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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frederick_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frederick_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Frederick I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frederick_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>William I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Charles I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>William II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_Civil_Servants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_Civil_Servants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Prominent Civil Servants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_Civil_Servants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Swine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruit_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruit_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Fruit trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruit_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Württemberg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="مملكة فورتمبيرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة فورتمبيرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Wurtemberg" title="Reinu de Wurtemberg – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu de Wurtemberg" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="وورتمبرق شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وورتمبرق شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Württemberg Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Württemberg Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Кралство Вюртемберг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Вюртемберг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Rouantelezh Württemberg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Regne de Württemberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttembersk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Württemberské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Württemberské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kongeriget Württemberg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Königreich Württemberg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttembergi_kuningriik" title="Württembergi kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Württembergi kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CF%85%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Βυρτεμβέργης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Βυρτεμβέργης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Wurtemberg" title="Reino de Wurtemberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Wurtemberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttembergeko_Erresuma" title="Württembergeko Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Württembergeko Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="پادشاهی وورتمبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی وورتمبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Wurtemberg" title="Royaume de Wurtemberg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Wurtemberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ACoghachd_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Rìoghachd Württemberg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rìoghachd Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Reino de Württemberg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B7%94%EB%A5%B4%ED%85%9C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="뷔르템베르크 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뷔르템베르크 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վյուրտեմբերգի թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վյուրտեմբերգի թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kraljevina Württemberg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kerajaan Württemberg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Regno di Württemberg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92" title="ממלכת וירטמברג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת וירטמברג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ვიურტემბერგის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიურტემბერგის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Virtembergiae" title="Regnum Virtembergiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Virtembergiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttembergi_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Württembergi Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Württembergi Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Кралство Виртемберг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Виртемберг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%DA%A4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="مملكة ڤورتيمبيرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة ڤورتيمبيرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kerajaan Württemberg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Вюртембергийн хаант улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вюртембергийн хаант улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Koninkrijk Württemberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="ヴュルテンベルク王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴュルテンベルク王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriket_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kongeriket Württemberg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongeriket Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyurtemberg_Qirolligi" title="Vyurtemberg Qirolligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vyurtemberg Qirolligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ورتمبرگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ورتمبرگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Wirtembergii" title="Królestwo Wirtembergii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Wirtembergii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Reino de Württemberg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Regatul Württemberg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Королевство Вюртемберг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Вюртемберг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A4%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="شانشینی ڤویرتمبێرگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانشینی ڤویرتمبێرگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttembergin_kuningaskunta" title="Württembergin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Württembergin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kungariket Württemberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84" title="ราชอาณาจักรเวือร์ทเทิมแบร์ค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรเวือร์ทเทิมแบร์ค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Württemberg Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Württemberg Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вюртемберзьке королівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вюртемберзьке королівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="مملکت وورٹمبرگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت وورٹمبرگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Vương quốc Württemberg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="符騰堡王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="符騰堡王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159631#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Kingdom in Central Europe and of the German Empire (1806–1918)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Württemberg</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Königreich Württemberg</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1806–1918</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Württemberg"><img alt="Flag of Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/125px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/188px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/250px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Flag of Baden-Württemberg">Flag of Württemberg (1817–1918)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_1817-1921.