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id="toc-Colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constituent_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituent_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Constituent colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituent_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federated_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federated_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Federated colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federated_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Theological colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postgraduate_college" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postgraduate_college"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Postgraduate college </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postgraduate_college-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Grounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Academics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Academics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Library_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Library and collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings_and_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings_and_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Rankings and reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings_and_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_student_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_student_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Culture and student life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_student_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and student life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_student_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Greek life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Theatre and music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Student media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Student_social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Student social media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Residences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus_suicides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus_suicides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Campus suicides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campus_suicides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Athletics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">University of Toronto</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" > 76 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="جامعة تورنتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة تورنتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%C3%A1_de_Toronto" title="Universidá de Toronto – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universidá de Toronto" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Universiteti" title="Toronto Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toronto Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تورونتو بیلیم یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورونتو بیلیم یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="টরন্টো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টরন্টো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Торонто университеты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Торонто университеты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Таронцкі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Таронцкі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Таронтаўскі ўнівэрсытэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Таронтаўскі ўнівэрсытэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Университет на Торонто – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Университет на Торонто" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Toronto" title="Universitat de Toronto – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat de Toronto" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="University of Toronto" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torontsk%C3%A1_univerzita" title="Torontská univerzita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Torontská univerzita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_Toronto" title="Prifysgol Toronto – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prifysgol Toronto" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="University of Toronto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="University of Toronto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_%C3%9Clikool" title="Toronto Ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toronto Ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Πανεπιστήμιο του Τορόντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο του Τορόντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Toronto" title="Universidad de Toronto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de Toronto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_de_Toronto" title="Universitato de Toronto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato de Toronto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torontoko_Unibertsitatea" title="Torontoko Unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Torontoko Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="دانشگاه تورنتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه تورنتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Toronto" title="Université de Toronto – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université de Toronto" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Toronto" title="Universidade de Toronto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade de Toronto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0%ED%86%A0_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="토론토 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토론토 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Տորոնտոյի համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տորոնտոյի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="टोरंटो विश्वविद्यालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टोरंटो विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_u_Torontu" title="Sveučilište u Torontu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveučilište u Torontu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Toronto" title="Universitas Toronto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Toronto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1sk%C3%B3linn_%C3%AD_Toront%C3%B3" title="Háskólinn í Torontó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Háskólinn í Torontó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Toronto" title="Università di Toronto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università di Toronto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95" title="אוניברסיטת טורונטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת טורונטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Toronto" title="Universitas Toronto – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Universitas Toronto" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ტორონტოს უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტორონტოს უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99niwersytet_w_Toronto" title="Ùniwersytet w Toronto – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ùniwersytet w Toronto" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Торонто Университеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Торонто Университеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Torontonensis" title="Universitas Torontonensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Torontonensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Universit%C4%81te" title="Toronto Universitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Toronto Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_universitetas" title="Toronto universitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Toronto universitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toront%C3%B3i_Egyetem" title="Torontói Egyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Torontói Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B" title="യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി ഓഫ് ടൊറോണ്ടോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി ഓഫ് ടൊറോണ്ടോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="جامعة تورونتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة تورونتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Toronto" title="Universiti Toronto – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti Toronto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Торонтогийн Их сургууль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Торонтогийн Их сургууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_van_Toronto" title="Universiteit van Toronto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universiteit van Toronto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="トロント大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トロント大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="University of Toronto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="University of Toronto" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_universiteti" title="Toronto universiteti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toronto universiteti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਟੋਰਾਂਟੋ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੋਰਾਂਟੋ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%88_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ٹورنٹو یونیورسٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹورنٹو یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidat_di_Toronto" title="Universidat di Toronto – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Universidat di Toronto" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="University of Toronto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Toronto" title="Universidade de Toronto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade de Toronto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_din_Toronto" title="Universitatea din Toronto – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea din Toronto" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Университет Торонто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Университет Торонто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_i_Torontos" title="Universiteti i Torontos – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti i Torontos" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="University of Toronto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza_v_Torontu" title="Univerza v Torontu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerza v Torontu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%86" title="زانکۆی تۆرۆنتۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانکۆی تۆرۆنتۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83" title="Универзитет у Торонту – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Универзитет у Торонту" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_u_Torontu" title="Univerzitet u Torontu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet u Torontu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronton_yliopisto" title="Toronton yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toronton yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="University of Toronto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_ng_Toronto" title="Unibersidad ng Toronto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unibersidad ng Toronto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தொராண்டோ பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொராண்டோ பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="มหาวิทยาลัยโทรอนโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยโทรอนโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Донишгоҳи Торонто – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи Торонто" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Toronto Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toronto Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Торонтський університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Торонтський університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%81_%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%88" title="جامعہ ٹورانٹو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جامعہ ٹورانٹو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89" title="تورونتو ئۇنىۋېرستېتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تورونتو ئۇنىۋېرستېتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Public university in Toronto, Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the university's St. George campus in Downtown Toronto. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="University of Toronto (disambiguation)">University of Toronto (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University" title="Toronto Metropolitan University">Toronto Metropolitan University</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">University of Toronto</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Utoronto_coa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Utoronto_coa.svg/220px-Utoronto_coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Utoronto_coa.svg/330px-Utoronto_coa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Utoronto_coa.svg/440px-Utoronto_coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Toronto" title="Coat of arms of the University of Toronto">Coat of arms</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Universitas Torontonensis<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former name</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">King's College (1827–1849)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><div lang="la">Velut arbor ævo (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">"As a tree through the ages"<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">March 15, 1827 (197 years ago) (1827-03-15)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliation</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">AAU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities" title="Association of Commonwealth Universities">ACU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universities_Canada" title="Universities Canada">Universities Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">URA</a>, <a href="/wiki/U15_Group_of_Canadian_Research_Universities" title="U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities">U15</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> C$3.27 billion (excl. colleges)<a href="#cite_note-endowmentreport-5">[5]</a></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> C$3.99 billion (incl. colleges)<a href="#cite_note-endowmentreport-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wes_Hall_(businessman)" title="Wes Hall (businessman)">Wes Hall</a><a href="#cite_note-admin-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meric_Gertler" title="Meric Gertler">Meric Gertler</a><a href="#cite_note-admin-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data">L. Trevor Young<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,246<a href="#cite_note-financial2021-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Administrative staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,462<a href="#cite_note-financial2021-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">64,218<a href="#cite_note-utsg-9">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-quickfacts-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">44,763<a href="#cite_note-utsg-9">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-quickfacts-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19,455<a href="#cite_note-utsg-9">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-quickfacts-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Toronto&params=43_39_42_N_79_23_42_W_region:CA-ON_type:edu">43°39′42″N 79°23′42″W / 43.66167°N 79.39500°W / 43.66167; -79.39500</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">St. George; Urban, 55.8 hectares (138 acres)<a href="#cite_note-utsg-9">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-sgsize-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colours</a></th><td class="infobox-data">PMS 655 Blue<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <table role="presentation" style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;" aria-hidden="true"> <tbody><tr style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%; height:1.75em"> <td style="background: #002f65; font-size:50%;"> </td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues" title="Toronto Varsity Blues">Varsity Blues</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/U_Sports" title="U Sports">U Sports</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ontario_University_Athletics" title="Ontario University Athletics">OUA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_University_Field_Lacrosse_Association" title="Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association">CUFLA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data">True Blue (the Beaver)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utoronto.ca">utoronto.ca</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:UofT_Wordmark.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/UofT_Wordmark.png/220px-UofT_Wordmark.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/UofT_Wordmark.png/330px-UofT_Wordmark.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/UofT_Wordmark.png/440px-UofT_Wordmark.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="846" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, located on the grounds that surround <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_(Toronto)" title="Queen's Park (Toronto)">Queen's Park</a>. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> in 1827 as King's College, the first institution of higher learning in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>. Originally controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, the university assumed its present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution. As a <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">collegiate university</a>, it comprises 11 <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">colleges</a> each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs and significant differences in character and history. The university maintains three campuses, the oldest of which is St. George, located in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Toronto" title="Downtown Toronto">downtown Toronto</a>. The other two <a href="/wiki/Satellite_campus" title="Satellite campus">satellite campuses</a> are located in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Scarborough" title="University of Toronto Scarborough">Scarborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Mississauga" title="University of Toronto Mississauga">Mississauga</a>. The University of Toronto offers over 700 undergraduate and 200 graduate programs. The university receives the most annual <a href="/wiki/Funding_of_science" title="Funding of science">scientific research funding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a> of any Canadian university. It is also one of two members of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> outside the United States, alongside <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">communication theory</a>, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_school_of_communication_theory" title="Toronto school of communication theory">Toronto School</a>. The university was the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a> research,<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> the first <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">artificial cardiac pacemaker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pearce_2005-16">[15]</a> and the site of the first successful <a href="/wiki/Lung_transplantation" title="Lung transplantation">lung transplant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> transplant. The university was also home to the first <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscope</a>, the development of <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neural_network" title="Neural network">neural network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> technology, the identification of the first <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a>, and the development of the theory of <a href="/wiki/NP-completeness" title="NP-completeness">NP-completeness</a>. The University of Toronto is the recipient of both the single largest philanthropic gift in Canadian history, a $250 million donation from James and Louise Temerty in 2020, and the largest ever research grant in Canada, a $200 million grant from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues" title="Toronto Varsity Blues">Varsity Blues</a> are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, primarily within <a href="/wiki/U_Sports" title="U Sports">U Sports</a>, with ties to <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron football</a>, rowing and ice hockey. The earliest recorded instance of gridiron football occurred at University of Toronto's <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Toronto" title="University College, Toronto">University College</a> in November 1861.<a href="#cite_note-Football:_The_Ivy_League_Origins_of_an_American_Obsession_-_Mark_F._Bernstein_-_Google_Books-20">[19]</a> The university's <a href="/wiki/Hart_House_(University_of_Toronto)" title="Hart House (University of Toronto)">Hart House</a> is an early example of the North American <a href="/wiki/Student_center" title="Student center">student centre</a>, simultaneously serving cultural, intellectual, and recreational interests within its large <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic-revival</a> complex. University of Toronto alumni include five <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Ministers of Canada</a> (including <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>), three <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governors General of Canada</a>, nine foreign leaders, and 17 <a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of Canada">justices of the Supreme Court of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Toronto&action=edit">[update]</a>, 13 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a>, six <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> winners, 100 <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholars</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medalist</a> have been affiliated with the university. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> The founding of a colonial college had long been the desire of <a href="/wiki/John_Graves_Simcoe" title="John Graves Simcoe">John Graves Simcoe</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Ontario" title="List of lieutenant governors of Ontario">Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada</a> and founder of <a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York</a>, the colonial capital.<a href="#cite_note-simcoeBiography-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-historyQA_simcoe-23">[22]</a> As an <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>-educated military commander who had fought in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, Simcoe believed a college was needed to counter the spread of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_simcoe-23">[22]</a> The Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 that a college be established in York.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_simcoe-23">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg/220px-King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg/330px-King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg/440px-King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1659" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>Charter granted by <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">King George IV</a> in 1827, establishing King's College.</figcaption></figure> On March 15, 1827, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> was formally issued by <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">King George IV</a>, proclaiming "from this time one College, with the style and privileges of a University ... for the education of youth in the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian Religion</a>, and for their instruction in the various branches of Science and Literature ... to continue for ever, to be called King's College."<a href="#cite_note-charterStory-24">[23]</a> The granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by <a href="/wiki/John_Strachan" title="John Strachan">John Strachan</a>, the influential future first <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Toronto" title="Anglican Diocese of Toronto">Bishop of Toronto</a> who took office as the college's first president.<a href="#cite_note-charterStory-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-friedland_2002-25">[24]</a> The original three-storey <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> school building was built on the present site of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_(Toronto)" title="Queen's Park (Toronto)">Queen's Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_kingsCollege-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Portrait_kingsCollege-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Under Strachan's stewardship, King's College was a religious institution closely aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and the British colonial elite, known as the <a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-strachanBiography-29">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)" title="Reform movement (Upper Canada)">Reformist</a> politicians opposed the clergy's control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_secularization-30">[29]</a> In 1849, after a lengthy and heated debate, the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> voted to rename King's College as the University of Toronto and severed the school's ties with the church.