</a>. World Wide Arts Resources. 5 February 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwar.com/masters/movements/flemish_school.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+History%3A+Flemish+School%3A+%281600%E2%80%931800%29%E2%80%94Artists%3A+%28biography+%26+artworks%29&rft.pub=World+Wide+Arts+Resources&rft.date=2006-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwar.com%2Fmasters%2Fmovements%2Fflemish_school.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988">—A general presentation of the Flemish artistic movement with a list of its artists, linking to their biographies and artworks </li> <li id="cite_note-2jzAd-218"><a href="#cite_ref-2jzAd_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515200408/http://wwar.com/masters/nationalities/belgian.html">"Belgian Artists: (biographies & artworks)"</a>. World Wide Arts Resources. 5 February 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwar.com/masters/nationalities/belgian.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgian+Artists%3A+%28biographies+%26+artworks%29&rft.pub=World+Wide+Arts+Resources&rft.date=2006-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwar.com%2Fmasters%2Fnationalities%2Fbelgian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988">—List of Belgian painters, linking to their biographies and artworks </li> <li id="cite_note-1BIrR-219"><a href="#cite_ref-1BIrR_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaudson,_Michel1996" class="citation web cs1">Baudson, Michel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070207233008/http://www1.uol.com.br/bienal/23bienal/universa/iueopa.htm">"Panamarenko"</a>. Flammarion (Paris), quoted at presentation of the XXIII Bienal Internacional de São Paulo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.uol.com.br/bienal/23bienal/universa/iueopa.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panamarenko&rft.pub=Flammarion+%28Paris%29%2C+quoted+at+presentation+of+the+XXIII+Bienal+Internacional+de+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Baudson%2C+Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.uol.com.br%2Fbienal%2F23bienal%2Funiversa%2Fiueopa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibivW-220"><a href="#cite_ref-ibivW_220-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senses-artnouveau.com/brussels.php">Brussels, capital of Art Nouveau (page 1)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509094014/http://www.senses-artnouveau.com/brussels.php">Archived</a> 9 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senses-artnouveau.com/brussels.php?page=2">"(page 2)"</a>. Senses Art Nouveau Shop, Brussels. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304211919/http://www.senses-artnouveau.com/brussels.php?page=2">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28page+2%29&rft.pub=Senses+Art+Nouveau+Shop%2C+Brussels&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senses-artnouveau.com%2Fbrussels.php%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> (for example) </li> <li id="cite_note-jIXeI-221"><a href="#cite_ref-jIXeI_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1005">"Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta (Brussels)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513225235/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1005">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2007. <q>The appearance of Art Nouveau in the closing years of the 19th century marked a decisive stage in the evolution of architecture, making possible subsequent developments, and the Town Houses of Victor Horta in Brussels bear exceptional witness to its radical new approach.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO%27s+World+Heritage+List&rft.atitle=Major+Town+Houses+of+the+Architect+Victor+Horta+%28Brussels%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Y5k58-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Y5k58_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-15698/Western-music">"Western music, the Franco-Flemish school"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208084519/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-15698/Western-music">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 15 May 2007. <q>Most significant musically was the pervasive influence of musicians from the Low Countries, whose domination of the music scene during the last half of the 15th century is reflected in the period designations the Netherlands school and the Franco-Flemish school.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Western+music%2C+the+Franco-Flemish+school&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-15698%2FWestern-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-XSYvA-223"><a href="#cite_ref-XSYvA_223-0">^</a> Two comprehensive discussions of rock and pop music in Belgium since the 1950s: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://houbi.com/belpop/timeline.htm">"The Timeline—A brief history of Belgian Pop Music"</a>. The Belgian Pop & Rock Archives. Flanders Music Centre, Brussels. March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712181502/http://houbi.com/belpop/timeline.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Belgian+Pop+%26+Rock+Archives&rft.atitle=The+Timeline%E2%80%94A+brief+history+of+Belgian+Pop+Music&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhoubi.com%2Fbelpop%2Ftimeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607110011/http://www.belgianexperts.com/rock.php">"Belgian Culture—Rock"</a>. Vanberg & DeWulf Importing. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belgianexperts.com/rock.php">the original</a> on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgian+Culture%E2%80%94Rock&rft.pub=Vanberg+%26+DeWulf+Importing&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belgianexperts.com%2Frock.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PtwmV-224"><a href="#cite_ref-PtwmV_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrove,_Laurence2010" class="citation book cs1">Grove, Laurence (2010). Comics in French: the European bande dessinée in context. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-588-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-588-0"><bdi>978-1-84545-588-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics+in+French%3A+the+European+bande+dessin%C3%A9e+in+context&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-588-0&rft.au=Grove%2C+Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yH1O7-226"><a href="#cite_ref-yH1O7_226-0">^</a> A review of the Belgian cinema till about 2000 can be found at<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914135756/http://www.filmbirth.com/belgium.html">"History of Cinema in Belgium"</a>. Film Birth. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmbirth.com/belgium.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+Birth&rft.atitle=History+of+Cinema+in+Belgium&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmbirth.com%2Fbelgium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AyTJs-228"><a href="#cite_ref-AyTJs_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/intangible-heritage/05eur_uk.htm">"Processional Giants and Dragons in Belgium and France"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427153103/http://www.unesco.org/culture/intangible-heritage/05eur_uk.