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Württemberg"><img alt="Coat of arms of Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_1817-1921.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_1817-1921.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_1817-1921.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_1817-1921.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_1817-1921.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_1817-1921.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="734" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Coat of arms of Württemberg"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i>Furchtlos und treu</i><br />"Fearless and loyal"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberger_Hymne" title="Württemberger Hymne">Württemberger Hymne</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"Württemberg Anthem"</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurttemberg_in_the_German_Reich_(1871).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Württemberg within the German Empire"><img alt="The Kingdom of Württemberg within the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wurttemberg_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg/250px-Wurttemberg_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wurttemberg_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg/375px-Wurttemberg_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wurttemberg_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg/500px-Wurttemberg_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of Württemberg within the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KgrWuerttemberg.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Württemberg"><img alt="Location of Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/KgrWuerttemberg.png/250px-KgrWuerttemberg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/KgrWuerttemberg.png/375px-KgrWuerttemberg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/KgrWuerttemberg.png/500px-KgrWuerttemberg.png 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1968" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Electorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1805–1806)</span></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1806–1813)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">Member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1815–1866)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Empire" title="States of the German Empire">Federal State</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1871–1918)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Lutheran_Church_in_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg">Protestant</a> (state religion)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberger" title="Württemberger">Württemberger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="List of monarchs of Württemberg">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1805–1816 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1816–1864 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="William I of Württemberg">William I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1864–1891 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles I of Württemberg">Charles I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1891–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="William II of Württemberg">William II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers-president_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg#Ministers-President_of_the_Kingdom_of_Württemberg_(1821–1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers-president of Baden-Württemberg">Minister-President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1821–1831 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_von_Otto" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian von Otto">Christian von Otto</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Liesching" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Liesching">Theodor Liesching</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Upper Chamber</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C3%BCrttemberg_House_of_Lords&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Württemberg House of Lords (page does not exist)">Herrenhaus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Lower Chamber</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abgeordnetenhaus_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abgeordnetenhaus (Württemberg) (page does not exist)">Abgeordnetenhaus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Elevated to kingdom </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1806</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution">German Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 November 1918</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Geography of Württemberg">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1813</th><td class="infobox-data">19,508 km<sup>2</sup> (7,532 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Württemberg">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1812 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,379,501</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1910 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,437,574</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_gulden" title="Württemberg gulden">Württemberg gulden</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1806–1873)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_gold_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German gold mark">German gold mark</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1873–1914)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Papiermark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Papiermark">German Papiermark</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–1918)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/20px-Wurttflag.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/30px-Wurttflag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/40px-Wurttflag.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Electorate of Württemberg">Electorate of Württemberg</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Free People's State of Württemberg</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/20px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/40px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Württemberg</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Königreich Württemberg</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˌkøːnɪkʁaɪç<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvʏʁtəmbɛʁk]</a></span>) was a German state that existed from 1806 to 1918, located within the area that is now <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>. The kingdom was a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Electorate of Württemberg">Electorate of Württemberg</a>, which existed from 1803 to 1806. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The borders of the Kingdom of Württemberg, as defined in 1813, lay between 47°34' and 49°35' north and 8°15' and 10°30' east. The greatest distance north to south was 225 kilometres (140 mi) and the greatest east to west was 160 km (99 mi). The border had a total length of 1,800 km (1,100 mi) and the total area of the state was 19,508 km<sup>2</sup> (7,532 sq mi). </p><p>The kingdom had borders with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> on the east and south, with <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a> in the north, west, and south. The southern part surrounded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> on most of its sides and touched on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Württemberg">History of Württemberg</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frederick_I">Frederick I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Frederick I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frederick III, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Württemberg">Duke of Württemberg</a> (1754–1816; succeeded: 1797), assumed the title of King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I</a> on 1 January 1806. He abrogated the constitution, and united <a href="/wiki/Old_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Old Württemberg">Old</a> and New Württemberg. Subsequently, he placed the property of the church under government control,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and greatly extended the borders of the kingdom by the process of <a href="/wiki/German_Mediatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="German Mediatisation">mediatisation</a>. </p><p>In 1806, Frederick joined the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> and received further territory with 160,000 inhabitants. Later, by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Peace of Vienna</a> of October 1809, about 110,000 more people came under his rule. In return for these favours, Frederick joined French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in his campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. Of the 16,000 of his subjects who marched to Moscow, only a few hundred returned. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> in October 1813, Frederick deserted the French emperor and, by a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fulda" title="Treaty of Fulda">treaty</a> with <a href="/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich">Metternich</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a> in November 1813, he secured the confirmation of his royal title and of his recent acquisitions of territory. Meanwhile, his troops marched into France with the allies. In 1815, the king joined the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> made no change to the extent of his lands. In the same year, he laid before the representatives of his people the outline of a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, but they rejected it, and in the midst of the commotion that ensued, Frederick died on 30 October 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_I">William I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: William I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C3%BCrttembergische_K%C3%B6nigskrone-MFr-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/W%C3%BCrttembergische_K%C3%B6nigskrone-MFr-3.jpg/220px-W%C3%BCrttembergische_K%C3%B6nigskrone-MFr-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/W%C3%BCrttembergische_K%C3%B6nigskrone-MFr-3.jpg/330px-W%C3%BCrttembergische_K%C3%B6nigskrone-MFr-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/W%C3%BCrttembergische_K%C3%B6nigskrone-MFr-3.jpg/440px-W%C3%BCrttembergische_K%C3%B6nigskrone-MFr-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="2317" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Württemberg">Crown of Württemberg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Frederick was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="William I of Württemberg">William I</a> (1781–1864; succeeded: 1816), who after much discussion, granted a new constitution in September 1819. This constitution (with subsequent modifications) remained in force until 1918. The desire for greater political freedom did not entirely fade under the constitution of 1819, and after 1830, some transitory unrest occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A period of quiet set in and the condition of the kingdom, and its education, agriculture, trade, and economy improved. Both in public and in private matters, William's frugality helped to repair the country's shattered finances. The inclusion of Württemberg in the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i></span> and the construction of railways fostered trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858–859_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858–859-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutionary movement of 1848</a> did not leave Württemberg untouched, although no violence took place in the territory. William had to dismiss <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Schlayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Schlayer (page does not exist)">Johannes Schlayer</a> (1792–1860) and his other ministers, and appoint men with more liberal ideas, proponents of a <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">united Germany</a>. William proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> constitution, but as soon as the movement had spent its force, he dismissed the liberal ministers, and in October 1849, Schlayer and his associates returned to power. In 1851, by interfering with popular electoral rights, the king and his ministers succeeded in assembling a servile <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">diet</a> that surrendered the privileges gained since 1848. In this way, the authorities restored the constitution of 1819 and power passed into bureaucratic hands. A <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordat</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> proved almost the last act of William's long reign, but the diet repudiated the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles_I">Charles I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Charles I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers_b16_s0772a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Meyers_b16_s0772a.jpg/220px-Meyers_b16_s0772a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Meyers_b16_s0772a.jpg/330px-Meyers_b16_s0772a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Meyers_b16_s0772a.jpg/440px-Meyers_b16_s0772a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Kingdom of Württemberg and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Province of Hohenzollern</a> in 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1864, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles I of Württemberg">Charles I</a> (1823–1891; succeeded: 1864) succeeded his father William as king and almost at once had to face considerable difficulties. In the competition between Austria and Prussia for supremacy in Germany, William had consistently taken the Austrian side and the new king continued this policy. In 1866, Württemberg took up arms on behalf of Austria in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, but three weeks after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Battle of Königgrätz">Battle of Königgrätz</a> (3 July 1866), the allies suffered a comprehensive defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tauberbischofsheim" title="Battle of Tauberbischofsheim">Battle of Tauberbischofsheim</a>. The Prussians occupied northern Württemberg and negotiated a peace in August 1866. Württemberg paid an indemnity of 8,000,000 gulden, and concluded a secret offensive and defensive treaty with its conqueror.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Württemberg was a party to the <a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">1864 Geneva Convention</a> and the <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Declaration_of_1868" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg Declaration of 1868">St Petersburg Declaration of 1868</a>. </p><p>The end of the struggle against Prussia allowed a renewal of democratic agitation in Württemberg, but this had achieved no tangible results when the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">war</a> broke out in 1870. Although Württemberg had continued to be antagonistic to Prussia, the kingdom shared in the national enthusiasm that swept over Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Army_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Army of Württemberg">Army of Württemberg</a> played a creditable part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rth" title="Battle of Wörth">Battle of Wörth</a> and in other operations of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1871, Württemberg became a member of the new <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, but retained control of its own <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphs</a>, and railways. It also had certain special privileges with regard to taxation and maintained its army autonomously within the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a>. For the next 10 years, Württemberg