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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_and_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Formation and background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1866–1878:_beyond_Lesser_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1866–1878:_beyond_Lesser_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1866–1878: beyond Lesser Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1866–1878:_beyond_Lesser_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1878–1914:_Congress_of_Berlin,_Balkan_instability_and_the_Bosnia_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1878–1914:_Congress_of_Berlin,_Balkan_instability_and_the_Bosnia_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1878–1914: Congress of Berlin, Balkan instability and the Bosnia Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1878–1914:_Congress_of_Berlin,_Balkan_instability_and_the_Bosnia_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1914–1918:_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1914–1918:_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1914–1918: World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1914–1918:_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Wartime foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theaters_of_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theaters_of_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Theaters of operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theaters_of_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homefront" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homefront"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3.1</span> <span>Homefront</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homefront-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbian_front_1914–1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbian_front_1914–1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3.2</span> <span>Serbian front 1914–1916</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbian_front_1914–1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_front_1914–1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_front_1914–1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3.3</span> <span>Russian front 1914–1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_front_1914–1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_front_1915–1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_front_1915–1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3.4</span> <span>Italian front 1915–1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_front_1915–1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian_front_1916–1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian_front_1916–1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3.5</span> <span>Romanian front 1916–1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian_front_1916–1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Role of Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Analysis of defeat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918:_Demise,_disintegration,_dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918:_Demise,_disintegration,_dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1918: Demise, disintegration, dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918:_Demise,_disintegration,_dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ethnic relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities_in_Cisleithania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_in_Cisleithania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Universities in Cisleithania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_in_Cisleithania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities_in_Transleithania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_in_Transleithania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Universities in Transleithania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_in_Transleithania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telegraph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telegraph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Telegraph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telegraph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telephone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Telephone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_audio_broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_audio_broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Electronic audio broadcasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_audio_broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Rail transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railways_in_Transleithania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways_in_Transleithania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Railways in Transleithania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways_in_Transleithania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tramway_lines_in_the_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tramway_lines_in_the_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Tramway lines in the cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tramway_lines_in_the_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Underground</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inland_waterways_and_river_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inland_waterways_and_river_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Inland waterways and river regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inland_waterways_and_river_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lower_Danube_and_the_Iron_Gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Danube_and_the_Iron_Gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Lower Danube and the Iron Gates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_Danube_and_the_Iron_Gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tisza_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tisza_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Tisza River</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tisza_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipping_and_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping_and_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Shipping and ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping_and_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successor_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successor_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Successor states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Successor_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Successor states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Successor_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habsburg_banishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habsburg_banishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Habsburg banishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habsburg_banishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Territorial legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Territorial_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Territorial legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Territorial_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immediately_after_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediately_after_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Immediately after World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediately_after_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>World war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Historiography and memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.4</span> <span>In German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Austria-Hungary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 131 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostenryk-Hongarye" title="Oostenryk-Hongarye – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oostenryk-Hongarye" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarn" title="Österreich-Ungarn – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Österreich-Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB-%E1%88%80%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%AA" title="ኦስትሪያ-ሀንጋሪ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦስትሪያ-ሀንጋሪ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuortt%C3%A2riijk%C3%A2-U%C5%8Bgar" title="Nuorttâriijkâ-Uŋgar – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Nuorttâriijkâ-Uŋgar" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92astr%C4%ABce-Ungerland" title="Ēastrīce-Ungerland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēastrīce-Ungerland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Австриа-Венгриа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Австриа-Венгриа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Austrohongaro" title="Imperio Austrohongaro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Austrohongaro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_austroh%C3%BAngaru" title="Imperiu austrohúngaru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu austrohúngaru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstriya-Macar%C4%B1stan" title="Avstriya-Macarıstan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avstriya-Macarıstan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اوتریش-ماجاریستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوتریش-ماجاریستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="অস্ট্রিয়া-হাঙ্গেরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্ট্রিয়া-হাঙ্গেরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92-t%C4%93-l%C4%AB_H%C3%B4ng-g%C3%A2-l%C4%AB" title="Ò-tē-lī Hông-gâ-lī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ò-tē-lī Hông-gâ-lī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австро-Венгрия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Австро-Венгрия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Аўстра-Венгрыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўстра-Венгрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аўстра-Вугоршчына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўстра-Вугоршчына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австро-Унгария – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Австро-Унгария" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stareich-Ungarn" title="Östareich-Ungarn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Östareich-Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Ugarska" title="Austro-Ugarska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Austro-Ugarska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aostria-Hungaria" title="Aostria-Hungaria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aostria-Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Австри-Унгар – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Австри-Унгар" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Austrohongar%C3%A8s" title="Imperi Austrohongarès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Austrohongarès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakousko-Uhersko" title="Rakousko-Uhersko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rakousko-Uhersko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstria-Hwngari" title="Awstria-Hwngari – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awstria-Hwngari" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98strig-Ungarn" title="Østrig-Ungarn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Østrig-Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarn" title="Österreich-Ungarn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Österreich-Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstrisko-Hungorska" title="Awstrisko-Hungorska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Awstrisko-Hungorska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Ungari" title="Austria-Ungari – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Austria-Ungari" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αυστροουγγαρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυστροουγγαρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_austroh%C3%BAngaro" title="Imperio austrohúngaro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio austrohúngaro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADstrio-Hungario" title="Aŭstrio-Hungario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭstrio-Hungario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungariako_Inperioa" title="Austria-Hungariako Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Austria-Hungariako Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اتریش-مجارستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتریش-مجارستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autriche-Hongrie" title="Autriche-Hongrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autriche-Hongrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastenryk-Hongarije" title="Eastenryk-Hongarije – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eastenryk-Hongarije" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrie-Ongjarie" title="Austrie-Ongjarie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Austrie-Ongjarie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ostair-Ung%C3%A1ir" title="An Ostair-Ungáir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ostair-Ungáir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostair-Ungaire" title="Ostair-Ungaire – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ostair-Ungaire" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Austroh%C3%BAngaro" title="Imperio Austrohúngaro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Austrohúngaro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84-%ED%97%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC" title="오스트리아-헝가리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트리아-헝가리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8-%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ավստրո-Հունգարական կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավստրո-Հունգարական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="ऑस्ट्रिया-हंगरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑस्ट्रिया-हंगरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakusko-Wuherska" title="Rakusko-Wuherska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rakusko-Wuherska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Ugarska" title="Austro-Ugarska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Austro-Ugarska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungaria" title="Austria-Hungaria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Austria-Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungaria" title="Austria-Hungaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Austria-Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungaria" title="Austria-Hungaria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Austria-Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Австри-Венгри – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Австри-Венгри" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austurr%C3%ADki-Ungverjaland" title="Austurríki-Ungverjaland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austurríki-Ungverjaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_austro-ungarico" title="Impero austro-ungarico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero austro-ungarico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95-%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה האוסטרו-הונגרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה האוסטרו-הונגרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostenrik-Honggari" title="Ostenrik-Honggari – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ostenrik-Honggari" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ავსტრია-უნგრეთის იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავსტრია-უნგრეთის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аустрия-Мажарстан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аустрия-Мажарстан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungaria" title="Austria-Hungaria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Austria-Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Awistirya-Mecaristan%C3%AA" title="Împeratoriya Awistirya-Mecaristanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Awistirya-Mecaristanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Австрия-Венгрия падышалыгы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Австрия-Венгрия падышалыгы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Ungaria" title="Austria-Ungaria – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Austria-Ungaria" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Ostro-Ungario" title="Imperio Ostro-Ungario – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Imperio Ostro-Ungario" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%8D-%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5" title="ອອສເຕຣຍ-ຮັງກາຣີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອອສເຕຣຍ-ຮັງກາຣີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Austro-Hungaricum" title="Imperium Austro-Hungaricum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Austro-Hungaricum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroung%C4%81rija" title="Austroungārija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austroungārija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89istr%C3%A4ich-Ungarn" title="Éisträich-Ungarn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Éisträich-Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrija-Vengrija" title="Austrija-Vengrija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Austrija-Vengrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Osteraic-Magiar" title="Impero Osteraic-Magiar – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Osteraic-Magiar" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osztr%C3%A1k%E2%80%93Magyar_Monarchia" title="Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Австроунгарија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Австроунгарија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotrisy-H%C3%B4ngria" title="Aotrisy-Hôngria – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aotrisy-Hôngria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B-%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ആസ്ട്രോ-ഹങ്കേറിയൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആസ്ട്രോ-ഹങ്കേറിയൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="ऑस्ट्रिया-हंगेरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑस्ट्रिया-हंगेरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ავსტრია-უნგრეთიშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ავსტრია-უნგრეთიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الامبراطوريه النمساويه المجريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الامبراطوريه النمساويه المجريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="اتریش-مجارستون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اتریش-مجارستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Austria-Hungary" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Австри-Унгар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Австри-Унгар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဩစတြီးယားဟန်ဂေရီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဩစတြီးယားဟန်ဂေရီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostenrijk-Hongarije" title="Oostenrijk-Hongarije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oostenrijk-Hongarije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="オーストリア＝ハンガリー帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストリア＝ハンガリー帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8F%DF%95%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%9B%DF%AD-%DF%A4%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%9C%DF%AD%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߏߕߙߌߛ߭-ߤߐ߲ߜ߭ߙߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߏߕߙߌߛ߭-ߤߐ߲ߜ߭ߙߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Австро-Мажаройчоь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Австро-Мажаройчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uasterrik-Ungarn" title="Uasterrik-Ungarn – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uasterrik-Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98sterrike-Ungarn" title="Østerrike-Ungarn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Østerrike-Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerrike-Ungarn" title="Austerrike-Ungarn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Austerrike-Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autriche-Hongrie" title="Autriche-Hongrie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Autriche-Hongrie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ustria-Ongria" title="Àustria-Ongria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Àustria-Ongria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstriya-Vengriya_imperiyasi" title="Avstriya-Vengriya imperiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avstriya-Vengriya imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86-%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਆਸਟਰੀਆ-ਹੰਗਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਸਟਰੀਆ-ਹੰਗਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7-%DB%81%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آسٹریا-ہنگری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آسٹریا-ہنگری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="اتريش هنګري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اتريش هنګري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschria-Onggari" title="Aschria-Onggari – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aschria-Onggari" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F-%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8" title="ចក្រភពអូទ្រីស-ហុងគ្រី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពអូទ្រីស-ហុងគ្រី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otriche-Hongrie" title="Otriche-Hongrie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Otriche-Hongrie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6sterriek-Ungarn" title="Öösterriek-Ungarn – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Öösterriek-Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-W%C4%99gry" title="Austro-Węgry – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Austro-Węgry" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ustria-Hungria" title="Áustria-Hungria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Áustria-Hungria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstriya-Macaristan" title="Avstriya-Macaristan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Avstriya-Macaristan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Ungaria" title="Austro-Ungaria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Austro-Ungaria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Австро-Угорьско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Австро-Угорьско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австро-Венгрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Австро-Венгрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_%C3%80ustro-Ungheresu" title="Impèriu Àustro-Ungheresu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu Àustro-Ungheresu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrick-Hungary" title="Austrick-Hungary – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Austrick-Hungary" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aastriek-Ungarn" title="Aastriek-Ungarn – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aastriek-Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungaria" title="Austro-Hungaria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Austro-Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpiru_austru-ungaricu" title="Mpiru austru-ungaricu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpiru austru-ungaricu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F-%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ඔස්ට්‍රියා-හංගේරියා රාජධානිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔස්ට්‍රියා-හංගේරියා රාජධානිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Austria-Hungary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak%C3%BAsko-Uhorsko" title="Rakúsko-Uhorsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rakúsko-Uhorsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstro-Ogrska" title="Avstro-Ogrska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avstro-Ogrska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Madziary" title="Austro-Madziary – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Austro-Madziary" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7-%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی نەمسا-مەجارستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی نەمسا-مەجارستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аустроугарска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аустроугарска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Ugarska" title="Austro-Ugarska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Austro-Ugarska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4valta-Unkari" title="Itävalta-Unkari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itävalta-Unkari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterrike-Ungern" title="Österrike-Ungern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Österrike-Ungern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Unggriya" title="Austria-Unggriya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Austria-Unggriya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="ஆத்திரியா-அங்கேரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆத்திரியா-அங்கேரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Австро-Маҗарстан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Австро-Маҗарстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="จักรวรรดิออสเตรีย-ฮังการี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิออสเตรีย-ฮังการี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avusturya-Macaristan_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Австро-Угорщина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Австро-Угорщина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آسٹریا-مجارستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آسٹریا-مجارستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_%C3%A0ustro-ung%C3%A0rego" title="Inpero àustro-ungàrego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero àustro-ungàrego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_%C3%81o-Hung" title="Đế quốc Áo-Hung – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Áo-Hung" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧匈帝國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="奧匈帝國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ostnryk-Hongareye" title="Ôostnryk-Hongareye – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ôostnryk-Hongareye" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrya-Hungarya" title="Austrya-Hungarya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Austrya-Hungarya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥匈帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1867–1918 empire in Central Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the relations of the modern-day sovereign countries of Austria and Hungary, see <a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="Austria–Hungary relations">Austria–Hungary relations</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>)</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1867–1918</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austro-hungarian_coat_of_arms_1914.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (1915–1918) (see also: Flags of Austria-Hungary) of Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Coat of arms (1915–1918) (see also: Flags of Austria-Hungary) of Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Austro-hungarian_coat_of_arms_1914.svg/200px-Austro-hungarian_coat_of_arms_1914.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Austro-hungarian_coat_of_arms_1914.svg/300px-Austro-hungarian_coat_of_arms_1914.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Austro-hungarian_coat_of_arms_1914.svg/400px-Austro-hungarian_coat_of_arms_1914.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Austria-Hungary">Coat of arms</a></span> (1915–1918)<div style="margin-top:0.4em;">(see also: <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Flags of Austria-Hungary">Flags of Austria-Hungary</a>)</div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Austria-Hungary">Indivisibiliter ac inseparabiliter</a></i></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'Indivisibly and inseparably')</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gott_erhalte_Franz_den_Kaiser#Use_in_national_anthems,_alma_maters,_and_hymns" title="Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser">Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze</a></i></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: God preserve, God protect)<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"></div><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="179" data-mwtitle="Gott_erhalte,_Gott_beschütze_--_Kaiserhymne_(1910's_recording).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Gott_erhalte%2C_Gott_besch%C3%BCtze_--_Kaiserhymne_%281910%27s_recording%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Gott_erhalte%2C_Gott_besch%C3%BCtze_--_Kaiserhymne_%281910%27s_recording%29.ogg/Gott_erhalte%2C_Gott_besch%C3%BCtze_--_Kaiserhymne_%281910%27s_recording%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGott_erhalte%2C_Gott_besch%C3%BCtze_--_Kaiserhymne_%281910%27s_recording%29.ogg&lang=de-at&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de-AT" label="Österreichisches Deutsch ‪(de-at)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGott_erhalte%2C_Gott_besch%C3%BCtze_--_Kaiserhymne_%281910%27s_recording%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGott_erhalte%2C_Gott_besch%C3%BCtze_--_Kaiserhymne_%281910%27s_recording%29.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGott_erhalte%2C_Gott_besch%C3%BCtze_--_Kaiserhymne_%281910%27s_recording%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGott_erhalte%2C_Gott_besch%C3%BCtze_--_Kaiserhymne_%281910%27s_recording%29.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy_(1914).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy_%281914%29.svg/250px-Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy_%281914%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy_%281914%29.svg/375px-Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy_%281914%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy_%281914%29.svg/500px-Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy_%281914%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Austria-Hungary in 1914 on the eve of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cisleithania,_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cisleithania%2C_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/250px-Cisleithania%2C_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cisleithania%2C_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/375px-Cisleithania%2C_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cisleithania%2C_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/500px-Cisleithania%2C_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="605" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Pink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a>, or "Austria"</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c8ffc8 ; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a>, or "Hungary"</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c8c8ff ; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Condominium of Bosnia-Herzegovina</a></div> <span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Hungary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Condominium</a> (1908)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a><sup id="cite_ref-wien-vienna_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wien-vienna-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austria</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Hungary</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data">Vienna</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Croatia-Slavonia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">German, Hungarian, Croatian, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">Romani (Carpathian)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others (<a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_and_religious_composition_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Ethnic and religious composition of Austria-Hungary">1910</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vaterlandskunde_1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaterlandskunde_1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>76.6% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>8.9% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>8.7% <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox</a></li><li>4.4% <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a></li><li>1.3% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Austro-Hungarian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Austria-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Austria-Hungary">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King-Emperor#In_Austria-Hungary" title="King-Emperor">Emperor-King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1867–1916 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1916–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Karl I & IV</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers-President_of_Austria#Austria-Hungary_(1867–1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers-President of Austria">Minister-President of Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1867 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ferdinand_von_Beust" title="Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust">F. F. von Beust</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Lammasch" title="Heinrich Lammasch">Heinrich Lammasch</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Hungary#Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen_(1867–1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Hungary">Prime Minister of Hungary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1867–1871 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy" title="Gyula Andrássy">Gyula Andrássy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">Mihály Károlyi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Two_national_legislatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Two national legislatures">Two national legislatures</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Austria)" title="Imperial Council (Austria)">Imperial Council</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrenhaus_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrenhaus (Austria)">House of Lords</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abgeordnetenhaus (Austria)">House of Deputies</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diet of Hungary</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Magnates_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Magnates of Hungary">House of Magnates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Hungary">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">1867 Compromise</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 March 1867</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 October 1879</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 October 1908</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1914</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Campaign_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Campaign of World War I">Invasion of Serbia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 July 1914</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Aster_Revolution" title="Aster Revolution">Empire dissolved</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 October 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Austrian Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 November 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">Hungarian Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 November 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">10 September 1919</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 June 1920</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1905<sup id="cite_ref-ah1911_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">621,538 km<sup>2</sup> (239,977 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Austria-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Austria-Hungary">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 1910 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">51,390,223<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_florin" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian florin">Gulden / florin</a> <span class="nowrap">(1867–1892)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_krone" title="Austro-Hungarian krone">Krone</a> <span class="nowrap">(1892–1918)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary#Successor_states" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary"><span class="nowrap"><b>Legal successors:</b></span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Austria_%281230%E2%80%931934%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Austria_%281230%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Austria_%281230%E2%80%931934%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria_%281230%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Austria_%281230%E2%80%931934%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Austria_%281230%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281918%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary#Successor_states" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary"><span class="nowrap"><b>Other territorial successors:</b></span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukraine</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Austria-Hungary</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also referred to as the <b>Austro-Hungarian Empire,</b> the <b>Dual Monarchy</b> or the <b>Habsburg Monarchy</b>, was a multi-national <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe#Before_World_War_I" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between 1867 and 1918. A military and diplomatic alliance, it consisted of two sovereign states with a single monarch who was titled both <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria-Hungary constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>: it was formed with the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> and was dissolved shortly after <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary#Dissolution" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">Hungary terminated the union with Austria on 31 October 1918.</a> </p><p>One of Europe's major powers at the time, Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe and the third-most populous (after <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>), while being among the ten most populous countries world wide. The Empire built up the fourth-largest machine-building industry in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Condominium</a>, the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary were separate sovereign countries in international law.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its core was the <a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">dual monarchy</a>, which was a <a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">real union</a> between <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a>, the northern and western parts of the former <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Transleithania (Kingdom of Hungary)</a>. Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and Hungarian states were co-equal in power.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two countries conducted unified diplomatic and defence policies. For these purposes, "common" ministries of foreign affairs and defence were maintained under the monarch's direct authority, as was a third finance ministry responsible only for financing the two "common" portfolios. A third component of the union was the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a>, an autonomous region under the Hungarian crown, which negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Settlement" title="Croatian–Hungarian Settlement">Croatian–Hungarian Settlement</a> in 1868. After 1878, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina came under Austro-Hungarian joint military and civilian rule</a><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until it was fully annexed in 1908, provoking the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian crisis">Bosnian crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b1911_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austria-Hungary was one of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, which began with an Austro-Hungarian war declaration on the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> on 28 July 1914. It was already effectively <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">dissolved</a> by the time the military authorities signed the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">armistice of Villa Giusti</a> on 3 November 1918. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a> were treated as its <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successors <i>de jure</i></a>, whereas the independence of the <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, respectively, and most of the territorial demands of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> were also recognized by the victorious powers in 1920. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-5"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_terminology">Name and terminology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png/220px-5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png/330px-5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png/440px-5_corona_Franz_Joseph_1908.png 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coin</a>: 5 corona, 1908 – the bust of Franz Joseph I facing right surrounded by the legend "Franciscus Iosephus I, Dei gratia, imperator Austriae, rex Bohemiae, Galiciae, Illyriae et cetera et apostolicus rex Hungariae"</figcaption></figure> <p>The realm's official name was in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><b>Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie</b></i> and in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu"><b>Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia</b></i> (English: <span lang="en">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though in international relations <i>Austria–Hungary</i> was used (German: <i lang="de">Österreich-Ungarn</i>; Hungarian: <i lang="hu">Ausztria-Magyarország</i>). The Austrians also used the names <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">k. u. k. Monarchie</i></span> (English: <span lang="en">k. u. k. monarchy</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in detail German: <i lang="de">Kaiserliche und königliche Monarchie Österreich-Ungarn</i>; Hungarian: <i lang="hu">Császári és Királyi Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Danubian Monarchy</i> (German: <i lang="de">Donaumonarchie</i>; Hungarian: <i lang="hu">Dunai Monarchia</i>) or <i>Dual Monarchy</i> (German: <i lang="de">Doppel-Monarchie</i>; Hungarian: <i lang="hu">Dual-Monarchia</i>) and <i>The Double Eagle</i> (German: <i lang="de">Der Doppel-Adler</i>; Hungarian: <i lang="hu">Kétsas</i>), but none of these became widespread either in Hungary or elsewhere. </p><p>The realm's full name used in internal administration was <b><a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen</a></b>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder und die Länder der Heiligen Ungarischen Stephanskrone</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">A Birodalmi Tanácsban képviselt királyságok és országok és a Magyar Szent Korona országai</i></span></li></ul> <p>From 1867 onwards, the abbreviations heading the names of official institutions in Austria–Hungary reflected their responsibility: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">k. u. k.</i></span> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">kaiserlich und königlich</i></span></i> or <a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal" title="Imperial and Royal">Imperial and Royal</a>) was the label for institutions common to both parts of the monarchy, e.g., the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">k.u.k. Kriegsmarine</i></span></i> (Navy) and, during the war, the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">k.u.k. Armee</i></span></i> (Army). The common army changed its label from <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">k.k.</i></span></i> to <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">k.u.k.