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Khafre, Chephren, Khefren</i></div>  </div> <div class="py-3"> <div> <table class="float-none sm:float-right w-auto shadow-lg mt-0 mx-auto my-6 sm:mt-0 sm:ml-5 sm:mr-0 sm:mb-3 text-xs min-w-60 bg-white dark:bg-shark-900 rounded-lg font-sans"> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="text-center dark:bg-transparent pt-0 pb-3 text-base font-serif"> <p><span class="font-sans font-normal">Precedessor</span><br> <a class="text-lg" href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Radjedef">Radjedef</a></p> <p class="mt-0"><span class="font-sans font-normal">Successor</span><br> <a class="text-lg" href="/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Menkaura">Menkaura</a></p> </th> </tr> <tbody class="dark:bg-shark-800"><tr class="border-b dark:border-shark-700"> <th colspan="2" class="bg-stone-100 dark:bg-shark-700 dark:text-shark-300 font-normal p-1.5 text-center"> Reign of <b class="dark:text-shark-100">Khafra</b> </th> </tr> <tr class=""><td class="p-1">AE Chronology</td><td class="p-1">2472–2448</td></tr> <tr class=""><td class="p-1">v. Beckerath</td><td class="p-1">2547–2521</td></tr> <tr class=""><td class="p-1">Shaw</td><td class="p-1">2558–2532</td></tr> <tr class=""><td class="p-1">Dodson</td><td class="p-1">2437–2414</td></tr> <tr class=""><td class="p-1">Allen</td><td class="p-1">2520–2494</td></tr> <tr class=""><td class="p-1">Arnold</td><td class="p-1">2512–2477</td></tr> <tr class=""><td class="p-1">Malek</td><td class="p-1">2518–2493</td></tr> <tr class=""><td class="p-1">Redford</td><td class="p-1">2576–2551</td></tr> <tr class=""><td class="p-1">Turin King List</td><td class="p-1">... years</td></tr> <tr class=""><td class="p-1">Manetho <small>(Africanus)</small></td><td class="p-1">66 years</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div>Khafra was a son of Khufu and succeeded his brother Radjedef. It is possible that his name actually was <b>Rakhaf</b>, using the same pattern as his brother, with Ra at the beginning of the name rather than at the end as is the norm used in Egyptology. Rakhaf translates to <em>"Ra is his (very) appearance"</em>, which actually makes sense, so it is not unreasonable to consider it. Herodotus and Diodorus transcribed his name as <b>Khephren</b>, which suggests that Khafra would fit as the source. Manetho named him <em>Souphis</em>.<br><br>He is of course known as the builder of the second largest pyramid at Giza, but little else is known about him.</div> </div> </div> <div class="clear-right"> <h2 class="text-3xl text-center pt-10">The Royal Titulary</h2> <p class="text-base text-center">From the hieroglyphic records</p> <div class="mb-5"><div class="kort"><div class="text-center pt-8 pb-10"><img class="my-5 h-12 pl-5 inline dark:invert" loading="eager" src="/svg/pharaoh/04-04-01.svg" alt="" /><div class="sm:hidden"></div><img src="/svg/hiero/t_nesut.svg" loading="eager" class="my-5 h-12 pl-5 inline sepia dark:invert dark:contrast-75" alt="The Dual King" /><img class="h-12 inline dark:invert" loading="eager" src="/svg/pharaoh/04-04-07.svg" alt="" /><div class="sm:hidden"></div><p class="text-base pt-2"><span class="text-xs uppercase font-sans dark:text-stone-400">Horus</span> User ib <span class="text-xs uppercase font-sans dark:text-stone-400"> The Dual King</span> Khaf Ra</p></div></div></div> <div><h2 class="text-center pt-10 pb-0 text-4xl text-red dark:text-amber-200">Horus