enthusiastically supported the new order. Many important reforms ensued, especially in the area of finance, but a proposal to unify the railway system with that of the rest of Germany failed. After reductions in taxation in 1889, changes to the constitution were considered. Charles wished to strengthen the conservative element in the chambers, but the laws of 1874, 1876, and 1879 effected only a slight amount of change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_II">William II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: William II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When King Charles died suddenly on 6 October 1891, he was succeeded by his nephew, <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="William II of Württemberg">William II</a> (1848–1921; succeeded: 1891), who continued Charles' policies. Constitutional discussions continued and the election of 1895 returned a powerful party of democrats. William had no sons, nor had his only <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> kinsman, Duke <a href="/wiki/Duke_Nicholas_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duke Nicholas of Württemberg">Nicholas</a> (1833–1903). Consequently, power was due to pass to a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> branch of the family, raising difficulties concerning the relations between church and state. As of 1910, the heir to the throne was Duke <a href="/wiki/Albrecht,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg">Albert</a> (born 1865) of the <a href="/wiki/Altshausen" title="Altshausen">Altshausen</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An older Catholic line, that of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Urach" title="Duke of Urach">Duke of Urach</a>, was bypassed as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Morganatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Morganatic">morganatic</a> marriage contracted in 1800. A Protestant morganatic line included <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a>, who married <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> of the United Kingdom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>King William <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicated</a> on 30 November 1918, following Germany's defeat in the First World War, ending a dynasty that had lasted 837 years. The kingdom was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Free People's State of Württemberg</a>. After World War II, Württemberg was divided between the <a href="/wiki/American-occupied_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="American-occupied zone of Germany">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="French occupation zone in Germany">French</a> occupation zones and became part of two new states: <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a>. These two states merged with <a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a> in 1952 to become the modern <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution">Constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingdom of Württemberg functioned as a constitutional monarchy within the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, with four votes in the Federal Council (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_(German_Empire)" title="Bundesrat (German Empire)">Bundesrat</a></i>) and 17 in the Imperial Diet (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a></i>). The constitution rested on a law of 1819, amended in 1868, 1874, and 1906. The king received a <a href="/wiki/Civil_list" title="Civil list">civil list</a> (annual grant) equivalent to 103,227 pounds sterling in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom possessed a centuries-old <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral legislature</a> known generally in English as the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Estates of Württemberg">Estates of Württemberg</a>. The upper chamber (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Standesherren</i>) comprised: </p> <ul><li>Adult princes of the blood</li> <li>Heads of noble families from the rank of count (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Graf</i>) upwards</li> <li>Representatives of territories (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Standesherrschaften</i>) that possessed votes in the old German Imperial Diet or in the local diet</li> <li>Not more than six members nominated by the king</li> <li>Eight members of knightly rank</li> <li>Six ecclesiastical dignitaries</li> <li>One representative of the <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Karls_University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a></li> <li>One representative of the Stuttgart University of Technology</li> <li>Two representatives of commerce and industry</li> <li>Two representatives of agriculture</li> <li>One representative of handicrafts<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The lower house (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Abgeordnetenhaus</i>) had 92 members: </p> <ul><li>The 63 representatives from the administrative divisions (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Oberamtsbezirke</i>)</li> <li>Six representatives from Stuttgart, elected by proportional representation</li> <li>Six representatives, one from each of the six chief provincial towns</li> <li>Seventeen members from the two electoral divisions (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Landeswahlkreise</i>), elected by proportional representation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The king appointed the president of the upper chamber; after 1874, the lower chamber elected its own chairman. Members of each house had to be over 25 years of age. Württemberg parliamentary terms lasted six years and all male citizens over 25 had the right to vote in the ballots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest executive power rested in the hands of the Ministry of State (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Staatsministerium</i>), consisting of six ministers: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ministry of Justice of Württemberg">justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Württemberg">foreign affairs</a> (with the royal household, railways, posts and telegraphs), <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ministry of Interior of Württemberg">interior</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Public_Worship_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Public Worship of Württemberg (page does not exist)">public worship</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Education_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Education of Württemberg (page does not exist)">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ministry of War of Württemberg">war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ministry of Finance of Württemberg">finance</a>. </p><p>The kingdom also had a privy council, consisting of the ministers and some nominated councillors (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">wirkliche Staatsräte</i>), who advised the sovereign. The judges of a special supreme court of justice, called the State Tribunal (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Staatsgerichtshof</i>) functioned as the guardians of the constitution. This court was partly elected by the chambers and partly appointed by the king. Each of the chambers had the right to <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeach</a> ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nation comprised four departments or districts (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kreise</i>), subdivided into 64 divisions (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Oberamtsbezirke</i>), each under a "head man" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Oberamtmann</i>) assisted by a local council (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Amtsversammlung</i>). Each department was headed by its own government (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Regierung</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1900 and 1910, the political history of Württemberg centred