</i></span></i> only in 1889 at the request of the Hungarian government.</li> <li><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">K. k.</i></span></i> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">kaiserlich-königlich</i></span></i>) or <a href="/wiki/Imperial-Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial-Royal">Imperial-Royal</a> was the term for institutions of <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a> (Austria); "royal" in this label referred to the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Crown of Bohemia</a>.</li> <li><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">K. u.</i></span></i> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">königlich-ungarisch</i></span></i>) or <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">M. k.</i></span></i> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Magyar királyi</i></span></i>) ("Royal Hungarian") referred to <a href="/wiki/Transleithania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transleithania">Transleithania</a>, the lands of the Hungarian crown. In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_and_Slavonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia</a>, the autonomous institutions used <i>k.</i> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">kraljevski</i></span></i>) ("Royal"), since according to the <a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Settlement" title="Croatian–Hungarian Settlement">Croatian–Hungarian Settlement</a>, the only official language in Croatia and Slavonia was <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, and the institutions were "only" Croatian.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Names"></span>Following a decision of Franz Joseph I in 1868, the realm bore the official name <b>Austro-Hungarian Monarchy/Realm</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie/Reich</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia/Birodalom</i>) in its international relations. It was often contracted to the "Dual Monarchy" in English or simply referred to as <i>Austria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_and_background">Formation and background</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Austria" title="Category:History of Austria">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History of <span class="fn org label">Austria</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg/50px-Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg/75px-Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg/100px-Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Noricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Noricum">Kingdom of Noricum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Era</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> - <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> - <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugiland" title="Rugiland">Rugiland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476-493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476-493)">Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> - <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> - <a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a> - <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">Frankish Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Austria" title="Margraviate of Austria">Margraviate of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Babenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Babenberg">House of Babenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privilegium_Minus" title="Privilegium Minus">Privilegium Minus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Salzburg" title="Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg">Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Duchy of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Duchy of Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Duchy of Carinthia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">World War I</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Assassination of Franz Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">History of Austria-Hungary during World War I</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Interwar years</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Federal State of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostmark_(Austria)" title="Ostmark (Austria)">Ostmark (Austria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria_in_the_time_of_National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria in the time of National Socialism">National Socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Post-war Austria</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Allied-occupied Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Second Austrian Republic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Jews</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vienna" title="History of the Jews in Vienna">Vienna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Austria">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_football_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of football in Austria">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cricket_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of cricket in Austria">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Austria" title="Military history of Austria">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of rail transport in Austria">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of radio in Austria">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of liberalism in Austria">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of cinema in Austria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Austria">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Austria">Islam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Austrian_history" title="Timeline of Austrian history">Timeline</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/16px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/24px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Austria portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Austria" title="Template:History of Austria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Austria" title="Template talk:History of Austria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Austria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following Hungary's defeat against the Ottoman Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> of 1526, the Habsburg Empire became more involved in the Kingdom of Hungary, and subsequently assumed the Hungarian throne. However, as the Ottomans expanded further into Hungary, the Habsburgs came to control only a small north-western portion of the former kingdom's territory. Eventually, following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Passarowitz" title="Treaty of Passarowitz">Treaty of Passarowitz</a> in 1718, all former territories of the Hungarian kingdom were ceded from the Ottomans to the Habsburgs. In the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire">revolutions of 1848</a>, the Kingdom of Hungary called for greater self-government and later even independence from the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian Empire</a>. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a> was crushed by the Austrian military with <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> military assistance, and the level of autonomy that the Hungarian state had enjoyed was replaced with absolutist rule from Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This further increased Hungarian resentment of the Habsburg dominion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1860s, the Empire faced two severe defeats: its loss in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a> broke its dominion over a large part of Northern Italy (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Lombardy, Veneto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Modena, Reggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Parma and Piacenza</a>) while defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866 led to the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (of which the Habsburg emperor was the hereditary president) and the exclusion of Austria from German affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These twin defeats gave the Hungarians the opportunity to remove the shackles of absolutist rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Realizing the need to compromise with Hungary in order to retain its great power status, the central government in Vienna began negotiations with the Hungarian political leaders, led by <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Ferenc Deák</a>. On 20 March 1867, the newly <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">re-established Hungarian parliament</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pest,_Hungary" title="Pest, Hungary">Pest</a> started to negotiate the new laws to be accepted on 30 March. However, Hungarian leaders received word that the Emperor's formal coronation as King of Hungary on 8 June had to have taken place in order for the laws to be enacted within the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kann_1974_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kann_1974-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 July, Franz Joseph, in his new capacity as King of Hungary, approved and promulgated the new laws, which officially gave birth to the Dual Monarchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1866–1878:_beyond_Lesser_Germany"><span id="1866.E2.80.931878:_beyond_Lesser_Germany"></span>1866–1878: beyond Lesser Germany</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarajevo_1878..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sarajevo_1878..jpg/220px-Sarajevo_1878..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sarajevo_1878..jpg/330px-Sarajevo_1878..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sarajevo_1878..jpg/440px-Sarajevo_1878..jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Bosnian Muslim resistance during the battle of Sarajevo in 1878 against the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Austro-Hungarian occupation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague (1866)</a> which settled the "<a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">German question</a>" in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Germany" title="Lesser Germany">Lesser German Solution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ferdinand_von_Beust" title="Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust">Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust</a>, who was the foreign minister from 1866 to 1871, hated the Prussian chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, who had repeatedly outmaneuvered him. Beust looked to France for avenging Austria's defeat and attempted to negotiate with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> of France and Italy for an anti-Prussian alliance, but no terms could be reached. The decisive victory of the Prusso-German armies in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian war</a> and the subsequent founding of the German Empire ended all hope of re-establishing Austrian influence in Germany, and Beust retired.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After being forced out of Germany and Italy, the Dual Monarchy turned to the Balkans, which were in tumult as nationalistic movements were gaining strength and demanding independence.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Russia and Austria–Hungary saw an opportunity to expand in this region. Russia took on the role of protector of Slavs and Orthodox Christians. Austria envisioned a multi-ethnic, religiously diverse empire under Vienna's control. Count Gyula Andrássy, a Hungarian who was Foreign Minister (1871–1879), made the centerpiece of his policy one of opposition to Russian expansion in the Balkans and blocking Serbian ambitions to dominate a new South Slav federation. He wanted Germany to ally with Austria, not Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1878–1914:_Congress_of_Berlin,_Balkan_instability_and_the_Bosnia_Crisis"><span id="1878.E2.80.931914:_Congress_of_Berlin.2C_Balkan_instability_and_the_Bosnia_Crisis"></span>1878–1914: Congress of Berlin, Balkan instability and the Bosnia Crisis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_Austria-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina in Austria-Hungary">Bosnia and Herzegovina in Austria-Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Crisis">Bosnia Crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archduke_Eugen_Bosniaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archduke_Eugen_Bosniaks.jpg/220px-Archduke_Eugen_Bosniaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archduke_Eugen_Bosniaks.jpg/330px-Archduke_Eugen_Bosniaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archduke_Eugen_Bosniaks.jpg/440px-Archduke_Eugen_Bosniaks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Recruits from Bosnia-Herzegovina, including Muslim <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> (31%), were drafted into <a href="/wiki/Bosnian-Herzegovinian_Infantry" title="Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry">special units</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> as early as 1879 and were commended for their bravery in service of the Austrian emperor, being awarded more medals than any other unit. The military march "<a href="/wiki/Die_Bosniaken_Kommen_(March)" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Bosniaken Kommen (March)">Die Bosniaken kommen</a>" was composed in their honor by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wagnes" title="Eduard Wagnes">Eduard Wagnes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Russian <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Slavic">Pan-Slavic</a> organizations sent aid to the Balkan rebels and so pressured the tsar's government to declare war on the Ottoman Empire in 1877 in the name of protecting Orthodox Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Kann_1974_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kann_1974-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to mediate between the Ottoman Empire and Russia over the control of Serbia, Austria–Hungary declared neutrality when the conflict between the two powers escalated into a <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">war</a>. With help from Romania and Greece, Russia defeated the Ottomans and with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> tried to create a large pro-Russian Bulgaria. </p><p>This treaty sparked an international uproar that almost resulted in a general European war. Austria–Hungary and Britain feared that a large Bulgaria would become a Russian satellite that would enable the tsar to dominate the Balkans. British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> moved warships into position against Russia to halt the advance of Russian influence in the eastern Mediterranean so close to Britain's route through the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973chapter_6_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973chapter_6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treaty of San Stefano was seen in Austria as much too favourable for Russia and its Orthodox-Slavic goals. </p><p>The Congress of Berlin rolled back the Russian victory by partitioning the large Bulgarian state that Russia had carved out of Ottoman territory and denying any part of Bulgaria full independence from the Ottomans. The Congress of Berlin in 1878 let Austria occupy (but not annex) the province of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a predominantly Slavic area. Austria occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina as a way of gaining power in the Balkans. Serbia, Montenegro and Romania became fully independent. Nonetheless, the Balkans remained a site of political unrest with teeming ambition for independence and great power rivalries. At the Congress of Berlin in 1878 Gyula Andrássy (Minister of Foreign Affairs) managed to force Russia to retreat from further demands in the Balkans. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Bulgaria">Greater Bulgaria</a> was broken up and Serbian independence was guaranteed.<sup id="cite_ref-B_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year, with Britain's support, Austria–Hungary stationed troops in Bosnia to prevent the Russians from expanding into nearby Serbia. In another measure to keep the Russians out of the Balkans, Austria–Hungary formed an alliance, the Mediterranean Entente, with Britain and Italy in 1887 and concluded mutual defence pacts with Germany in 1879 and Romania in 1883 against a possible Russian attack.<sup id="cite_ref-webcitation_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webcitation-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Congress of Berlin the European powers attempted to guarantee stability through a complex series of alliances and treaties. </p><p>Anxious about Balkan instability and Russian aggression, and to counter French interests in Europe, Austria–Hungary forged a <a href="/wiki/Defensive_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Defensive alliance">defensive alliance</a> with Germany in October 1879 and in May 1882. In October 1882 Italy joined this partnership in the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> largely because of Italy's imperial rivalries with France. Tensions between Russia and Austria–Hungary remained high, so Bismarck replaced the <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a> with Russia to keep the Habsburgs from recklessly starting a war over Pan-Slavism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973201–214_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973201–214-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak" title="Sandžak">Sandžak-Raška / Novibazar</a> region was under Austro-Hungarian occupation between 1878 and 1909, when it was returned to the Ottoman Empire, before being ultimately divided between kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mount_HolyOak_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_HolyOak-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the heels of the Great Balkan Crisis, Austro-Hungarian forces occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in August 1878 and the monarchy eventually <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_annexation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in October 1908</a> as a common holding of Cisleithania and Transleithania under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Finance_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance minister">Imperial & Royal finance ministry</a> rather than attaching it to either territorial government. The annexation in 1908 led some in Vienna to contemplate combining Bosnia and Herzegovina with Croatia to form a third Slavic component of the monarchy. The deaths of Franz Joseph's brother, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian</a> (1867), and his only son, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf,_Crown_Prince_of_Austria" title="Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria">Rudolf</a>, made the Emperor's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Franz Ferdinand</a>, heir to the throne. The Archduke was rumoured to have been an advocate for this trialism as a means to limit the power of the Hungarian aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973chapter_8_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973chapter_8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A proclamation issued on the occasion of its annexation to the Habsburg monarchy in October 1908 promised these lands constitutional institutions, which should secure to their inhabitants full civil rights and a share in the management of their own affairs by means of a local representative assembly. In performance of this promise a constitution was promulgated in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973259–272_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973259–272-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal players in the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis#Buchlau_Bargain" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> of 1908-09 were the foreign ministers of Austria and Russia, <a href="/wiki/Alois_Lexa_von_Aehrenthal" title="Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal">Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a>. Both were motivated by political ambition; the first would emerge successful, and the latter would be broken by the crisis. Along the way, they would drag Europe to the brink of war in 1909. They would also divide Europe into the two armed camps that would go to war in July 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aehrenthal had started with the assumption that the Slavic minorities could never come together, and the Balkan League would never cause any damage to Austria. He turned down an Ottoman proposal for an alliance that would include Austria, Turkey, and Romania. However, his policies alienated the Bulgarians, who turned instead to Russia and Serbia. Although Austria had no intention to embark on additional expansion to the south, Aehrenthal encouraged speculation to that effect, expecting that it would paralyze the Balkan states. Instead, it incited them to feverish activity to create a defensive block to stop Austria. A series of grave miscalculations at the highest level thus significantly strengthened Austria's enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridge1972338–339_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridge1972338–339-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1914, Slavic militants in Bosnia rejected Austria's plan to fully absorb the area; they <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">assassinated the Austrian heir</a> and precipitated World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1914–1918:_World_War_I"><span id="1914.E2.80.931918:_World_War_I"></span>1914–1918: World War I</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">History of Austria-Hungary during World War I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prelude">Prelude</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Causes of World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg/220px-Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg/330px-Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg/440px-Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption>This picture of the <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_suspect_in_Sarajevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest of a suspect in Sarajevo">arrest of a suspect in Sarajevo</a> is usually associated with the capture of <a href="/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip" title="Gavrilo Princip">Gavrilo Princip</a>, although some<sup id="cite_ref-FinestoneMassie_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinestoneMassie-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OneMorningSarajevo_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OneMorningSarajevo-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 28 June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in the Bosnian capital, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, excessively intensified the existing traditional religion-based ethnic hostilities in Bosnia. However, in Sarajevo itself, Austrian authorities encouraged<sup id="cite_ref-DjordjevićSpence1992_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DjordjevićSpence1992-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> violence against the Serb residents, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_of_Sarajevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serb riots of Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots of Sarajevo</a>, in which Catholic Croats and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Muslims">Bosnian Muslims</a> killed two and damaged numerous Serb-owned buildings. Writer <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a> referred to the violence as the "Sarajevo frenzy of hate."