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Processional+Giants+and+Dragons+in+Belgium+and+France&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fintangible-heritage%2F05eur_uk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-X3HNa-229"><a href="#cite_ref-X3HNa_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620094647/http://www.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_36320/photographies-folklore-etudiant?hlText=Saint+Nicolas&hlMode=any&hlText=Saint+Nicolas&hlMode=any&hlText=Saint+Nicolas&hlMode=any">"Folklore estudiantin liégeois"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">University of Liège</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_36320/photographies-folklore-etudiant?hlText=Saint+Nicolas&hlMode=any&hlText=Saint+Nicolas&hlMode=any&hlText=Saint+Nicolas&hlMode=any">the original</a> on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Folklore+estudiantin+li%C3%A9geois&rft.pub=University+of+Li%C3%A8ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulg.ac.be%2Fcms%2Fc_36320%2Fphotographies-folklore-etudiant%3FhlText%3DSaint%2BNicolas%26hlMode%3Dany%26hlText%3DSaint%2BNicolas%26hlMode%3Dany%26hlText%3DSaint%2BNicolas%26hlMode%3Dany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7hiRd-230"><a href="#cite_ref-7hiRd_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/recipe_views/views/40035">"Steak-frites"</a>. Epicurious. 20 August 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808152457/http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/recipe_views/views/40035">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steak-frites&rft.pub=Epicurious&rft.date=2004-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epicurious.com%2Frecipes%2Frecipe_views%2Fviews%2F40035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> Republished from<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Waerebeek,_RuthRobbins,_Maria1996" class="citation book cs1">Van Waerebeek, Ruth; Robbins, Maria (October 1996). Everybody Eats Well in Belgium Cookbook. Workman Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56305-411-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56305-411-2"><bdi>978-1-56305-411-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everybody+Eats+Well+in+Belgium+Cookbook&rft.pub=Workman+Publishing&rft.date=1996-10&rft.isbn=978-1-56305-411-2&rft.au=Van+Waerebeek%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Robbins%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cwjud-231"><a href="#cite_ref-cwjud_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928001505/http://www.globalgourmet.com/destinations/belgium/backgrounder.html">"Belgium"</a>. Global Gourmet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalgourmet.com/destinations/belgium/backgrounder.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgium&rft.pub=Global+Gourmet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalgourmet.com%2Fdestinations%2Fbelgium%2Fbackgrounder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> Republished from<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Waerebeek,_RuthRobbins,_Maria1996" class="citation book cs1">Van Waerebeek, Ruth; Robbins, Maria (October 1996). Everybody Eats Well in Belgium Cookbook. Workman Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56305-411-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56305-411-2"><bdi>978-1-56305-411-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everybody+Eats+Well+in+Belgium+Cookbook&rft.pub=Workman+Publishing&rft.date=1996-10&rft.isbn=978-1-56305-411-2&rft.au=Van+Waerebeek%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Robbins%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2019" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, Julia (6 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2014-09-08/10-things-you-should-eat-in-belgium">"10 Traditional Foods to Eat in Belgium—And Where to Try Them"</a>. Condé Nast Traveler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114153156/https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2014-09-08/10-things-you-should-eat-in-belgium">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cond%C3%A9+Nast+Traveler&rft.atitle=10+Traditional+Foods+to+Eat+in+Belgium%E2%80%94And+Where+to+Try+Them&rft.date=2019-07-06&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cntraveler.com%2Fgalleries%2F2014-09-08%2F10-things-you-should-eat-in-belgium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EWmqW-233"><a href="#cite_ref-EWmqW_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009160257/http://www2.resto.be/bib_new.cfm?langue=uk">"The Michelin stars 2007 in Belgium"</a>. Resto.be TM Dreaminvest. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.resto.be/bib_new.cfm?langue=uk">the original</a> on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Michelin+stars+2007+in+Belgium&rft.pub=Resto.be+TM+Dreaminvest&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.resto.be%2Fbib_new.cfm%3Flangue%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6teth-234"><a href="#cite_ref-6teth_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott,_MarkCole,_Geert2000" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Mark & Cole, Geert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belgiumluxembour00loga/page/53">Belgium and Luxembourg</a>. Lonely Planet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belgiumluxembour00loga/page/53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-245-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-245-9"><bdi>978-1-86450-245-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belgium+and+Luxembourg&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86450-245-9&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Mark&rft.au=Cole%2C+Geert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbelgiumluxembour00loga%2Fpage%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BierbijbelNieuwsblad-235"><a href="#cite_ref-BierbijbelNieuwsblad_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnick2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Snick, Chris (18 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605055509/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=G2I3H7IVR">"Nieuwe bierbijbel bundelt alle 1.132 Belgische bieren"</a>. Het Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=G2I3H7IVR">the original</a> on 5 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Het+Nieuwsblad&rft.atitle=Nieuwe+bierbijbel+bundelt+alle+1.132+Belgische+bieren&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft.aulast=Snick&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nieuwsblad.be%2Farticle%2Fdetail.aspx%3Farticleid%3DG2I3H7IVR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BierbijbelKW-236"><a href="#cite_ref-BierbijbelKW_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kw.knack.be/west-vlaanderen/nieuws/algemeen/nieuwe-bierbijbel-met-1-132-belgische-bieren-voorgesteld-in-brugge/article-1195119387827.htm">"Nieuwe bierbijbel met 1.132 Belgische bieren voorgesteld in Brugge"</a>. Krant van West-Vlaanderen (in Dutch). 18 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531221549/http://kw.knack.be/west-vlaanderen/nieuws/algemeen/nieuwe-bierbijbel-met-1-132-belgische-bieren-voorgesteld-in-brugge/article-1195119387827.