<a href="#cite_note-friedland_2002-25">[24]</a> Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Toronto" title="Trinity College, Toronto">Trinity College</a> as a private Anglican seminary.<a href="#cite_note-bfaught-31">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Toronto" title="University College, Toronto">University College</a> was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the threat of <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union blockade</a> on <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> prompted the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Rifles_of_Canada#History" title="Queen's Own Rifles of Canada">University Rifle Corps</a>, which saw battle in resisting the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a> on the Niagara border in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_rifleCorps-32">[31]</a> The Corps was part of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Non-Permanent Active Militia">Reserve Militia</a> led by professor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Croft" title="Henry Croft">Henry Croft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_rifleCorps-32">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UniversityCollegeUofT_1800s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/UniversityCollegeUofT_1800s.jpg/220px-UniversityCollegeUofT_1800s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/UniversityCollegeUofT_1800s.jpg/330px-UniversityCollegeUofT_1800s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/UniversityCollegeUofT_1800s.jpg/440px-UniversityCollegeUofT_1800s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Painting of <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Toronto" title="University College, Toronto">University College</a>, 1859.</figcaption></figure> Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Applied_Science_and_Engineering" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering">Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering</a>, which has been nicknamed Skule since its earliest days.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_skule-33">[32]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine">Faculty of Medicine</a> opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887 when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_medicine-34">[33]</a> Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_medicine-34">[33]</a> The university opened the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Law" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Law">Faculty of Law</a> in 1887, followed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Dentistry" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry">Faculty of Dentistry</a> in 1888 when the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Dental_Surgeons_of_Ontario" title="Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario">Royal College of Dental Surgeons</a> became an affiliate.<a href="#cite_note-friedland_2002-25">[24]</a> Women were first admitted to the university in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_women-35">[34]</a> A devastating fire in 1890 gutted the interior of University College and destroyed 33,000 volumes from the library,<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_fire-36">[35]</a> but the university restored the building and replenished its library within two years.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_fire-36">[35]</a> Over the next two decades, a <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">collegiate system</a> took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachan's Trinity College in 1904. The university operated <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Conservatory_of_Music" title="The Royal Conservatory of Music">the Royal Conservatory of Music</a> from 1896 to 1991 and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a> from 1912 to 1968; both still retain close ties with the university as independent institutions.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a> was founded in 1901 as Canada's first <a href="/wiki/University_press" title="University press">academic publishing house</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The Faculty of Forestry, founded in 1907 with <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Fernow" title="Bernhard Fernow">Bernhard Fernow</a> as dean, was Canada's first university faculty devoted to forest science. In 1910, the Faculty of Education opened its <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">laboratory school</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Schools" title="University of Toronto Schools">University of Toronto Schools</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_wars_and_post-war_years">World wars and post-war years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AirplaneInFrontOfUC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/AirplaneInFrontOfUC.jpg/220px-AirplaneInFrontOfUC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/AirplaneInFrontOfUC.jpg/330px-AirplaneInFrontOfUC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/AirplaneInFrontOfUC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camel</a> aircraft rests on the Front Campus lawn in 1918.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World Wars</a> curtailed some university activities as undergraduate and graduate men eagerly enlisted.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_WWI-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-historyQA_WWII-41">[40]</a> Intercollegiate athletic competitions and the <a href="/wiki/Hart_House_Debating_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Hart House Debating Club">Hart House Debates</a> were suspended, although exhibition and interfaculty games were still held.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_WWII-41">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/David_Dunlap_Observatory" title="David Dunlap Observatory">David Dunlap Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Ontario" title="Richmond Hill, Ontario">Richmond Hill</a> opened in 1935, followed by the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-friedland_2002-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> By the 1961–62 academic year, the university had a total enrolment of 14,302 students, including 1,531 graduate students.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The university opened suburban campuses in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Scarborough" title="University of Toronto Scarborough">Scarborough</a> in 1964 and in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Mississauga" title="University of Toronto Mississauga">Mississauga</a> in 1967. The university's former affiliated schools at the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Agricultural_College" title="Ontario Agricultural College">Ontario Agricultural College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glendon_College" title="Glendon College">Glendon Hall</a> became fully independent of the University of Toronto and became part of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">University of Guelph</a> in 1964 and <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a> in 1965, respectively. Beginning in the 1980s, reductions in government funding prompted more rigorous fundraising efforts.<a href="#cite_note-friedland_2002-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_2000">Since 2000</h3></div> In 2000, geophysicist <a href="/wiki/Kin-Yip_Chun" title="Kin-Yip Chun">Kin-Yip Chun</a> was reinstated as a professor of the university, after he launched an unsuccessful lawsuit against the university alleging racial discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In 2017, a human rights application was filed against the University by one of its students for allegedly delaying the investigation of sexual assault and being dismissive of their concerns.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> In 2018, the university cleared one of its professors of allegations of discrimination and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> in an internal investigation, after a complaint was filed by one of its students.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The University of Toronto was the first Canadian university to amass a <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">financial endowment</a> greater than one billion dollars in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> From 2011 to 2018, the university embarked on the Boundless fundraising campaign, which concluded in 2018 at $2.641 billion raised, setting a new all-time fundraising record in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> On September 24, 2020, the university announced the single largest donation in Canadian history, a $250 million gift to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine">Faculty of Medicine</a> from Toronto-based philanthropists <a href="/wiki/James_C._Temerty" title="James C. Temerty">James and Louise Temerty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> This broke the previous record for the school set in 2019 when <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Schwartz" title="Gerry Schwartz">Gerry Schwartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heather_Reisman" title="Heather Reisman">Heather Reisman</a> jointly donated $100 million for the creation of a 70,000-square-metre (750,000 sq ft) innovation and artificial intelligence centre.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The Faculty of Medicine has been renamed the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine">Temerty Faculty of Medicine</a> in their honour. In December 2021, the University of Toronto announced the launch of the Defy Gravity campaign, the largest fundraising campaign in Canadian history, with a goal of raising $4 billion for the university.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges">Colleges</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constituent_colleges">Constituent colleges</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innis_College,_Toronto" title="Innis College, Toronto">Innis College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_College,_Toronto" title="New College, Toronto">New College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College,_Toronto" title="University College, Toronto">University College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodsworth_College,_Toronto" title="Woodsworth College, Toronto">Woodsworth College</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federated_colleges">Federated colleges</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_College,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's College, Toronto">St. Michael's College</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loretto_College_School" title="Loretto College School">Loretto College School</a> (high school)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Toronto" title="Trinity College, Toronto">Trinity College</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Hilda%27s_College,_University_of_Toronto" title="St. Hilda's College, University of Toronto">St. Hilda's College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_University,_Toronto" title="Victoria University, Toronto">Victoria College</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Toronto" title="Emmanuel College, Toronto">Emmanuel College</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theological_colleges">Theological colleges</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knox_College,_Toronto" title="Knox College, Toronto">Knox College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regis_College_(Toronto)" title="Regis College (Toronto)">Regis College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_College,_Toronto" title="Wycliffe College, Toronto">Wycliffe College</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postgraduate_college">Postgraduate college</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massey_College,_Toronto" title="Massey College, Toronto">Massey College</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grounds">Grounds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWTower-in-university-of-toronto_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WWTower-in-university-of-toronto_cropped.jpg/170px-WWTower-in-university-of-toronto_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WWTower-in-university-of-toronto_cropped.jpg/255px-WWTower-in-university-of-toronto_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WWTower-in-university-of-toronto_cropped.jpg/340px-WWTower-in-university-of-toronto_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_Tower" title="Soldiers' Tower">Soldiers' Tower</a>, a memorial to alumni fallen in the World Wars, contains a 51-bell <a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a>.</figcaption></figure> The university grounds lie about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Toronto" title="Financial District, Toronto">Financial District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Toronto" title="Downtown Toronto">Downtown Toronto</a>, immediately north of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Toronto" title="Chinatown, Toronto">Chinatown</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_District" title="Discovery District">Discovery District</a>, and immediately south of the neighbourhoods of <a href="/wiki/Yorkville,_Toronto" title="Yorkville, Toronto">Yorkville</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Annex" title="The Annex">The Annex</a>. The site encompasses 55.8 hectares (138 acres) bounded mostly by <a href="/wiki/Bay_Street" title="Bay Street">Bay Street</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Bloor_Street" title="Bloor Street">Bloor Street</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Spadina_Avenue" title="Spadina Avenue">Spadina Avenue</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/College_Street_(Toronto)" title="College Street (Toronto)">College Street</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-sgsize-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-factsandfigures-53">[52]</a> An enclave surrounded by university grounds, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_(Toronto)" title="Queen's Park (Toronto)">Queen's Park</a>, contains the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Building" title="Ontario Legislative Building">Ontario Legislative Building</a> and several historic monuments. With its green spaces and many interlocking courtyards, the university forms a distinct region of <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">urban parkland</a> in the city's downtown core.<a href="#cite_note-openSpace-54">[53]</a> The namesake <a href="/wiki/University_Avenue_(Toronto)" title="University Avenue (Toronto)">University Avenue</a> is a ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">boulevard</a> and arterial thoroughfare that runs through downtown between <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_(Toronto)" title="Queen's Park (Toronto)">Queen's Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Front_Street_(Toronto)" title="Front Street (Toronto)">Front Street</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spadina_station" title="Spadina station">Spadina</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._George_station" title="St. George station">St. George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_station_(Toronto)" title="Museum station (Toronto)">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_station_(Toronto)" title="Queen's Park station (Toronto)">Queen's Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick_station" title="St. Patrick station">St. Patrick</a> stations of the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_subway" title="Toronto subway">Toronto subway</a> system are nearby. The architecture is epitomized by a combination of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> buildings spread across the eastern and central portions of campus, most dating between 1858 and 1929. The traditional heart of the university, known as Front Campus, is near the campus centre in an oval lawn enclosed by King's College Circle.<a href="#cite_note-openSpace-54">[53]</a> The centrepiece is the main building of <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Toronto" title="University College, Toronto">University College</a>, built in 1857 with an eclectic blend of <a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a> architectural elements.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The dramatic effect of this blended design by architect <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Cumberland" title="Frederick William Cumberland">Frederick William Cumberland</a> drew praise from European visitors of the time: "Until I reached Toronto," remarked <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Lord Dufferin</a> during his visit in 1872, "I confess I was not aware that so magnificent a specimen of architecture existed upon the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American continent</a>."<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The building was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Built in 1907, <a href="/wiki/Convocation_Hall_(University_of_Toronto)" title="Convocation Hall (University of Toronto)">Convocation Hall</a> is recognizable for its domed roof and <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a>-pillared rotunda. Although its foremost function is hosting the annual convocation ceremonies, the building is a venue for academic and social events throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The sandstone buildings of <a href="/wiki/Knox_College,_Toronto" title="Knox College, Toronto">Knox College</a> epitomizes the North American <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">collegiate Gothic</a> design, with its characteristic <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloisters</a> surrounding a secluded courtyard.<a href="#cite_note-fraser1995-59">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UofTConvocationHall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/UofTConvocationHall.jpg/220px-UofTConvocationHall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/UofTConvocationHall.jpg/330px-UofTConvocationHall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/UofTConvocationHall.jpg/440px-UofTConvocationHall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4350" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Convocation_Hall_(University_of_Toronto)" title="Convocation Hall (University of Toronto)">Convocation Hall</a> is characterized by its domed roof and <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a>-pillared rotunda.</figcaption></figure> A lawn at the northeast is anchored by <a href="/wiki/Hart_House_(University_of_Toronto)" title="Hart House (University of Toronto)">Hart House</a>, a Gothic-revival <a href="/wiki/Student_center" title="Student center">student centre</a> complex. Among its many common rooms, the building's Great Hall is noted for large stained-glass windows and a long quotation from <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a> inscribed around the walls.<a href="#cite_note-kilgour_1999-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The adjacent <a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_Tower" title="Soldiers' Tower">Soldiers' Tower</a> stands 143 feet (44 m) tall as the most prominent structure in the vicinity, its stone arches etched with the names of university members lost to the battlefields of the two World Wars.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The tower houses a 51-bell <a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a> played on special occasions such as <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> and convocation.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> North of University College, the main building of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Toronto" title="Trinity College, Toronto">Trinity College</a> displays <a href="/wiki/Jacobethan" title="Jacobethan">Jacobethan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor architecture</a>, while its chapel was built in the <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Giles_Gilbert_Scott" title="Giles Gilbert Scott">Giles Gilbert Scott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The chapel features exterior walls of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and interiors of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Limestone" title="Indiana Limestone">Indiana Limestone</a> and was built by Italian stonemasons using ancient building methods.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_Walk_(Toronto)" title="Philosopher's Walk (Toronto)">Philosopher's Walk</a> is a scenic footpath that follows a meandering, wooded <a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">ravine</a>, the buried <a href="/wiki/Taddle_Creek" title="Taddle Creek">Taddle Creek</a>, linking with Trinity College, <a href="/wiki/Varsity_Arena" title="Varsity Arena">Varsity Arena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Law" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Law">Faculty of Law</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University,_Toronto" title="Victoria University, Toronto">Victoria College</a> is on the eastern side of Queen's Park, centred on a Romanesque main building made of contrasting red sandstone and grey limestone.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Developed after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the western section of the campus consists mainly of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">internationalist</a> structures that house laboratories and faculty offices.<a href="#cite_note-openSpace-54">[53]</a> The most significant example of <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist architecture</a> is the massive <a href="/wiki/Robarts_Library" title="Robarts Library">Robarts Library</a> complex, built in 1972 and opened a year later in 1973. It features raised podia, extensive use of triangular geometric designs and a towering 14-storey concrete structure that cantilevers above a field of open space and mature trees.<a href="#cite_note-mcClelland_2007-67">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Smith_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Smith Hall">Sidney Smith Hall</a> is the home to the Faculty of Arts and Science, as well as a few departments within the faculty. The <a href="/wiki/Leslie_L._Dan_Pharmacy_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building">Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building</a>, completed in 2006, exhibits the <a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">high-tech architectural style</a> of glass and steel by British architect <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank" title="Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank">Norman Foster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:960px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Toronto_Campus,_seen_from_Robarts_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The north-central portion of the university grounds is seen from Robarts Library, with the skyline of Downtown Toronto in the background."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/University_of_Toronto_Campus%2C_seen_from_Robarts_Library.jpg/952px-University_of_Toronto_Campus%2C_seen_from_Robarts_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="952" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/University_of_Toronto_Campus%2C_seen_from_Robarts_Library.jpg/1428px-University_of_Toronto_Campus%2C_seen_from_Robarts_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/University_of_Toronto_Campus%2C_seen_from_Robarts_Library.jpg/1904px-University_of_Toronto_Campus%2C_seen_from_Robarts_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4963" data-file-height="794" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Robarts.jpg" title="File:Robarts.jpg"> </a></div>The north-central portion of the university grounds is seen from <a href="/wiki/Robarts_Library" title="Robarts Library">Robarts Library</a>, with the skyline of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Toronto" title="Downtown Toronto">Downtown Toronto</a> in the background.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Old_Vic,_Toronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_Old_Vic%2C_Toronto.jpg/220px-The_Old_Vic%2C_Toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_Old_Vic%2C_Toronto.jpg/330px-The_Old_Vic%2C_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_Old_Vic%2C_Toronto.jpg/440px-The_Old_Vic%2C_Toronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6313" data-file-height="5743" /></a><figcaption>Old Vic, the main building of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University,_Toronto" title="Victoria University, Toronto">Victoria College</a>, typifies the <a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a> style.</figcaption></figure> The University of Toronto has traditionally been a <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralized</a> institution, with governing authority shared among its central administration, academic faculties and colleges.<a href="#cite_note-ross1972-69">[68]</a> The Governing Council is the <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> legislative organ of the central administration, overseeing general academic, business and institutional affairs.