name</h2><img src="/svg/hiero/t_horus.svg" loading="lazy" class="h-20 dark:invert mx-auto" alt="Horus name"><p class="w-2/3 font-sans text-base mx-auto text-center text-stone-800 dark:text-shark-300 text-balance"> The oldest form of the name of a pharaoh, a falcon representing Horus is perched on the palace facade. </p><div class="p-2"><div class="cards"> <div class="hiero"> <div class="ht"> Horus name </div> <img class="h-12 sm:h-16 my-2 sm:my-3 dark:invert max-w-full object-contain" loading="lazy" src="/svg/pharaoh/04-04-01.svg" alt="Horus name"> <div class="ha"> User ib </div> <div class="hb"> wsr-ib </div> <div class="hc"> Strong-minded </div> <div class="hd"> wsr-ib </div> <div class="he"> Borchardt, <i>Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire</i>, 17<br>Beckerath, “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, 2nd ed. <abbr title="Münchner Ägyptologischen Studien"><i>MÄS</i></abbr> <b>49</b> (1999). 54-55, 4:H </div> </div> </div></div></div> <div><h2 class="text-center pt-10 pb-0 text-4xl text-red dark:text-amber-200">Nebty name</h2><img src="/svg/hiero/t_nebty.svg" loading="lazy" class="h-20 dark:invert mx-auto" alt="Nebty name"><p class="w-2/3 font-sans text-base mx-auto text-center text-stone-800 dark:text-shark-300 text-balance"> The “Two Ladies”, the <i>goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet</i>, representing Upper and Lower Egypt respectively. </p><div class="p-2"><div class="cards"> <div class="hiero"> <div class="ht"> Nebty name </div> <img class="h-12 sm:h-16 my-2 sm:my-3 dark:invert max-w-full object-contain" loading="lazy" src="/svg/pharaoh/04-04-02.svg" alt="Nebty name"> <div class="ha"> User em </div> <div class="hb"> wsr-m </div> <div class="hc"> Who is strong by means of the Two Ladies </div> <div class="hd"> wsr-m </div> <div class="he"> Borchardt, <i>Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire</i>, 16<br>Beckerath, “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, 2nd ed. <abbr title="Münchner Ägyptologischen Studien"><i>MÄS</i></abbr> <b>49</b> (1999). 54-55, 4:N </div> </div> </div></div></div> <div><h2 class="text-center pt-10 pb-0 text-4xl text-red dark:text-amber-200">Golden Horus name</h2><img src="/svg/hiero/t_gold.svg" loading="lazy" class="h-20 dark:invert mx-auto" alt="Golden Horus name"><p class="w-2/3 font-sans text-base mx-auto text-center text-stone-800 dark:text-shark-300 text-balance"> Horus perched on Gold, which was associated with eternity, but its meaning is disputed. </p><div class="p-2"><div class="cards"> <div class="hiero"> <div class="ht"> Golden Horus name </div> <img class="h-12 sm:h-16 my-2 sm:my-3 dark:invert max-w-full object-contain" loading="lazy" src="/svg/pharaoh/04-04-03.svg" alt="Nebty name"> <div class="ha"> Sekhem bik nebu </div> <div class="hb"> sḫm-bik-nbw </div> <div class="hc"> The golden falcon is powerful </div> <div class="hd"> S42*G7:S12 </div> <div class="he"> Statue of Chephren, Cairo Museum JE 10062 (CG 14)<br>Porter & Moss, <i>Topographical Bibliography</i> , III, 21<br>Beckerath, “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, 2nd ed. <abbr title="Münchner Ägyptologischen Studien"><i>MÄS</i></abbr> <b>49</b> (1999). 