<sup id="cite_ref-Gioseffi1993_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gioseffi1993-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were organized not only in Sarajevo but also in many other larger Austro-Hungarian cities in modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitrović2007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitrović2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austro-Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned and extradited approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs, 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison. Four hundred sixty Serbs were sentenced to death and a predominantly Muslim<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001485The_Bosnian_wartime_militia_(Schutzkorps),_which_became_known_for_its_persecution_of_Serbs,_was_overwhelmingly_Muslim._50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001485The_Bosnian_wartime_militia_(Schutzkorps),_which_became_known_for_its_persecution_of_Serbs,_was_overwhelmingly_Muslim.-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schindler2007_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindler2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> special militia known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzkorps" title="Schutzkorps">Schutzkorps</a></i> was established and carried out the persecution of Serbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Kröll2008_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kröll2008-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png/220px-1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png/330px-1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png/440px-1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a>, 29 June 1914</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg/220px-M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg/330px-M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg/440px-M%C3%81V_armoured_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%81VAG" title="MÁVAG">MÁVAG</a> armoured train in 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Some members of the government, such as Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Count_Leopold_Berchtold" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Leopold Berchtold">Count Leopold Berchtold</a> and Army Commander <a href="/wiki/Count_Franz_Conrad_von_H%C3%B6tzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf">Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf</a>, had wanted to confront the resurgent Serbian nation for some years in a preventive war, but the Emperor and Hungarian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="István Tisza">István Tisza</a> were opposed. The foreign ministry of Austro-Hungarian Empire sent ambassador <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Sz%C5%91gy%C3%A9ny-Marich_Jr." title="László Szőgyény-Marich Jr.">László Szőgyény</a> to <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, where he inquired about the standpoint of the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">German Emperor</a> on 5 July and received a supportive response. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His Majesty authorized me to report to [Franz Joseph] that in this case, too, we could count on Germany's full support. As mentioned, he first had to consult with the Chancellor, but he did not have the slightest doubt that <a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann-Hollweg" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg">Herr von Bethmann Hollweg</a> would fully agree with him, particularly with regard to action on our part against Serbia. In his [Wilhelm's] opinion, though, there was no need to wait patiently before taking action...<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The leaders of Austria–Hungary therefore decided to confront Serbia militarily before it could incite a revolt; using the assassination as an excuse, they presented a list of ten demands called the <a href="/wiki/July_Ultimatum" class="mw-redirect" title="July Ultimatum">July Ultimatum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-firstworldwar_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstworldwar-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expecting Serbia would never accept. When Serbia accepted nine of the ten demands but only partially accepted the remaining one, Austria–Hungary declared war. Franz Joseph I finally followed the urgent counsel of his top advisers. </p><p>Over the course of July and August 1914, these events caused the start of World War I, as Russia mobilized in support of Serbia, setting off a series of counter-mobilizations. In support of his German ally, on Thursday, 6 August 1914, Emperor Franz Joseph signed the declaration of war on Russia. <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italy</a> initially remained neutral, despite its alliance with Austria–Hungary. In 1915, it switched to the side of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente powers</a>, hoping to gain territory from its former ally.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wartime_foreign_policy">Wartime foreign policy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_verb%C3%BCndeten_Monarchen_mit_ihren_Feldherren_im_1._Weltkrieg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Die_verb%C3%BCndeten_Monarchen_mit_ihren_Feldherren_im_1._Weltkrieg.jpg/220px-Die_verb%C3%BCndeten_Monarchen_mit_ihren_Feldherren_im_1._Weltkrieg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Die_verb%C3%BCndeten_Monarchen_mit_ihren_Feldherren_im_1._Weltkrieg.jpg/330px-Die_verb%C3%BCndeten_Monarchen_mit_ihren_Feldherren_im_1._Weltkrieg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Die_verb%C3%BCndeten_Monarchen_mit_ihren_Feldherren_im_1._Weltkrieg.jpg/440px-Die_verb%C3%BCndeten_Monarchen_mit_ihren_Feldherren_im_1._Weltkrieg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4744" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Josef I">Franz Josef I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a><br />with military commanders during World War I</figcaption></figure> <p>The Austro-Hungarian Empire played a relatively passive diplomatic role in the war, as it was increasingly dominated and controlled by Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only goal was to punish Serbia and try to stop the ethnic breakup of the Empire, and it completely failed. Starting in late 1916 the new Emperor Karl removed the pro-German officials and opened peace overtures to the Allies, whereby the entire war could be ended by compromise, or perhaps Austria would make a separate peace from Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson,_1988_pp_139_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson,_1988_pp_139-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main effort was vetoed by Italy, which had been promised large slices of Austria for joining the Allies in 1915. Austria was only willing to turn over the Trentino region but nothing more.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karl was seen as a defeatist, which weakened his standing at home and with both the Allies and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theaters_of_operations">Theaters of operations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater (warfare)</a></div> <p>The Austro-Hungarian Empire conscripted 7.8 million soldiers during WWI.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General von Hötzendorf was the Chief of the Austro-Hungarian General Staff. Franz Joseph I, who was much too old to command the army, appointed <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Friedrich von Österreich-Teschen</a> as Supreme Army Commander (Armeeoberkommandant), but asked him to give Von Hötzendorf freedom to take any decisions. Von Hötzendorf remained in effective command of the military forces until Emperor Karl I took the supreme command himself in late 1916 and dismissed Conrad von Hötzendorf in 1917. Meanwhile, economic conditions on the homefront deteriorated rapidly. The Empire depended on agriculture, and agriculture depended on the heavy labor of millions of men who were now in the Army. Food production fell, the transportation system became overcrowded, and industrial production could not successfully handle the overwhelming need for munitions. Germany provided a great deal of help, but it was not enough. Furthermore, the political instability of the multiple ethnic groups of Empire now ripped apart any hope for national consensus in support of the war. Increasingly there was a demand for breaking up the Empire and setting up autonomous national states based on historic language-based cultures. The new Emperor sought peace terms from the Allies, but his initiatives were vetoed by Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2014_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2014-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Homefront">Homefront</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">Hungary in World War I</a></div> <p>The heavily rural Empire did have a small industrial base, but its major contribution was manpower and food.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulze2005_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulze2005-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Austria–Hungary was more urbanized (25%)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than its actual opponents in the First World War, like the Russian Empire (13.4%),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbia (13.2%)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Romania (18.8%).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Austro-Hungarian Empire had also more industrialized economy<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and higher GDP per capita<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than the Kingdom of Italy, which was economically the far most developed actual opponent of the Empire. </p><p>On the home front, food grew scarcer and scarcer, as did heating fuel. Hungary, with its heavy agricultural base, was somewhat better fed. The Army conquered productive agricultural areas in Romania and elsewhere, but refused to allow food shipments to civilians back home. Morale fell every year, and the diverse nationalities gave up on the Empire and looked for ways to establish their own nation states.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inflation soared, from an index of 129 in 1914 to 1589 in 1918, wiping out the cash savings of the middle-class. In terms of war damage to the economy, the war used up about 20 percent of the GDP. The dead soldiers amounted to about four percent of the 1914 labor force, and the wounded ones to another six percent. Compared all the major countries in the war, the death and casualty rate was toward the high-end regarding the present-day territory of Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulze2005_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulze2005-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By summer 1918, "<a href="/wiki/Green_Cadres" title="Green Cadres">Green Cadres</a>" of army deserters formed armed bands in the hills of Croatia-Slavonia and civil authority disintegrated. By late October violence and massive looting erupted and there were efforts to form peasant republics. However, the Croatian political leadership was focused on creating a new state (Yugoslavia) and worked with the advancing Serbian army to impose control and end the uprisings.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Serbian_front_1914–1916"><span id="Serbian_front_1914.E2.80.931916"></span>Serbian front 1914–1916</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Campaign (World War I)">Serbian Campaign (World War I)</a></div> <p>At the start of the war, the army was divided into two: the smaller part attacked Serbia while the larger part fought against the formidable <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>. The invasion of Serbia in 1914 was a disaster: by the end of the year, the Austro-Hungarian Army had taken no territory, but had lost 227,000 out of a total force of 450,000 men. However, in the autumn of 1915, the Serbian Army was defeated by the Central Powers, which led to the occupation of Serbia. Near the end of 1915, in a massive rescue operation involving more than 1,000 trips made by Italian, French and British steamers, 260,000 Serb surviving soldiers were transported to <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, where they waited for the chance of the victory of Allied Powers to reclaim their country. Corfu hosted the Serbian government in exile after the collapse of Serbia and served as a supply base to the Greek front. In April 1916 a large number of Serbian troops were transported in British and French naval vessels from Corfu to mainland Greece. The contingent numbering over 120,000 relieved a much smaller army at the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a> and fought alongside British and French troops.<sup id="cite_ref-history1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Russian_front_1914–1917"><span id="Russian_front_1914.E2.80.931917"></span>Russian front 1914–1917</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front (World War I)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szturm_Twierdzy_Przemysl_A._Ritter_von_Meissl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Szturm_Twierdzy_Przemysl_A._Ritter_von_Meissl.jpg/220px-Szturm_Twierdzy_Przemysl_A._Ritter_von_Meissl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Szturm_Twierdzy_Przemysl_A._Ritter_von_Meissl.jpg/330px-Szturm_Twierdzy_Przemysl_A._Ritter_von_Meissl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Szturm_Twierdzy_Przemysl_A._Ritter_von_Meissl.jpg/440px-Szturm_Twierdzy_Przemysl_A._Ritter_von_Meissl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a> in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern front</a>, the war started out equally poorly. The government accepted the Polish proposal of establishing the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Committee" title="Supreme National Committee">Supreme National Committee</a> as the Polish central authority within the Empire, responsible for the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish Legions</a>, an auxiliary military formation within the Austro-Hungarian army. The Austro-Hungarian Army was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Lemberg</a> and the great fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Przemyśl was besieged</a> and fell in March 1915. The <a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive</a> started as a minor German offensive to relieve the pressure of the Russian numerical superiority on the Austro-Hungarians, but the cooperation of the Central Powers resulted in huge Russian losses and the total collapse of the Russian lines and their 100 km (62 mi) long retreat into Russia. The Russian Third Army perished. In summer 1915, the Austro-Hungarian Army, under a unified command with the Germans, participated in the successful Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive. From June 1916, the Russians focused their attacks on the Austro-Hungarian army in the <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Brusilov Offensive">Brusilov Offensive</a>, recognizing the numerical inferiority of the Austro-Hungarian army. By the end of September 1916, Austria–Hungary mobilized and concentrated new divisions, and the successful Russian advance was halted and slowly repelled; but the Austrian armies took heavy losses (about 1 million men) and never recovered. Nevertheless, the huge losses in men and material inflicted on the Russians during the offensive contributed greatly to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">revolutions of 1917</a>, and it caused an economic crash in the Russian Empire. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_5_November" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of 5 November">Act of 5 November</a> 1916 was proclaimed then to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> jointly by the Emperors <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">Wilhelm II</a> of Germany and Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary. This act promised the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1916-1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1916-1918)">Kingdom of Poland</a> out of territory of <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, envisioned by its authors as a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, with the nominal authority vested in the <a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Poland)" title="Regency Council (Poland)">Regency Council</a>. The origin of that document was the dire need to draft new recruits from German-occupied Poland for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(WWI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Front (WWI)">war with Russia</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a> ending the World War I, in spite of the previous initial total dependence of the kingdom on its sponsors, it ultimately served against their intentions as the cornerstone <a href="/wiki/Proto_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto state">proto state</a> of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, the latter composed also of territories never intended by the Central Powers to be ceded to Poland. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zborov_(1917)" title="Battle of Zborov (1917)">Battle of Zborov (1917)</a> was the first significant action of the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Legions">Czechoslovak Legions</a>, who fought for the independence of Czechoslovakia against the Austro-Hungarian army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Italian_front_1915–1918"><span id="Italian_front_1915.E2.80.931918"></span>Italian front 1915–1918</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Front (World War I)">Italian Front (World War I)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg/220px-Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg/330px-Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg/440px-Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Italian troops in <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a> on 3 November 1918, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a>. Italy's victory marked the end of the war on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Front (World War I)">Italian Front</a> and secured the dissolution of Austria–Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1915, Italy attacked Austria–Hungary. Italy was the only military opponent of Austria–Hungary which had a similar degree of industrialization and economic level; moreover, her army was numerous (≈1,000,000 men were immediately fielded), but suffered from poor leadership, training and organization. <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Staff">Chief of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cadorna" title="Luigi Cadorna">Luigi Cadorna</a> marched his army towards the <a href="/wiki/Isonzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Isonzo">Isonzo</a> river, hoping to seize Ljubljana, and to eventually threaten Vienna. However, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> were halted on the river, where <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">four battles</a> took place over five months (23 June – 2 December 1915). The fight was extremely bloody and exhausting for both the contenders.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 May 1916, the Austrian Chief of Staff Conrad von Hötzendorf launched the <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Strafexpedition</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a>"): the Austrians broke through the opposing front and occupied the <a href="/wiki/Asiago_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiago plateau">Asiago plateau</a>. The Italians managed to resist and in a counteroffensive seized Gorizia on 9 August. Nonetheless, they had to stop on the <a href="/wiki/Carso" class="mw-redirect" title="Carso">Carso</a>, a few kilometres away from the border. At this point, several months of indecisive <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> ensued (analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western front</a>). As the Russian Empire collapsed as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Russia%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)">Russians ended their involvement in the war</a>, Germans and Austrians were able to move on the Western and Southern fronts much manpower from the erstwhile Eastern fighting. </p><p>On 24 October 1917, Austrians (now enjoying decisive German support) attacked at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Caporetto</a> using new infiltration tactics; although they advanced more than 100 km (62.14 mi) in the direction of Venice and gained considerable supplies, they were halted and could not cross the <a href="/wiki/Piave_(river)" title="Piave (river)">Piave</a> river. Italy, although suffering massive casualties, recovered from the blow, and a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a> was formed. Italy also enjoyed support by the Entente powers: by 1918, large amounts of war materials and a few auxiliary American, British, and French divisions arrived in the Italian battle zone.