<a href="#cite_note-uoftAct-70">[69]</a> Before 1971, the university was governed under a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> system composed of the board of governors and the university senate.<a href="#cite_note-ross1972-69">[68]</a> The chancellor, usually a former <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ontario" title="Lieutenant Governor of Ontario">lieutenant governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Ontario" title="Premier of Ontario">premier</a> or diplomat, is the ceremonial head of the university. The president is appointed by the council as the chief executive.<a href="#cite_note-uoftAct-70">[69]</a> Unlike most North American institutions, the University of Toronto is a <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">collegiate university</a> with a model that resembles those of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-alexander1906-71">[70]</a> The colleges hold substantial autonomy over admissions, scholarships, programs and other academic and financial affairs, in addition to the housing and social duties of typical <a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">residential colleges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uoftAct-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-alexander1906-71">[70]</a> The system emerged in the 19th century, as ecclesiastical colleges considered various forms of union with the University of Toronto to ensure their viability. The desire to preserve religious traditions in a secular institution resulted in the federative collegiate model that came to characterize the university.<a href="#cite_note-alexander1906-71">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Toronto" title="University College, Toronto">University College</a> was the founding nondenominational college, created in 1853 after the university was secularized. <a href="/wiki/Knox_College,_Toronto" title="Knox College, Toronto">Knox College</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> institution, and <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_College,_Toronto" title="Wycliffe College, Toronto">Wycliffe College</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low church</a> seminary, both encouraged their students to study for non-divinity degrees at University College.<a href="#cite_note-torontoBaptistCollege-72">[71]</a> In 1885, they entered a formal affiliation with the University of Toronto, and became <a href="/wiki/Affiliated_school" title="Affiliated school">federated schools</a> in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-fraser1995-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The idea of federation initially met strong opposition at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University,_Toronto" title="Victoria University, Toronto">Victoria University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> school in <a href="/wiki/Cobourg" title="Cobourg">Cobourg</a>, but a financial incentive in 1890 convinced the school to join.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_victoriaCollege-74">[73]</a> Decades after the death of John Strachan, the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> seminary <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Toronto" title="Trinity College, Toronto">Trinity College</a> entered federation in 1904,<a href="#cite_note-trinityHistory-75">[74]</a> followed in 1910 by <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Michael%27s_College" title="University of St. Michael's College">St. Michael's College</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> college founded by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_St._Basil" title="Congregation of St. Basil">Basilian Fathers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stMichaelsHistory-76">[75]</a> Among the institutions that had considered federation but ultimately remained independent were <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptist</a> school that later moved to <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-torontoBaptistCollege-72">[71]</a> and Queen's College, a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> school in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a> that later became <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <table style="float:right; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:5px; width:33%;"> <caption style="font-size: 100%">Colleges of the University of Toronto </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"> <td style="width:50%;"> Constituent colleges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innis_College,_Toronto" title="Innis College, Toronto">Innis College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_College,_Toronto" title="New College, Toronto">New College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College,_Toronto" title="University College, Toronto">University College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodsworth_College,_Toronto" title="Woodsworth College, Toronto">Woodsworth College</a></li></ul> Theological colleges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knox_College,_Toronto" title="Knox College, Toronto">Knox College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regis_College_(Toronto)" title="Regis College (Toronto)">Regis College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_College,_Toronto" title="Wycliffe College, Toronto">Wycliffe College</a></li></ul> </td> <td> Federated colleges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Michael%27s_College" title="University of St. Michael's College">St. Michael's College</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Michael%27s_College" title="University of St. Michael's College">Loretto College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Toronto" title="Trinity College, Toronto">Trinity College</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Hilda%27s_College,_University_of_Toronto" title="St. Hilda's College, University of Toronto">St. Hilda's College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_University,_Toronto" title="Victoria University, Toronto">Victoria University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Toronto" title="Emmanuel College, Toronto">Emmanuel College</a></li></ul></li></ul> Postgraduate college <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massey_College,_Toronto" title="Massey College, Toronto">Massey College</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> The post-war era saw the creation of <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Toronto" title="New College, Toronto">New College</a> in 1962, <a href="/wiki/Innis_College,_Toronto" title="Innis College, Toronto">Innis College</a> in 1964 and <a href="/wiki/Woodsworth_College,_Toronto" title="Woodsworth College, Toronto">Woodsworth College</a> in 1974, all of them nondenominational.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Along with University College, they comprise the university's constituent colleges, which are established and funded by the central administration and are therefore financially dependent.<a href="#cite_note-finances-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-1974memorandum-80">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Massey_College,_Toronto" title="Massey College, Toronto">Massey College</a> was established in 1963 by the <a href="/wiki/Massey_Foundation" title="Massey Foundation">Massey Foundation</a> as a college exclusively for graduate students.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Regis_College_(Toronto)" title="Regis College (Toronto)">Regis College</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> seminary, entered federation with the university in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> In contrast with the constituent colleges, the colleges of Knox, Massey, Regis, St. Michael's, Trinity, Victoria and Wycliffe continue to exist as legally distinct entities, each possessing a separate <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">financial endowment</a>. While St. Michael's, Trinity and Victoria continue to recognize their religious affiliations and heritage, they have since adopted secular policies of enrolment and teaching in non-divinity subjects.<a href="#cite_note-1974memorandum-80">[79]</a> Some colleges have, or once had, collegiate structures of their own: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Toronto" title="Emmanuel College, Toronto">Emmanuel College</a> is a college of Victoria and <a href="/wiki/St._Hilda%27s_College,_University_of_Toronto" title="St. Hilda's College, University of Toronto">St. Hilda's College</a> is part of Trinity;<a href="#cite_note-trinityHistory-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> St. Joseph's College had existed as a college within St. Michael's until it was dissolved in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-stMichaelsHistory-76">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ewart_College" title="Ewart College">Ewart College</a> existed as an affiliated college until 1991, when it was merged into Knox College.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Postgraduate theology degrees are conferred by the colleges of Knox, Regis and Wycliffe, along with the divinity faculties within Emmanuel, St. Michael's and Trinity, including joint degrees with the university through the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_School_of_Theology" title="Toronto School of Theology">Toronto School of Theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandford_Fleming_Building_2011_Toronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sandford_Fleming_Building_2011_Toronto.jpg/220px-Sandford_Fleming_Building_2011_Toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sandford_Fleming_Building_2011_Toronto.jpg/330px-Sandford_Fleming_Building_2011_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sandford_Fleming_Building_2011_Toronto.jpg/440px-Sandford_Fleming_Building_2011_Toronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sandford_Fleming" title="Sandford Fleming">Sandford Fleming</a> Building contains offices of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Applied_Science_and_Engineering" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering">Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Science" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science">Faculty of Arts and Science</a> is the university's main <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate</a> faculty, and administers most of the courses in the college system.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> While the colleges are not entirely responsible for teaching duties, most of them house specialized academic programs and lecture series. Among other subjects, Trinity College is associated with programs in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, as are University College with <a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Canadian studies</a>, Victoria College with <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_studies" title="Renaissance studies">Renaissance studies</a>, Innis College with <a href="/wiki/Film_studies" title="Film studies">film studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_studies" title="Urban studies">urban studies</a>, New College with <a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">gender studies</a>, Woodsworth College with <a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">industrial relations</a> and St. Michael's College with <a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The faculty teaches undergraduate commerce in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Rotman_School_of_Management" title="Rotman School of Management">Rotman School of Management</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Applied_Science_and_Engineering" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering">Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering</a> is the other major direct-entry undergraduate faculty.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The University of Toronto is the birthplace of an influential <a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">school of thought</a> on <a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">communication theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_School_of_communication_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto School of communication theory">Toronto School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alphabetEffect-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldOnPaper-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-wordIsMightierThanThePen-91">[90]</a> Described as "the theory of the primacy of communication in the structuring of human cultures and the structuring of the human mind",<a href="#cite_note-wordIsMightierThanThePen-91">[90]</a> the school is rooted in the works of <a href="/wiki/Eric_A._Havelock" title="Eric A. Havelock">Eric A. Havelock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold Innis</a> and the subsequent contributions of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Snow_Carpenter" title="Edmund Snow Carpenter">Edmund Snow Carpenter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a>. Since 1963, the <a href="/wiki/McLuhan_Program_in_Culture_and_Technology" title="McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology">McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Information" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Information">Faculty of Information</a> has carried the mandate for teaching and advancing the Toronto School.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Several notable works in arts and humanities are based at the university, including the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a> since 1959 and the Collected Works of <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> since 1969.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Records_of_Early_English_Drama" title="Records of Early English Drama">Records of Early English Drama</a> collects and edits the surviving documentary evidence of dramatic arts in pre-<a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> England,<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Old_English" title="Dictionary of Old English">Dictionary of Old English</a> compiles the early vocabulary of the English language from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munk_Centre_for_International_Studies.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Munk_Centre_for_International_Studies.JPG/220px-Munk_Centre_for_International_Studies.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Munk_Centre_for_International_Studies.JPG/330px-Munk_Centre_for_International_Studies.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Munk_Centre_for_International_Studies.JPG/440px-Munk_Centre_for_International_Studies.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2819" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Munk_School_of_Global_Affairs_and_Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy">Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy</a> encompasses programs and research institutes for international relations and public policy.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Munk_School_of_Global_Affairs_and_Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy">Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy</a> encompasses the university's various programs and curricula in international affairs, foreign policy, and <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> heightened, Toronto's <a href="/wiki/Slavic_studies" title="Slavic studies">Slavic studies</a> program evolved into an important institution on <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> politics and economics, financed by the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation" title="Andrew W. Mellon Foundation">Mellon</a> foundations.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> The Munk School is also home to the <a href="/wiki/G20_Research_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="G20 Research Group">G20 Research Group</a>, which conducts independent monitoring and analysis on the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">Group of Twenty</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Lab" title="Citizen Lab">Citizen Lab</a>, which conducts research on <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a> as a joint founder of the <a href="/wiki/OpenNet_Initiative" title="OpenNet Initiative">OpenNet Initiative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The university operates international offices in Berlin, Hong Kong and <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dalla_Lana_School_of_Public_Health" title="Dalla Lana School of Public Health">Dalla Lana School of Public Health</a> is a Faculty of the University of Toronto that began as one of the Schools of Hygiene begun by the Rockefeller Foundation in 1927. The School went through a dramatic renaissance after the 2003 <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a> crisis, and it is now Canada's largest public health school, with more than 750 faculty, 800 students, and research and training partnerships with institutions throughout Toronto and the world. With more than $39 million in research funding per year, the School supports discovery in global health, <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">tobacco impacts on health</a>, occupational disease and disability, air pollution, inner city health, circumpolar health, and many other pressing issues in population health. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naylor_Building,_University_of_Toronto,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Naylor_Building%2C_University_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Naylor_Building%2C_University_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Naylor_Building%2C_University_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg/330px-Naylor_Building%2C_University_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Naylor_Building%2C_University_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg/440px-Naylor_Building%2C_University_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>The Naylor Building contains offices for the university's Department of Medicine.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine">Temerty Faculty of Medicine</a> is affiliated with a network of ten <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">teaching hospitals</a>, providing medical treatment, research and advisory services to patients and clients from Canada and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> A core member of the network is <a href="/wiki/University_Health_Network" title="University Health Network">University Health Network</a>, itself a specialized federation of <a href="/wiki/Toronto_General_Hospital" title="Toronto General Hospital">Toronto General Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Cancer_Centre" title="Princess Margaret Cancer Centre">Princess Margaret Cancer Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Western_Hospital" title="Toronto Western Hospital">Toronto Western Hospital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Rehabilitation_Institute" title="Toronto Rehabilitation Institute">Toronto Rehabilitation Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Physicians in the medical institutes have cross-appointments to faculty and supervisory positions in university departments. The <a href="/wiki/Rotman_School_of_Management" title="Rotman School of Management">Rotman School of Management</a> developed the discipline and methodology of <a href="/wiki/Integrative_thinking" title="Integrative thinking">integrative thinking</a>, upon which the school used to base its curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Founded in 1887, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Law" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Law">Faculty of Law</a>'s emphasis on formal teachings of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">liberal arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal theory">legal theory</a> was then considered unconventional, but gradually helped shift the country's legal education system away from the apprenticeship model that prevailed until the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Institute_for_Studies_in_Education" title="Ontario Institute for Studies in Education">Ontario Institute for Studies in Education</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">teachers college</a> of the university, affiliated with its two <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">laboratory schools</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Child_Study" title="Institute of Child Study">Institute of Child Study</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Schools" title="University of Toronto Schools">University of Toronto Schools</a> (a private high school run by the university).<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Autonomous institutes at the university include the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Theoretical_Astrophysics" title="Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics">Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Institute_of_Mediaeval_Studies" title="Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies">Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fields_Institute" title="Fields Institute">Fields Institute</a>. Within the Faculty of Arts and Science, notable departments include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Department_of_Mathematics" title="University of Toronto Department of Mathematics">Department of Mathematics</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table style="border:1px solid #ddd; background:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:0; margin:auto;"> <caption style="font-size: 100%">Faculties of the University of Toronto </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Science" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science">Faculty of Arts and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Applied_Science_and_Engineering" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering">Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Daniels_Faculty_of_Architecture,_Landscape_and_Design" title="John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design">John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Music" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Music">Faculty of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Information" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Information">Faculty of Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine">Temerty Faculty of Medicine</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Dan_Faculty_of_Pharmacy" title="Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy">Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Dentistry" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry">Faculty of Dentistry</a></li> <li>Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalla_Lana_School_of_Public_Health" title="Dalla Lana School of Public Health">Dalla Lana School of Public Health</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Law" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Law">Faculty of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotman_School_of_Management" title="Rotman School of Management">Rotman School of Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Institute_for_Studies_in_Education" title="Ontario Institute for Studies in Education">Ontario Institute for Studies in Education</a></li> <li>Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_School_of_Theology" title="Toronto School of Theology">Toronto School of Theology</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library_and_collections">Library and collections</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robarts_Research_Library,_Toronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Robarts_Research_Library%2C_Toronto.jpg/220px-Robarts_Research_Library%2C_Toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Robarts_Research_Library%2C_Toronto.jpg/330px-Robarts_Research_Library%2C_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Robarts_Research_Library%2C_Toronto.jpg/440px-Robarts_Research_Library%2C_Toronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8772" data-file-height="6083" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robarts_Library" title="Robarts Library">Robarts Library</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist</a> structure, houses the university's main collection for humanities and social sciences.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Libraries" title="University of Toronto Libraries">University of Toronto Libraries</a> is the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">academic library</a> system in North America, following those of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Library" title="Harvard Library">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Library" title="Yale University Library">Yale</a>, measured by number of volumes held.<a href="#cite_note-arl2010-11-106">[105]</a> Its collections include more than 12 million print books, 1.9 million digital books, over 160,000 journal titles, and close to 30,000 metres of archival materials.