on constitutional and educational questions. The constitution was revised in 1906 when Württemberg introduced, before any other German state, the proportional system of election for the Second Chamber of the Diet. The result of the elections of 1906 was such that the two Liberal parties on the one side and the Catholic Centre and the Conservatives on the other were equally strong, so that the Social Democrats held the balance. Subsequent political changes resulted in a keen split between the parties, but the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Karl von Weizsäcker">Karl von Weizsäcker</a> stayed in office until the change in the constitution of the German Empire under <a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden">Prince Maximilian of Baden</a>'s chancellorship in October 1918 compelled the Württemberg Government to give way, and the Weizsäcker Ministry resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Blume19221089–1090_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Blume19221089–1090-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom ended with the abdication of William II in November, but the political system experienced no further convulsions of a serious character, with a constitution that resembled those of the other <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Blume19221090_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Blume19221090-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Authority over the churches resided with the king. So long as he belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_State_Church_in_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical State Church in Württemberg">Evangelical State Church in Württemberg</a>, the king was its guardian. The Protestant Church was controlled (under the Minister of Religion and Education) by a <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Protestantism)" title="Consistory (Protestantism)">consistory</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a>. The consistory comprised a president, 9 councilors, and a general superintendent or <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelate</a> from each of six principal towns. The synod consisted of a representative council including both lay and clerical members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catholic Church in the kingdom was led by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rottenburg-Stuttgart" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rottenburg-Stuttgart">Bishop of Rottenburg-Stuttgart</a>, who answered to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Freiburg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg">Archbishop of Freiburg im Breisgau</a>. Politically, it obeyed a Catholic council that was appointed by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A state-appointed council (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberkirchenbehörde</i></span>) regulated <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> after 1828,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming the Israelite Religious Community of Württemberg (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Israelitische Religionsgemeinschaft Württembergs</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kingdom claimed universal literacy (reading and writing) among citizens over the age of 10 years. Higher education institutions included the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart" title="University of Stuttgart">Stuttgart University of Technology</a>, the veterinary college, and the commercial college at Stuttgart, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hohenheim" title="University of Hohenheim">agricultural college of Hohenheim</a>. Gymnasia and other schools existed in the larger towns, while every <a href="/wiki/Commune_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune (administrative division)">commune</a> had a primary school. Numerous schools and colleges existed for women. Württemberg also had a school of <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a>. The education system was improved in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army">Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Army_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Army of Württemberg">Army of Württemberg</a></div> <p>Under the terms of a military convention of 25 November 1870, the troops of Württemberg formed the <a href="/wiki/XIII_(Royal_W%C3%BCrttemberg)_Corps" title="XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps">XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1873, the kingdom and some neighbouring states used the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_gulden" title="Württemberg gulden"><i>Gulden</i></a>. From 1857, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vereinsthaler" title="Vereinsthaler">Vereinsthaler</a></i> was introduced alongside it, and from 1873 onwards, both were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/German_gold_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German gold mark">gold <i>Mark</i></a>. </p><p>The state revenue for 1909–1910 totalled an estimated amount equivalent at the time to £4,840,520, nearly balanced by expenditure. About one-third of the revenue derived from railways, forests, and mines, about £1,400,000 from direct taxation, and the remainder from indirect taxes, the post office and sundry items. In 1909, the public debt amounted to £29,285,335, of which more than £27,000,000 resulted from railway construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the expenditure, over £900,000 went towards public worship and education, and over £1,200,000 went in interest and debt repayment. The kingdom contributed £660,000 to the treasury of the German Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Population statistics for Württemberg's four departments (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreise</i></span></i>) for 1900 and 1905 appear below:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">District (<i>Kreis</i>) </th> <th colspan="2">Area </th> <th colspan="2">Population </th> <th colspan="2">Density </th></tr> <tr> <th>(sq mi.) </th> <th>(km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>1900 </th> <th>1905 </th> <th>(pop./sq mi.)<br />1905 </th> <th>(pop./km<sup>2</sup>)<br />1905 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neckarkreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neckarkreis (page does not exist)">Neckarkreis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckarkreis" class="extiw" title="de:Neckarkreis">de</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a>) </td> <td align="right">1,286 </td> <td align="right">3,330 </td> <td align="right">745,669 </td> <td align="right">811,478 </td> <td align="right">631 </td> <td align="right">244 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwarzwaldkreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schwarzwaldkreis (page does not exist)">Schwarzwaldkreis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzwaldkreis" class="extiw" title="de:Schwarzwaldkreis">de</a>]</span> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwarzwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzwald">Schwarzwald</a></i></span></i>/Black Forest) </td> <td align="right">1,844 </td> <td align="right">4,780 </td> <td align="right">509,258 </td> <td align="right">541,662 </td> <td align="right">293 </td> <td align="right">113 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagstkreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagstkreis (page does not exist)">Jagstkreis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagstkreis" class="extiw" title="de:Jagstkreis">de</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Jagst" title="Jagst">Jagst</a>) </td> <td align="right">1,985 </td> <td align="right">5,140 </td> <td align="right">400,126 </td> <td align="right">407,059 </td> <td align="right">205 </td> <td align="right">79 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donaukreis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donaukreis (page does not exist)">Donaukreis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaukreis" class="extiw" title="de:Donaukreis">de</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>) </td> <td