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&& dropdown.classList.contains("navbar-dropdown")) { dropdown.classList.toggle("show"); // Close other dropdowns const otherDropdowns = document.querySelectorAll(".navbar-dropdown.show"); otherDropdowns.forEach((otherDropdown) => { if (otherDropdown !== dropdown) { otherDropdown.classList.remove("show"); } }); event.stopPropagation(); } }); }); // Event listener for clicks outside the dropdown document.addEventListener("click", function (event) { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll(".navbar-dropdown.show"); dropdowns.forEach((dropdown) => { // Close the dropdown if the clicked target is outside of the dropdown if (!dropdown.parentElement.contains(event.target)) { dropdown.classList.remove("show"); } }); }); </script> </header> <div class="container mx-auto pb-5 mt-32" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <h1 class="pagetitle" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb>The king list of Syncellus</h1> </div> <div class="container mx-auto" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <div class="block md:grid grid-cols-12 gap-10 px-3" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <article class="text-base col-span-12 lg:col-span-9 z-10 max-w-3xl leading-7 font-normal" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <section class="page-content"> <div class="container">   <div><div class="pb-5"><div class="lead"> In the early ninth century, George Syncellus, a monk in Constantinople, composed a chronicle of world history which was a collection of excerpts and citations from numerous sources, including kings lists from the chronicles of <a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/africanus">Africanus</a> and <a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/eusebius">Eusebius</a>. It also had several extracts from Jewish and Christian sources. </div> <h2 class="pt-3">The Ancient Chronicle</h2> Apparently in circulation during the time of Syncellus, it is partially based on Manetho, but a forgery created in the centuries before Syncellus. <div class="pb-5"> Syncellus wrote: Now there circulates among the Egyptians a certain Ancient Chronography, on the basis of which I believe Manetho has also gone astray. It encompasses an enormous period of time consisting of 30 dynasties again in 113 generations, in (and this is not the same duration of time as Manetho) 36,525 years, treating first of the Auritai, then the Mestraioi, and third the Egyptians. It reads just about word for word as follows: The reigns of the gods according to the Ancient Chronicle There is no measured time for Hephaistos because of the fact that he shines by night and day. Helios, the son of Hephaistos, reigned for 30,000 years, followed by Noble spirits for 184 years. Then Kronos and all the remaining 12 gods who succeeded him reigned for 3,984 years. Then the eight demigod kings for 217 years, and after them the fifteen generations of the Sothic cycle in 443 years. After them: The 16th dynasty of the Tanites, 8 generations — 190 years The 17th dynasty of the Memphites, 4 generations — 103 years The 18th dynasty of the Memphites, 14 generations — 348 years The 19th dynasty of the Diospolitans, 5 generations — 194 years The 20th dynasty of the Diospolitans, 8 generations — 228 years The 21st dynasty of the Tanites, 6 generations — 121 years The 22nd dynasty of the Tanites, 3 generations — 48 years The 23rd dynasty of the Diospolitans, 2 generations — 19 years The 24th dynasty of the Saites, 3 generations — 44 years The 25th dynasty of the Ethiopians, 3 generations — 44 years The 26th dynasty of the Memphites, 7 generations — 177 years The 27th dynasty of 5 Persians, 5 generations — 124 years [ The 28th dynasty of 1 Saite, 1 generation — 6 years ] The 29th dynasty of the Tanites, 7 generations — 39 years Finally, the 30th dynasty of a single Tanite — 18 years All told, 30 dynasties for a total of 36,525 years.  Note: Actual total: 36,531. Syncellus somehow missed/left out the 28th dynasty. The sum for the gods and demigods is 34,385 years, and the 29 (30) dynasties of mortal kings total 2,140 (2,146) years. </div> <h2 class="pt-3">The Book of Sothis</h2> Believed by Syncellus to be genuine <a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/manetho">Manetho</a>, it was clearly based upon Eusebius and <a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/josephus">Josephus</a>, with additions that cannot easily be explained. The sequence of 86 kings is not divided into dynasties, despite Syncellus himself describing that it contained thirty. He only mentions which dynasty the kings belong to in a few cases. It is also impossible to divide the kings into dynasties as their sequence is clearly not chronological, as can be noted in the commentary. The Book of Sothis is a pseudo-Manetho text, written by an author using Manetho鈥檚 name as a pseudonym on his own work. The quoted letter To the great King Ptolemy Philadelphus Augustus from Manetho is clearly a forgery and can not have been written by Manetho, as the title "Augustus", originates with the Roman emperors 200 years after Manetho lived. In a best case scenario, the Book of Sothis might be sourced from a severely corrupted version of an epitome of Aegyptiaca, as there are some portions that do follow Manetho, but not in the correct order. The 86 kings are listed under the heading Kings of the Egyptians throughout his Chronicle. The list of kings is included here only for the sake of completeness. </div></div> <div><table class="tbl py-5"><tr><th>No.</th><th>Name</th><th>Reign</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Menes 螠畏谓畏蟼</td><td>35 years</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Kourodes 螝慰蠀蟻蠅未畏蟼</td><td>63 years</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Aristarkhos A蟻喂蟽蟿伪蟻蠂慰蟼</td><td>34 years</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Spanios 危蟺伪谓喂慰蟼</td><td>36 years</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>– –</td><td>72 years</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>– –</td><td>72 years</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Osiropis 惟蟽喂蟻慰蟺喂蟼</td><td>23 years</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Sesonkhosis 危蔚蟽慰谓蠂蠅蟽喂蟼</td><td>49 years</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Amenemes A渭蔚谓蔚渭畏蟼</td><td>29 years</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Amasis A蟺伪蟽喂蟼</td><td>2 years</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Akesephthres A魏蔚蟽蔚蠁胃蟻畏蟼</td><td>13 years</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Ankhoreus A谓蠂慰蟻蔚蠀蟼</td><td>9 years</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Armiuses A蟻渭喂蠀蟽畏蟼</td><td>4 years</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>Khamois 围伪渭慰喂蟼</td><td>12 