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The largest of the libraries, <a href="/wiki/Robarts_Library" title="Robarts Library">Robarts Library</a>, holds about five million bound volumes that form the main collection for <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fisher_Rare_Book_Library" title="Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library">Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library</a> constitutes one of the largest repositories of publicly accessible <a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">rare books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>. Its collections range from ancient Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyri</a> to <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretti</a>;<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> the subjects of focus include British, <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadiana" title="Canadiana">Canadiana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">history of books</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yu_Tung_East_Asian_Library" title="Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library">Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library</a> has a rare 40,000-volume Chinese collection from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song Dynasty</a> (960–1279) to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> (1644–1911) that was originally held by scholar Mu Xuexun (1880–1929).<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Richard_Charles_Lee_Canada-Hong_Kong_Library" title="Richard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library">Richard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library</a> has the largest research collection for <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and Canada–Hong Kong studies outside of Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The rest of the library collections are dispersed at departmental and faculty libraries in addition to about 1.3 million bound volumes the colleges hold.<a href="#cite_note-libraryStatistics-113">[112]</a> The university has collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> since 2005 to <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitize</a> some of its library holdings.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Housed within University College, the University of Toronto Art Centre contains three major art collections. The Malcove Collection is primarily represented by <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> sculptures, bronzeware, furniture, icons and liturgical items.<a href="#cite_note-malcove-115">[114]</a> It also includes glassware and stone reliefs from the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> period, and the painting Adam and Eve by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>, dated from 1538.<a href="#cite_note-malcove-115">[114]</a> The University of Toronto Collection features <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Canadian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Canadian art">Canadian contemporary art</a>,<a href="#cite_note-uoft-ucCollection-116">[115]</a> while the University College Art Collection holds significant works by the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a> and 19th century <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape artists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uoft-ucCollection-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings_and_reputation">Rankings and reputation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:25em; font-size:80%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Canada" title="Rankings of universities in Canada">University rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">World rankings</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a> World<a href="#cite_note-USUnivRankings_ARWU_W-117">[116]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a> World<a href="#cite_note-QS-118">[117]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a> World<a href="#cite_note-USUnivRankings_THES_W-119">[118]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking">USNWR</a> World<a href="#cite_note-USNWR_Best_Global_Universities-120">[119]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Canadian rankings</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="College and university rankings">ARWU</a> National<a href="#cite_note-USUnivRankings_ARWU_W-117">[116]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a> National<a href="#cite_note-QS-118">[117]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a> National<a href="#cite_note-USUnivRankings_THES_W-119">[118]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/USNWR" class="mw-redirect" title="USNWR">USNWR</a> National<a href="#cite_note-USNWR_Best_Global_Universities-120">[119]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s#University_Ranking_Guide" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a> Medical/Doctoral<a href="#cite_note-Macdoc-121">[120]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr></tbody></table> In the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> (also known as the Shanghai Ranking), the university ranked 22nd in the world and first in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-USUnivRankings_ARWU_W-117">[116]</a> The 2023 <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a> ranked the university 21st in the world, and first in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-QS-118">[117]</a> In 2019, it ranked 11th among the universities around the world by <a href="/wiki/SCImago_Institutions_Rankings" title="SCImago Institutions Rankings">SCImago Institutions Rankings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> The 2023 <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a> ranked the university 18th in the world, and first in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-USUnivRankings_THES_W-119">[118]</a> In the Times' 2020 reputational ranking, the publication placed the university 19th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In the 2024–25 <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking">U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking</a>, the university ranked 17th in the world, and first in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-USNWR_Best_Global_Universities-120">[119]</a> The Canadian-based <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a> magazine ranked the University of Toronto second in their 2022–2023 Medical Doctoral university category.<a href="#cite_note-Macdoc-121">[120]</a> Maclean's 2023 university rankings also ranked the University of Toronto first in its reputation survey.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The university was ranked in spite of having opted out—along with several other universities in Canada—of participating in Maclean's graduate survey since 2006.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The university's research performance has been noted in several <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometric</a> university rankings, which use <a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">citation analysis</a> to evaluate the <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact</a> a university has on academic publications. In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities" title="Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities">Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities</a> ranked the university fourth in the world, and first in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance" title="University Ranking by Academic Performance">University Ranking by Academic Performance</a> 2019–2020 rankings placed the university second in the world, and first in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Along with academic and research-based rankings, the university has also been ranked by publications that evaluate the employment prospects of its graduates. In the Times Higher Education's 2022 global employability ranking, the university ranked 11th in the world, and first in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> In QS's 2022 graduate employability ranking, the university ranked 21st in the world, and first in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> In a 2013 employment survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a>, the University of Toronto was ranked 14th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In 2018, the University of Toronto Entrepreneurship was ranked the fourth best university-based <a href="/wiki/Business_incubator" title="Business incubator">incubator</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> in the world by UBI Global<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> in the "World Top Business Incubator – Managed by a University" category. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AeroVelo_Atlas_top_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/AeroVelo_Atlas_top_view.jpg/220px-AeroVelo_Atlas_top_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/AeroVelo_Atlas_top_view.jpg/330px-AeroVelo_Atlas_top_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/AeroVelo_Atlas_top_view.jpg/440px-AeroVelo_Atlas_top_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/AeroVelo_Atlas" title="AeroVelo Atlas">AeroVelo Atlas</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Igor_I._Sikorsky_Human_Powered_Helicopter_Competition" title="Igor I. Sikorsky Human Powered Helicopter Competition">Sikorsky Human Powered Helicopter Competition</a> in 2013.</figcaption></figure> Since 1926, the University of Toronto has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a>, a consortium of the leading North American research universities. The university manages by far the largest annual <a href="/wiki/Funding_of_science" title="Funding of science">research budget</a> of any university in Canada with sponsored direct-cost expenditures of $878 million in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-researchInfosource2012-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-researchReport2006-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-researchReport2007-135">[134]</a> In 2021, the University of Toronto was named the top research university in Canada by Research Infosource, with a sponsored research income (external sources of funding) of $1,234.278 million in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-reinf-136">[135]</a> In the same year, the university's faculty averaged a sponsored research income of $446,600, while graduate students averaged a sponsored research income of $61,000.<a href="#cite_note-reinf-136">[135]</a> The federal government was the largest source of funding, with grants from the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institutes_of_Health_Research" title="Canadian Institutes of Health Research">Canadian Institutes of Health Research</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Sciences_and_Engineering_Research_Council" title="Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council">Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Sciences_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council">Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council</a> amounting to about one-third of the research budget. About eight per cent of research funding came from corporations, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_industry" title="Healthcare industry">healthcare industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-researchReport2007-135">[134]</a> The first practical <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscope</a> was built by the physics department in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> During World War II, the university developed the <a href="/wiki/G-suit" title="G-suit">G-suit</a>, a life-saving garment worn by Allied fighter plane pilots, later adopted for use by astronauts.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Development of the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">chemiluminescence</a> technique improved analyses of energy behaviours in chemical reactions.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> In 1963, the asteroid <a href="/wiki/2104_Toronto" title="2104 Toronto">2104 Toronto</a> is discovered in the <a href="/wiki/David_Dunlap_Observatory" title="David Dunlap Observatory">David Dunlap Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Ontario" title="Richmond Hill, Ontario">Richmond Hill</a> and is named after the university.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> In 1972, studies on <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a> led to the publication of the first observational evidence proving the existence of <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Toronto astronomers have also discovered the <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranian</a> moons of <a href="/wiki/Caliban_(moon)" title="Caliban (moon)">Caliban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sycorax_(moon)" title="Sycorax (moon)">Sycorax</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy" title="Dwarf galaxy">dwarf galaxies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_I" title="Andromeda I">Andromeda I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_II" title="Andromeda II">II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_III" title="Andromeda III">III</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> <a href="/wiki/SN_1987A" title="SN 1987A">SN 1987A</a>. A pioneer in computing technology, the university designed and built <a href="/wiki/UTEC" title="UTEC">UTEC</a>, one of the world's first operational computers, and later purchased Ferut, the second commercial computer after <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_I" title="UNIVAC I">UNIVAC I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">Multi-touch</a> technology was developed at Toronto, with applications ranging from <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">handheld devices</a> to high-end <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet#Embedded_LCD_tablets" title="Graphics tablet">drawing monitors</a> to <a href="/wiki/Multi-Touch_Collaboration_Wall" title="Multi-Touch Collaboration Wall">collaboration walls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/AeroVelo_Atlas" title="AeroVelo Atlas">AeroVelo Atlas</a>, which won the <a href="/wiki/Igor_I._Sikorsky_Human_Powered_Helicopter_Competition" title="Igor I. Sikorsky Human Powered Helicopter Competition">Igor I. Sikorsky Human Powered Helicopter Competition</a> in 2013, was developed by the university's team of students and graduates and was tested in <a href="/wiki/Vaughan" title="Vaughan">Vaughan</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanstemcell.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Humanstemcell.JPG/220px-Humanstemcell.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Humanstemcell.JPG/330px-Humanstemcell.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Humanstemcell.JPG/440px-Humanstemcell.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_McCulloch" title="Ernest McCulloch">McCulloch</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Till" title="James Till">Till</a> is the basis for all modern stem cell research.</figcaption></figure> The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> at the University of Toronto in 1921 is considered among the most significant events in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">history of medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a> was discovered at the university in 1963, forming the basis for <a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell_transplantation" title="Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation">bone marrow transplantation</a> and all subsequent research on <a href="/wiki/Adult_stem_cell" title="Adult stem cell">adult</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic stem cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> This was the first of many findings at Toronto relating to stem cells, including the identification of <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinal</a> stem cells.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cancer_stem_cell" title="Cancer stem cell">cancer stem cell</a> was first identified in 1997 by Toronto researchers,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> who have since found stem cell associations in <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Medical inventions developed at Toronto include the <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">glycaemic index</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> the infant cereal <a href="/wiki/Pablum" title="Pablum">Pablum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> the use of protective <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Open_heart_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Open heart surgery">open heart surgery</a><a href="#cite_note-pearce_2005-16">[15]</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">artificial cardiac pacemaker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pearce_2005-16">[15]</a> The first successful <a href="/wiki/Lung_transplantation" title="Lung transplantation">single-lung transplant</a> was performed at Toronto in 1981, followed by the first <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> transplant in 1988,<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> and the first double-lung transplant in 1989. Researchers identified the <a href="/wiki/Maturation_promoting_factor" title="Maturation promoting factor">maturation promoting factor</a> that regulates <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a>, and discovered the <a href="/wiki/T-cell_receptor" title="T-cell receptor">T-cell receptor</a>, which triggers responses of the immune system.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> The university is credited with isolating the genes that cause <a href="/wiki/Fanconi_anemia" title="Fanconi anemia">Fanconi anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">early-onset Alzheimer's disease</a>, among numerous other diseases.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Between 1914 and 1972, the university operated the <a href="/wiki/Connaught_Medical_Research_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Connaught Medical Research Laboratories">Connaught Medical Research Laboratories</a>, now part of the pharmaceutical corporation <a href="/wiki/Sanofi-Aventis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanofi-Aventis">Sanofi-Aventis</a>. Among the research conducted at the laboratory was the development of <a href="/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis" title="Gel electrophoresis">gel electrophoresis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doors_Unlocked_and_Open_May_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Doors_Unlocked_and_Open_May_2011.jpg/220px-Doors_Unlocked_and_Open_May_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Doors_Unlocked_and_Open_May_2011.jpg/330px-Doors_Unlocked_and_Open_May_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Doors_Unlocked_and_Open_May_2011.jpg/440px-Doors_Unlocked_and_Open_May_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The Donnelly Centre is part of the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_District" title="Discovery District">Discovery District</a>, one of the world's largest biotechnology research clusters.</figcaption></figure> The University of Toronto is the primary research presence that supports one of the world's largest concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> firms.<a href="#cite_note-kleiner_2008-160">[159]</a> More than 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">principal investigators</a> reside within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the university grounds in Toronto's <a href="/wiki/Discovery_District" title="Discovery District">Discovery District</a>, conducting $1 billion of medical research annually.<a href="#cite_note-kleiner_2008-160">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/MaRS_Discovery_District" title="MaRS Discovery District">MaRS Discovery District</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Research_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Research park">research park</a> that serves commercial enterprises and the university's <a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">technology transfer</a> ventures. In 2008, the university disclosed 159 inventions and had 114 active start-up companies.<a href="#cite_note-factsandfigures-53">[52]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/SciNet_Consortium" title="SciNet Consortium">SciNet Consortium</a> operates the most powerful <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_student_life">Culture and student life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg/220px-Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg/330px-Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg/440px-Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2556" /></a><figcaption>Generations of students have attended speeches, debates and concerts at <a href="/wiki/Hart_House_(University_of_Toronto)" title="Hart House (University of Toronto)">Hart House</a>.</figcaption></figure> A notable hub for social, cultural and recreational activities at the University of Toronto is <a href="/wiki/Hart_House_(University_of_Toronto)" title="Hart House (University of Toronto)">Hart House</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">neo-Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Student_center" title="Student center">student activity centre</a> that was initiated and financed by alumnus-benefactor <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a> and named for his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Hart_Massey" title="Hart Massey">Hart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Opened in 1919, the complex aimed to establish a communitarian student culture in the university and its students, who at the time kept largely within their own colleges under the decentralized collegiate system.<a href="#cite_note-faught_house-163">[162]</a> The Hart House offers a range of services and facilities, including a library, restaurants, barbershops,<a href="#cite_note-hair_place_hart_house-164">[163]</a> an art gallery, a theatre, concerts, debates, study spaces, and a swimming pool. The confluence of assorted functions is the result of an effort to create a holistic educational experience, a goal summarized in the Founders' Prayer.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-faught_house-163">[162]</a> The Hart House model was influential in the planning of student centres at other universities, notably <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Willard_Straight_Hall" title="Willard Straight Hall">Willard Straight Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Hart House resembles some traditional aspects of student representation through its financial support of student clubs, and its standing committees and board of stewards that are composed mostly of undergraduate students. However, the main <a href="/wiki/Students%27_union" title="Students' union">students' unions</a> on administrative and policy issues are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Students%27_Union" title="University of Toronto Students' Union">University of Toronto Students' Union</a>, Association of Part-time Undergraduate Students and the Graduate Students' Union. Student representative bodies also exist at the various colleges, academic faculties and departments. The <a href="/wiki/Hart_House_Debating_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Hart House Debating Club">Hart House Debating Club</a> employs a <a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">debating</a> style that combines the American emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">analysis</a> and the British use of <a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">wit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-webb_fightingWords-168">[167]</a> Smaller debating societies at Trinity, University and Victoria College have served as initial training grounds for debaters who later progress to Hart House.<a href="#cite_note-webb_fightingWords-168">[167]</a> The club won the <a href="/wiki/World_Universities_Debating_Championship" title="World Universities Debating Championship">World Universities Debating Championship</a> in 1981 and 2006.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> The North American Model United Nations (NAMUN) hosts an annual <a href="/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations">Model United Nations</a> conference on campus, while the United Nations Society participates in various North American and international conferences.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> The Toronto chess team has captured the top title six times at the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Intercollegiate_Team_Chess_Championship" title="Pan American Intercollegiate Team Chess Championship">Pan American Intercollegiate Team Chess Championship</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Formula_SAE" title="Formula SAE">Formula SAE</a> Racing Team won the Formula Student European Championships in 2003, 2005 and 2006.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> The University of Toronto also has an annual student-run tradition, the University of Toronto <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Project" title="Aphrodite Project">Aphrodite Project</a>, where thousands of students complete a psychology questionnaire and are matched with their best algorithmic match on campus for Valentine's Day.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_life">Greek life</h3></div> The University of Toronto is home to the first <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities_in_Canada" title="Fraternities and sororities in Canada">collegiate fraternity in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Psi" title="Zeta Psi">Zeta Psi</a>, whose Toronto chapter has been active since 1879.