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Krant+van+West-Vlaanderen&rft.atitle=Nieuwe+bierbijbel+met+1.132+Belgische+bieren+voorgesteld+in+Brugge&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkw.knack.be%2Fwest-vlaanderen%2Fnieuws%2Falgemeen%2Fnieuwe-bierbijbel-met-1-132-belgische-bieren-voorgesteld-in-brugge%2Farticle-1195119387827.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-0BjgZ-237"><a href="#cite_ref-0BjgZ_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmes2009" class="citation news cs1">Ames, Paul (30 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/benelux/090828/st-sixtus-westvleteren-beer">"Buying the World's Best Beer"</a>. Global Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101109221604/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/benelux/090828/st-sixtus-westvleteren-beer">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Post&rft.atitle=Buying+the+World%27s+Best+Beer&rft.date=2009-08-30&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Fdispatch%2Fbenelux%2F090828%2Fst-sixtus-westvleteren-beer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yTWd9-238"><a href="#cite_ref-yTWd9_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie2010" class="citation news cs1">Guthrie, Tyler (11 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2010/08/11/day-trip-to-the-best-beer-in-the-world/">"Day trip to the best beer in the world"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204040743/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-08-11/travel/sc-trav-0810-strip-belgian-bike-trip-20100810_1_westvleteren-beer-day-trip">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Day+trip+to+the+best+beer+in+the+world&rft.date=2010-08-11&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2010%2F08%2F11%2Fday-trip-to-the-best-beer-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IOJxz-239"><a href="#cite_ref-IOJxz_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310004301/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200508/s1435915.htm">"Monks run short of 'world's best' beer"</a>. ABC. Reuters. 12 August 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200508/s1435915.htm">the original</a> on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Monks+run+short+of+%27world%27s+best%27+beer&rft.date=2005-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fnewsitems%2F200508%2Fs1435915.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EpBpi-240"><a href="#cite_ref-EpBpi_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911223542/http://www.inbev.com/press_releases/20070424.1.e.cfm">"InBev dividend 2006: 0.72 euro per share—infobox: About InBev"</a> (Press release). InBev. 24 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inbev.com/press_releases/20070424.1.e.cfm">the original</a> on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2007. <q>InBev is a publicly traded company (<a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a>: INB) based in <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, Belgium. The company's origins date back to 1366, and today it is the leading global brewer by volume.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=InBev+dividend+2006%3A+0.72+euro+per+share%E2%80%94infobox%3A+About+InBev&rft.pub=InBev&rft.date=2007-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inbev.com%2Fpress_releases%2F20070424.1.e.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ch0h8-241"><a href="#cite_ref-ch0h8_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTask,_MarijkeRenson,_Rolandvan_Reusel,_Bart1999" class="citation book cs1">Task, Marijke; Renson, Roland & van Reusel, Bart (1999). "Organised sport in transition: development, structures and trends of sports clubs in Belgium". In Klaus Heinemann (ed.). Sport Clubs in Various European Countries. Schattauer Verlag. pp. 183–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7945-2038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7945-2038-1"><bdi>978-3-7945-2038-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Organised+sport+in+transition%3A+development%2C+structures+and+trends+of+sports+clubs+in+Belgium&rft.btitle=Sport+Clubs+in+Various+European+Countries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.pub=Schattauer+Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-7945-2038-1&rft.au=Task%2C+Marijke&rft.au=Renson%2C+Roland&rft.au=van+Reusel%2C+Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116150111/http://www.sport-adeps.be/">"Portail officiel du sport en fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles"</a> [Official sports portal in the Wallonia-Brussels Federation]. sport-adeps.be (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sport-adeps.be/">the original</a> on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sport-adeps.be&rft.atitle=Portail+officiel+du+sport+en+f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+Wallonie-Bruxelles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sport-adeps.be%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sport.vlaanderen/">"Doe aan sport"</a> [Do sports]. Sport.Vlaanderen (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103121617/https://www.sport.vlaanderen/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sport.Vlaanderen&rft.atitle=Doe+aan+sport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sport.vlaanderen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tR60q-244"><a href="#cite_ref-tR60q_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWingfield,_George2008" class="citation book cs1">Wingfield, George (2008). Charles F. Gritzner (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belgium00wing/page/94">Belgium</a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belgium00wing/page/94">94–95</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9670-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9670-3"><bdi>978-0-7910-9670-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belgium&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-9670-3&rft.au=Wingfield%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbelgium00wing%2Fpage%2F94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DM5hq-245"><a href="#cite_ref-DM5hq_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendricks,_Kelly2014" class="citation news cs1">Hendricks, Kelly (20 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xpats.com/belgiums-10-most-popular-sports">"Belgium's 10 most popular sports"</a>. The Bulletin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141122130743/http://www.xpats.com/belgiums-10-most-popular-sports">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Belgium%27s+10+most+popular+sports&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft.au=Hendricks%2C+Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xpats.com%2Fbelgiums-10-most-popular-sports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fmads-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Fmads_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160626094459/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/news/y%3D2015/m%3D11/news%3Dbelgium-go-top-chile-and-austria-soar-2730157.html">"Belgium go top, Chile and Austria soar"</a>. FIFA. 5 November 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/news/y=2015/m=11/news=belgium-go-top-chile-and-austria-soar-2730157.html">the original</a> on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Belgium+go+top%2C+Chile+and+Austria+soar&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Ffifa-world-ranking%2Fnews%2Fy%3D2015%2Fm%3D11%2Fnews%3Dbelgium-go-top-chile-and-austria-soar-2730157.