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cadorna was replaced by General <a href="/wiki/Armando_Diaz" title="Armando Diaz">Armando Diaz</a>; under his command, the Italians retook the initiative and won the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Piave_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Piave river">Battle of the Piave river</a> (15–23 June 1918), in which some 60,000 Austrian and 43,000 Italian soldiers were killed. The final battle at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Vittorio Veneto</a> was lost by 31 October 1918 and the armistice was signed at <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Villa Giusti</a> on 3 November.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Romanian_front_1916–1917"><span id="Romanian_front_1916.E2.80.931917"></span>Romanian front 1916–1917</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War I">Romania during World War I</a></div> <p>On 27 August 1916, Romania declared war against Austria–Hungary. The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Land_Forces" title="Romanian Land Forces">Romanian Army</a> crossed the borders of Eastern Hungary (Transylvania), and despite initial successes, by November 1916, the Central Powers formed by the Austro-Hungarian, German, Bulgarian, and Ottoman armies, had defeated the Romanian and Russian armies of the Entente Powers, and occupied the southern part of Romania (including <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>). Within three months of the war, the Central Powers came near Bucharest, the Romanian capital city. On 6 December, the Central Powers captured <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, and part of the population moved to the unoccupied Romanian territory, in <a href="/wiki/Western_Moldavia" title="Western Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, together with the Romanian government, royal court and public authorities, which relocated to <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, after several defensive victories (managing to stop the German-Austro-Hungarian advance), with Russia's withdrawal from the war following the October Revolution, Romania was forced to drop out of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_of_Hungary">Role of Hungary</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cs%C3%ADkp%C3%A1lfalva2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cs%C3%ADkp%C3%A1lfalva2.JPG/220px-Cs%C3%ADkp%C3%A1lfalva2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cs%C3%ADkp%C3%A1lfalva2.JPG/330px-Cs%C3%ADkp%C3%A1lfalva2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cs%C3%ADkp%C3%A1lfalva2.JPG/440px-Cs%C3%ADkp%C3%A1lfalva2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>War memorial in <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83uleni-Ciuc" title="Păuleni-Ciuc">Păuleni-Ciuc</a>, Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Kingdom of Hungary comprised only 42% of the population of Austria–Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the thin majority – more than 3.8 million soldiers – of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces were conscripted from the Kingdom of Hungary during the First World War. Roughly 600,000 soldiers were killed in action, and 700,000 soldiers were wounded in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austria–Hungary held on for years, as the Hungarian half provided sufficient supplies for the military to continue to wage war.<sup id="cite_ref-B_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was shown in a transition of power after which the Hungarian prime minister, Count István Tisza, and foreign minister, Count <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Buri%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="István Burián">István Burián</a>, had decisive influence over the internal and external affairs of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-B_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1916, food supply from Hungary became intermittent and the government sought an armistice with the Entente powers. However, this failed as Britain and France no longer had any regard for the integrity of the monarchy because of Austro-Hungarian support for Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-B_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analysis_of_defeat">Analysis of defeat</h4></div> <p>The setbacks that the Austrian army suffered in 1914 and 1915 can be attributed to a large extent by the incompetence of the Austrian high command.<sup id="cite_ref-B_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After attacking Serbia, its forces soon had to be withdrawn to protect its eastern frontier against Russia's invasion, while German units were engaged in fighting on the Western Front. This resulted in a greater than expected loss of men in the invasion of Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-B_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it became evident that the Austrian high command had had no plans for possible continental war and that the army and navy were also ill-equipped to handle such a conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-B_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last two years of the war the Austro-Hungarian armed forces lost all ability to act independently of Germany. As of 7 September 1916, the German emperor was given full control of all the armed forces of the Central Powers and Austria-Hungary effectively became a satellite of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austrians viewed the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German army</a> favorably; on the other hand, by 1916 the general belief in Germany was that Germany, in its alliance with Austria–Hungary, was "shackled to a corpse". The operational capability of the Austro-Hungarian army was seriously affected by supply shortages, low morale and a high casualty rate, and by the army's composition of multiple ethnicities with different languages and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1918:_Demise,_disintegration,_dissolution"><span id="1918:_Demise.2C_disintegration.2C_dissolution"></span>1918: Demise, disintegration, dissolution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_v._Habsburg_5_Kingdoms-Oct.16_1918_(v2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Karl_v._Habsburg_5_Kingdoms-Oct.16_1918_%28v2%29.png/220px-Karl_v._Habsburg_5_Kingdoms-Oct.16_1918_%28v2%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Karl_v._Habsburg_5_Kingdoms-Oct.16_1918_%28v2%29.png/330px-Karl_v._Habsburg_5_Kingdoms-Oct.16_1918_%28v2%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Karl_v._Habsburg_5_Kingdoms-Oct.16_1918_%28v2%29.png/440px-Karl_v._Habsburg_5_Kingdoms-Oct.16_1918_%28v2%29.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Karl I of Austria</a> envisaged the Habsburg Empire as being made up of five Kingdoms, in a last desperate attempt to save the Monarchy.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_obituary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Austria_obituary.jpg/220px-Austria_obituary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Austria_obituary.jpg/330px-Austria_obituary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Austria_obituary.jpg/440px-Austria_obituary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>A humorous "<a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">obituary</a>" of the Austrian Empire, published in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> in late 1918. Translation:<br />"Overwhelmed with joy, until recently enslaved and now free Nations announce that their wicked step-mother AUSTRIA the WITCH, operated in <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">William’s</a> Clinic, died from senility after severe spasms, cursed by all those who had the infelicity of having to do with her. Her dreadful funeral took place during these days in the fields of Macedonia, on the <a href="/wiki/Piave_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Piave River">Piave River</a> and across the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. Let her rest in eternal peace and may she never raise from the dead.<br /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">POLES</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">CZECHO</a>-<a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">SLOVAKS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">YUGOSLAVS</a><br /> Funeral home <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> & Co."</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">Dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a></div> <p>By 1918, the economic situation had deteriorated and governmental failure on the homefront ended popular support for the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2014536_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2014536-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed with dramatic speed in the autumn of 1918. Leftist and pacifist political movements organized strikes in factories, and uprisings in the army had become commonplace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2014536–540_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2014536–540-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the war went on, the ethnic unity declined; the Allies encouraged breakaway demands from minorities and the Empire faced disintegration.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson,_1988_pp_139_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson,_1988_pp_139-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With apparent Allied victory approaching, nationalist movements seized ethnic resentment to erode social unity. The military breakdown of the Italian front marked the start of the rebellion for the numerous ethnicities who made up the multiethnic Empire, as they refused to keep on fighting for a cause that now appeared senseless. The Emperor had lost much of his power to rule, as his realm disintegrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2014536–540_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2014536–540-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 October 1918, Foreign Minister Baron István Burián von Rajecz<sup id="cite_ref-mfa_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asked for an armistice based on President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> and two days later Emperor Karl I issued a proclamation ("Imperial Manifesto of 16 October 1918") altering the empire into a federal union to give ethnic groups decentralization and representation.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on 18 October, United States Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a> replied that autonomy for the nationalities – the tenth of the Fourteen Points – was no longer enough. In fact, a <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak provisional government</a> had joined the Allies on 14 October. The South Slavs in both halves of the monarchy had already declared in favor of uniting with Serbia in a large South Slav state in the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Corfu_Declaration" title="Corfu Declaration">Corfu Declaration</a> signed by members of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Committee" title="Yugoslav Committee">Yugoslav Committee</a>. The Croatians had begun disregarding orders from Budapest earlier in October. Lansing's response was, in effect, the death certificate of Austria–Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-mfa_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2014541–542_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2014541–542-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Italian battles, the Czechoslovaks and Southern Slavs declared their independence. With defeat in the war imminent after the Italian offensive in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto on 24 October, Czech politicians peacefully took over command in Prague on 28 October (later declared the birth of Czechoslovakia) and followed up in other major cities in the next few days. On 30 October, the Slovaks did the same. On 29 October, the Slavs in both portions of what remained of Austria–Hungary proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> and declared that their ultimate intention was to unite with Serbia and Montenegro in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">a large South Slav state</a>. On the same day, the Czechs and Slovaks formally proclaimed the establishment of Czechoslovakia as an independent state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 17 October 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Parliament">Hungarian Parliament</a> voted in favour of terminating the union with Austria. The most prominent opponent of continued union with Austria, Count <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">Mihály Károlyi</a>, seized power in the <a href="/wiki/Aster_Revolution" title="Aster Revolution">Aster Revolution</a> on 31 October. Charles was all but forced to appoint Károlyi as his Hungarian prime minister. One of Károlyi's first acts was to formally repudiate the compromise agreement on 31 October, effectively terminating the personal union with Austria and thus officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian state.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of October, there was nothing left of the Habsburg realm but its majority-German Danubian and Alpine provinces, and Karl's authority was being challenged even there by the German-Austrian state council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2014542–556_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2014542–556-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karl's last Austrian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Lammasch" title="Heinrich Lammasch">Heinrich Lammasch</a>, concluded that Karl's position was untenable. Lammasch persuaded Karl that the best course was to relinquish, at least temporarily, his right to exercise sovereign authority. On 11 November, Karl issued a carefully worded proclamation in which he recognized the Austrian people's right to determine the form of the state and "relinquish(ed) every participation" in Austrian state affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day after he announced his withdrawal from Austrian politics, the German-Austrian National Council proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of German Austria">Republic of German Austria</a>. Károlyi followed suit on 16 November, proclaiming the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Democratic Republic">Hungarian Democratic Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Government of Austria-Hungary">Government of Austria-Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_Buildung_Hungary_20090920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Parliament_Buildung_Hungary_20090920.jpg/220px-Parliament_Buildung_Hungary_20090920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Parliament_Buildung_Hungary_20090920.jpg/330px-Parliament_Buildung_Hungary_20090920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Parliament_Buildung_Hungary_20090920.jpg/440px-Parliament_Buildung_Hungary_20090920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2846" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian Parliament building</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parlament_Wien_abends_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Parlament_Wien_abends_edit.jpg/220px-Parlament_Wien_abends_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Parlament_Wien_abends_edit.jpg/330px-Parlament_Wien_abends_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Parlament_Wien_abends_edit.jpg/440px-Parlament_Wien_abends_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4887" data-file-height="3384" /></a><figcaption>Austrian Parliament building</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Compromise of 1867</a> turned the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg</a> domains into a <a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">real union</a> between the Austrian Empire ("Lands Represented in the Imperial Council", or <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ah1911_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the western and northern half and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> ("Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen", or <a href="/wiki/Transleithania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transleithania">Transleithania</a>) in the eastern half.<sup id="cite_ref-ah1911_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of Austria, which had ruled the monarchy until 1867, became the government of the Austrian part, and another government was formed for the Hungarian part. The common government (officially designated Ministerial Council for Common Affairs, or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ministerrat für gemeinsame Angelegenheiten</i></span> in German) formed for the few matters of common national security - the <a href="/wiki/Common_Army" title="Common Army">Common Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Navy</a>, foreign policy and the imperial household, and the customs union.<sup id="cite_ref-Kann_1974_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kann_1974-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the two halves shared a common monarch and both foreign relations and defense were managed jointly, all other state functions were to be handled separately as there was no common citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-ah1911_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-responsible_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-responsible-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hungary and Austria maintained separate <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliaments</a>, each with its own <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Diet of Hungary</a> (commonly known as the National Assembly) and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Austria)" title="Imperial Council (Austria)">Imperial Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Reichsrat</i>) in Cisleithania. Each parliament had its own executive government, appointed by the monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1878, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina came under Austro-Hungarian military and civilian rule</a><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until it was fully annexed in 1908, provoking the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian crisis">Bosnian crisis</a> with the Great Powers and Austria-Hungary's Balkan neighbors, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b1911_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations during the half-century after 1867 between the two parts of the dual monarchy featured repeated disputes over shared external tariff arrangements and over the financial contribution of each government to the common treasury. These matters were determined by the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, in which common expenditures were allocated 70% to Austria and 30% to Hungary. This division had to be renegotiated every ten years. There was political turmoil during the build-up to each renewal of the agreement. By 1907, the Hungarian share had risen to 36.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-kronenbitter_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kronenbitter-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disputes culminated in the early 1900s in a prolonged <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a>. It was triggered by disagreement over which language to use for command in <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Hungary">Hungarian army</a> units and deepened by the advent to power in Budapest in April 1906 of a Hungarian nationalist coalition. Provisional renewals of the common arrangements occurred in October 1907 and in November 1917 on the basis of the <i>status quo</i>. The negotiations in 1917 ended with the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1964_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1964-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_and_religious_composition_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Ethnic and religious composition of Austria-Hungary">Ethnic and religious composition of Austria-Hungary</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trialism_in_Austria-Hungary" title="Trialism in Austria-Hungary">Trialism in Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Greater_Austria" title="United States of Greater Austria">United States of Greater Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Slavism" title="Austro-Slavism">Austro-Slavism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panslavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Panslavism">Panslavism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png/290px-Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png/435px-Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png/580px-Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption>Comparative demographics of Empire of Austria and Kingdom of Hungary in Europe before WW1</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/300px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/450px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/600px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers_b12_s0486a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Meyers_b12_s0486a.jpg/300px-Meyers_b12_s0486a.