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Other fraternity chapters at the University of Toronto include <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Alpha Epsilon Pi">Alpha Epsilon Pi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Chi" title="Sigma Chi">Sigma Chi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Upsilon" title="Delta Upsilon">Delta Upsilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Phi Delta Theta">Phi Delta Theta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Sigma" title="Phi Kappa Sigma">Phi Kappa Sigma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta" title="Phi Gamma Delta">Phi Gamma Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psi_Upsilon" title="Psi Upsilon">Psi Upsilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi" title="Beta Theta Pi">Beta Theta Pi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Pi" title="Phi Kappa Pi">Phi Kappa Pi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Sigma" title="Kappa Sigma">Kappa Sigma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Phi_Epsilon" title="Lambda Phi Epsilon">Lambda Phi Epsilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Nu" title="Sigma Nu">Sigma Nu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theta_Delta_Chi" title="Theta Delta Chi">Theta Delta Chi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Nu" title="Alpha Kappa Nu">Alpha Kappa Nu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omicron_Pi" title="Alpha Omicron Pi">Alpha Omicron Pi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Delta_Delta" title="Delta Delta Delta">Delta Delta Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pi_Beta_Phi" title="Pi Beta Phi">Pi Beta Phi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Chi_Alpha" title="Lambda Chi Alpha">Lambda Chi Alpha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Other Greek-letter societies include <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Delta" title="Alpha Gamma Delta">Alpha Gamma Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi" title="Alpha Phi">Alpha Phi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Nu" title="Alpha Sigma Nu">Alpha Sigma Nu</a>, Delta Phi Nu,<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamma_Phi_Beta" title="Gamma Phi Beta">Gamma Phi Beta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society" title="Kappa Alpha Society">Kappa Alpha Society</a>, Delta Psi Delta, Gamma Delta Nu, Kappa Phi Xi, Delta Pi, Chi Sigma Xi, Zeta Beta Omega, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma" title="Kappa Kappa Gamma">Kappa Kappa Gamma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Kappa Delta Phi">alpha Kappa Delta Phi</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_secret_societies_in_North_America" title="Collegiate secret societies in North America">secret society</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Episkopon" title="Episkopon">Episkopon</a> has operated from Trinity College since 1858. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_music">Theatre and music</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skule_Choir_imgp8938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Skule_Choir_imgp8938.jpg/220px-Skule_Choir_imgp8938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Skule_Choir_imgp8938.jpg/330px-Skule_Choir_imgp8938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Skule_Choir_imgp8938.jpg/440px-Skule_Choir_imgp8938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Sunlight fills <a href="/wiki/Knox_College,_Toronto" title="Knox College, Toronto">Knox College Chapel</a> during a Christmas concert of the engineering faculty's Skule Choir.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hart_House_Theatre" title="Hart House Theatre">Hart House Theatre</a> is the university's student <a href="/wiki/Amateur_theatre" title="Amateur theatre">amateur theatre</a>, generally producing four major plays every season. As old as Hart House itself, the theatre is considered a pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Canadian theatre</a> for introducing the <a href="/wiki/Little_Theatre_Movement" title="Little Theatre Movement">Little Theatre Movement</a> from Europe.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> It has cultivated numerous performing-arts talents, including <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorne_Michaels" title="Lorne Michaels">Lorne Michaels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_and_Shuster" title="Wayne and Shuster">Wayne and Shuster</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Hutt_(actor)" title="William Hutt (actor)">William Hutt</a>. Three members of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a> painters (<a href="/wiki/Lawren_Harris" title="Lawren Harris">Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lismer" title="Arthur Lismer">Lismer</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._E._H._MacDonald" title="J. E. H. MacDonald">MacDonald</a>) have been set designers at the theatre,<a href="#cite_note-hhtheatre-179">[178]</a> and composer <a href="/wiki/Healey_Willan" title="Healey Willan">Healey Willan</a> was director of music for 14 productions.<a href="#cite_note-hhtheatre-179">[178]</a> The theatre also hosts annual variety shows run by several student theatrical companies at the colleges and academic faculties, the most prominent of which are U.C. Follies of University College, Skule Nite of the Faculty of Engineering, and Daffydil of the Faculty of Medicine, the latter in its 100th year of production in 2010–2011.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> The main musical ensembles at Hart House are the orchestra, the chamber strings, the chorus, the jazz choir, the jazz ensemble and the symphonic band. The Jazz at Oscar's concert series performs <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocal_jazz" title="Vocal jazz">vocal jazz</a> on Friday nights at the period lounge and bar of the Hart House Arbor Room.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Open Stage is the monthly <a href="/wiki/Open_mic" title="Open mic">open mic</a> event featuring singers, comics, poets and storytellers. The Sunday Concert is the oldest musical series at Hart House; since 1922, the series has performed more than 600 classical music concerts in the Great Hall, freely attended by the university community and general audiences.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> The public may also screen midday events held at noon, when concerts are recited prior to formal debut. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_media">Student media</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sussex_Court.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sussex_Court.JPG/170px-Sussex_Court.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sussex_Court.JPG/255px-Sussex_Court.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sussex_Court.JPG/340px-Sussex_Court.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>21 Sussex Court holds office space for several student organizations, like <a href="/wiki/The_Varsity_(newspaper)" title="The Varsity (newspaper)">The Varsity</a> newspaper.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_Varsity_(newspaper)" title="The Varsity (newspaper)">The Varsity</a> is one of Canada's oldest student-run newspapers, in publication since 1880.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_women-35">[34]</a> The paper was originally a daily broadsheet, but has since adopted a compact format and is now weekly during the Fall and Winter semesters. It publishes online in the summer. <a href="/wiki/Hart_House_Review" title="Hart House Review">Hart House Review</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">literary magazine</a>, publishes prose, poetry, and visual art from emerging Canadian writers and artists. <a href="/wiki/The_Newspaper" title="The Newspaper">The Newspaper</a> is an independent student-run community newspaper, published weekly since 1978. <a href="/wiki/CIUT-FM" title="CIUT-FM">CIUT-FM</a> is the university's <a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">campus radio</a> station, while the University of Toronto Television broadcasts student-produced content. Students at each college and academic faculty also produce their own set of journals and news publications. University College's <a href="/wiki/The_Gargoyle_(newspaper)" title="The Gargoyle (newspaper)">The Gargoyle</a> was an early training ground for such notables as journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a> and musician/comedian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Shaffer" title="Paul Shaffer">Paul Shaffer</a>. Victoria University's <a href="/wiki/Acta_Victoriana" title="Acta Victoriana">Acta Victoriana</a> is the oldest active literary journal in Canada, and provided first publication credits to such literary figures as <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a>. <a href="/wiki/Juxtaposition_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Juxtaposition Magazine">Juxtaposition Global Health Magazine</a> is another peer-reviewed student publication at the campus.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> The magazine focuses on global health and international development, and is published in association with the university's Centre for International Health. Members of the student press have contributed to activist causes on several notable occasions. At the height of debate on coeducation in 1880, The Varsity published an article in its inaugural issue voicing in favour of admitting women.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_women-35">[34]</a> In 1895, the university suspended the editor of The Varsity for breach of collegiality, after he published a letter that harshly criticized the provincial government's dismissal of a professor and involvement in academic affairs. University College students then approved a motion by Varsity staff member and future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> and boycotted lectures for a week.<a href="#cite_note-historyQA_king-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> After Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Canada">decriminalized homosexuality throughout Canada in 1969</a>, a medical research assistant placed an advertisement in The Varsity seeking volunteers to establish the first university homophile association in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Student_social_media">Student social media</h4></div> Several <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> pages that posts <a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">memes</a> about student life at the university were created in the 2010s, particularly True <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>🅱lue, and has impacted the student culture of the institution.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residences">Residences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teefy_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Teefy_Hall.JPG/220px-Teefy_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Teefy_Hall.JPG/330px-Teefy_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Teefy_Hall.JPG/440px-Teefy_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Teefy House, a residence hall of <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Michael%27s_College" title="University of St. Michael's College">St. Michael's College</a>, is home to female first-year undergraduate students.</figcaption></figure> Each college at the University of Toronto operates its own set of <a href="/wiki/Residence_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Residence hall">residence halls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria">dining halls</a> clustered in a different area of the campus. Innis, New, St. Michael's, Trinity, University, Victoria, and Woodsworth colleges reserve most of their dormitories for their undergraduate students within the Faculty of Arts and Science while setting a portion available to students from the professional and postgraduate faculties.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Massey_College,_Toronto" title="Massey College, Toronto">Massey College</a> is exclusively for graduate students, while Knox and Wycliffe Colleges mainly house graduate theology students. <a href="/wiki/Annesley_Hall" title="Annesley Hall">Annesley Hall</a> of Victoria College, a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site</a>, was the first university residence for women in Canada. After <a href="/wiki/St._Hilda%27s_College,_University_of_Toronto" title="St. Hilda's College, University of Toronto">St. Hilda's College</a> became coeducational in 2005, Annesley Hall and Loretto College of St. Michael's College are the last remaining women's halls at the university. As campus residences accommodate just 6,400 students in all, the university guarantees housing only for undergraduates in their first year of study, while most upper-year and graduate students reside off-campus.<a href="#cite_note-factsandfigures-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Traditionally, the adjacent neighbourhoods of <a href="/wiki/The_Annex" title="The Annex">The Annex</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Harbord_Village" title="Harbord Village">Harbord Village</a> are popular settling grounds for University of Toronto students, forming a distinct <a href="/wiki/Student_quarter" title="Student quarter">student quarter</a> enclave,<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Toronto" title="Chinatown, Toronto">Chinatown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Market" title="Kensington Market">Kensington Market</a>, both to the south of the university, are increasingly populated by students. In 2004, the university purchased and converted a nearby hotel in the district that would later become <a href="/wiki/First_Chinatown,_Toronto" title="First Chinatown, Toronto">Little Japan</a> to the south into the <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Residence" title="Chestnut Residence">Chestnut Residence</a>, which houses students from all colleges and faculties. There are also numerous fraternity houses and <a href="/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative" title="Student housing cooperative">student housing cooperatives</a>, where boarders pay reduced rent for assuming housekeeping duties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The University of Toronto is known for having a high enrolment of international students. In 2016–17, 19.7 per cent of students were international.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> The University planned to grow its international enrolment to 20.1 per cent by 2021–22. In 2017, the University of Toronto had more international students enrolled than all other Canadian post-secondary institutions.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> <table style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px" class="wikitable"> <caption>Demographics of student body (2019–2020)<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Undergraduate</th> <th>Graduate </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a> </th> <td>45.4%</td> <td>42.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a> </th> <td>54.6%</td> <td>57.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Canadian student</a> </th> <td>63.9%</td> <td>74.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">International student</a> </th> <td>36.1%</td> <td>25.1% </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2011, 78 per cent of incoming first-year students identified as a <a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">visible minority</a>. In 2001–02, the overall gender ratio was about 57.1 per cent female to 42.9 per cent male for enrolled students, or about 15 males for every 20 females.<a href="#cite_note-uot_facts2012-197">[196]</a> This gender gap has improved slightly in recent years to 55.8 per cent female and 44.2 per cent male, or about 16 males for every 20 females in 2014–15 (<a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">non-binary genders</a> were not reported).<a href="#cite_note-cudo2015-198">[197]</a> This gap is more pronounced for graduation rates, with 59 per cent of degrees conferred on females.<a href="#cite_note-uot_facts2012-197">[196]</a> Gender ratios also depend on undergraduate versus graduate enrolment, and department. The overall average of high school grades for first-year students was about 86 per cent for fall 2014.<a href="#cite_note-cudo2015-198">[197]</a> The retention rate was 92.1 per cent. In 2011–12, 40.3 per cent of the students were enrolled in the Social Science and Humanities departments, 23.9 per cent were enrolled in Biology, Engineering, and Mathematics & Physical Sciences. General education accounted for 14.7 per cent enrolment (all undergraduates). Health Professions was 12.7 per cent, Education 5.8 per cent, and Fine Arts 2.6 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-uot_facts2012-197">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campus_suicides">Campus suicides</h3></div> The University of Toronto has faced significant criticism of its handling of student suicides and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_education" title="Mental health in education"> students' mental health problems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley2021-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lorinc2019-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mancini2019-201">[200]</a> From 2017 to 2019, four students committed suicide at the school, three of them in the <a href="/wiki/Bahen_Centre_for_Information_Technology" title="Bahen Centre for Information Technology">Bahen Centre for Information Technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mancini2019-201">[200]</a> Student advocacy groups have said that the university contributed to the suicides by failing to provide mental health resources, with computer science student Shahin Imtiaz saying in an interview that "the university has turned into a pressure-cooker of intense demands, without the resources to meet the student needs to back it up."<a href="#cite_note-Mancini2019-201">[200]</a> While the university does not generally acknowledge student deaths as suicides,<a href="#cite_note-Nasser2019-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbc2019-203">[202]</a> the university responded to the deaths by adding additional safety barriers to the Bahen Centre<a href="#cite_note-Thompson2019-204">[203]</a> and by promising additional support, adding close to three million dollars in funding for student wellbeing.<a href="#cite_note-Lorinc2019-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues" title="Toronto Varsity Blues">Toronto Varsity Blues</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varsity_Centre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Varsity_Centre.JPG/220px-Varsity_Centre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Varsity_Centre.JPG/330px-Varsity_Centre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Varsity_Centre.JPG/440px-Varsity_Centre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Varsity_Stadium" title="Varsity Stadium">Varsity Stadium</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> The 44 sports teams of the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues" title="Toronto Varsity Blues">Varsity Blues</a> represent the university in intercollegiate competitions. The two main leagues in which the Blues participate are <a href="/wiki/U_Sports" title="U Sports">U Sports</a> (formerly known as Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS)) for national competitions and the auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Ontario_University_Athletics" title="Ontario University Athletics">Ontario University Athletics</a> (OUA) conference at the provincial level. The <a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">athletic nickname</a> of Varsity Blues was not consistently used until the 1930s; previously, references such as "Varsity", "The Big Blue", "The Blue and White", "The Varsity Blue" and simply "The Blues" also appeared interchangeably.<a href="#cite_note-footballMediaGuide2008-205">[204]</a> The Blue and White is commonly played and sung in athletic games as a <a href="/wiki/Fight_song" title="Fight song">fight song</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">North American (gridiron) football</a> traces its very origin to the University of Toronto with the first documented football game played at University College on November 9, 1861.<a href="#cite_note-Football:_The_Ivy_League_Origins_of_an_American_Obsession_-_Mark_F._Bernstein_-_Google_Books-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues_football" title="Toronto Varsity Blues football">Blues</a> played their first <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">intercollegiate football</a> match in 1877 against the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football" title="Michigan Wolverines football">University of Michigan</a> in a game that ended with a scoreless draw.<a href="#cite_note-footballMediaGuide2008-205">[204]</a> Since intercollegiate seasons began in 1898, the Blues have won four <a href="/wiki/Grey_Cup" title="Grey Cup">Grey Cup</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Vanier_Cup" title="Vanier Cup">Vanier Cup</a> and 25 <a href="/wiki/Yates_Cup" title="Yates Cup">Yates Cup</a> championships, including the inaugural championships for all three trophies.<a href="#cite_note-footballMediaGuide2008-205">[204]</a> However, the football team has hit a rough patch following its last championship in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> From 2001 until 2008, the Blues suffered the longest <a href="/wiki/Losing_streak" title="Losing streak">losing streak</a> in Canadian collegiate history, recording 49 consecutive winless games.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> This was preceded by a single victory in 2001 that ended a run of 18 straight losses.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> The site of <a href="/wiki/Varsity_Stadium" title="Varsity Stadium">Varsity Stadium</a> has served as the primary playing grounds of the Varsity Blues football and <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues_men%27s_soccer" title="Toronto Varsity Blues men's soccer">soccer</a> programs since 1898.<a href="#cite_note-friedland_2002-25">[24]</a> It also served as the venue for <a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games" title="Archery at the 2015 Pan American Games">archery</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games" title="2015 Pan American Games">2015 Pan American Games</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_varsity_rowing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Toronto_varsity_rowing.jpg/290px-Toronto_varsity_rowing.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Toronto_varsity_rowing.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Rowing_Club" title="University of Toronto Rowing Club">University of Toronto Rowing Club</a>'s men's eight team trains in <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Harbour" title="Toronto Harbour">Toronto Harbour</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a> in Paris. The team won silver in the <a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_eight" title="Rowing at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's eight">men's eight</a> event for <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Canada at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Canada</a>.</figcaption></figure> Formed in 1891, the storied <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Toronto Varsity Blues men's ice hockey">Varsity Blues men's ice hockey team</a> has left many legacies on the national, professional and international hockey scenes. <a href="/wiki/Conn_Smythe" title="Conn Smythe">Conn Smythe</a> played for the Blues as a <a href="/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)" title="Centre (ice hockey)">centre</a> during his undergraduate years, and was a Blues coach from 1923 to 1926.<a href="#cite_note-mensHockeyBrochure2008-212">[211]</a> When Smythe took over the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs" title="Toronto Maple Leafs">Toronto Maple Leafs</a> in 1927, his new team adopted the Varsity Blues' familiar blue-and-white sweater design.<a href="#cite_note-mensHockeyBrochure2008-212">[211]</a> Blues hockey competed at the <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics" title="Ice hockey at the 1928 Winter Olympics">1928 Winter Olympics</a> and captured the gold medal for <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics" title="Canada at the 1928 Winter Olympics">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics" title="1980 Winter Olympics">1980 Winter Olympics</a>, Blues coach <a href="/wiki/Tom_Watt_(ice_hockey)" title="Tom Watt (ice hockey)">Tom Watt</a> served as co-coach of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Canada men's national ice hockey team">Canadian hockey team</a> in which six players were Varsity grads.<a href="#cite_note-mensHockeyBrochure2008-212">[211]</a> In all, the Blues have won the <a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_University_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="David Johnston University Cup">U Sports University Cup</a> national hockey title ten times, last in 1984. <a href="/wiki/Varsity_Arena" title="Varsity Arena">Varsity Arena</a> has been the permanent home of the Blues ice hockey programs since it opened in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-friedland_2002-25">[24]</a> In men's basketball, the Varsity Blues have won 14 conference titles, including the inaugural championship in 1909, but have not won a national title.<a href="#cite_note-mensBasketball2008-214">[213]</a> In swimming, the men's team has claimed the national crown 16 times since 1964, while the women's team has claimed the crown 14 times since 1970.