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/ranking/news/newsid=1351535.html">Team of the Year Award 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101218180552/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/ranking/news/newsid%3D1351535.html">Archived</a> 18 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the FIFA website </li> <li id="cite_note-rFgQf-248"><a href="#cite_ref-rFgQf_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajendie,_Matt2005" class="citation news cs1">Majendie, Matt (18 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/3925265.stm">"Great, but there are greater"</a>. BBC Sport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824143546/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/3925265.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2007. <q>[the Author's] top five [cyclists] of all time: 1 Eddy Merckx, 2 <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Hinault" title="Bernard Hinault">Bernard Hinault</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Lance_Armstrong" title="Lance Armstrong">Lance Armstrong</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Indurain" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Indurain">Miguel Indurain</a>, 5 <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Anquetil" title="Jacques Anquetil">Jacques Anquetil</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Great%2C+but+there+are+greater&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft.au=Majendie%2C+Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Fother_sports%2Fcycling%2F3925265.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rCTsM-249"><a href="#cite_ref-rCTsM_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods,_Bob2008" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Bob (2008). 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Retrieved 7 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution&rft.pub=Federal+Parliament+Belgium&rft.date=1997-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fed-parl.be%2Fconstitution_uk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701233100/http://www.statbel.fgov.be/port/cou_eu_en.asp#BE">"Country Portal – Europe—Belgium"</a>. Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Economy—Directorate-general Statistics Belgium. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statbel.fgov.be/port/cou_eu_en.asp#BE">the original</a> on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Portal+%E2%80%93+Europe%E2%80%94Belgium&rft.pub=Belgian+Federal+Government+Service+%28ministry%29+of+Economy%E2%80%94Directorate-general+Statistics+Belgium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Fport%2Fcou_eu_en.asp%23BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer,_Kathrin1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fischer, Kathrin (21 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070720161347/http://www.geogr.uni-goettingen.de/kus/personen/euregio/emr99-21.htm">"Die Stellung und Rolle der deutschsprachigen Minderheit in Ostbelgien innerhalb des belgischen Nationalstaats"</a>. Kleiner Geländekurs in die Euregio Maas-Rhein (in German). Geographical Institute of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> (Department Culture and Social Geography), Göttingen, Germany. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geogr.uni-goettingen.de/kus/personen/euregio/emr99-21.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kleiner+Gel%C3%A4ndekurs+in+die+Euregio+Maas-Rhein&rft.atitle=Die+Stellung+und+Rolle+der+deutschsprachigen+Minderheit+in+Ostbelgien+innerhalb+des+belgischen+Nationalstaats&rft.date=1999-07-21&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Kathrin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geogr.uni-goettingen.de%2Fkus%2Fpersonen%2Feuregio%2Femr99-21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/xbelgium.html">"History of Belgium"</a>. World History at KMLA. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy (KMLA). 30 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706215841/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/xbelgium.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+at+KMLA&rft.atitle=History+of+Belgium&rft.date=2007-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zum.de%2Fwhkmla%2Fregion%2Flowcountries%2Fxbelgium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssens,_Rudi2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Janssens, Rudi (1 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/bt8download.pdf">Brusselse Thema's in Brussel—Taalverhoudingen, taalverschuivingen en taalindentiteit in een meertalige stad – summary The Use of Languages in Brussels</a> (PDF) (in Dutch). Vrije Universiteit Brussel Press, Brussels. pp. 227–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-293-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-293-1"><bdi>978-90-5487-293-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605012657/http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/bt8download.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brusselse+Thema%27s+in+Brussel%E2%80%94Taalverhoudingen%2C+taalverschuivingen+en+taalindentiteit+in+een+meertalige+stad+%E2%80%93+summary+The+Use+of+Languages+in+Brussels&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.pub=Vrije+Universiteit+Brussel+Press%2C+Brussels&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft.isbn=978-90-5487-293-1&rft.au=Janssens%2C+Rudi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.briobrussel.be%2Fassets%2Fbt8download.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclerc,_Jacques2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leclerc, Jacques (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070608172452/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/belgiqueacc.htm">"Belgique • België • Belgien"</a>. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde (in French). Host: Trésor de la langue française au Québec (TLFQ), <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a>, Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/belgiqueacc.htm">the original</a> on 8 June 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27am%C3%A9nagement+linguistique+dans+le+monde&rft.atitle=Belgique+%E2%80%A2+Belgi%C3%AB+%E2%80%A2+Belgien&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Leclerc%2C+Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlfq.ulaval.ca%2Faxl%2Feurope%2Fbelgiqueacc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMnookin,_RobertVerbeke,_Alain2006" class="citation news cs1">Mnookin, Robert; Verbeke, Alain (20 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/2006/12/20_mnookin.php">"Bye bye Belgium?"</a>. International Herald Tribune, republished by <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321151959/http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/2006/12/20_mnookin.php">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bye+bye+Belgium%3F&rft.date=2006-12-20&rft.au=Mnookin%2C+Robert&rft.au=Verbeke%2C+Alain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.harvard.edu%2Fnews%2F2006%2F12%2F20_mnookin.