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Meyers_b12_s0486a.jpg/450px-Meyers_b12_s0486a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Meyers_b12_s0486a.jpg/600px-Meyers_b12_s0486a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon" title="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon">Meyers Konversations-Lexikon</a></i></span> ethnographic map of Austria-Hungary, 1885</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1849, the Hungarian Revolutionary Parliament proclaimed and enacted ethnic and minority rights (the next such laws were in Switzerland), but these were overturned after the Russian and Austrian armies crushed the Hungarian Revolution. After the Kingdom of Hungary reached the Compromise with the Habsburg Dynasty in 1867, one of the first acts of its restored Parliament was to pass a Law on Nationalities (Act Number XLIV of 1868). It was a liberal piece of legislation and offered extensive language and cultural rights. It did not recognize non-Hungarians to have rights to form states with any territorial autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-suedosteuropa-gesellschaft_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suedosteuropa-gesellschaft-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 19 of the 1867 "Basic State Act" (<i>Staatsgrundgesetz</i>), valid only for the Cisleithanian (Austrian) part of Austria–Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-verfassungen_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verfassungen-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All races of the empire have equal rights, and every race has an inviolable right to the preservation and use of its own nationality and language. The equality of all customary languages ("<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">landesübliche Sprachen</i></span>") in school, office and public life, is recognized by the state. In those territories in which several races dwell, the public and educational institutions are to be so arranged that, without applying compulsion to learn a second country language ("<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landessprache</i></span>"), each of the races receives the necessary means of education in its own language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam191139_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam191139-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The implementation of this principle led to several disputes, as it was not clear which languages could be regarded as "customary". The Germans, the traditional bureaucratic, capitalist and cultural elite, demanded the recognition of their language as a customary language in every part of the empire. German nationalists, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> (part of Bohemia), looked to Berlin in the new German Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hungarian Minority Act of 1868 gave the minorities (Slovaks, Romanians, Serbs, et al.) individual (but not also communal) rights to use their language in offices, schools (although in practice often only in those founded by them and not by the state), courts and municipalities (if 20% of the deputies demanded it). Beginning with the 1879 Primary Education Act and the 1883 Secondary Education Act, the Hungarian state made more efforts to reduce the use of non-Magyar languages, in strong violation of the 1868 Nationalities Law.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1875, all Slovak language schools higher than elementary were closed, including the only three high schools <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">(gymnasiums)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rev%C3%BAca" title="Revúca">Revúca</a> (Nagyrőce), <a href="/wiki/Martin,_Slovakia" title="Martin, Slovakia">Turčiansky Svätý Martin</a> (Turócszentmárton) and <a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%A1%C5%A1tor_pod_Znievom" title="Kláštor pod Znievom">Kláštor pod Znievom</a> (Znióváralja). </p><p>Language was, as a proxy for ethnicity, one of the most contentious issues in Austro-Hungarian politics. All governments faced difficult and divisive hurdles in deciding on the languages of government and of instruction. The minorities sought the widest opportunities for education in their own languages, as well as in the "dominant" languages—Hungarian and German. By the "Ordinance of 5 April 1897", the Austrian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Count_Kasimir_Felix_Badeni" title="Count Kasimir Felix Badeni">Count Kasimir Felix Badeni</a> gave Czech equal standing with German in the internal government of Bohemia; this led to a crisis because of nationalist German agitation throughout the empire. The Crown dismissed Badeni.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria1914physical.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Austria1914physical.jpg/300px-Austria1914physical.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Austria1914physical.jpg/450px-Austria1914physical.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Austria1914physical.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Physical map of Austria-Hungary in 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Italian was regarded as an old "culture language" (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kultursprache</i></span></i>) by German intellectuals and had always been granted <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equal rights</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Empire, but the Germans had difficulty in accepting the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> as equal to their own. On one occasion <a href="/wiki/Count_Anton_Alexander_von_Auersperg" title="Count Anton Alexander von Auersperg">Count A. Auersperg</a> (Anastasius Grün) entered the Diet of <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniola</a> carrying what he claimed to be the whole <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slovene_literature" title="Slovene literature">Slovene literature</a> under his arm; this was to demonstrate that the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene language</a> could not be substituted for German as the language of higher education. </p><p>The following years saw official recognition of several languages, at least in Austria. Since 1867, laws awarded Croatian equal status with Italian in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>. Beginning in 1882, there was a Slovene majority in the Diet of Carniola and in the capital <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Laibach (Ljubljana)</a>; they replaced German with Slovene as their primary official language. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a> designated Polish instead of German in 1869 as the customary language of government.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of June 1907, all public and <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a> in Hungary were obliged to ensure that <a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">after the fourth grade, the pupils could express themselves fluently in Hungarian</a>. This led to the further closing of minority schools, devoted mostly to the Slovak and Rusyn languages. The two kingdoms sometimes divided their <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">spheres of influence</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Misha Glenny</a> in his book, <i>The Balkans, 1804–1999</i>, the Austrians responded to Hungarian support of Czechs by supporting the Croatian national movement in Zagreb. In recognition that he reigned in a multi-ethnic country, Emperor Franz Joseph spoke (and used) German, Hungarian and Czech fluently, and Croatian, Serbian, Polish and Italian to some degree. </p><p>The language disputes were most fiercely fought in Bohemia, where the Czech speakers formed a majority and sought equal status for their language to German. The <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> had lived primarily in Bohemia since the 6th century and German immigrants had begun settling the Bohemian periphery in the 13th century. The constitution of 1627 made the German language a second official language and equal to Czech. German speakers lost their majority in the Bohemian Diet in 1880 and became a minority to Czech speakers in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Pilsen</a> (while retaining a slight numerical majority in the city of <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno (Brünn)</a>). The old <a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">Charles University in Prague</a>, hitherto dominated by German speakers, was divided into German and Czech-speaking faculties in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, Hungarian dominance faced challenges from the local majorities of <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> in today's <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> in the crown lands of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and of Dalmatia (today's Croatia), in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the provinces known as the <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> (today's northern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>). The Romanians and the Serbs began to agitate for union with their fellow nationalists and language speakers in the newly founded states of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (1859–1878) and Serbia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hungary's leaders were generally less willing than their Austrian counterparts to share power with their subject minorities, but they granted a large measure of autonomy to Croatia in 1868. To some extent, they modeled their relationship to that kingdom on their own compromise with Austria of the previous year. In spite of nominal autonomy, the Croatian government was an economic and administrative part of Hungary, which the Croatians resented. In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a> and Bosnia and Herzegovina many advocated the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Trialism_in_Austria-Hungary" title="Trialism in Austria-Hungary">trialist Austro-Hungaro-Croatian</a> monarchy; among the supporters of the idea were <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria">Archduke Leopold Salvator</a>, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and emperor and king <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a> who during his short reign supported the trialist idea only to be vetoed by the Hungarian government and Count <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="István Tisza">István Tisza</a>. The count finally signed the trialist proclamation after heavy pressure from the king on 23 October 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Budisavljević_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budisavljević-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_relations">Ethnic relations</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Istria" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Istria">Istria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanians" title="Istro-Romanians">Istro-Romanians</a>, a small ethnic group composed by around 2,600 people in the 1880s,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suffered severe discrimination. The Croats of the region, who formed the majority, tried to assimilate them, while the Italian minority supported them in their requests for self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888, the possibility of opening the first school for the Istro-Romanians teaching in the Romanian language was discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Istria" title="Diet of Istria">Diet of Istria</a>. The proposal was very popular among them. The Italian <a href="/wiki/Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputies">deputies</a> showed their support, but the Croat ones opposed it and tried to show that the Istro-Romanians were in fact Slavs.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Austro-Hungarian rule, the Istro-Romanians lived under <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> conditions,<sup id="cite_ref-istro_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istro-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those living in the island of <a href="/wiki/Krk" title="Krk">Krk</a> were fully assimilated by 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02_Pecs,_Hungary_-_Great_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/02_Pecs%2C_Hungary_-_Great_Synagogue.jpg/220px-02_Pecs%2C_Hungary_-_Great_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/02_Pecs%2C_Hungary_-_Great_Synagogue.jpg/330px-02_Pecs%2C_Hungary_-_Great_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/02_Pecs%2C_Hungary_-_Great_Synagogue.jpg/440px-02_Pecs%2C_Hungary_-_Great_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romantic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic architecture">Romantic-style</a> Great Synagogue in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog Jewish community</a> in 1869</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG/220px-Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG/330px-Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG/440px-Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Orthodox Jews from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leopoldstadt" title="Leopoldstadt">Leopoldstadt</a>, Vienna, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1900, Jews numbered about two million in the whole territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire;<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their position was ambiguous. The <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> politics of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Austria)" title="Christian Social Party (Austria)">Christian Social Party</a> are sometimes viewed as a model for <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antisemitic parties and movements existed, but the governments of Vienna and Budapest did not initiate <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a> or implement official antisemitic policies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They feared that such <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">ethnic violence</a> could ignite other <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">ethnic minorities</a> and escalate out of control. The antisemitic parties remained on the periphery of the political sphere due to their low popularity among voters in the parliamentary elections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In that period, the majority of Jews in Austria–Hungary lived in small towns (<i><a href="/wiki/Shtetls" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtetls">shtetls</a></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a> and rural areas in Hungary and Bohemia; however, they had large communities and even local majorities in the downtown districts of Vienna, Budapest, Prague, Kraków and <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a>. Of the pre-World War I military forces of the major European powers, the Austro-Hungarian army was almost alone in its regular promotion of Jews to positions of command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg1976118_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg1976118-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Jewish population of the lands of the Dual Monarchy was about 5%, Jews made up nearly 18% of the reserve officer corps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg1976128_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg1976128-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to the modernity of the constitution and to the benevolence of emperor Franz Joseph, the Austrian Jews came to regard the era of Austria–Hungary as a golden era of their history.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1910 about 900,000 religious<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jews made up approximately 5% of the population of Hungary and about 23% of Budapest's citizenry. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire the generally fiercely patriotic Hungarian Jews were securing the tenuous Hungarian majority in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews accounted for 54% of commercial business owners, 85% of financial institution directors and owners in banking, and 62% of all employees in commerce,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20% of all general grammar school students, and 37% of all commercial scientific grammar school students, 31.9% of all engineering students, and 34.1% of all students in human faculties of the universities. Jews accounted for 48.5% of all physicians,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 49.4% of all lawyers/jurists in Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note: The numbers of Jews were reconstructed from religious censuses. They did not include the people of Jewish origin who had converted to Christianity, or the number of atheists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Among many Hungarian parliament members of Jewish origin, the most famous Jewish members in Hungarian political life were <a href="/wiki/Vilmos_V%C3%A1zsonyi" title="Vilmos Vázsonyi">Vilmos Vázsonyi</a> as Minister of Justice, <a href="/wiki/Samu_Hazai" title="Samu Hazai">Samu Hazai</a> as Minister of War, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Teleszky" title="János Teleszky">János Teleszky</a> as minister of finance, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1nos_Hark%C3%A1nyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="János Harkányi (page does not exist)">János Harkányi</a> as minister of trade, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zsef_Szter%C3%A9nyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="József Szterényi (page does not exist)">József Szterényi</a> as minister of trade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Austria-Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Austria-Hungary">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Austria-Hungary%22">"Austria-Hungary"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Austria-Hungary%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Austria-Hungary%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Austria-Hungary%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Austria-Hungary%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Austria-Hungary%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities_in_Cisleithania">Universities in Cisleithania</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Literacy_in_Austria-Hungary_(1880).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Literacy_in_Austria-Hungary_%281880%29.JPG/300px-Literacy_in_Austria-Hungary_%281880%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Literacy_in_Austria-Hungary_%281880%29.JPG/450px-Literacy_in_Austria-Hungary_%281880%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Literacy_in_Austria-Hungary_%281880%29.JPG/600px-Literacy_in_Austria-Hungary_%281880%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Literacy in Austria-Hungary (census 1880)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first university in the Austrian half of the Empire (<a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University</a>) was founded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">H.R. Emperor Charles IV</a> in Prague in 1347, the second oldest university was the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> established in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> by the King of Poland <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a> in 1364, while the third oldest (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>) was founded by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria">Duke Rudolph IV</a> in 1365.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The higher educational institutions were predominantly German, but beginning in the 1870s, language shifts began to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-StraussPT196_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraussPT196-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These establishments, which in the middle of the 19th century had had a predominantly German character, underwent in Galicia a conversion into Polish national institutions, in Bohemia and Moravia a separation into German and Czech ones. Thus Germans, Czechs and Poles were provided for. But now the smaller nations also made their voices heard: the Ruthenians, Slovenes and Italians. The Ruthenians demanded at first, in view of the predominantly Ruthenian character of rural East Galicia, a national partition of the Polish <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lwów">University of Lwów</a>. Since the Poles were at first unyielding, Ruthenian demonstrations and strikes of students arose, and the Ruthenians were no longer content with the reversion of a few separate professorial chairs, and with parallel courses of lectures. By a pact concluded on 28 January 1914 the Poles promised a Ruthenian university; but owing to the war the question lapsed. The Italians could hardly claim a university of their own on grounds of population (in 1910 they numbered 783,000), but they claimed it all the more on grounds of their ancient culture. All parties were agreed that an Italian faculty of laws should be created; the difficulty lay in the choice of the place. The Italians demanded Trieste; but the Government was afraid to let this Adriatic port become the centre of an irredenta; moreover the Southern Slavs of the city wished it kept free from an Italian educational establishment. Bienerth in 1910 brought about a compromise; namely, that it should be founded at once, the situation to be provisionally in Vienna, and to be transferred within four years to Italian national territory. The German National Union (Nationalverband) agreed to extend temporary hospitality to the Italian university in Vienna, but the Southern Slav Hochschule Club demanded a guarantee that a later transfer to the coast provinces should not be contemplated, together with the simultaneous foundation of Slovene professorial chairs in Prague and Cracow, and preliminary steps towards the foundation of a Southern Slav university in Laibach. But in spite of the constant renewal of negotiations for a compromise it was impossible to arrive at any agreement, until the outbreak of war left all the projects for a Ruthenian university at Lemberg, a Slovene one in Laibach, and a second Czech one in Moravia, unrealized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities_in_Transleithania">Universities in Transleithania</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Literacy_in_Hungary_in_the_1910s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Literacy_in_Hungary_in_the_1910s.png/300px-Literacy_in_Hungary_in_the_1910s.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Literacy_in_Hungary_in_the_1910s.png/450px-Literacy_in_Hungary_in_the_1910s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Literacy_in_Hungary_in_the_1910s.png/600px-Literacy_in_Hungary_in_the_1910s.