54-55, 4:G </div> </div> </div></div></div> <div data-astro-cid-cnf246la><h2 class="text-center pt-10 pb-0 text-4xl text-red dark:text-amber-200" data-astro-cid-cnf246la>Throne names</h2><img src="/svg/hiero/t_nesut.svg" loading="lazy" class="h-20 dark:invert mx-auto" alt="Prenomen or throne name" data-astro-cid-cnf246la><p class="w-1/2 font-sans mx-auto text-center text-stone-800 dark:text-shark-300 text-balance" data-astro-cid-cnf246la> Announced at the coronation and always written in a cartouche. The “official” name of the pharaoh. Also known as the <i data-astro-cid-cnf246la>Prenomen</i>. </p><div class="kort" data-astro-cid-cnf246la><div class="hieroglyphs"><div class="hiero"><div class="ht">Throne name</div><img class="h-12 sm:h-16 my-2 sm:my-5 dark:invert max-w-full object-contain" loading="lazy" src="/svg/pharaoh/04-04-07.svg" alt=""><div class="ha">Khaf Ra</div><div class="hb">ḫꜤ-f-rꜤ</div><div class="hc">He appears (as) Ra</div><div class="hd">ra-N25-f</div><div class="he"><abbr title="From Latin: can be found in numerous places.">Passim</abbr><br>Lepsius, <i>Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien</i>, II, 41a<br>Beckerath, “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, 2nd ed. <abbr title="Münchner Ägyptologischen Studien"><i>MÄS</i></abbr> <b>49</b> (1999). 54-55, 4:E1<br></div></div><div class="hiero"><div class="ht">Throne name variant</div><img class="h-12 sm:h-16 my-2 sm:my-5 dark:invert max-w-full object-contain" loading="lazy" src="/svg/pharaoh/04-04-05.svg" alt=""><div class="ha">Khaf Ra*</div><div class="hb">ḫꜤ-f-rꜤ</div><div class="hc">He appears (as) Ra</div><div class="hd">ra-xa-a:f</div><div class="he">Abydos Canon no. 23<br><br>Beckerath, “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, 2nd ed. <abbr title="Münchner Ägyptologischen Studien"><i>MÄS</i></abbr> <b>49</b> (1999). 54-55, 4:E3<br></div></div><div class="hiero"><div class="ht">Throne name variant</div><img class="h-12 sm:h-16 my-2 sm:my-5 dark:invert max-w-full object-contain" loading="lazy" src="/svg/pharaoh/04-04-06.svg" alt=""><div class="ha">Khaf Ra*</div><div class="hb">ḫꜤ.w-f-rꜤ</div><div class="hc">He appears (as) Ra</div><div class="hd">ra-xa-w-f</div><div class="he">Saqqara Canon no. 40<br><br>Beckerath, “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, 2nd ed. <abbr title="Münchner Ägyptologischen Studien"><i>MÄS</i></abbr> <b>49</b> (1999). 54-55, 4:E4<br></div></div><div class="hiero"><div class="ht">Throne name variant</div><img class="h-12 sm:h-16 my-2 sm:my-5 dark:invert max-w-full object-contain" loading="lazy" src="/svg/pharaoh/04-04-08.svg" alt=""><div class="ha">User ib Khaf Ra</div><div class="hb">wsr-ib-ḫꜤ-f-rꜤ</div><div class="hc">With a strong heart, he appears (as) Ra</div><div class="hd">wsr-ib:Z1-ra-xa:f</div><div class="he"><i>Aegyptische Inschriften aus den Königlichen Museen zu Berlin</i>, I, p.2 (15387)<br>Beckerath, “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, 2nd ed. <abbr title="Münchner Ägyptologischen Studien"><i>MÄS</i></abbr> <b>49</b> (1999). 54-55, 4:E2<br></div></div><div class="hiero"><div class="ht">Throne name variant</div><img class="h-12 sm:h-16 my-2 sm:my-5 dark:invert max-w-full object-contain" loading="lazy" src="/svg/pharaoh/04-04-04.svg" alt=""><div class="ha">Kha..</div><div class="hb">..-ḫꜤ-..