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988">—Reflections on nations and nation-state developments regarding Belgium</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster,_Paul2005" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, Paul (23 December 2005). A History of the Low Countries. Palgrave Essential Histories (Hardcover 312pp ed.). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4827-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4827-4"><bdi>978-1-4039-4827-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Low+Countries&rft.series=Palgrave+Essential+Histories&rft.edition=Hardcover+312pp&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan%2C+New+York&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-4827-4&rft.au=Arblaster%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlom,_J._C._H.Lamberts,_Emiel1999" class="citation book cs1">Blom, J. C. H.; Lamberts, Emiel, eds. (May 1999). History of the Low Countries. Translated by Kennedy, James C. (Hardcover 503pp ed.). Berghahn Books, Oxford/New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-084-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-084-7"><bdi>978-1-57181-084-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Low+Countries&rft.edition=Hardcover+503pp&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books%2C+Oxford%2FNew+York&rft.date=1999-05&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-084-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCammaerts,_Émile_L.1921" class="citation book cs1">Cammaerts, Émile L. (1921) [1913]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924027038417">A History of Belgium from the Roman Invasion to the Present Day</a> (357pp ed.). D. Appleton and Co, New York. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00085PM0A">B00085PM0A</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1525559">1525559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Belgium+from+the+Roman+Invasion+to+the+Present+Day&rft.edition=357pp&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Co%2C+New+York&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1525559&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00085PM0A%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Cammaerts%2C+%C3%89mile+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924027038417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> [Also editions [1913], London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29072911">29072911</a>; (1921) D. Unwin and Co., New York <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9625246">9625246</a> also published (1921) as Belgium from the Roman invasion to the present day, The Story of the nations, 67, T. Fisher Unwin, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2986704">2986704</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Kavanagh_BoulgerDemetrius_C.2001" class="citation book cs1">de Kavanagh Boulger; Demetrius C. (28 June 2001) [1902]. The History of Belgium: Part 1. Cæsar to Waterloo. Elibron Classics (Paperback 493pp ed.). Adamant Media (<a href="/wiki/Delaware_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware corporation">Delaware corporation</a>), Boston, Massachusetts, United States. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6714-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6714-0"><bdi>978-1-4021-6714-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Belgium%3A+Part+1.+C%C3%A6sar+to+Waterloo&rft.series=Elibron+Classics&rft.edition=Paperback+493pp&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+%28Delaware+corporation%29%2C+Boston%2C+Massachusetts%2C+United+States&rft.date=2001-06-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4021-6714-0&rft.au=de+Kavanagh+Boulger&rft.au=Demetrius+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> Facsimile reprint of a 1902 edition by the author, London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIb.2001" class="citation book cs1">Ib. (June 2001) [1909]. Ib. Part 2. 1815–1865. Waterloo to the Death of Leopold I (Paperback 462pp ed.). Ib. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6713-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6713-3"><bdi>978-1-4021-6713-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ib.+Part+2.+1815%E2%80%931865.+Waterloo+to+the+Death+of+Leopold+I&rft.edition=Paperback+462pp&rft.pub=Ib&rft.date=2001-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4021-6713-3&rft.au=Ib.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"> Facsimile reprint of a 1909 edition by the author, London</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fitzmaurice" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzmaurice_(writer)" title="John Fitzmaurice (writer)">Fitzmaurice, John</a> (1996). The Politics of Belgium: A Unique Federalism. Nations of the modern world (Paperback 284pp ed.). Boulder, Colorado, US: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2386-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2386-2"><bdi>978-0-8133-2386-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30112536">30112536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Belgium%3A+A+Unique+Federalism&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado%2C+US&rft.series=Nations+of+the+modern+world&rft.edition=Paperback+284pp&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30112536&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-2386-2&rft.au=Fitzmaurice%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossmann-Putto,_Johanna_A.Kossmann_Ernst_H.1993" class="citation book cs1">Kossmann-Putto, Johanna A.; <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kossmann" title="Ernst Kossmann">Kossmann Ernst H.</a> (January 1993) [1987]. Deleu Jozef H. M. (ed.). The Low Countries: History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands. Translated by Fenoulhet Jane. De Lage Landen: geschiedenis van de Noordelijke en Zuidelijke Nederlanden. Vlaams-Nederlandse Stichting <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ons_Erfdeel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ons Erfdeel (page does not exist)">Ons Erfdeel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rekkem" title="Rekkem">Rekkem</a> (3rd Rev. edition Paperback 64pp ed.). Flemish-Netherlands Foundation Stichting Ons Erfdeel, Rekkem, Belgium. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-70831-20-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-70831-20-2"><bdi>978-90-70831-20-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Low+Countries%3A+History+of+the+Northern+and+Southern+Netherlands&rft.edition=3rd+Rev.+edition+Paperback+64pp&rft.pub=Flemish-Netherlands+Foundation+Stichting+Ons+Erfdeel%2C+Rekkem%2C+Belgium&rft.date=1993-01&rft.isbn=978-90-70831-20-2&rft.au=Kossmann-Putto%2C+Johanna+A.