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> Established in 1897, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Rowing_Club" title="University of Toronto Rowing Club">University of Toronto Rowing Club</a> is Canada's oldest collegiate <a href="/wiki/Rowing_club" title="Rowing club">rowing club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bluesBeforeSunrise-216">[215]</a> It earned a silver medal for the country in the <a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_eight" title="Rowing at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's eight">men's eight</a> rowing event in the <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a> in Paris, finishing second to <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale's</a> crew.<a href="#cite_note-bluesBeforeSunrise-216">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Back_Campus_Fields" title="Back Campus Fields">The back campus of University College</a> was used for <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games" title="Field hockey at the 2015 Pan American Games">field hockey during the 2015 Pan American Games</a> and the field was renamed Pan Am / Parapan Am Fields for the duration of the Pan American Games. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Toronto_alumni" title="List of University of Toronto alumni">List of University of Toronto alumni</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_University_of_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the University of Toronto">List of Presidents of the University of Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chancellors of the University of Toronto">List of Chancellors of the University of Toronto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Toronto_faculty" title="List of University of Toronto faculty">List of University of Toronto faculty</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King, the longest-serving Prime Minister in Canadian history with over 21 years in office, BA, MA"><img alt="William Lyon Mackenzie King, the longest-serving Prime Minister in Canadian history with over 21 years in office, BA, MA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg/92px-William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg/138px-William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg/184px-William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="1964" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, the longest-serving <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> in Canadian history with over 21 years in office, BA, MA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lester_B._Pearson_with_a_pencil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lester B. Pearson, Canadian Prime Minister and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957, BA"><img alt="Lester B. Pearson, Canadian Prime Minister and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957, BA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lester_B._Pearson_with_a_pencil.jpg/96px-Lester_B._Pearson_with_a_pencil.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lester_B._Pearson_with_a_pencil.jpg/144px-Lester_B._Pearson_with_a_pencil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lester_B._Pearson_with_a_pencil.jpg/192px-Lester_B._Pearson_with_a_pencil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="725" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> and winner of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1957, BA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_martin_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Martin, 21st Canadian Prime Minister, LLB"><img alt="Paul Martin, 21st Canadian Prime Minister, LLB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Paul_martin_2004.jpg/95px-Paul_martin_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Paul_martin_2004.jpg/142px-Paul_martin_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Paul_martin_2004.jpg/189px-Paul_martin_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1513" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">21st</a> Canadian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a>, LLB</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Kenneth Galbraith, noted economist and a leading proponent of 20th-century American liberalism, B.Sc.(Agr.)"><img alt="John Kenneth Galbraith, noted economist and a leading proponent of 20th-century American liberalism, B.Sc.(Agr.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg/89px-John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg/134px-John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg/178px-John_Kenneth_Galbraith_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="3032" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a>, noted economist and a leading proponent of 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">American liberalism</a>, B.Sc.(Agr.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_charles_fields.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Charles Fields, mathematician and the founder of the prestigious Fields Medal"><img alt="John Charles Fields, mathematician and the founder of the prestigious Fields Medal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_charles_fields.jpg/90px-John_charles_fields.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_charles_fields.jpg/136px-John_charles_fields.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_charles_fields.jpg/181px-John_charles_fields.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Fields" title="John Charles Fields">John Charles Fields</a>, mathematician and the founder of the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Innis_public-domain_library_archives-canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harold Innis, professor of political economy, helped develop the staples thesis and the Toronto School of communication theory"><img alt="Harold Innis, professor of political economy, helped develop the staples thesis and the Toronto School of communication theory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Harold_Innis_public-domain_library_archives-canada.jpg/79px-Harold_Innis_public-domain_library_archives-canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Harold_Innis_public-domain_library_archives-canada.jpg/118px-Harold_Innis_public-domain_library_archives-canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Harold_Innis_public-domain_library_archives-canada.jpg/158px-Harold_Innis_public-domain_library_archives-canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="911" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold Innis</a>, professor of political economy, helped develop the <a href="/wiki/Staples_thesis" title="Staples thesis">staples thesis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_School_of_communication_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto School of communication theory">Toronto School of communication theory</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:F._G._Banting_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick Banting, Nobel Laureate in Medicine and the first person to use insulin on humans, MB, MD"><img alt="Frederick Banting, Nobel Laureate in Medicine and the first person to use insulin on humans, MB, MD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/F._G._Banting_1923.jpg/80px-F._G._Banting_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/F._G._Banting_1923.jpg/120px-F._G._Banting_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/F._G._Banting_1923.jpg/160px-F._G._Banting_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="876" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Laureate</a> in Medicine and the first person to use <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> on humans, MB, MD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Roberta_Bondar_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roberta Bondar, CSA astronaut and the first Canadian female in space, PhD"><img alt="Roberta Bondar, CSA astronaut and the first Canadian female in space, PhD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Roberta_Bondar_NASA.jpg/100px-Roberta_Bondar_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Roberta_Bondar_NASA.jpg/150px-Roberta_Bondar_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Roberta_Bondar_NASA.jpg/199px-Roberta_Bondar_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="338" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Bondar" title="Roberta Bondar">Roberta Bondar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a> astronaut and the first Canadian female in space, PhD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Julie_Payette_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Julie Payette, CSA astronaut and the 29th Governor General of Canada, MASc"><img alt="Julie Payette, CSA astronaut and the 29th Governor General of Canada, MASc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Julie_Payette_2017.jpg/96px-Julie_Payette_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Julie_Payette_2017.jpg/144px-Julie_Payette_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Julie_Payette_2017.jpg/192px-Julie_Payette_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3116" data-file-height="3895" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Payette" title="Julie Payette">Julie Payette</a>, CSA astronaut and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">29th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a>, MASc</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Smillie_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jennie Smillie Robertson, first female surgeon in Canada, MD"><img alt="Jennie Smillie Robertson, first female surgeon in Canada, MD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Smillie_portrait.jpg/81px-Smillie_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Smillie_portrait.jpg/121px-Smillie_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Smillie_portrait.jpg/162px-Smillie_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1488" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Smillie_Robertson" title="Jennie Smillie Robertson">Jennie Smillie Robertson</a>, first female surgeon in Canada, MD</div> </li> </ul> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Eric_A._Havelock" title="Eric A. Havelock">Havelock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Innis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Snow_Carpenter" title="Edmund Snow Carpenter">Carpenter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a>, former professors of the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Scott_MacDonald_Coxeter" title="Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter">Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Davies" title="Robertson Davies">Robertson Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Fields" title="John Charles Fields">John Charles Fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld">Leopold Infeld</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._B._Macpherson" title="C. B. Macpherson">C. B. Macpherson</a>. Thirteen <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a> studied or taught at the University of Toronto.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As of 2006, University of Toronto academics accounted for 15 of 23 Canadian members in the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (65 per cent) and 20 of 72 Canadian fellows in the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> (28 per cent).<a href="#cite_note-researchReport2006-134">[133]</a> Among honorees from Canada between 1980 and 2006, University of Toronto faculty made up 11 of 21 <a href="/wiki/Canada_Gairdner_International_Award" title="Canada Gairdner International Award">Canada Gairdner International Award</a> recipients (52 per cent), 44 of 101 <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellows</a> (44 per cent), 16 of 38 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> fellows (42 per cent), 10 of 28 members in the <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">United States National Academies</a> (36 per cent) and 23 of 77 <a href="/wiki/Sloan_Research_Fellowship" title="Sloan Research Fellowship">Sloan Research Fellows</a> (30 per cent).<a href="#cite_note-researchReport2006-134">[133]</a> Alumni of the University of Toronto's colleges, faculties and professional schools have assumed notable roles in a wide range of fields and specialties. In government, <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governors General</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Adrienne Clarkson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Payette" title="Julie Payette">Julie Payette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Ministers</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>, and 17 <a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of Canada">justices of the Supreme Court</a> have all graduated from the university, while world leaders include <a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">President of Latvia</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaira_V%C4%AB%C4%B7e-Freiberga" title="Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga">Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier of the Republic of China</a> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Chao-shiuan" title="Liu Chao-shiuan">Liu Chao-shiuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">President of Trinidad and Tobago</a> <a href="/wiki/Noor_Hassanali" title="Noor Hassanali">Noor Hassanali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_and_partners_of_Icelandic_presidents" title="List of spouses and partners of Icelandic presidents">First Lady of Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Reid" title="Eliza Reid">Eliza Reid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Economist <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a>, political scientist <a href="/wiki/David_Easton" title="David Easton">David Easton</a>, historian <a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan" title="Margaret MacMillan">Margaret MacMillan</a>, philosophers <a href="/wiki/David_Gauthier" title="David Gauthier">David Gauthier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Ted Honderich</a>, anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Davidson_Black" title="Davidson Black">Davidson Black</a>, social activist <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Pence" title="Ellen Pence">Ellen Pence</a>, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a>, psychologists <a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schacter" title="Daniel Schacter">Daniel Schacter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Feldman_Barrett" title="Lisa Feldman Barrett">Lisa Feldman Barrett</a>, physicians <a href="/wiki/Norman_Bethune" title="Norman Bethune">Norman Bethune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Best_(medical_scientist)" title="Charles Best (medical scientist)">Charles Best</a>, geologists <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tyrrell" title="Joseph Tyrrell">Joseph Tyrrell</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tuzo_Wilson" title="John Tuzo Wilson">John Tuzo Wilson</a>, mathematicians <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kaplansky" title="Irving Kaplansky">Irving Kaplansky</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Kahan" title="William Kahan">William Kahan</a>, physicists <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Arthur Leonard Schawlow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Bertram Brockhouse</a>, religion scholar <a href="/wiki/Amir_Hussain" title="Amir Hussain">Amir Hussain</a>, architect <a href="/wiki/James_Strutt" title="James Strutt">James Strutt</a>, engineer <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Bull" title="Gerald Bull">Gerald Bull</a>, computer scientists <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aho" title="Alfred Aho">Alfred Aho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a>, and astronauts <a href="/wiki/Roberta_Bondar" title="Roberta Bondar">Roberta Bondar</a> and Julie Payette are also some of the most well-known academic figures from the university. In business, University of Toronto alumni include <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Communications" title="Rogers Communications">Rogers Communications</a>' <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Rogers_Jr." title="Edward S. Rogers Jr.">Ted Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank" title="Toronto-Dominion Bank">Toronto-Dominion Bank</a>'s <a href="/wiki/W._Edmund_Clark" title="W. Edmund Clark">W. Edmund Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal" title="Bank of Montreal">Bank of Montreal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bill_Downe" title="Bill Downe">Bill Downe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotiabank" title="Scotiabank">Scotiabank</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peter_Godsoe" title="Peter Godsoe">Peter Godsoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrick_Gold" title="Barrick Gold">Barrick Gold</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peter_Munk" title="Peter Munk">Peter Munk</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited" title="BlackBerry Limited">BlackBerry's</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Balsillie" title="Jim Balsillie">Jim Balsillie</a>, <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Skoll" title="Jeffrey Skoll">Jeffrey Skoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles" title="Fiat Chrysler Automobiles">Fiat S.p.A.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Marchionne" title="Sergio Marchionne">Sergio Marchionne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apotex" title="Apotex">Apotex</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sherman" title="Barry Sherman">Bernard Sherman</a>. In literature and media, the university has produced writers <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leacock" title="Stephen Leacock">Stephen Leacock</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae">John McCrae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohinton_Mistry" title="Rohinton Mistry">Rohinton Mistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Michael Ondaatje</a>, film directors <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hiller" title="Arthur Hiller">Arthur Hiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Jewison" title="Norman Jewison">Norman Jewison</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Cronenberg" title="David Cronenberg">David Cronenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atom_Egoyan" title="Atom Egoyan">Atom Egoyan</a>, actor <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a>, screenwriter <a href="/wiki/David_Shore" title="David Shore">David Shore</a>, television producer and writer <a href="/wiki/Hart_Hanson" title="Hart Hanson">Hart Hanson</a>, musician <a href="/wiki/Paul_Shaffer" title="Paul Shaffer">Paul Shaffer</a>, and journalists <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Gladwell" title="Malcolm Gladwell">Malcolm Gladwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Amiel" title="Barbara Amiel">Barbara Amiel</a>. The University of Toronto alumni-founded companies generate roughly equivalent to one-quarter of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">the Canadian GDP</a> according to a survey published in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/17px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/26px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/34px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ontario" title="Portal:Ontario">Ontario</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/19px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/29px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/38px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Toronto" title="Education in Toronto">Education in Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Ontario" title="Higher education in Ontario">Higher education in Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Canada" title="List of universities in Canada">List of universities in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Campus_Safety" title="University of Toronto Campus Safety">University of Toronto Campus Safety</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-utsg-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-utsg_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-utsg_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-utsg_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-utsg_9-3">d</a> The following figure is for the St. George campus, the university's largest campus in downtown Toronto. For data on the two other University of Toronto campuses, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Scarborough" title="University of Toronto Scarborough">Scarborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Mississauga" title="University of Toronto Mississauga">Mississauga</a>, refer to the respective articles. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Record of the Jubilee Celebrations of the University of Sydney. <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>: William Brooks and Co. 1903. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781112213304" title="Special:BookSources/9781112213304"><bdi>9781112213304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+of+the+Jubilee+Celebrations+of+the+University+of+Sydney&rft.place=Sydney%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=William+Brooks+and+Co.&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=9781112213304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University. <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Ireland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hodges_Figgis" title="Hodges Figgis">Hodges, Figgis & Co.</a> 1894. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781355361602" title="Special:BookSources/9781355361602"><bdi>9781355361602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+The+Tercentenary+Festival+of+Dublin+University&rft.place=Dublin%2C+Ireland&rft.pub=Hodges%2C+Figgis+%26+Co.&rft.date=1894&rft.isbn=9781355361602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Actes du Jubilé de 1909 (in Swiss French). <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: Georg Keck & Cie. 1910. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781360078335" title="Special:BookSources/9781360078335"><bdi>9781360078335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Actes+du+Jubil%C3%A9+de+1909&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Georg+Keck+%26+Cie&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=9781360078335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Originates from <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> <a href="/wiki/Odes_(Horace)" title="Odes (Horace)">Odes</a>, book I, ode 12, line 45: "crescit occulto velut arbor ævo fama Marcelli" ("The fame of Marcellus grows like a tree over time unseen"). </li> <li id="cite_note-endowmentreport-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-endowmentreport_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-endowmentreport_5-1">b</a> Endowment figure does not include separate endowment funds maintained by individual colleges, which amount to C$555.7 million for Victoria University, C$83.7 million for Trinity College, and C$88.5 million for the University of St. Michael’s College in their respective most recent financial reports (2020-2023) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023f.pdf">Financial Report - 2023</a> (PDF). Financial Services Department, University of Toronto. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830084244/https://finance.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023f.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+Report+-+2023&rft.pub=Financial+Services+Department%2C+University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.utoronto.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2021-22-Audited-Financial-Statements.pdf">Financial Statements of Trinity College - 2022</a> (PDF). KPMG LLP. 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+of+Trinity+College+-+2022&rft.pub=KPMG+LLP&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trinity.utoronto.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F03%2F2021-22-Audited-Financial-Statements.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicu.utoronto.ca/assets/PDFs/Finance-/Victoria-University-2023.pdf">Financial Statements - 2023</a> (PDF). Financial Services Department, Victoria University. 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+-+2023&rft.pub=Financial+Services+Department%2C+Victoria+University&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvicu.utoronto.ca%2Fassets%2FPDFs%2FFinance-%2FVictoria-University-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stmikes.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2020-04-30-University-of-St-Michaels-College-24360-AUD-DSsign.pdf">Financial Statements of the University of St. Michael's College - 2020</a> (PDF). KPMG LLP. 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+of+the+University+of+St.+Michael%27s+College+-+2020&rft.pub=KPMG+LLP&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstmikes.utoronto.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F10%2F2020-04-30-University-of-St-Michaels-College-24360-AUD-DSsign.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-admin-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-admin_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-admin_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chancellor.utoronto.ca/">"About The Chancellor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225947/http://www.chancellor.utoronto.ca/">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+The+Chancellor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chancellor.utoronto.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui" class="citation web cs1">Siddiqui, Tabassum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utoronto.ca/news/trevor-young-appointed-u-t-s-vice-president-and-provost">"Trevor Young appointed U of T's vice-president and provost | University of Toronto"</a>. www.utoronto.ca. 