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data-astro-cid-ej6f5fy4>About</a></li> </ul> </li>  </ul> </nav> </div> <script> // Get references to elements const navbarToggle = document.getElementById("navbar-toggle"); const navbarUl = document.querySelector("nav ul"); const navbarDropdownItems = document.querySelectorAll("nav ul li a:not(:only-child)"); // Function to open and close the navigation menu (hamburger menu) function toggleNavbar() { navbarUl.classList.toggle("show"); navbarToggle.classList.toggle("active"); } // Event listener for the navbar toggle button navbarToggle.addEventListener("click", toggleNavbar); // Event listener for dropdown items navbarDropdownItems.forEach((item) => { item.addEventListener("click", function (event) { const dropdown = this.nextElementSibling; // Check if the dropdown exists if (dropdown && dropdown.classList.contains("navbar-dropdown")) { dropdown.classList.toggle("show"); // Close other dropdowns const otherDropdowns = document.querySelectorAll(".navbar-dropdown.show"); otherDropdowns.forEach((otherDropdown) => { if (otherDropdown !== dropdown) { otherDropdown.classList.remove("show"); } }); event.stopPropagation(); } }); }); // Event listener for clicks outside the dropdown document.addEventListener("click", function (event) { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll(".navbar-dropdown.show"); dropdowns.forEach((dropdown) => { // Close the dropdown if the clicked target is outside of the dropdown if (!dropdown.parentElement.contains(event.target)) { dropdown.classList.remove("show"); } }); }); </script> </header> <div class="container mx-auto pb-5 mt-32" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <h1 class="pagetitle" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt</h1> </div> <div class="container mx-auto" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <div class="block md:grid grid-cols-12 gap-10 px-3" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <article class="text-base col-span-12 lg:col-span-9 z-10 max-w-3xl leading-7 font-normal" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <section class="page-content"> <div class="container"> <div> <p>After the breakdown of the Second Dynasty, Egypt left the <a href="/ancient-egypt/period/archaic">Archaic Period</a> behind and entered the Old Kingdom and the <em>Age of the Pyramid Builders</em>. The revolutionary change in architecture was accompanied by a number of effects on Egyptian society and the economy, particularly in relation to large-scale building projects.</p><p>The revolutionary change in architecture, accompanied by the effects on Egyptian society and the economy of large-scale building projects, is regarded as a pivotal period in the history of architecture. However, information from the Fourth to the Sixth Dynasties of Egypt is scarce, and historians have therefore focused on the Third and Fourth Dynasties. Indeed, it is through the monuments and their inscriptions that scholars have been able to construct a history of this period, which is commonly regarded as the period from the Third to Sixth Dynasty. The period is regarded as a time of stability, which was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline, known as the <a href="/ancient-egypt/period/first-intermediate-period">First Intermediate Period</a>. </p> <p class="font-sans w-10/12 mx-auto leading-6">The order of Egyptian pharaohs is not always fixed. New discoveries can sometimes lead to changes in the accepted sequence. This is true for all Egyptian dynasties.</p> <h2 class="text-center py-3">Dynasty III</h2> <table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Pharaoh</th><th>Alternate names</th><th>Reign (BC)</th></tr></thead><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Nebka">Nebka</a></td><td><em>Hen Nekht (not in use anymore)</em></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Djoser">Djoser</a></td><td><em>Zezer, Zozer, Djeser</em></td><td>2592–2566</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></td><td><em>Djosertety, Djoserteti, Djoserty</em></td><td>2565–2559</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Hudjefa-II">Hudjefa II</a></td><td><em></em></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Mesochris">Mesochris</a></td><td><em></em></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Nebkara">Nebkara</a></td><td><em>Nebkare</em></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Neferkara">Neferkara</a></td><td><em>Neferkare</em></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Huni">Huni</a></td><td><em></em></td><td>?–2544</td></tr></table> <h2 class="text-center py-3">Dynasty IV</h2> <table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Pharaoh</th><th>Alternate names</th><th>Reign (BC)</th></tr></thead><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Sneferu">Sneferu</a></td><td><em>Snefru, Snofru</em></td><td>2543–2510</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Khufu">Khufu</a></td><td><em>Cheops</em></td><td>2509–2483</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Radjedef">Radjedef</a></td><td><em>Djedefra, Djedefre</em></td><td>2482–2475</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Khafra">Khafra</a></td><td><em>Khafre, Chephren, Khefren</em></td><td>2472–2448</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Menkaura">Menkaura</a></td><td><em>Menkaure, Mykerinos, Mycerinus</em></td><td>2447–2442</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></td><td><em></em></td><td>2441–2436</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Baufra">Baufra</a></td><td><em>Baefra, Baufre, Baka, Bicheris, Bikka</em></td><td>2474–2473</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></td><td><em>Djedefptah, Ptahdjedef</em></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Hordjedef">Hordjedef</a></td><td><em>Djedefhor</em></td><td></td></tr></table> <h2 class="text-center py-3">Dynasty V</h2> <table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Pharaoh</th><th>Alternate names</th><th>Reign (BC)</th></tr></thead><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Userkaf">Userkaf</a></td><td><em></em></td><td>2435–2429</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Sahura">Sahura</a></td><td><em>Sahure</em></td><td>2428–2416</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Neferirkara-I-Kakai">Neferirkara I Kakai</a></td><td><em>Nerferirkare I</em></td><td>2415–2405</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Shepseskara-Netjeruser">Shepseskara Netjeruser</a></td><td><em>Shepseskare</em></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Neferefra-Isi">Neferefra Isi</a></td><td><em>Neferefre, Raneferef</em></td><td>2403</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Niuserra-Ini">Niuserra Ini</a></td><td><em>Niuserre</em></td><td>2402–2374</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Menkauhor-Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></td><td><em>Horikau, Ikauhor</em></td><td>2373–2366</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Djedkara-Isesi">Djedkara Isesi</a></td><td><em>Djedkare Isesi</em></td><td>2365–2322</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Unas">Unas</a></td><td><em>Wenis, Unis</em></td><td>2321–2306</td></tr></table> <h2 class="text-center py-3">Dynasty VI</h2> <table><thead><tr><th>#</th><th>Pharaoh</th><th>Alternate names</th><th>Reign (BC)</th></tr></thead><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Teti">Teti</a></td><td><em></em></td><td>2305–2279</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Userkara">Userkara</a></td><td><em>Userkare, Woserkare</em></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Pepi-I">Pepi I</a></td><td><em>Pepy I</em></td><td>2276–2228</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Nemtiemsaf-I">Nemtiemsaf I</a></td><td><em>Nemtyemsaf I, Merenre I</em></td><td>2227–2217</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Pepi-II">Pepi II</a></td><td><em>Pepy II, Neferkare</em></td><td>2216–2153</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Nemtiemsaf-II">Nemtiemsaf II</a></td><td><em>Nemtyemsaf II, Merenre II</em></td><td>2152</td></tr></table></div> </div> </section> <div class="py-10 my-5 print:hidden" aria-hidden="true"> <img src="/svg/thoth.svg" loading="lazy" class="mx-auto h-28 opacity-50 transition duration-300 hover:opacity-100" alt="Thoth" title="You have reached the end of the page. This is Thoth, the wise God of writing and hieroglyphs." srcset=""> <p class="text-center uppercase font-sans text-xs pt-3"> <abbr class="text-stone-400 dark:text-shark-700 no-underline" title="Latin for: Nothing comes from nothing">Ex nihilo