&rft.au=Kossmann+Ernst+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> (Several editions in English, incl. (1997) 7th ed.) </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Belgium at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Belgium" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Belgium">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB_/_Belgique_/_Belgien" class="extiw" title="c:België / Belgique / Belgien">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Belgium" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Belgium">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Belgium" class="extiw" title="q:Belgium">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Belgium" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Belgium">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Belgium" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Belgium">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Belgium" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Belgium">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Belgium" class="extiw" title="voy:Belgium">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monarchie.be/">Official site of the Belgian monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belgium.be/">Official site of the Belgian federal government</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belgium/">Belgium</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084449/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/belgium.htm">Belgium</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/be/">Belgium</a> information from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/belgium/be.html">Portals to the World</a> from the United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17205436">Belgium profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index.asp?lang=en&iso3=BEL&subj=1&paia=">FAO Country Profiles: Belgium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_22_1.asp">Statistical Profile of Belgium at the Association of Religion Data Archives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028171157/http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_22_1.asp">Archived</a> 28 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Belgium" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Belgium">Wikimedia Atlas of Belgium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BE">Key Development Forecasts for Belgium</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitbelgium.com/">Official Site of the Belgian Tourist Office in the Americas and GlobeScope</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belgium_articles574" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belgium_topics" title="Template:Belgium topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belgium_topics" title="Template talk:Belgium topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belgium_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belgium topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belgium_articles574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Belgium-related_articles" title="Index of Belgium-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="Belgium in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_and_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Belgium and the Franco-Prussian War">Crisis of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_overseas_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian overseas colonies">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Royal_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Royal Question">Royal Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_reform_in_Belgium" title="State reform in Belgium">State reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belgium" title="Geography of Belgium">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Belgium">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Belgium">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Belgium" title="List of lakes of Belgium">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_Belgium" title="List of mountains and hills in Belgium">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Belgium" title="List of rivers of Belgium">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belgium" title="Elections in Belgium">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Belgium)" title="Council of Ministers (Belgium)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belgium" title="Foreign relations of Belgium">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belgium" title="Human rights in Belgium">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Belgium">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Belgium" title="Law of Belgium">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belgium" title="Law enforcement in Belgium">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Belgium" title="Judiciary of Belgium">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces" title="Belgian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Belgium">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis">2008–2009 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Belgium" title="Banking in Belgium">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belgium" title="Energy in Belgium">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Belgium" title="Tourism in Belgium">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Belgium" title="List of trade unions in Belgium">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium" title="Transport in Belgium">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Belgium" title="Rail transport in Belgium">Rail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Belgium" title="Science and technology in Belgium">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Belgium" title="Category:Society of Belgium">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belgium" title="Abortion in Belgium">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Belgium" title="Crime in Belgium">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belgium" title="Demographics of Belgium">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belgium" title="Healthcare in Belgium">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Belgium" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Belgium" title="Irreligion in Belgium">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Belgian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Belgium">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Belgium" title="Prostitution in Belgium">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium#Architecture" title="Culture of Belgium">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Belgium" title="Art of Belgium">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Belgium" title="Beer in Belgium">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_waffle" title="Belgian waffle">waffle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Belgium" title="Flag of Belgium">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_literature" title="Belgian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Belgium" title="Public holidays in Belgium">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Belgium" title="Sport in Belgium">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Belgium" title="Television in Belgium">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belgium" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Belgium">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Belgium" title="Outline of Belgium">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Belgium-related_articles" title="Index of Belgium-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belgium" title="Category:Belgium">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belgian_Revolution_and_the_independence_of_Belgium_(1830–1839)296" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belgian_Revolution_of_1830" title="Template:Belgian Revolution of 1830"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belgian_Revolution_of_1830" title="Template