years</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>Miamous 螠喂伪渭慰蠀蟼</td><td>14 years</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>Amesesis A渭蔚蟽畏蟽喂蟼</td><td>65 years</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>Ouses 螣蠀蟽畏蟼</td><td>50 years</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>Rhameses 巍伪渭蔚蟽畏蟼</td><td>29 years</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>Rhamessomenes 巍伪渭蔚蟽蟽慰渭蔚谓畏蟼</td><td>15 years</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>Ousimares 螣蠀蟽喂渭伪蟻畏蟼</td><td>31 years</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>Rhamesseseos 巍伪渭蔚蟽蟽畏蟽蔚蠅蟼</td><td>23 years</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>Rhamessameno 巍伪渭蔚蟽蟽伪渭蔚谓蠅</td><td>19 years</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>Rhamesse Ioubasse 巍伪渭蔚蟽蟽畏螜慰蠀尾伪蟽蟽畏</td><td>38 years</td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>Rhamesse Ouaphron 巍伪渭蔚蟽蟽畏螣蠀伪蠁蟻慰谓</td><td>29 years</td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>Konkharis 螝慰谓蠂伪蟻喂蟼</td><td>5 years</td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>Silites 危喂位喂蟿畏蟼</td><td>19 years</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>Baion 螔伪喂蠅谓</td><td>44 years</td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>Apakhnas A蟺伪蠂谓伪蟼</td><td>36 years</td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td>Aphophis A蠁蠅蠁喂蟼</td><td>61 years</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>Sethos 危蔚胃蠅蟼</td><td>50 years</td></tr><tr><td>31</td><td>Kertos 螝畏蟻蟿蠅蟼</td><td>29 years</td></tr><tr><td>32</td><td>Aseth A蟽畏胃</td><td>20 years</td></tr><tr><td>33</td><td>Amosis / Tethmosis A渭蠅蟽喂蟼 / 韦蔚胃渭蠅蟽喂蟼</td><td>26 years</td></tr><tr><td>34</td><td>Khebron 围蔚尾蟻蠅谓</td><td>13 years</td></tr><tr><td>35</td><td>Amemphis A渭蔚渭蠁喂蟼</td><td>15 years</td></tr><tr><td>36</td><td>Amenses A渭蔚谓蟽畏蟼</td><td>11 years</td></tr><tr><td>37</td><td>Misphragmouthosis 螠喂蟽蠁蟻伪纬渭慰蠀胃蠅蟽喂蟼</td><td>16 years</td></tr><tr><td>38</td><td>Misphres 螠喂蟽蠁蟻畏蟼</td><td>23 years</td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td>Touthmosis 韦慰蠀胃渭蠅蟽喂蟼</td><td>39 years</td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>Amenophthis 螒渭蔚谓蠅蠁胃喂蟼</td><td>34 years</td></tr><tr><td>41</td><td>Oros 惟蟻慰蟼</td><td>48 years</td></tr><tr><td>42</td><td>Akhenkheres 螒蠂蔚谓蠂蔚蟻畏蟼</td><td>25 years</td></tr><tr><td>43</td><td>Athoris 螒胃蠅蟻喂蟼</td><td>29 years</td></tr><tr><td>44</td><td>Khenkheres 围蔚谓蠂蔚蟻畏蟼</td><td>26 years</td></tr><tr><td>45</td><td>Akherres 螒蠂蔚蟻蟻畏蟼</td><td>8 years</td></tr><tr><td>46</td><td>Armaios / Danaos A蟻渭伪喂慰蟼 / 螖伪谓慰蟼</td><td>9 years</td></tr><tr><td>47</td><td>Rhamesses / Aigyptos 巍伪渭蔚蟽蟽畏蟼 / 螒喂纬蠀蟺蟿慰蟼</td><td>68 years</td></tr><tr><td>48</td><td>Amenophis 螒渭蔚谓蠅蠁喂蟼</td><td>8 years</td></tr><tr><td>49</td><td>Thouoris 螛慰蠀蠅蟻喂蟼</td><td>17 years</td></tr><tr><td>50</td><td>Nekhepsos 螡蔚蠂蔚蠄蠅蟼</td><td>19 years</td></tr><tr><td>51</td><td>Psammouthis 唯伪渭渭慰蠀胃喂蟼</td><td>13 years</td></tr><tr><td>52</td><td>– –</td><td>4 years</td></tr><tr><td>53</td><td>Kertos 螝畏蟻蟿蠅蟼</td><td>16 years</td></tr><tr><td>54</td><td>Rhampsis 巍伪渭蠄喂蟼</td><td>45 years</td></tr><tr><td>55</td><td>Amenses / Ammenemes A渭蔚谓蟽畏蟼 / A渭渭蔚谓蔚渭畏蟼</td><td>26 years</td></tr><tr><td>56</td><td>Okhuras 螣蠂蠀蟻伪蟼</td><td>14 years</td></tr><tr><td>57</td><td>Amendes A渭蔚谓未畏蟼</td><td>27 years</td></tr><tr><td>58</td><td>Thouoris 螛慰蠀蠅蟻喂蟼</td><td>50 years</td></tr><tr><td>59</td><td>Athothis / Phousanos A胃蠅胃喂蟼 / 桅慰蠀蟽伪谓慰蟼</td><td>28 years</td></tr><tr><td>60</td><td>Kenkenes 