align="right">2,419 </td> <td align="right">6,270 </td> <td align="right">514,427 </td> <td align="right">541,980 </td> <td align="right">224 </td> <td align="right">87 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th align="right">7,534 </th> <th align="right">19,520 </th> <th align="right">2,169,480 </th> <th align="right">2,302,179 </th> <th align="right">306 </th> <th align="right">118 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Settlement density was concentrated in the Neckar valley from <a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Esslingen</a> northward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overall rate of population increase from 1900 to 1905 amounted to 1.22% per year. About 8.5% of births were <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">out of wedlock</a>. Classified according to religion around 1905, about 69% of the population professed Protestantism, 30% Roman Catholicism, and about 0.5% Judaism. Protestants predominated in the <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a> district and Roman Catholics in the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> district. The people of the north-west represent <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemannic</a> stock, those of the north-east <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconian</a>, and those of the centre and south <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_Civil_Servants">Prominent Civil Servants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prominent Civil Servants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingdom’s civil service employed families and individuals who remained prominent in German public life after 1918. These included the <a href="/wiki/Weizs%C3%A4cker_family" title="Weizsäcker family">Weizsäcker family</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neuraths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">von Stauffenbergs</a>, and individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Erzberger" title="Matthias Erzberger">Matthias Erzberger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Payer" title="Friedrich von Payer">Friedrich von Payer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1910, there were 506,061 people working in agriculture; 432,114 had industrial occupations; and 100,109 were in trade and commerce. The largest towns included <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> (with Cannstatt), <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Esslingen am Neckar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsburg" title="Ludwigsburg">Ludwigsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ppingen" title="Göppingen">Göppingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuttlingen" title="Tuttlingen">Tuttlingen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_(wine_region)" title="Württemberg (wine region)">Württemberg (wine region)</a></div> <p>The territory of Württemberg was largely agricultural; of its 19,508 square kilometres (7,532 sq mi), 44.9% comprised agricultural land and gardens, 1.1% vineyards, 17.9% meadows and pastures, and 30.8% forests. It possessed rich meadowlands, cornfields, orchards, gardens, and hills covered with vines. The chief agricultural products were oats, <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>, rye, wheat, barley and hops, peas and beans, maize, fruit (chiefly cherries and apples), beets, and tobacco, as well as dairy and garden produce. Livestock included cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Württemberg has a long history of producing red <a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">wines</a>, growing different varieties from those grown in other German wine regions. The Württemberg wine region centred on the valley of the Neckar and several of its tributaries, the <a href="/wiki/Rems_(river)" title="Rems (river)">Rems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enz" title="Enz">Enz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kocher" title="Kocher">Kocher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jagst" title="Jagst">Jagst</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swine">Swine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Swine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Swabian-Hall_swine" title="Swabian-Hall swine">Mohrenköpfle</a> is the traditional swine. On the orders of King William I, masked pigs were imported from Central China in 1820/21, to improve pig breeding in the Kingdom of Württemberg. This crossbreeding with the "Chinese pigs" was particularly successful within the stocks of domestic pigs in the Hohenlohe region and the area around the town of Schwäbisch Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fruit_trees">Fruit trees</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fruit trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To help people to help themselves, Württemberg planted an alley of trees.(<i>Dienstbarkeit</i> on private ground). The tree farms of William I and the <a href="/wiki/Herrnhuter_Br%C3%BCdergemeinde" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrnhuter Brüdergemeinde">Brüdergemeinde</a> delivered for free.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In former times, iron ore was mined on the Heuberg<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buttress wood was bought in Truchtelfingen and used by Lautlingen miners at the Hörnle area.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Oberdigisheim Geppert in 1738 SHW-Ludwigsthal produced iron ore.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From an old 3.5 km mine in an <a href="/wiki/Ooid" title="Ooid">ooidal</a> iron <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> seam (Doggererzflöz) in <a href="/wiki/Rietheim-Weilheim" title="Rietheim-Weilheim">Weilheim</a> is wood in the Tuttlinger Fruchtkasten.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludwigsthal_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludwigsthal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steel was produced in <a href="/wiki/Tuttlingen" title="Tuttlingen">Tuttlingen</a> by the Schwäbische Hüttenwerke in Ludwigstal, which produces now iron brakes. had a factory. Ooidal <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> ore (Bohnerz aus Eisenroggenstein) was found.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the mining was stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenindustrie_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenindustrie-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main minerals of industrial importance found in the kingdom were salt and iron. The salt industry came to prominence at the beginning of the 19th century. The iron industry had greater antiquity, but the lack of coal slowed its development. Other minerals included granite, limestone, ironstone, and fireclay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textile</a> manufacturers produced linen, woolen, and cotton fabrics, particularly at Esslingen and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ppingen" title="Göppingen">Göppingen</a>, and paper making was prominent in <a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>, and throughout <a href="/wiki/Lower_Swabia" title="Lower Swabia">Lower Swabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assisted by the government, manufacturing industries developed rapidly during the later years of the 19th century, notably metal working, especially branches that required skilled workmanship. Particular importance attached to iron and steel goods, locomotives (for which Esslingen enjoyed a good reputation), machinery, cars, bicycles, small arms (in the <a href="/wiki/Mauser" title="Mauser">Mauser</a> factory at <a href="/wiki/Oberndorf_am_Neckar" title="Oberndorf am Neckar">Oberndorf am Neckar</a>), scientific and artistic appliances, pianos (at Stuttgart), organs and other musical instruments, photographic apparatus, clocks (in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a>), electrical apparatus, and gold and silver goods. Chemical works, potteries, cabinet-making workshops, sugar factories, breweries, and distilleries operated