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Financial Services Department, University of Toronto. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210708191621/https://finance.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021f.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+Report+-+2021&rft.pub=Financial+Services+Department%2C+University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.utoronto.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-quickfacts-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quickfacts_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickfacts_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickfacts_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utoronto.ca/about-u-of-t/quick-facts">"Quick Facts"</a>. 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University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410082153/http://greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history22.asp">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2019. 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University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200611/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history15.asp">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2019. 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University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200543/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history40.asp">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2019. 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University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420200541/http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/bios/history36.asp">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2019. 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Retrieved February 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Founders%27+Prayer&rft.pub=Hart+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harthouse.utoronto.ca%2Fhh%2Fpage.php%3Fid%3DABT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> "... discover within its walls true education that is to be found within good fellowship, in friendly disputation and debate, in the conversation of wise and earnest men, in music, pictures and the play, in the casual book, in sports and games and the mastery of the body". </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dos.cornell.edu/dos/straight/">"Willard Straight Hall Student Union"</a>. 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Retrieved April 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Varsity+Blues+set+futility+mark&rft.date=2007-10-13&rft.aulast=Ralph&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fsports%2Fvarsity-blues-set-futility-mark%2Farticle1084712%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mensHockeyBrochure2008-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mensHockeyBrochure2008_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mensHockeyBrochure2008_212-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mensHockeyBrochure2008_212-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varsityblues.ca/documents/2008/12/17/2008-09%20Men's%20Hockey%20Brochure.pdf">"Varsity Blues Men's Hockey 2008–2009"</a> (PDF). University of Toronto Faculty of Physical Education and Health. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203164123/http://www.varsityblues.ca/documents/2008/12/17/2008-09%20Men%27s%20Hockey%20Brochure.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Varsity+Blues+Men%27s+Hockey+2008%E2%80%932009&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.varsityblues.ca%2Fdocuments%2F2008%2F12%2F17%2F2008-09%2520Men%27s%2520Hockey%2520Brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050206085053/http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=B195806">"Smythe, Conn biography"</a>. Legends of Hockey. <a href="/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hockey Hall of Fame">Hockey Hall of Fame</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=b195806">the original</a> on February 6, 2005. Retrieved December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legends+of+Hockey&rft.atitle=Smythe%2C+Conn+biography&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legendsofhockey.net%3A8080%2FLegendsOfHockey%2Fjsp%2FLegendsMember.jsp%3Fmem%3Db195806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mensBasketball2008-214"><a href="#cite_ref-mensBasketball2008_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varsityblues.ca/documents/2008/12/17/2008-09%20Men's%20Basketball%20Brochure.pdf">"Varsity Blues Men's Basketball 2008–2009"</a> (PDF). University of Toronto Faculty of Physical Education and Health. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915074355/http://www.varsityblues.ca/documents/2008/12/17/2008-09%20Men%27s%20Basketball%20Brochure.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 15, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Varsity+Blues+Men%27s+Basketball+2008%E2%80%932009&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.varsityblues.ca%2Fdocuments%2F2008%2F12%2F17%2F2008-09%2520Men%27s%2520Basketball%2520Brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226041757/http://www.universitysport.ca/e/championships/swimming/2009/past.cfm">"CIS Swimming Championship History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U_Sports" title="U Sports">Canadian Interuniversity Sport</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universitysport.ca/e/championships/swimming/2009/past.cfm">the original</a> on February 26, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIS+Swimming+Championship+History&rft.pub=Canadian+Interuniversity+Sport&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universitysport.ca%2Fe%2Fchampionships%2Fswimming%2F2009%2Fpast.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bluesBeforeSunrise-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bluesBeforeSunrise_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bluesBeforeSunrise_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkens1999" class="citation journal cs1">Okens, Patrick (1999). "Blues Before Sunrise: Rowing at the University of Toronto". University of Toronto Graduate Department of History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blues+Before+Sunrise%3A+Rowing+at+the+University+of+Toronto&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Okens&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/06/26/iceland-elects-new-president-and-gets-a-canadian-first-lady.html">"Iceland elects new president, and gets a Canadian first lady | The Star"</a>. The Toronto Star. June 26, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503014436/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/06/26/iceland-elects-new-president-and-gets-a-canadian-first-lady.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Iceland+elects+new+president%2C+and+gets+a+Canadian+first+lady+%7C+The+Star&rft.date=2016-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2016%2F06%2F26%2Ficeland-elects-new-president-and-gets-a-canadian-first-lady.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alumni.utoronto.ca/alumni-impact-survey">"Alumni Impact Survey"</a>. University of Toronto Alumni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205013833/https://alumni.utoronto.ca/alumni-impact-survey">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Toronto+Alumni&rft.atitle=Alumni+Impact+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falumni.utoronto.ca%2Falumni-impact-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Toronto" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bissell" title="Claude Bissell">Bissell, Claude T.</a> (1974). Halfway up Parnassus: A Personal Account of the University of Toronto. University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-2172-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-2172-7">0-8020-2172-7</a>.</li> <li>Ford, Ann Rochon. (1985). A Path Not Strewn with Roses. University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3999-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3999-5">0-8020-3999-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Friedland" title="Martin Friedland">Friedland, Martin L.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universityoftoro0000frie">The University of Toronto: A History</a>. University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-4429-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-4429-8">0-8020-4429-8</a>.</li> <li>Levi, Charles Morden. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NhvVMMLqxC0C&dq=Comings%20and%20Goings&pg=PP1">Comings and Goings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407112927/https://books.google.com/books?id=NhvVMMLqxC0C&dq=Comings%20and%20Goings&pg=PP1">Archived</a> April 7, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2442-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2442-8">0-7735-2442-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._B._McKillop" title="A. B. McKillop">McKillop, A. Brian</a>. (1994). Matters of Mind. University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7216-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7216-X">0-8020-7216-X</a>.</li> <li>Slater, John G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAdhk7aI2fAC&dq=Minerva's%20Aviary%3A%20Philosophy%20at%20Toronto&pg=PP1">Minerva's Aviary: Philosophy at Toronto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419174137/https://books.google.com/books?id=zAdhk7aI2fAC&dq=Minerva%27s%20Aviary%3A%20Philosophy%20at%20Toronto&pg=PP1">Archived</a> April 19, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3870-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3870-0">0-8020-3870-0</a>.</li> <li>Wallace, W. Stewart. A History of the University of Toronto, 1827–1927. University of Toronto Press, 1927.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_of_Toronto" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#00204E;color:#ffffff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:University_of_Toronto" title="Template:University of Toronto"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_of_Toronto" title="Template talk:University of Toronto"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_of_Toronto" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University of Toronto"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_of_Toronto" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Toronto</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00204E;color:#ffffff;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Campuses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Scarborough" title="University of Toronto Scarborough">Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Mississauga" title="University of Toronto Mississauga">Mississauga</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_Tower_2007_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Soldiers_Tower_2007_cropped.jpg/80px-Soldiers_Tower_2007_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Soldiers_Tower_2007_cropped.jpg/120px-Soldiers_Tower_2007_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Soldiers_Tower_2007_cropped.jpg/160px-Soldiers_Tower_2007_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="2800" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00204E;color:#ffffff;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innis_College,_Toronto" title="Innis College, Toronto">Innis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_College,_Toronto" title="Knox College, Toronto">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massey_College,_Toronto" title="Massey College, Toronto">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_College,_Toronto" title="New College, Toronto">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regis_College_(Toronto)" title="Regis College (Toronto)">Regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Michael%27s_College" title="University of St. Michael's College">St. Michael's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Toronto" title="Trinity College, Toronto">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College,_Toronto" title="University College, Toronto">University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_University,_Toronto" title="Victoria University, Toronto">Victoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Toronto" title="Emmanuel College, Toronto">Emmanuel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodsworth_College,_Toronto" title="Woodsworth College, Toronto">Woodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_College,_Toronto" title="Wycliffe College, Toronto">Wycliffe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00204E;color:#ffffff;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Faculties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Applied_Science_and_Engineering" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering">Applied Science and Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Science" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science">Arts and Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunlap_Institute_for_Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics" title="Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Daniels_Faculty_of_Architecture,_Landscape_and_Design" title="John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design">Architecture, Landscape and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Medieval_Studies,_Toronto" title="Centre for Medieval Studies, Toronto">Medieval Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Department_of_Mathematics" title="University of Toronto Department of Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalla_Lana_School_of_Public_Health" title="Dalla Lana School of Public Health">Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Dentistry" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields_Institute" title="Fields Institute">Fields Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Information" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Law" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munk_School_of_Global_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Munk School of Global Affairs">Global Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Music" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Dan_Faculty_of_Pharmacy" title="Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Institute_of_Mediaeval_Studies" title="Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies">Mediaeval Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_School_of_Public_Policy_and_Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Toronto School of Public Policy and Governance">Public Policy and Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Institute_for_Studies_in_Education" title="Ontario Institute for Studies in Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Child_Study" title="Institute of Child Study">Child Study</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotman_School_of_Management" title="Rotman School of Management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_School_of_Theology" title="Toronto School of Theology">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00204E;color:#ffffff;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Libraries" title="University of Toronto Libraries">Libraries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerstein_Science_Information_Centre" title="Gerstein Science Information Centre">Gerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Mississauga_Library" title="University of Toronto Mississauga Library">Mississauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robarts_Library" title="Robarts Library">Robarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fisher_Rare_Book_Library" title="Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library">Thomas Fisher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annesley_Hall" title="Annesley Hall">Annesley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_Campus_Fields" title="Back Campus Fields">Back Campus Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahen_Centre_for_Information_Technology" title="Bahen Centre for Information Technology">Bahen Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Residence" title="Chestnut Residence">Chestnut Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convocation_Hall_(University_of_Toronto)" title="Convocation Hall (University of Toronto)">Convocation Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldring_Centre_for_High_Performance_Sport" title="Goldring Centre for High Performance Sport">Goldring Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Graduate_House" title="University of Toronto Graduate House">Graduate House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_House_(University_of_Toronto)" title="Hart House (University of Toronto)">Hart House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koffler_Student_Centre" title="Koffler Student Centre">Koffler Student Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Massey_Building" title="Lillian Massey Building">Massey Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newman_Centre,_Toronto" title="Newman Centre, Toronto">Newman Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_Walk_(Toronto)" title="Philosopher's Walk (Toronto)">Philosopher's Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_President%27s_Estate" title="University of Toronto President's Estate">President's Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_(Toronto)" title="Queen's Park (Toronto)">Queen's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_Tower" title="Soldiers' Tower">Soldiers' Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Spadina_Crescent" title="1 Spadina Crescent">1 Spadina Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Magnetic_and_Meteorological_Observatory" title="Toronto Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory">Stewart Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pan_Am_Sports_Centre" title="Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre">Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varsity_Arena" title="Varsity Arena">Varsity Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varsity_Stadium" title="Varsity Stadium">Varsity Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00204E;color:#ffffff;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Toronto" title="Coat of arms of the University of Toronto">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Students%27_Union" title="University of Toronto Students' Union">Students' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Varsity_(newspaper)" title="The Varsity (newspaper)">The Varsity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Newspaper" title="The Newspaper">The Newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Medium_(University_of_Toronto_Mississauga)" title="The Medium (University of Toronto Mississauga)">The Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massey_Lectures" title="Massey Lectures">Massey Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts_Lectures" title="Watts Lectures">Watts Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIUT-FM" title="CIUT-FM">CIUT-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_House_Theatre" title="Hart House Theatre">Hart House Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_House_Review" title="Hart House Review">Hart House Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues" title="Toronto Varsity Blues">Varsity Blues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues_football" title="Toronto Varsity Blues football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Toronto Varsity Blues men's ice hockey">Men's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Toronto Varsity Blues women's ice hockey">Women's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Rowing_Club" title="University of Toronto Rowing Club">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues_men%27s_soccer" title="Toronto Varsity Blues men's soccer">Men's soccer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Cup" title="Jennings Cup">Jennings Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_Solar_Racing" title="Blue Sky Solar Racing">Blue Sky Solar Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_School_of_communication_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto School of communication theory">Toronto School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00204E;color:#ffffff;;width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Schools" title="University of Toronto Schools">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Theoretical_Astrophysics" title="Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics">Theoretical Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koffler_Scientific_Reserve" title="Koffler Scientific Reserve">Koffler Scientific Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SciNet_Consortium" title="SciNet Consortium">SciNet Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Health_Network" title="University Health Network">University Health Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Health_Toronto" title="Unity Health Toronto">Unity Health Toronto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00204E;color:#ffffff;;width:1%;text-align:center;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Toronto_alumni" title="List of University of Toronto alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Toronto_faculty" title="List of University of Toronto faculty">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_University_of_Toronto" title="List of presidents of the University of Toronto">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_the_University_of_Toronto" title="List of chancellors of the University of Toronto">Chancellors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_American_Universities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template talk:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_American_Universities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State</a></li> <li>California <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li>New York <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">South Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-secondary_education_in_Ontario" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-secondary_institutions_in_Ontario" title="Template:Post-secondary institutions in Ontario"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-secondary_institutions_in_Ontario" title="Template talk:Post-secondary institutions in Ontario"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-secondary_institutions_in_Ontario" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-secondary institutions in Ontario"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-secondary_education_in_Ontario" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Ontario" title="Higher education in Ontario">Post-secondary education in Ontario</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Degree-granting_institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Ontario">Degree-granting institutions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public universities<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/eng/postsecondary/schoolsprograms/university/">[1]</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algoma_University" title="Algoma University">Algoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Hearst" title="Université de Hearst">Hearst</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakehead_University" title="Lakehead University">Lakehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_University" title="Laurentian University">Laurentian/Laurentienne</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University" title="Wilfrid Laurier University">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipissing_University" title="Nipissing University">Nipissing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ontario School of Medicine">NOSM</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCAD_University" title="OCAD University">OCAD U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ontario_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ontario Institute of Technology">Ontario Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">Ottawa</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">RMC/CMR</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sudbury" title="University of Sudbury">Sudbury</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University" title="Toronto Metropolitan University">TMU</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_University" title="Trent University">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_l%27Ontario_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Université de l'Ontario français">UOF</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Windsor" title="University of Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private universities<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/pepg/programs/degreeauthority/priv_deg.html">[2]</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Christian_College" title="Canada Christian College">Canada Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Bible_College" title="Emmanuel Bible College">Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaithWay_Baptist_College_of_Canada" title="FaithWay Baptist College of Canada">FaithWay Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Bible_College" title="Great Lakes Bible College">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_College_%26_Seminary" title="Heritage College & Seminary">Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_University_(Canada)" title="Huntington University (Canada)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Judaic_Studies" title="Institute for Advanced Judaic Studies">Institute for Advanced Judaic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Christian_Studies" title="Institute