螝蔚谓魏蔚谓畏蟼</td><td>39 years</td></tr><tr><td>61</td><td>Ouennephis 螣蠀蔚谓谓蔚蠁喂蟼</td><td>42 years</td></tr><tr><td>62</td><td>Sousakeim 危慰蠀蟽伪魏蔚喂渭</td><td>34 years</td></tr><tr><td>63</td><td>Psouenos 唯慰蠀蔚谓慰蟼</td><td>25 years</td></tr><tr><td>64</td><td>Ammenophis 螒渭渭蔚谓蠅蠁喂蟼</td><td>9 years</td></tr><tr><td>65</td><td>Nephekheres 螡蔚蠁蔚蠂蔚蟻畏蟼</td><td>6 years</td></tr><tr><td>66</td><td>Saites 危伪喂蟿畏蟼</td><td>15 years</td></tr><tr><td>67</td><td>Psinakhes 唯喂谓伪蠂畏蟼</td><td>9 years</td></tr><tr><td>68</td><td>Petoubastes 螤蔚蟿慰蠀尾伪蟽蟿畏蟼</td><td>44 years</td></tr><tr><td>69</td><td>Osorthon O蟽蠅蟻胃蠅谓</td><td>9 years</td></tr><tr><td>70</td><td>Psammos 唯伪渭渭慰蟼</td><td>10 years</td></tr><tr><td>71</td><td>Konkkharis 螝慰谓蠂伪蟻喂蟼</td><td>21 years</td></tr><tr><td>72</td><td>Osorthon O蟽慰蟻胃蠅谓</td><td>15 years</td></tr><tr><td>73</td><td>Takalophis 韦伪魏伪位蠅胃喂蟼</td><td>13 years</td></tr><tr><td>74</td><td>Bokkhoris 螔慰魏蠂蠅蟻喂蟼</td><td>44 years</td></tr><tr><td>75</td><td>Sabakon 危伪尾伪魏蠅谓</td><td>12 years</td></tr><tr><td>76</td><td>Sebekhon 危蔚尾畏蠂蠅谓</td><td>12 years</td></tr><tr><td>77</td><td>Tarakes 韦伪蟻伪魏畏蟼</td><td>20 years</td></tr><tr><td>78</td><td>Amaes A渭伪畏蟼</td><td>38 years</td></tr><tr><td>79</td><td>Stephinathes 危蟿蔚蠁喂谓伪胃畏蟼</td><td>27 years</td></tr><tr><td>80</td><td>Nekhepsos 螡蔚蠂蔚蠄慰蟼</td><td>13 years</td></tr><tr><td>81</td><td>Nekhao 螡蔚蠂伪蠅</td><td>8 years</td></tr><tr><td>82</td><td>Psammetikhos 唯伪渭渭畏蟿喂蠂慰蟼</td><td>14 years</td></tr><tr><td>83</td><td>Nekhao II 螡蔚蠂伪蠅尾</td><td>9 years</td></tr><tr><td>84</td><td>Psammouthis / Psammetikhos 唯伪渭慰蠀胃畏蟼 / 唯伪渭渭畏蟿喂蠂慰蟼</td><td>17 years</td></tr><tr><td>85</td><td>Ouaphris 螣蠀伪蠁蟻喂蟼</td><td>34 years</td></tr><tr><td>86</td><td>Amosis A渭蠅蟽喂蟼</td><td>50 years</td></tr></table></div>  <h2 class="pt-3">Bibliography</h2> <ul class="content p3 font-sans text-base" id="biblio"><li>Adler, W. and Tuffin, P., 2002. The Chronography of George Synkellos. Oxford: 71-73, 135, 143, 146, 156, 178, 211, 218, 224, 231-2, 245, 257-8, 267-8, 277-8, 306-7.</li><li>Verbrugghe, G. P. and Wickersham. J. M., 1996. Berossos and Manetho. Ann Arbor: 125-127, 177-182<li>Waddell, W. G., 1964. Manetho. Cambridge, Mass.: 234-249.</li></ul> </div> </section> <div class="py-10 my-5 print:hidden" aria-hidden="true"> <img src="/svg/thoth.svg" loading="lazy" class="mx-auto h-28 opacity-50 transition duration-300 hover:opacity-100" alt="Thoth" title="You have reached the end of the page. This is Thoth, the wise God of writing and hieroglyphs." srcset=""> <abbr class="text-stone-400 dark:text-shark-700 no-underline" title="Latin for: Nothing comes from nothing">Ex nihilo nihil fit</abbr> </div> <div class="hidden print:block print:py-20 text-center"> <h3>Original text from:</h3><a href="https://pharaoh.se{currentPath}" class="font-mono text-sm text-black"><img src="/svg/pharaohse.svg" alt="Pharaoh.SE" class="w-60 mx-auto block">https://pharaoh.se/ancient-egypt/kinglist/syncellus/</a> </div> </article> <aside class="hidden lg:grid lg:col-span-3 print:hidden border-s border-stone-300 dark:border-shark-900 dark:bg-darky" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <div class="flex h-full px-5 overflow-y-auto sm:w-64 w-80 font-sans" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <nav class="-mx-3 space-y-8 pb-36" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="pharaohs" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" 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