</div><div class="hc">–</div><div class="hd">//-xa://-G7</div><div class="he">Turin King List 4.12<br>Gardiner, <i>The Royal Canon of Turin</i> (1959) III:12<br></div></div></div></div></div> <h2 class="pt-10 text-center">The sources of antiquity</h2> <p class="text-base text-center pb-5">From the writings of the historians and scholars of antiquity</p> <table class="w-full"> <tr class="text-left border-b border-stone-800 dark:border-shark-500"><th>Author</th><th>Greek</th><th>Transcription</th><th>Reign</th></tr> <tr class="border-b border-stone-300 dark:border-shark-700"> <td class="py-2">Africanus <sub class="dark:text-amber-50 text-sm">iv, 3</sub></td> <td class="gr">Σoυφις</td>  <td>Suphis</td> <td>66 years</td> </tr><tr class="border-b border-stone-300 dark:border-shark-700"> <td class="py-2">Herodotus <sub class="dark:text-amber-50 text-sm">127</sub></td> <td class="gr">Χεφρηνα</td>  <td>Chephren</td> <td>56 years</td> </tr><tr class="border-b border-stone-300 dark:border-shark-700"> <td class="py-2">Diodorus <sub class="dark:text-amber-50 text-sm">1.64.1</sub></td> <td class="gr">Κεφρην</td>  <td>Cephren</td> <td>56 years</td> </tr><tr class="border-b border-stone-300 dark:border-shark-700"> <td class="py-2">Eratosthenes <sub class="dark:text-amber-50 text-sm">16</sub></td> <td class="gr">Σαωφις β</td>  <td>Saophis II</td> <td>27</td> </tr> </table> <h2 class="pt-10 text-center">Bibliography</h2> <ul id="biblio" class="py-2 font-sans mt-5 border-t-2 border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-700 text-stone-800 dark:text-shark-300"><li><b>Gauthier, H.</b> Le livre des rois d'Égypte. <i>MIFAO</i> 17 (1907): 86–94</li><li><b> Beckerath, J.</b>, 1999. “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, Second edition, <abbr title="Münchner Ägyptologischen Studien"><i>MÄS</i></abbr> <b>49</b>: 54–55</li><li><b>Leprohon, R. J.</b>, 2013. <i>The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary</i>. Atlanta: 36</li><li><b>Baker. D. D.</b>, 2008. <i>The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I</i>. London: 169–171</li></ul> <div class="mx-auto font-sans font-semibold px-7 py-3 my-16 text-stone-800/50 dark:text-shark-300/50 border w-fit text-center bg-white/50 dark:bg-shark-900/50 dark:border-shark-600 rounded-xl"> <b>PLEASE NOTE</b><br> There <i>might</i> be errors on this page.<br> Make sure you use the <span class="text-red dark:text-shark-400">correct source!</span> <br><small class="text-stone-800/50 dark:text-shark-300/50">Yes, you would be surprised...</small> </div> </div> </section> <div class="py-10 my-5 print:hidden" aria-hidden="true"> <img src="/svg/thoth.svg" loading="lazy" class="mx-auto h-28 opacity-50 transition duration-300 hover:opacity-100" alt="Thoth" title="You have reached the end of the page. This is Thoth, the wise God of writing and hieroglyphs." srcset=""> <p class="text-center uppercase font-sans text-xs pt-3"> <abbr class="text-stone-400 dark:text-shark-700 no-underline" title="Latin for: Nothing comes from nothing">Ex nihilo nihil fit</abbr> </p> </div> <div class="hidden print:block print:py-20 text-center"> <h3>Original text from:</h3><a href="https://pharaoh.se{currentPath}" class="font-mono text-sm text-black"><img src="/svg/pharaohse.svg" alt="Pharaoh.SE" class="w-60 mx-auto block">https://pharaoh.se/ancient-egypt/pharaoh/Khafra/</a> </div> </article> <aside class="hidden lg:grid lg:col-span-3 print:hidden border-s border-stone-300 dark:border-shark-900 dark:bg-darky" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <div class="flex h-full px-5 overflow-y-auto sm:w-64 w-80 font-sans" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <nav class="-mx-3 space-y-8 pb-36" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="pharaohs" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 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