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Literacy in Hungary by counties in 1910 (excluding Croatia)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the year 1276, the university of Veszprém was destroyed by the troops of Péter Csák and it was never rebuilt. A university was established by <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I of Hungary</a> in Pécs in 1367. Sigismund established a university at Óbuda in 1395. Another, Universitas Istropolitana, was established 1465 in Pozsony (now Bratislava in Slovakia) by <a href="/wiki/Mattias_Corvinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattias Corvinus">Mattias Corvinus</a>. None of these medieval universities survived the Ottoman wars. Nagyszombat University was founded in 1635 and moved to Buda in 1777 and it is called Eötvös Loránd University today. The world's first institute of technology was founded in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary (since 1920 Banská Štiavnica, now Slovakia) in 1735. Its legal successor is the University of Miskolc in Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME) is considered the oldest institute of technology in the world with university rank and structure. Its legal predecessor the Institutum Geometrico-Hydrotechnicum was founded in 1782 by Emperor Joseph II.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The high schools included the universities, of which Hungary possessed five, all maintained by the state: at Budapest (founded in 1635), at Kolozsvár (founded in 1872), and at Zagreb (founded in 1874). Newer universities were established in Debrecen in 1912, and Pozsony university was reestablished after a half millennium in 1912. They had four faculties: theology, law, philosophy and medicine (the university at Zagreb was without a faculty of medicine). There were in addition ten high schools of law, called academies, which in 1900 were attended by 1,569 pupils. The Polytechnicum in Budapest, founded in 1844, which contained four faculties and was attended in 1900 by 1,772 pupils, was also considered a high school. There were in Hungary in 1900 forty-nine theological colleges, twenty-nine Catholic, five Greek Uniat, four Greek Orthodox, ten Protestant and one Jewish. Among special schools the principal mining schools were at Selmeczbánya, Nagyág and Felsőbánya; the principal agricultural colleges at Debreczen and Kolozsvár; and there was a school of forestry at Selmeczbánya, military colleges at Budapest, Kassa, Déva and Zagreb, and a naval school at Fiume. There were in addition a number of training institutes for teachers and a large number of schools of commerce, several art schools – for design, painting, sculpture, and music.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Literacy in Kingdom of Hungary, incl. male and female<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Major nationalities in Hungary </th> <th>Rate of literacy in 1910 </th></tr> <tr> <td>German </td> <td>70.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungarian </td> <td>67.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Croatian </td> <td>62.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovak </td> <td>58.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serbian </td> <td>51.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romanian </td> <td>28.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ruthenian </td> <td>22.2% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Economy of Austria-Hungary">Economy of Austria-Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BanknoteA-H.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BanknoteA-H.jpg/220px-BanknoteA-H.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BanknoteA-H.jpg/330px-BanknoteA-H.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BanknoteA-H.jpg/440px-BanknoteA-H.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>A 20-<a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_krone" title="Austro-Hungarian krone">crown</a> banknote of the Dual Monarchy, using all official and recognized languages (the reverse side was Hungarian)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwarzer_Freitag_Wien_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Schwarzer_Freitag_Wien_1873.jpg/220px-Schwarzer_Freitag_Wien_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Schwarzer_Freitag_Wien_1873.jpg/330px-Schwarzer_Freitag_Wien_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Schwarzer_Freitag_Wien_1873.jpg/440px-Schwarzer_Freitag_Wien_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Black Friday, 9 May 1873, Vienna Stock Exchange. The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a> followed.</figcaption></figure> <p>The heavily rural Austro-Hungarian economy slowly modernised after 1867. Railroads opened up once-remote areas, and cities grew. Many small firms promoted capitalist way of production. <a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a> accelerated <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>. The first Austrian stock exchange (the <a href="/wiki/Wiener_B%C3%B6rse" title="Wiener Börse">Wiener Börse</a>) was opened in 1771 in Vienna, the first stock exchange of the Kingdom of Hungary (the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Stock_Exchange" title="Budapest Stock Exchange">Budapest Stock Exchange</a>) was opened in Budapest in 1864. The <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> (Bank of issue) was founded as Austrian National Bank in 1816. In 1878, it transformed into Austro-Hungarian National Bank with principal offices in both Vienna and Budapest.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central bank was governed by alternating Austrian or Hungarian governors and vice-governors.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria-Hungary also became the world's third-largest manufacturer and exporter of electric home appliances, electric industrial appliances, and power generation apparatus for power plants, after the United States and the German Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it constructed Europe's second-largest railway network, after the German Empire. In 2000, a study estimated that GDP in constant national prices in 1913 was 19,140.8 million for Cisleithania and 10,971.6 million for Transleithania, a combined 30,112.4 million <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_krone" title="Austro-Hungarian krone">krone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulze1_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulze1-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2005 study, <a href="/wiki/GDP_(PPP)" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> in 1913 was 105,515 million <a href="/wiki/Int$" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">1990 Int$</a>, the fifth-largest in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulze2_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulze2-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Measures_of_national_income_and_output" title="Measures of national income and output">gross national product</a> per capita grew roughly 1.76% per year from 1870 to 1913. That level of growth compared very favorably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%).<sup id="cite_ref-economic_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economic-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in a comparison with Germany and Britain, the Austro-Hungarian economy as a whole still lagged considerably, as sustained modernization had begun much later. Like the German Empire, that of Austria–Hungary frequently employed liberal economic policies and practices. In 1873, the old Hungarian capital Buda and Óbuda (Ancient Buda) were officially merged with the third city, Pest, thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest. The dynamic Pest grew into Hungary's administrative, political, economic, trade and cultural hub. Many of the state institutions and the modern administrative system of Hungary were established during this period. Economic growth centered on Vienna and Budapest, the Austrian lands (areas of modern Austria), the Alpine region and the Bohemian lands. In the later years of the 19th century, rapid economic growth spread to the central <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Hungarian plain</a> and to the Carpathian lands. As a result, wide disparities of development existed within the empire. In general, the western areas became more developed than the eastern ones. The Kingdom of Hungary became the world's second-largest flour exporter after the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large Hungarian food exports were not limited to neighbouring Germany and Italy: Hungary became the most important foreign food supplier of the large cities and industrial centres of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galicia, which has been described as the poorest province of Austro-Hungary, experienced near-constant <a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Austrian_Galicia" title="Famines in Austrian Galicia">famines</a>, resulting in 50,000 deaths a year.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Istro-Romanians of Istria were also poor, as <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> lost strength and agriculture was not productive.<sup id="cite_ref-istro_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istro-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, by the end of the 19th century, economic differences gradually began to even out as economic growth in the eastern parts of the monarchy consistently surpassed that in the western. The strong agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a> of the Kingdom of Hungary with the centre of <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> became predominant within the empire and made up a large proportion of the export to the rest of Europe. Meanwhile, western areas, concentrated mainly around Prague and Vienna, excelled in various manufacturing industries. This <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a> between the east and west, besides the existing <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_monetary_union" title="Economic and monetary union">economic and monetary union</a>, led to an even more rapid economic growth throughout Austria–Hungary by the early 20th century. However, since the turn of the twentieth century, the Austrian half of the Monarchy could preserve its dominance within the empire in the sectors of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, but Hungary had a better position in the modern industries of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a>, in these modern sectors of the second industrial revolution (like machine building industry and electric industry) the Austrian competition could not become dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telegraph">Telegraph</h4></div> <p>The first telegraph connection (Vienna—Brno—Prague) had started operation in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hungarian territory the first telegraph stations were opened in <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a> (<i>Pozsony</i>, today's Bratislava) in December 1847 and in <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a> in 1848. The first telegraph connection between Vienna and Pest–Buda (later Budapest) was constructed in 1850,<sup id="cite_ref-docs.google.com_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-docs.google.com-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Vienna–Zagreb in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-Brzojav_1850_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brzojav_1850-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austria subsequently joined a telegraph union with German states.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Kingdom of Hungary, 2,406 telegraph post offices operated in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1914 the number of telegraph offices reached 3,000 in post offices and further 2,400 were installed in the railway stations of the Kingdom of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-Kettős_kötődés_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettős_kötődés-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telephone">Telephone</h4></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchange</a> was opened in Zagreb (8 January 1881),<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telephone_line_in_Zagreb_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telephone_line_in_Zagreb-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second was in Budapest (1 May 1881),<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the third was opened in Vienna (3 June 1881).<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially telephony was available in the homes of individual subscribers, companies and offices. Public telephone stations appeared in the 1890s, and they quickly became widespread in post offices and railway stations. Austria–Hungary had 568 million telephone calls in 1913; only two Western European countries had more phone calls: the German Empire and the United Kingdom. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was followed by France with 396 million telephone calls and Italy with 230 million phone calls.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, there were 366 million telephone calls in Cisleithania, among them 8.4 million long distant calls.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All telephone exchanges of the cities, towns and larger villages in Transleithania were linked until 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-docs.google.com_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-docs.google.com-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1914, more than 2000 settlements had telephone exchange in Kingdom of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-Kettős_kötődés_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettős_kötődés-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electronic_audio_broadcasting">Electronic audio broadcasting</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telefon_Hirmondo_-_Stentor_reading_the_day%27s_news.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Telefon_Hirmondo_-_Stentor_reading_the_day%27s_news.jpg/300px-Telefon_Hirmondo_-_Stentor_reading_the_day%27s_news.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Telefon_Hirmondo_-_Stentor_reading_the_day%27s_news.jpg/450px-Telefon_Hirmondo_-_Stentor_reading_the_day%27s_news.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Telefon_Hirmondo_-_Stentor_reading_the_day%27s_news.jpg/600px-Telefon_Hirmondo_-_Stentor_reading_the_day%27s_news.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>A stentor reading the day's news in the Telefonhírmondó of Budapest</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Telefon_H%C3%ADrmond%C3%B3" title="Telefon Hírmondó">Telefon Hírmondó</a> (Telephone Herald) news and entertainment service was introduced in Budapest in 1893. Two decades before the introduction of radio broadcasting, people could listen to political, economic and sports news, cabaret, music and opera in Budapest daily. It operated over a special type of telephone exchange system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_transport">Rail transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Austrian_State_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Austrian State Railways">Imperial Austrian State Railways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State_Railways" title="Hungarian State Railways">Hungarian State Railways</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austro-Hungarian_railway_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Austro-Hungarian_railway_map.jpg/300px-Austro-Hungarian_railway_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Austro-Hungarian_railway_map.jpg/450px-Austro-Hungarian_railway_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Austro-Hungarian_railway_map.jpg/600px-Austro-Hungarian_railway_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6134" data-file-height="4352" /></a><figcaption>Detailed railway map of Austrian and Hungarian railways from 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1913, the combined length of the railway tracks of the Austrian Empire and Kingdom of Hungary reached 43,280 kilometres (26,890 miles). In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> only Germany had more extended railway network (63,378 km, 39,381 mi); the Austro-Hungarian Empire was followed by France (40,770 km, 25,330 mi), the United Kingdom (32,623 km, 20,271 mi), Italy (18,873 km, 11,727 mi) and Spain (15,088 km, 9,375 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railways_in_Transleithania">Railways in Transleithania</h4></div> <p>The first Hungarian steam locomotive railway line was opened on 15 July 1846 between Pest and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1c" title="Vác">Vác</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890 most large Hungarian private railway companies were nationalized as a consequence of the poor management of private companies, except the strong Austrian-owned Kaschau-Oderberg Railway (KsOd) and the Austrian-Hungarian Southern Railway (SB/DV). They also joined the zone tariff system of the MÁV (Hungarian State Railways). By 1910, the total length of the rail networks of Hungarian Kingdom reached 22,869 kilometres (14,210 miles), the Hungarian network linked more than 1,490 settlements. Nearly half (52%) of the empire's railways were built in Hungary, thus the railroad density there became higher than that of Cisleithania. This has ranked Hungarian railways the 6th most dense in the world (ahead of Germany and France).<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electrified <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter railways</a>: A set of four electric commuter rai lines were built in Budapest, the <a href="/wiki/BH%C3%89V" title="BHÉV">BHÉV</a>: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1ckeve" title="Ráckeve">Ráckeve</a> line (1887), <a href="/wiki/Szentendre" title="Szentendre">Szentendre</a> line (1888), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6d%C3%B6ll%C5%91" title="Gödöllő">Gödöllő</a> line (1888), <a href="/wiki/Csepel" title="Csepel">Csepel</a> line (1912)<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tramway_lines_in_the_cities">Tramway lines in the cities</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-drawn tramway">Horse-drawn tramways</a> appeared in the first half of the 19th century. Between the 1850s and 1880s many were built : Vienna (1865), Budapest (1866), Brno (1869), Trieste (1876). Steam trams appeared in the late 1860s. The electrification of tramways started in the late 1880s. The first electrified tramway in Austria–Hungary was built in Budapest in 1887. </p><p>Electric tramway lines in the Austrian Empire: </p> <ul><li>Austria: Gmunden (1894); Linz, Vienna (1897); Graz (1898); Trieste (1900); Ljubljana (1901); <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> (1905); Unterlach, Ybbs an der Donau (1907); Salzburg (1909); Klagenfurt, Sankt Pölten (1911); Piran (1912)</li> <li>Austrian Littoral: <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pula</a> (1904).</li> <li>Bohemia: Prague (1891); Teplice (1895); Liberec (1897); Ústí nad Labem, <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a>, Olomouc (1899); <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, Jablonec nad Nisou (1900); <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a> (1901); <a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_L%C3%A1zn%C4%9B" title="Mariánské Lázně">Mariánské Lázně</a> (1902); Budějovice, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice" title="České Budějovice">České Budějovice</a>, Jihlava (1909)</li> <li>Austrian Silesia: <a href="/wiki/Opava" title="Opava">Opava</a> (Troppau) (1905), <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn" title="Cieszyn">Cieszyn</a> (Cieszyn) (1911)</li> <li>Dalmatia: <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> (1910)</li> <li>Galicia: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Lviv" title="Trams in Lviv">Lviv</a> (1894), <a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a> (1895); Kraków (1901); Tarnów, Cieszyn (1911)<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Electric tramway lines in the Kingdom of Hungary: </p> <ul><li>Hungary: Budapest (1887); Pressburg/Pozsony/<a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> (1895); Szabadka/<a href="/wiki/Subotica" title="Subotica">Subotica</a> (1897), <a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Szombathely</a> (1897), <a href="/wiki/Miskolc" title="Miskolc">Miskolc</a> (1897); Temesvár/<a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> (1899); <a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a> (1900); Szatmárnémeti/<a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare" title="Satu Mare">Satu Mare</a> (1900); <a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%ADregyh%C3%A1za" title="Nyíregyháza">Nyíregyháza</a> (1905); Nagyszeben/<a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> (1905); Nagyvárad/<a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a> (1906); <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a> (1908); <a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a> (1911); Újvidék/<a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a> (1911); Kassa/<a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a> (1913); <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a> (1913)</li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a> (1899); <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pula</a> (1904); <a href="/wiki/Opatija" title="Opatija">Opatija</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lovran" title="Lovran">Lovran</a> (1908); <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> (1910); <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> (1910).<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Underground">Underground</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1896-17_vas%C3%BAt_%C3%A9p%C3%ADtkez%C3%A9s_Kl%C3%B6sz_Gy%C3%B6rgy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1896-17_vas%C3%BAt_%C3%A9p%C3%ADtkez%C3%A9s_Kl%C3%B6sz_Gy%C3%B6rgy.JPG/300px-1896-17_vas%C3%BAt_%C3%A9p%C3%ADtkez%C3%A9s_Kl%C3%B6sz_Gy%C3%B6rgy.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1896-17_vas%C3%BAt_%C3%A9p%C3%ADtkez%C3%A9s_Kl%C3%B6sz_Gy%C3%B6rgy.JPG/450px-1896-17_vas%C3%BAt_%C3%A9p%C3%ADtkez%C3%A9s_Kl%C3%B6sz_Gy%C3%B6rgy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1896-17_vas%C3%BAt_%C3%A9p%C3%ADtkez%C3%A9s_Kl%C3%B6sz_Gy%C3%B6rgy.JPG/600px-1896-17_vas%C3%BAt_%C3%A9p%C3%ADtkez%C3%A9s_Kl%C3%B6sz_Gy%C3%B6rgy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>The start of construction of the underground in Budapest (1894–1896)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Metro" title="Budapest Metro">Budapest Metro</a> <a href="/wiki/Line_1_(Budapest_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 1 (Budapest Metro)">Line 1</a> (originally the "Franz Joseph Underground Electric Railway Company") is the second oldest underground railway in the world<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the first being the London Underground's Metropolitan Line and the third being Glasgow), and the first on the European mainland. It was built from 1894 to 1896 and opened on 2 May 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, it was listed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The M1 line became an <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> Milestone due to the radically new innovations in its era: "Among the railway's innovative elements were bidirectional tram cars; electric lighting in the subway stations and tram cars; and an overhead wire structure instead of a third-rail system for power".