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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leopold Infeld</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ليوبولد إنفيلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليوبولد إنفيلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D8%AF" title="لئوپولد اینفلد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لئوپولد اینفلد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="লিওপোল্ড ইনফেল্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিওপোল্ড ইনফেল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Леапольд Інфельд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леапольд Інфельд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%8A%CE%BD%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Λεόπολντ Ίνφελντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεόπολντ Ίνφελντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D8%AF" title="لئوپولد اینفلد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئوپولد اینفلد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%8F%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9D%B8%ED%8E%A0%ED%8A%B8" title="레오폴트 인펠트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레오폴트 인펠트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%93" title="לאופולד אינפלד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאופולד אינפלד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ლეოპოლდ ინფელდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეოპოლდ ინფელდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ليوبولد انفيلد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليوبولد انفيلد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="レオポルト・インフェルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオポルト・インフェルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Инфельд, Леопольд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инфельд, Леопольд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leopold Infeld" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Леопольд Інфельд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Леопольд Інфельд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8B%B1%E8%B2%BB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7" title="利奧波德·英費爾德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利奧波德·英費爾德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q465488#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Polish physicist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leopold Infeld</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_Infeld_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leopold_Infeld_1960.jpg/220px-Leopold_Infeld_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leopold_Infeld_1960.jpg/330px-Leopold_Infeld_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leopold_Infeld_1960.jpg/440px-Leopold_Infeld_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="3782" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Leopold Infeld in 1960</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">20 August 1898<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1898-08-20</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 January 1968<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1968-01-16</span>)</span> (aged 69)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austrian</a> (1898–1918)<br /><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> (1918–1968)<br /><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> (1939–50)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infeld%E2%80%93Van_der_Waerden_symbols" title="Infeld–Van der Waerden symbols">Infeld–Van der Waerden symbols</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Infeld_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Born–Infeld theory">Born–Infeld theory</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Infeld%E2%80%93Hoffmann_equations" title="Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations">Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeld%E2%80%93Hull_factorization_method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infeld–Hull factorization method (page does not exist)">Infeld–Hull factorization method</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eryk_Infeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eryk Infeld (page does not exist)">Eryk Infeld</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryk_Infeld" class="extiw" title="pl:Eryk Infeld">pl</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lwów">University of Lwów</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iwo_Bialynicki-Birula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iwo Bialynicki-Birula (page does not exist)">Iwo Bialynicki-Birula</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schild" title="Alfred Schild">Alfred Schild</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Trautman" title="Andrzej Trautman">Andrzej Trautman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/P._R._Wallace" title="P. R. Wallace">P. R. Wallace</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leopold Infeld</b> (20 August 1898 – 15 January 1968) was a Polish <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who worked mainly in <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (1938–1950). He was a <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_family" title="Rockefeller family">Rockefeller</a> fellow at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a> (1933–1934) and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Infeld&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leopold Infeld was born into a family of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Poland">Polish Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> (it rejoined an independent Poland in 1918). He studied <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> and from 1920 in Berlin, where he had engaged <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s help<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to gain admission to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>. He obtained a doctorate in 1921. In 1933 he left for <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, then for the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and Canada after the death of his second wife, Halina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Infeld&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_Infeld_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leopold_Infeld_1938.jpg/170px-Leopold_Infeld_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leopold_Infeld_1938.jpg/255px-Leopold_Infeld_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leopold_Infeld_1938.jpg/340px-Leopold_Infeld_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Leopold Infeld in 1938</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copertina_del_libro_%22L%27evoluzione_della_fisica%22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Copertina_del_libro_%22L%27evoluzione_della_fisica%22.JPG/220px-Copertina_del_libro_%22L%27evoluzione_della_fisica%22.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Copertina_del_libro_%22L%27evoluzione_della_fisica%22.JPG/330px-Copertina_del_libro_%22L%27evoluzione_della_fisica%22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Copertina_del_libro_%22L%27evoluzione_della_fisica%22.JPG/440px-Copertina_del_libro_%22L%27evoluzione_della_fisica%22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="2212" /></a><figcaption>Italian language copy of Einstein's and Leopold's 'The Evolution of Physics'</figcaption></figure> <p>Infeld was interested in the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>. He was awarded a doctorate at the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> (1921), worked as an assistant and a docent at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lwów">University of Lwów</a> (1930–1933) and then as a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> between 1939 and 1950. He collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (1936–1938). The two scientists jointly formulated the equation describing star movements as well as concurrently writing the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Physics" title="The Evolution of Physics">The Evolution of Physics</a></i>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_use_of_nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="First use of nuclear weapons">first use of nuclear weapons</a> in 1945, Infeld, like Einstein, became a <a href="/wiki/Peace_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace activist">peace activist</a>. Because of his activities, he was unjustly accused of having communist sympathies. In 1950, he and his family left Canada and returned to <a href="/wiki/Communist_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Poland">communist Poland</a>. He also could not return to the US at that time. In the US, despite having worked previously directly with Einstein, who formally invented nuclear weapons with his famous formula, Infeld risked receiving the death penalty like the <a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Rosenbergs</a> if accused of spying for the Soviet Union. </p><p>He felt he had an obligation to help science in Poland recover from the ravages of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. He served as president of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Physical_Society" title="Polish Physical Society">Polish Physical Society</a> between 1955 and 1957. In the staunchly anti-communist climate of the time, many in the Canadian government and media feared that working in a communist country he would betray <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> secrets. He was stripped of his <a href="/wiki/Canadian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian citizenship">Canadian citizenship</a> and was widely denounced as a traitor. In actuality, Infeld's field was the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>—not directly linked to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons research">nuclear weapons research</a>. After Infeld's return to Poland, he requested a leave of absence from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. His request was denied, and Infeld resigned his post. In 1995 the University of Toronto made amends and granted Infeld the posthumous title of <a href="/wiki/Professor_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor emeritus">professor emeritus</a>. Upon his return to <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a>, Infeld became a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a>, a post he held until his death. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Infeld_model" title="Born–Infeld model">Born–Infeld model</a> was named after <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> and Leopold Infeld, who first proposed it. The Infeld-Hull Factorization Method describing general sets of solutions to the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a>. </p><p>Infeld was one of the 11 signatories to the <a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a> in 1955 and is the only signatory never to receive a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. </p><p>In 1964 he was one of the signatories of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_34" title="Letter of 34">Letter of 34</a> to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Cyrankiewicz" title="Józef Cyrankiewicz">Józef Cyrankiewicz</a> regarding freedom of culture. </p><p>Infeld is the author of <i>Quest: An Autobiography</i> and the biography <i>Whom the Gods Love: The Story of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Galois" title="Évariste Galois">Évariste Galois</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Infeld&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New Jersey, on April 12, 1939, he married a mathematician who took the name <a href="/wiki/Helen_Infeld" title="Helen Infeld">Helen Infeld</a> and they had two children, both born in Toronto, Joan M. and Eric (sometimes spelled Eryk).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Infeld&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFInfeld1950" class="citation book cs1">Infeld, Leopold (1950). <i>Albert Einstein: His Work and Its Influence on Our World</i>. Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%3A+His+Work+and+Its+Influence+on+Our+World&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Infeld&rft.aufirst=Leopold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Infeld" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInfeld,_L.Hull,_T._E.1953" class="citation journal cs1">Infeld, L.; Hull, T. E. (1953). "Factorization Method". <i>Rev. Mod. Phys</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951RvMP...23...21I">1951RvMP...23...21I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.23.21">10.1103/RevModPhys.23.21</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev.+Mod.+Phys.&rft.atitle=Factorization+Method&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.23.21&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1951RvMP...23...21I&rft.au=Infeld%2C+L.&rft.au=Hull%2C+T.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Infeld" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInfeld2006" class="citation book cs1">Infeld, Leopold (2006) [1965]. <i>Quest: An Autobiography</i> (Reprint ed.). American Mathematical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8218-4073-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8218-4073-8"><bdi>0-8218-4073-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8218-4073-8&rft.aulast=Infeld&rft.aufirst=Leopold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Infeld" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Infeld&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergmann,_Peter_G.1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergmann" title="Peter Bergmann">Bergmann, Peter G.</a> (March 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3034808">"Obituary: Leopold Infeld, Authority on Field Theory and Relativity"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 113. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968PhT....21c.113B">1968PhT....21c.113B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3034808">10.1063/1.3034808</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Leopold+Infeld%2C+Authority+on+Field+Theory+and+Relativity&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1968-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3034808&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968PhT....21c.113B&rft.au=Bergmann%2C+Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252F1.3034808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Infeld" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YfApAQAAMAAJ"><i>Current Biography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/H.W._Wilson_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="H.W. Wilson Company">H.W. Wilson Company</a>. 1941.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Biography&rft.pub=H.W.+Wilson+Company&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYfApAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Infeld" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenLaDuke2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judy_Green_(mathematician)" title="Judy Green (mathematician)">Green, Judy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_LaDuke" title="Jeanne LaDuke">LaDuke, Jeanne</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Pioneering_Women_in_American_Mathematics" title="Pioneering Women in American Mathematics"><i>Pioneering Women in American Mathematics — The Pre-1940 PhD's</i></a>. History of Mathematics. Vol. 34 (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a>, The <a href="/wiki/London_Mathematical_Society" title="London Mathematical Society">London Mathematical Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-4376-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-4376-5"><bdi>978-0-8218-4376-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneering+Women+in+American+Mathematics+%26mdash%3B+The+Pre-1940+PhD%27s&rft.series=History+of+Mathematics&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society%2C+The+London+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-4376-5&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft.au=LaDuke%2C+Jeanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Infeld" class="Z3988"></span> Helen Schlauch biography on p.309-312 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/bookpages/hmath-34-PioneeringWomen.pdf">Supplementary Material</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/publications/authors/books/postpub/hmath-34">AMS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbj.gov.pl/en/memory-professor-eryk-infeld">"Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych"</a>. <i>NCBJ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBJ&rft.atitle=Narodowe+Centrum+Bada%C5%84+J%C4%85drowych&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbj.gov.pl%2Fen%2Fmemory-professor-eryk-infeld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Infeld" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Infeld&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrautman1970–1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Trautman, Andrzej (1970–1980). "Infeld, Leopold". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Vol. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10114-9"><bdi>978-0-684-10114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Infeld%2C+Leopold&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970%2F1980&rft.isbn=978-0-684-10114-9&rft.aulast=Trautman&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Infeld" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Infeld.html">"Leopold Infeld"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leopold+Infeld&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FInfeld.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Infeld" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Infeld&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118708872">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80080262">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119082308">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119082308">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00444236">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Infeld, Leopold"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV027651">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35221744">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20001227801&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX976704">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/87138">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07058429X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16649680000">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:infeld.leopold">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/91225">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/871259">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118708872.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118708872">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026930706">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62v2p3f">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12444">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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