talk:Belgian Revolution of 1830"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian_Revolution_of_1830" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian Revolution of 1830"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belgian_Revolution_and_the_independence_of_Belgium_(1830–1839)296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> and the independence of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a> (1830–1839)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Belgian Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Rattachism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Orangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_muette_de_Portici" title="La muette de Portici">La muette de Portici</a> (August 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Braban%C3%A7onne" title="La Brabançonne">La Brabançonne</a> (August 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium" title="Provisional Government of Belgium">Provisional Government of Belgium</a> (September 1830 – February 1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Belgium" title="National Congress of Belgium">National Congress of Belgium</a> (November 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Constitution of Belgium</a> (February 1831)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">First Belgian monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasme_Louis_Surlet_de_Chokier" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier">Érasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a>; February 1831 – July 1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Belgians">King of the Belgians</a>; July 1831 – December 1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Niellon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Niellon (page does not exist)">Charles Niellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dechet" title="Alexandre Dechet">Alexandre Dechet (Jenneval)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_de_M%C3%A9rode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric de Mérode (page does not exist)">Frédéric de Mérode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Van_Halen" title="Juan Van Halen">Juan Van Halen</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_National_Congress_of_Belgium" title="List of members of the National Congress of Belgium">List of members of the National Congress</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium" title="Provisional Government of Belgium">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Gendebien" title="Alexandre Gendebien">Alexandre Gendebien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolly" title="André Jolly">André Jolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rogier" title="Charles Rogier">Charles Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Potter" title="Louis de Potter">Louis de Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Van_de_Weyer" title="Sylvain Van de Weyer">Sylvain Van de Weyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feuillien_de_Coppin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feuillien de Coppin (page does not exist)">Feuillien de Coppin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_M%C3%A9rode" title="Félix de Mérode">Félix de Mérode</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Vanderlinden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Vanderlinden (page does not exist)">Joseph Vanderlinden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Van_der_Linden_d%27Hooghvorst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst (page does not exist)">Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">de Gerlache Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Constantin_de_Gerlache" title="Étienne Constantin de Gerlache">Étienne Constantin de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Brouck%C3%A8re" title="Charles de Brouckère">Charles de Brouckère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Gendebien" title="Alexandre Gendebien">Alexandre Gendebien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Joseph_Goblet_d%27Alviella" title="Albert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella">Albert Goblet d'Alviella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Van_de_Weyer" title="Sylvain Van de Weyer">Sylvain Van de Weyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Lebeau I Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lebeau" title="Joseph Lebeau">Joseph Lebeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Sauvage" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne de Sauvage">Étienne de Sauvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Brouck%C3%A8re" title="Charles de Brouckère">Charles de Brouckère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Devaux" title="Paul Devaux">Paul Devaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">King William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">Prince William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days%27_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Days' Campaign">Ten Days' Campaign (August 1831)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1832)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1832)">Siege of Antwerp (1832)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1830" title="London Conference of 1830">London Conference of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Eighteen_Articles" title="Treaty of the Eighteen Articles">Treaty of the Eighteen Articles (1831)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London (1839)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Maastricht_(1843)" title="Treaty of Maastricht (1843)">Treaty of Maastricht (1843)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Rhine" title="Iron Rhine">Iron Rhine Treaty (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5F5DC;">Monuments and honours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Martyrs_of_the_1830_Revolution" title="Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution">Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Column" title="Congress Column">Congress Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Guard_Merit_Medal" title="Civic Guard Merit Medal">Civic Guard Merit Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830_Star_of_Honour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1830 Star of Honour (page does not exist)">1830 Star of Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross_(Belgium)" title="Iron Cross (Belgium)">Iron Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_Volunteers%27_Commemorative_Cross" title="1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross">1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe1244" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe1244" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union324" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union324" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="540" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)514" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)514" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)248" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OSCE" title="Template:OSCE"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OSCE" title="Template