for Christian Studies">Institute for Christian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_College_and_Seminary" title="Master's College and Seminary">Master's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Seat_of_Wisdom_College_(Canada)" title="Our Lady Seat of Wisdom College (Canada)">Our Lady Seat of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemer_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Redeemer University College">Redeemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Philip%27s_Seminary" title="St. Philip's Seminary">St. Philip's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talpiot_College_(Toronto)" title="Talpiot College (Toronto)">Talpiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorneloe_University" title="Thorneloe University">Thorneloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Baptist_Seminary_and_Bible_College" title="Toronto Baptist Seminary and Bible College">Toronto Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndale_University" title="Tyndale University">Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Ner_Yisroel_of_Toronto" title="Yeshivas Ner Yisroel of Toronto">Yeshivas Ner Yisroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#e6e6ff;padding:1px;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Public universities grant degrees under the authority of an <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Act of the Legislative Assembly</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">Royal Charter</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/pepg/programs/degreeauthority/legislation.html">[3]</a> Private universities grant degrees under the authority of an Act of the Legislative Assembly or may provide individual degree programs with the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Training,_Colleges_and_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities">Minister of Training, Colleges and Universities</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/pepg/programs/degreeauthority/consent.html">[4]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Degree programs offered under Ministerial Consent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adler Toronto</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_College_of_Naturopathic_Medicine" title="Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine">CCNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Memorial_Chiropractic_College" title="Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College">CMCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Glenn_Gould_School" title="The Glenn Gould School">Glenn Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCC_Institute_of_Technology" title="RCC Institute of Technology">RCC/Yorkville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_colleges_in_Ontario" title="University colleges in Ontario">Affiliated/federated schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_University_(Windsor,_Ontario)" title="Assumption University (Windsor, Ontario)">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brescia_University_College" title="Brescia University College">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_College_(Windsor,_Ontario)" title="Canterbury College (Windsor, Ontario)">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Lutheran_Theological_Seminary" title="Concordia Lutheran Theological Seminary">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel_University_College" title="Conrad Grebel University College">Conrad Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_University_College" title="Dominican University College">Dominican/Dominicain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendon_College" title="Glendon College">Glendon</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_University_College" title="Huron University College">Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona_College_(Windsor,_Ontario)" title="Iona College (Windsor, Ontario)">Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_University_College_(University_of_Western_Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="King's University College (University of Western Ontario)">King's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_College" title="Martin Luther University College">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Agricultural_College" title="Ontario Agricultural College">OAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renison_University_College" title="Renison University College">Renison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_University" title="Saint Paul University">Saint Paul</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Jerome%27s_University" title="St. Jerome's University">St. Jerome's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_College,_Waterloo" title="United College, Waterloo">United</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡French-language institution; *bilingual institution (English/French).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/french-language-colleges-and-universities">[5]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colleges" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Ontario" title="List of colleges in Ontario">Colleges</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleges of applied arts and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_College" title="Algonquin College">Algonquin</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Bor%C3%A9al" title="Collège Boréal">Boréal</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_College" title="Cambrian College">Cambrian</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadore_College" title="Canadore College">Canadore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_College_(Canada)" title="Centennial College (Canada)">Centennial</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_College" title="Confederation College">Confederation</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_College" title="Durham College">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanshawe_College" title="Fanshawe College">Fanshawe</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_College" title="Fleming College">Fleming</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_College" title="George Brown College">George Brown</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_College" title="Georgian College">Georgian</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cit%C3%A9_coll%C3%A9giale" class="mw-redirect" title="La Cité collégiale">La Cité</a>†‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambton_College" title="Lambton College">Lambton</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_College" title="Loyalist College">Loyalist</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_College" title="Mohawk College">Mohawk</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_College" title="Niagara College">Niagara</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_College_(Ontario)" title="Northern College (Ontario)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_College" title="St. Clair College">St. Clair</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_College,_Ontario" title="St. Lawrence College, Ontario">St. Lawrence</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sault_College" title="Sault College">Sault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Polytechnic" title="Seneca Polytechnic">Seneca</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes of technology and advanced learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_College" title="Conestoga College">Conestoga</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_Polytechnic" title="Humber Polytechnic">Humber</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_College" title="Sheridan College">Sheridan</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Grands-Lacs" title="Collège des Grands-Lacs">Grands-Lacs</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>†Degree programs offered ‡French-language institution<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/page/french-language-colleges-and-universities">[5]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_recognized_institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other recognized institutions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Michener_Institute" title="The Michener Institute">Michener Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aboriginal_institutes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aboriginal institutes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinabek_Education_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinabek Education Institute">Anishinabek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNTI" title="FNTI">FNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenjgewin_Teg_Educational_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenjgewin Teg Educational Institute">Kenjgewin Teg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iohahi:io_Akwesasne_Adult_Education_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Iohahi:io Akwesasne Adult Education Centre">Iohahi:io Akwesasne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negahneewin_College" title="Negahneewin College">Negahneewin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogwehoweh_Skills_and_Trades_Training_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogwehoweh Skills and Trades Training Centre (page does not exist)">Ogwehoweh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oshki-Pimache-O-Win_Education_%26_Training_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oshki-Pimache-O-Win Education & Training Institute (page does not exist)">Oshki-Pimache-O-Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Generations_Education_Institute" title="Seven Generations Education Institute">Seven Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingwauk_Kinoomaage_Gamig" title="Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig">Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Polytechnic" title="Six Nations Polytechnic">Six Nations Polytechnic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_institutions_and_infrastructure_in_Toronto" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_institutions_and_infrastructure_in_Toronto" title="Template:Public institutions and infrastructure in Toronto"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_institutions_and_infrastructure_in_Toronto" title="Template talk:Public institutions and infrastructure in Toronto"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_institutions_and_infrastructure_in_Toronto" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public institutions and infrastructure in Toronto"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_institutions_and_infrastructure_in_Toronto" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Public institutions and infrastructure in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libraries and archives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archives_of_Ontario" title="Archives of Ontario">Archives of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Toronto_Archives" title="City of Toronto Archives">City of Toronto Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_Reference_Library" title="Film Reference Library">Film Reference Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryerson_Image_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryerson Image Centre">Ryerson Image Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Public_Library" title="Toronto Public Library">Toronto Public Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Reference_Library" title="Toronto Reference Library">Toronto Reference Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_York_Central_Library" title="North York Central Library">North York Central Library</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities and colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_College_(Canada)" title="Centennial College (Canada)">Centennial College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_College" title="George Brown College">George Brown College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber College">Humber College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCAD_University" title="OCAD University">OCAD University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca College">Seneca College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University" title="Toronto Metropolitan University">Toronto Metropolitan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph-Humber" title="University of Guelph-Humber">University of Guelph-Humber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_l%27Ontario_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Université de l'Ontario français">Université de l'Ontario français</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_City_Hall" title="Toronto City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li>Civic Centres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_York_Civic_Centre" title="East York Civic Centre">East York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etobicoke_Civic_Centre" title="Etobicoke Civic Centre">Etobicoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_York_Civic_Centre" title="North York Civic Centre">North York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Civic_Centre" title="Scarborough Civic Centre">Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Civic_Centre" title="York Civic Centre">York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Toronto_Convention_Centre" title="Metro Toronto Convention Centre">Convention Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Hall" title="Metro Hall">Metro Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osgoode_Hall" title="Osgoode Hall">Osgoode Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Police_Headquarters" title="Toronto Police Headquarters">Police Headquarters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashbridges_Bay_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant" title="Ashbridges Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant">Ashbridges Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Bishop_Toronto_City_Airport" title="Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport">Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Level_Pumping_Station" title="High Level Pumping Station">High Level Pumping Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogg%27s_Hollow_Bridge" title="Hogg's Hollow Bridge">Hogg's Hollow Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaside_Bridge" title="Leaside Bridge">Leaside Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Viaduct" title="Prince Edward Viaduct">Prince Edward Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._C._Harris_Water_Treatment_Plant" title="R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant">R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExPlace_Wind_Turbine" title="ExPlace Wind Turbine">ExPlace Wind Turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U15_universities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U15" title="Template:U15"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U15" title="Template talk:U15"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U15" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U15"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U15_universities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U15_Group_of_Canadian_Research_Universities" title="U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities">U15 universities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Universities_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universities_in_Canada" title="Template:Universities in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universities_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Universities in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universities_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universities in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Universities_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Canada" title="List of universities in Canada">Universities in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alberta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_University_of_the_Arts" title="Alberta University of the Arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University">Athabasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_University_of_Edmonton" title="Concordia University of Edmonton">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lethbridge" title="University of Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacEwan_University" title="MacEwan University">MacEwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_University" title="Mount Royal University">Mount Royal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Columbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Canada_West" title="University Canada West">Canada West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilano_University" title="Capilano University">Capilano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Carr_University_of_Art_and_Design" title="Emily Carr University of Art and Design">Emily Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Fraser_Valley" title="University of the Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantlen_Polytechnic_University" title="Kwantlen Polytechnic University">Kwantlen Polytechnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_British_Columbia" title="University of Northern British Columbia">Northern British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Roads_University" title="Royal Roads University">Royal Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University" title="Simon Fraser University">Simon Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Rivers_University" title="Thompson Rivers University">Thompson Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Western_University" title="Trinity Western University">Trinity Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island_University" title="Vancouver Island University">Vancouver Island </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manitoba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_University" title="Brandon University">Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Mennonite_University" title="Canadian Mennonite University">Canadian Mennonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Saint-Boniface" title="Université de Saint-Boniface">Saint-Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg" title="University of Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Newfoundland and Labrador</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland" title="Memorial University of Newfoundland">Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Brunswick</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crandall_University" title="Crandall University">Crandall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Fredericton" title="University of Fredericton">Fredericton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Moncton" title="Université de Moncton">Moncton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Allison_University" title="Mount Allison University">Mount Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick" title="University of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_University" title="St. Stephen's University">St. Stephen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_University_(Canada)" title="St. Thomas University (Canada)">St. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkville_University" title="Yorkville University">Yorkville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nova Scotia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_School_of_Theology" title="Atlantic School of Theology">AST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_University" title="Cape Breton University">Cape Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_King%27s_College" title="University of King's College">King's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Vincent_University" title="Mount Saint Vincent University">Mount Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSCAD_University" title="NSCAD University">NSCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">Saint Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_University_(Halifax)" title="Saint Mary's University (Halifax)">Saint Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Sainte-Anne" title="Université Sainte-Anne">Sainte-Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ontario</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algoma_University" title="Algoma University">Algoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Hearst" title="Université de Hearst">Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakehead_University" title="Lakehead University">Lakehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_University" title="Laurentian University">Laurentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University" title="Wilfrid Laurier University">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipissing_University" title="Nipissing University">Nipissing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ontario School of Medicine">NOSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCAD_University" title="OCAD University">OCAD U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ontario_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ontario Institute of Technology">Ontario Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">RMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sudbury" title="University of Sudbury">Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University" title="Toronto Metropolitan University">TMU</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_University" title="Trent University">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_l%27Ontario_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Université de l'Ontario français">UOF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Windsor" title="University of Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prince Edward Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="University of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quebec</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_University" title="Bishop's University">Bishop's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_University" title="Concordia University">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Montr%C3%A9al" title="HEC Montréal">HEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique de Montréal">Polytechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Montréal (UdeM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Sherbrooke" title="Université de Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Université du Québec">Université du Québec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_en_Abitibi-T%C3%A9miscamingue" title="Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue">Abitibi-Témiscamingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Chicoutimi" title="Université du Québec à Chicoutimi">Chicoutimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université du Québec à Montréal">Montréal (UQAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_en_Outaouais" title="Université du Québec en Outaouais">Outaouais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Rimouski" title="Université du Québec à Rimouski">Rimouski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration_publique" title="École nationale d'administration publique">ENAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_technologie_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École de technologie supérieure">ÉTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" title="Institut national de la recherche scientifique">INRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_T%C3%89LUQ" title="Université TÉLUQ">TÉLUQ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saskatchewan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Regina" title="University of Regina">Regina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_University_of_Canada" title="First Nations University of Canada">First Nations University of Canada</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yukon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_University" title="Yukon University">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180865#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180865#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/39300-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79075463">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868078s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868078s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35573164">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2004238885&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX145706">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90331092">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000100075&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000082286&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB201904871">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810661399005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/33444">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007306768605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513151806706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/8cc20c9a-fe8a-4ce1-bab1-c2d428d4d91e">MusicBrainz place</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01266218?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500312869">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1000428">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026432188">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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