throughout the kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> and petrol largely compensated for the lack of coal, and liquid <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> was produced from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> springs beside the <a href="/wiki/Eyach_(Neckar)" title="Eyach (Neckar)">Eyach</a>, a tributary of the Neckar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commerce">Commerce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kingdom's principal exports included cattle, cereals, wood, pianos, salt, oil, leather, cotton and linen fabrics, beer, wine, and spirits. Commerce centred on the cities of <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Friedrichshafen</a>. Stuttgart boasted an extensive book trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856–857_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856–857-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom had creative inventors; <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a>, the first car manufacturer, incorporated his business in 1900 as <a href="/wiki/Daimler_Motoren_Gesellschaft" title="Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft">Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft</a>, and its successor company <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> always had plants near Stuttgart. At <a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Friedrichshafen</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a>, Count <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin" title="Ferdinand von Zeppelin">Ferdinand von Zeppelin</a> constructed <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a> from 1897 until his death in 1917.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_railway_in_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the railway in Württemberg">History of the railway in Württemberg</a></div> <p>In 1907, the kingdom had 2,000 km (1,200 mi) of railways, of which all except 256 km (159 mi) belonged to the state. Navigable waterways included the Neckar, the Schussen, Lake Constance, and the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> downstream from Ulm. The kingdom had fairly good quality roads, the oldest of them of Roman construction. Württemberg, like <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, retained the control of its own postal and telegraph service following the foundation of the new <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_railways_in_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="History of railways in Württemberg">Württemberg railway system</a> integrated with that of the rest of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2003" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Owen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xtbLJZOKxx8C&pg=PA34"><i>A History of the Popes, 1830-1914</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926286-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926286-1"><bdi>978-0-19-926286-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Popes%2C+1830-1914&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926286-1&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxtbLJZOKxx8C%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 858.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858–859-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911858–859_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 858–859.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911859_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 859.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407021409/http://www.lpb-bw.de/entstehung_baden-wuerttembergs.html">"25. April 1952 – Die Entstehung des Landes Baden-Württemberg"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpb-bw.de/entstehung_baden-wuerttembergs.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=25.+April+1952+%E2%80%93+Die+Entstehung+des+Landes+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpb-bw.de%2Fentstehung_baden-wuerttembergs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911857_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 857.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Blume19221089–1090-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Blume19221089–1090_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Blume1922">von Blume 1922</a>, pp. 1089–1090.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Blume19221090-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Blume19221090_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Blume1922">von Blume 1922</a>, p. 1090.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 856.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130012310/https://www.wilhelma.de/en/animals-and-plants/animals/demonstration-farm/domestic-pig-of-schwaebisch-hall.html">"domestic pig of Schwäbisch Hall - Wilhelma"</a>. <i>www.wilhelma.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilhelma.de/en/animals-and-plants/animals/demonstration-farm/domestic-pig-of-schwaebisch-hall.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wilhelma.de&rft.atitle=domestic+pig+of+Schw%C3%A4bisch+Hall+-+Wilhelma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilhelma.de%2Fen%2Fanimals-and-plants%2Fanimals%2Fdemonstration-farm%2Fdomestic-pig-of-schwaebisch-hall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.besh.de/index.php/verbraucher/erzeugnisse/shlandschweine">"BESH - Schwäbisch-Hällisches Qualitätsschweinefleisch g.g.A."</a> <i>www.besh.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.besh.de&rft.atitle=BESH+-+Schw%C3%A4bisch-H%C3%A4llisches+Qualit%C3%A4tsschweinefleisch+g.g.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.besh.de%2Findex.php%2Fverbraucher%2Ferzeugnisse%2Fshlandschweine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apfelgut.de/wir/downloads/apfelgeschichte.pdf">Apfelgeschichte </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929212745/https://apfelgut.de/wir/downloads/apfelgeschichte.pdf">Archived</a> 29 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> auf Apfelgut Sulz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirgit_Tuchen" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Birgit Tuchen, Landesdenkmalamt (ed.), <i>Pingen</i> (in German), Stuttgart: Landesdenkmalamt 2004, p. 123</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pingen&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Landesdenkmalamt+2004&rft.au=Birgit+Tuchen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Bitzer" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hermann Bitzer, Hermann Bitzer (ed.), <i>Tailfinger Heimatbuch 1954</i> (in German), p. 35</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tailfinger+Heimatbuch+1954&rft.pages=35&rft.au=Hermann+Bitzer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandesarchiv_Baden-Württemberg_Abt.Wirtschaftsarchiv_Stuttgart_Hohenheim" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg Abt.Wirtschaftsarchiv Stuttgart Hohenheim (ed.), <i>Archiv SHW: B 40 Bü 1232</i> (in German), Harras, Ludwigsthal</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archiv+SHW%3A+B+40+B%C3%BC+1232&rft.place=Harras%2C+Ludwigsthal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludwigsthal-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ludwigsthal_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fruchtkasten: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuttlingen.de/de/Die-Stadt/Tuttlingen-aktuell/Pressemitteilungen/Pressemitteilung?view=publish&item=article&id=6581https://www.tuttlingen.de/de/Die-Stadt/Tuttlingen-aktuell/Pressemitteilungen/Pressemitteilung?view=publish&item=article&id=6581">Abteilung Ludwigsthal</a>.</i> In: <i>Pressemiteilungen.</i> 21 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_von_Alberti" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Friedrich von Alberti, <i>Die Gebirge des Königreichs Würtemberg, in besonderer Beziehung auf Halurgie</i> (in German), Stuttgart und Tübingen: J. G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung 1826, p. 124</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Gebirge+des+K%C3%B6nigreichs+W%C3%BCrtemberg%2C+in+besonderer+Beziehung+auf+Halurgie&rft.place=Stuttgart+und+T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=J.