talk:OSCE"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)248" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners for Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations: OSCE-participating States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Armenia–OSCE relations">Armenia–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Azerbaijan–OSCE relations">Azerbaijan–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Italy_to_OSCE" title="List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE">List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_OSCE" title="List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE">List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mission_to_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies and posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Conciliation_and_Arbitration" title="Court of Conciliation and Arbitration">Court of Conciliation and Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_on_National_Minorities" title="High Commissioner on National Minorities">Commissioner on National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Representative_on_Freedom_of_the_Media" title="OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media">Representative on Freedom of the Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Presence_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Presence in Albania (page does not exist)">Presence in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="OSCE Mission in Kosovo">Mission in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Montenegro (page does not exist)">Mission to Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Moldova (page does not exist)">Mission to Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Serbia (page does not exist)">Mission to Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Skopje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Skopje (page does not exist)">Mission to Skopje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Centre_in_Ashgabat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Centre in Ashgabat (page does not exist)">Centre in Ashgabat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Programme_Office_in_Astana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Programme Office in Astana (page does not exist)">Programme Office in Astana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Programme_Office_in_Bishkek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Programme Office in Bishkek (page does not exist)">Programme Office in Bishkek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Programme_Office_in_Dushanbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Programme Office in Dushanbe (page does not exist)">Programme Office in Dushanbe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Project_Co-ordinator_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_Representatives_of_the_OSCE_Chairperson-in-Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Personal Representatives of the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office (page does not exist)">Personal Representatives of the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">Needs Assessment Team in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_to_Croatia" title="OSCE Mission to Croatia">Mission to Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Verification_Mission" title="Kosovo Verification Mission">Kosovo Verification Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Initiative" title="Community Security Initiative">Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dutch_Language_Union56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_Language_Union" title="Template:Dutch Language Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_Language_Union" title="Template talk:Dutch Language Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_Language_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch Language Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch_Language_Union56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dictionary">Dutch dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish language">Flemish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Benelux56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benelux_countries" title="Template:Benelux countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benelux_countries" title="Template talk:Benelux countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benelux_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benelux countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Benelux56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Benelux_schematic_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Benelux countries with flag colours" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Benelux_schematic_map.svg/50px-Benelux_schematic_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Benelux_schematic_map.svg/75px-Benelux_schematic_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Benelux_schematic_map.svg/100px-Benelux_schematic_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Benelux_Parliament" title="Benelux Parliament">Benelux Parliament</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Benelux" title="Flag of Benelux">Flag of Benelux</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3359" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123536287">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144248059">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210278/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRBTwKRX6RVxHCgVWBGB">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4005406-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80126041">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238382r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238382r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560624">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35653982">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128735&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450597">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/115603">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90066653">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=2020">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8b9nqg4r1hd2b">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559777605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616807906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/5b8a5ee5-0bb3-34cf-9a75-c27c44e341fc">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01365333?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/224202ad-6456-4de3-afb7-30e721f5f594">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1028458">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/XDXAFnUJ">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026360608">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003349">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035761">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=39061">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/belcika">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belgium&params=50_50_N_4_00_E_type:country_region:BE">50°50′N 4°00′E / 50.833°N 4.000°E / 50.833; 4.000</a>    </div><noscript><img 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