nihil fit</abbr> </p> </div> <div class="hidden print:block print:py-20 text-center"> <h3>Original text from:</h3><a href="https://pharaoh.se{currentPath}" class="font-mono text-sm text-black"><img src="/svg/pharaohse.svg" alt="Pharaoh.SE" class="w-60 mx-auto block">https://pharaoh.se/ancient-egypt/period/old-kingdom/</a> </div> </article> <aside class="hidden lg:grid lg:col-span-3 print:hidden border-s border-stone-300 dark:border-shark-900 dark:bg-darky" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <div class="flex h-full px-5 overflow-y-auto sm:w-64 w-80 font-sans" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <nav class="-mx-3 space-y-8 pb-36" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="pharaohs" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Pharaohs</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/pharaohs" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Pharaohs</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/dynasties" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Dynasties</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/chronology" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Chronology</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Egyptian king lists" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800/80 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Egyptian king lists</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglists" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Overview</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/abydos-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Abydos Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/karnak-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Karnak Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/saqqara-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Saqqara Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/compare-canons" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Compare canons</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/medinet-habu-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Medinet Habu Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/ramesseum-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Ramesseum Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/marseille" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Marseille offering table</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Minor king lists</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Turin king list" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800/80 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Turin king list</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Overview</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-history" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>History</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-contents" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Contents</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-fragments" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Fragments</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-vorlage" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Vorlage</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-gallery" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Gallery</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-recto" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Recto</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin/library" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Library</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Historians" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Historians</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/herodotus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Herodotus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/manetho" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Manetho</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/manetho-king-list" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Manetho’s king list</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/africanus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Africanus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/eusebius" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Eusebius</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/josephus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Josephus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/diodorus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Diodorus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/jerome" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>St. Jerome</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/eratosthenes" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Eratosthenes</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/syncellus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Syncellus</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Ancient Egypt: Miscellaneous" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Ancient Egypt</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/obelisks" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Obelisks</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/temples-and-monuments" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Monuments & Temples</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/hieroglyphs" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Hieroglyphs</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/cartography" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Cartography</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/egyptology" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Egyptology</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/titles-and-epithets" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Titles & epithets</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/book-series" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Important books</a>  <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/battle-of-kadesh" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Battle of Kadesh</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/bibliography" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Bibliography</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Ancient Egypt Periods" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Periods</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/old-kingdom" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Old Kingdom</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/first-intermediate-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>First Intermediate</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/middle-kingdom" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Middle Kingdom</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/second-intermediate-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Second Intermediate</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/new-kingdom" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>New Kingdom</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/third-intermediate-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Third Intermediate</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/late-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Late Period</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/roman-emperors" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Roman Egypt</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/unplaced-kings" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Unplaced kings</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="About these pages" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Pharaoh.se</label>  <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/curiosities" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Curiosities</a> <a class="list-link" href="/privacy" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Privacy</a> <a class="list-link" href="/about" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>About / Contact</a> </div> </nav> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <footer class="g2 text-stone-100 print:hidden"> <div class="text-center font-sans container mx-auto pb-20 sm:pb-0"> <div class="flex flex-col gap-x-10 sm:flex-row flex-wrap items-center justify-center min-h-[320px]"> <div class="flex-0 w-28 place-items-end my-5 sm:my-0"> <a href="/" class="no-underline"><img 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