+G.+Cotta%27sche+Buchhandlung+1826&rft.au=Friedrich+von+Alberti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisenindustrie-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eisenindustrie_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.hechingen-eisenindustrie-als-sozialprogramm.359cb1ef-d94e-45d6-9f30-781584195416.html">Eisenindustrie</a></i> In: <i><a href="/wiki/Schwarzw%C3%A4lder_Bote" title="Schwarzwälder Bote">Schwarzwälder Bote</a></i>, 28 September 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856–857-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911856–857_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 856–857.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Württemberg">Württemberg</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 856–859.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=856-859&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Blume1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">von Blume, Wilhelm (1922). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Württemberg">Württemberg</a>". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 32 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. pp. 1089–1090.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=1089-1090&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=von+Blume&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquardt1985" class="citation book cs1">Marquardt, Ernst (1985). <i>Geschichte Württembergs</i> (3rd ed.). Stuttgart: DVA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-421-06271-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-421-06271-4"><bdi>3-421-06271-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+W%C3%BCrttembergs&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=DVA&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-421-06271-4&rft.aulast=Marquardt&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellerWeller1989" class="citation book cs1">Weller, Karl; Weller, Arnold (1989). <i>Württembergische Geschichte im südwestdeutschen Raum</i> (10th ed.). Stuttgart: Theiss. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8062-0587-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-8062-0587-6"><bdi>3-8062-0587-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W%C3%BCrttembergische+Geschichte+im+s%C3%BCdwestdeutschen+Raum&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Theiss&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=3-8062-0587-6&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Weller%2C+Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter H. (1995). <i>War, state, and society in Württemberg, 1677–1793</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47302-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47302-0"><bdi>0-521-47302-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+state%2C+and+society+in+W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C+1677%E2%80%931793&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-47302-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/eu/D/EndJud_juden-in-Wuerttemberg-ENGL.html">Jews in Württemberg (Settlement in the Middle Ages – impoverishment and expulsion decree of 1521 – new settlements and equality – WWII and Holocaust)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623044156/http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/eu/D/EndJud_juden-in-Wuerttemberg-ENGL.html">Archived</a> 23 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Encyclopaedia Judaica)</li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Template:States of the Confederation of the Rhine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Template talk:States of the Confederation of the Rhine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Confederation of the Rhine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine_(1806–1813)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">States of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> (1806–1813)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rank elevated<br />by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Grand Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinbund_1812,_political_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Confederation of the Rhine"><img alt="Map of the Confederation of the Rhine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/175px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/263px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/350px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1420" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Grand Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg" title="Grand Duchy of Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Frankfurt" title="Grand Duchy of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Aschaffenburg" title="Principality of Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Leyen" title="Principality of Leyen">Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Regensburg" title="Principality of Regensburg">Regensburg</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-existing<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Saxon duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar" title="Saxe-Weimar">Weimar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Eisenach">Eisenach</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arenberg" title="Arenberg">Arenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Isenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Isenburg">Isenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe-Detmold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss (state)">Reuss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Ebersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Greiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Lobenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Schleiz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salm" title="Principality of Salm">Salm</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> from 1810</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> until 1810</li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> until 1809</li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> from 1809</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> until 1811</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a> (1815–1866)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/175px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/263px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/350px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1839)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Anhalt (Ascania)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1847)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Reuss" title="Imperial County of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuss-Ebersdorf</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Reuss-Lobenstein</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf </a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1824-1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Schleiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Schleiz">Reuss-Schleiz</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1848)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> partially</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template talk:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Empire" title="States of the German Empire">States of the German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> as a whole <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(including the <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Empire"><img alt="Map of the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/175px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/263px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/350px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <span style="font-size:85%;">(Junior Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elder Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imperial Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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