<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inland_waterways_and_river_regulation">Inland waterways and river regulation</h3></div> <p>The first Danubian steamer company, <a href="/wiki/Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft" title="Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft">Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft</a> (DDSG), was the world's largest inland shipping company until the collapse of Austria-Hungary. </p><p>In 1900 the engineer C. Wagenführer drew up plans to link the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> by a canal from Vienna to Trieste. It was born from the desire of Austria–Hungary to have a direct link to the Adriatic Sea<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was never constructed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lower_Danube_and_the_Iron_Gates">Lower Danube and the Iron Gates</h4></div> <p>In 1831 a plan had already been drafted to make the passage navigable, at the initiative of the Hungarian politician <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A9chenyi" title="István Széchenyi">István Széchenyi</a>. Finally <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Baross" title="Gábor Baross">Gábor Baross</a>, Hungary's "Iron Minister", succeeded in financing this project. The riverbed rocks and the associated rapids made the gorge valley an infamous passage for shipping. In German, the passage is still known as the Kataraktenstrecke, even though the cataracts are gone. Near the actual "<a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates" title="Iron Gates">Iron Gates</a>" strait the Prigrada rock was the most important obstacle until 1896: the river widened considerably here and the water level was consequently low. Upstream, the Greben rock near the "Kazan" gorge was notorious. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tisza_River">Tisza River</h4></div> <p>The length of the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> river in Hungary used to be 1,419 kilometres (882 miles). It flowed through the Great Hungarian Plain, which is one of the largest flat areas in central Europe. Since plains can cause a river to flow very slowly, the Tisza used to follow a path with many curves and turns, which led to many large floods in the area. </p><p>After several small-scale attempts, István Széchenyi organised the "regulation of the Tisza" (Hungarian: a Tisza szabályozása) which started on 27 August 1846, and substantially ended in 1880. The new length of the river in Hungary was 966 km (600 mi) (1,358 km (844 mi) total), with 589 km (366 mi) of "dead channels" and 136 km (85 mi) of new riverbed. The resultant length of the flood-protected river comprises 2,940 km (1,830 mi) (out of 4,220 km (2,620 mi) of all Hungarian protected rivers). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipping_and_ports">Shipping and ports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KaiserFranzJoseph_Schiff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/KaiserFranzJoseph_Schiff.jpg/300px-KaiserFranzJoseph_Schiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/KaiserFranzJoseph_Schiff.jpg/450px-KaiserFranzJoseph_Schiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/KaiserFranzJoseph_Schiff.jpg/600px-KaiserFranzJoseph_Schiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption>The SS <i>Kaiser Franz Joseph I</i> (12,567 t) of the Austro-Americana company was the largest passenger ship ever built in Austria. Because of its control over the coast of much of the Balkans, Austria–Hungary had access to several seaports.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ragusa,_the_Inner_Gate,_Dalmatia,_Austro-Hungary-LCCN2002710786.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ragusa%2C_the_Inner_Gate%2C_Dalmatia%2C_Austro-Hungary-LCCN2002710786.jpg/220px-Ragusa%2C_the_Inner_Gate%2C_Dalmatia%2C_Austro-Hungary-LCCN2002710786.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ragusa%2C_the_Inner_Gate%2C_Dalmatia%2C_Austro-Hungary-LCCN2002710786.jpg/330px-Ragusa%2C_the_Inner_Gate%2C_Dalmatia%2C_Austro-Hungary-LCCN2002710786.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ragusa%2C_the_Inner_Gate%2C_Dalmatia%2C_Austro-Hungary-LCCN2002710786.jpg/440px-Ragusa%2C_the_Inner_Gate%2C_Dalmatia%2C_Austro-Hungary-LCCN2002710786.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3511" data-file-height="2603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most important seaport was Trieste (today part of Italy), where the Austrian merchant marine was based. Two major shipping companies (Austrian Lloyd and Austro-Americana) and several shipyards were located there. From 1815 to 1866, Venice had been part of the Habsburg empire. The loss of Venice prompted the development of the Austrian merchant marine. By 1913, the commercial marine of Austria, comprised 16,764 vessels with a tonnage of 471,252, and crews number-ing 45,567. Of the total (1913) 394 of 422,368 tons were steamers, and 16,370 of 48,884 tons were sailing vessels<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austrian Lloyd was one of the biggest ocean shipping companies of the time. Prior to the beginning of World War I, the company owned 65 middle-sized and large steamers. The Austro-Americana owned one third of this number, including the biggest Austrian passenger ship, the SS <i>Kaiser Franz Joseph I</i>. In comparison to the Austrian Lloyd, the Austro-American concentrated on destinations in North and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-dradio_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dradio-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theshipslist_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theshipslist-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dame_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dame-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aeiou_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aeiou-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-danube_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danube-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austro-Hungarian Navy became much more significant than previously, as industrialization provided sufficient revenues to develop it. Pola (Pula, today part of Croatia) was especially significant for the navy. </p><p>The most important seaport for the Hungarian part of the monarchy was Fiume (<a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, today part of Croatia), where the Hungarian shipping companies, such as the Adria, operated. The commercial marine of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1913 comprised 545 vessels of 144,433 tons, and crews numbering 3,217. Of the total number of vessels 134,000 of 142,539 tons were steamers, and 411 of 1,894 tons were sailing vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Armed_Forces" title="Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces">Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> was under the command of <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen</a> (1817–1895), an old-fashioned bureaucrat who opposed modernization.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military system of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was similar in both states, and rested since 1868 upon the principle of the universal and personal obligation of the citizen to bear arms. Its military force was composed of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Army" title="Common Army">Common Army</a>; the special armies, namely the <a href="/wiki/Imperial-Royal_Landwehr" title="Imperial-Royal Landwehr">Austrian Landwehr</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Honv%C3%A9d" title="Royal Hungarian Honvéd">Hungarian <i>Honvéd</i></a>, which were separate national institutions, and the <a href="/wiki/Landsturm" title="Landsturm">Landsturm</a> or levy-en masse. As stated above, the common army stood under the administration of the joint minister of war, while the special armies were under the administration of the respective ministries of national defence. The yearly contingent of recruits for the army was fixed by the military bills voted on by the Austrian and Hungarian parliaments and was generally determined on the basis of the population, according to the last census returns. It amounted in 1905 to 103,100 men, of which Austria furnished 59,211 men, and Hungary 43,889. Besides 10,000 men were annually allotted to the Austrian Landwehr, and 12,500 to the Hungarian Honved. The term of service was two years (three years in the cavalry) with the colours, seven or eight in the reserve and two in the Landwehr; in the case of men not drafted to the active army the same total period of service was spent in various special reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-Headlam_1911,_p._3_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Headlam_1911,_p._3-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common minister of war was the head for the administration of all military affairs, except those of the Austrian Landwehr and of the Hungarian Honved, which were committed to the ministries for national defence of the two respective states. But the supreme command of the army was nominally vested in the monarch, who had the power to take all measures regarding the whole army. In practice, the emperor's nephew Archduke Albrecht was his chief military advisor and made the policy decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Headlam_1911,_p._3_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Headlam_1911,_p._3-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian Navy</a> was mainly a coast defence force, and also included a flotilla of monitors for the Danube. It was administered by the naval department of the ministry of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911b4_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911b4-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successor_states">Successor states</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Saint Germain">Treaty of Saint Germain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trianon_consequences.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Trianon_consequences.png/220px-Trianon_consequences.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Trianon_consequences.png/330px-Trianon_consequences.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Trianon_consequences.png/440px-Trianon_consequences.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>: Kingdom of Hungary lost 72% of its land and 3.3 million people of Hungarian ethnicity.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were two legal <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor states</a> of the former Austro–Hungarian monarchy:<sup id="cite_ref-successorStates_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-successorStates-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="German Austria">German Austria</a> (which became the <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Republic of Austria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Democratic Republic">Hungarian Democratic Republic</a> (which after a few other short-lived intermediaries became the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a>)</li></ul> <p>The 1919 Treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> (between the victors of World War I and Austria) and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Trianon</a> (between the victors and Hungary) regulated the new borders of Austria and Hungary, reducing them to small-sized and landlocked states. In regard to areas without a decisive national majority, the Entente powers ruled in many cases in favour of the newly emancipated independent nation-states, enabling them to claim vast territories containing sizeable German- and Hungarian-speaking populations. The <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Republic of Austria</a> lost roughly 60% of the old Austrian Empire's territory. It also had to drop its plans for union with Germany, as it was not allowed to unite with Germany without League approval.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hungary, however, was severely disrupted by the loss of 72% of its territory, 64% of its population and most of its natural resources. The Hungarian Democratic Republic was short-lived and was temporarily replaced by the communist <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a>. Romanian troops ousted <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a> and his communist government during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919">Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1919, a Habsburg, <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_August_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph August of Austria">Archduke Joseph August</a>, became regent, but was forced to stand down after only two weeks when it became apparent the Allies would not recognise him.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in March 1920, royal powers were entrusted to a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>, who had been the last commanding <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a> of the Austro-Hungarian Navy and had helped organize the counter-revolutionary forces. It was this government that signed the Treaty of Trianon under protest on 4 June 1920 at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>, France. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">restored Kingdom of Hungary</a> lost roughly 72% of the pre-war territory of the Kingdom of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_of_ww1_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia_of_ww1-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habsburg_banishment">Habsburg banishment</h3></div> <p>Austria had passed the "<a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Law" title="Habsburg Law">Habsburg Law</a>", which both dethroned the Habsburgs and banished all Habsburgs from Austrian territory. While Karl was banned from ever returning to Austria again, other Habsburgs could return if they gave up all claims to the defunct throne. In March and again in October 1921, ill-prepared attempts by Karl to <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria%27s_attempts_to_retake_the_throne_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Austria's attempts to retake the throne of Hungary">regain the throne in Budapest</a> collapsed. The initially wavering Horthy, after receiving threats of intervention from the Allied Powers and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a>, refused his cooperation. Soon afterward, the Hungarian government nullified the Pragmatic Sanction, effectively dethroning the Habsburgs. Subsequently, the British took custody of Karl and removed him and his family to the Portuguese island of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, where he died the following year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_legacy">Territorial legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediately_after_World_War_I">Immediately after World War I</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AustriaHungaryWWI.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/AustriaHungaryWWI.gif/220px-AustriaHungaryWWI.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/AustriaHungaryWWI.gif/330px-AustriaHungaryWWI.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/AustriaHungaryWWI.gif/440px-AustriaHungaryWWI.gif 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>New hand-drawn borders of Austria–Hungary in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Saint Germain</a> (1919–1920)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png/220px-Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png/330px-Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png/440px-Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>New borders of Austria–Hungary after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Saint Germain</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:gray solid 2px;"> </span> Border of Austria–Hungary in 1914</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:black solid 2px;"> </span> Borders in 1914</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:red solid 2px;"> </span> Borders in 1920</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EB955C; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Empire of Austria</a> in 1914</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid silver;background-color:#FAF0EE; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in 1914</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#92A2CB; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(Austro-Hungarian_condominium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> in 1914</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_hungary_1911_and_post_war_borders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Austria_hungary_1911_and_post_war_borders.jpg/220px-Austria_hungary_1911_and_post_war_borders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Austria_hungary_1911_and_post_war_borders.jpg/330px-Austria_hungary_1911_and_post_war_borders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Austria_hungary_1911_and_post_war_borders.jpg/440px-Austria_hungary_1911_and_post_war_borders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>Post-WWI borders on an ethnic map</figcaption></figure> <p>The following states were formed, re-established or expanded at the dissolution of the former Austro–Hungarian monarchy:<sup id="cite_ref-successorStates_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-successorStates-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="German Austria">German Austria</a> (which became the <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Republic of Austria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a> which became the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a>, subsequently briefly restored and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Hungarian Republic</a>, ultimately transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a>, later "Czechoslovakia"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, contested by the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">proto-states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tarnobrzeg_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarnobrzeg Republic">Tarnobrzeg Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Polish Soviet Socialist Republic">Polish Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>, both later absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin">Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin</a>)</li> <li>the short-lived Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Rusyn) <a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">proto-states</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a> (later absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hutsul_Republic" title="Hutsul Republic">Hutsul Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemko_Republic" title="Lemko Republic">Lemko Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komancza_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Komancza Republic">Komancza Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galician Soviet Socialist Republic</a>; all were ultimately absorbed mostly into Poland, but also into Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Principality of Liechtenstein</a>, which had formerly looked to Vienna for protection and whose ruling house held sizable real estate in Cisleithania, formed a customs and defense union with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and adopted the Swiss currency instead of the Austrian. In April 1919, <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a> – the westernmost province of Austria – voted by a large majority to join Switzerland; however, both the Swiss and the Allies disregarded this result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present">Present</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:300px; font-size:90%;"> <caption>Kingdoms and countries of Austria–Hungary </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria-Hungary_map_new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Austria-Hungary_map_new.svg/300px-Austria-Hungary_map_new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Austria-Hungary_map_new.svg/450px-Austria-Hungary_map_new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Austria-Hungary_map_new.svg/600px-Austria-Hungary_map_new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="605" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Empire of Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-ah1911_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</b>: 1. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, 2. <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, 3. <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, 4. <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Carniola</a>, 5. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, 6. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a>, 7. <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Küstenland</a>, 8. <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>, 9. <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Moravia</a>, 10. <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Salzburg" title="Duchy of Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, 11. <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Silesia</a>, 12. <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a>, 13. <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, 14. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a>, 15. <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>;<br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Transleithania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transleithania">Transleithania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a><sup id="cite_ref-ah1911_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</b>: 16. <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary proper</a> 17. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Croatia-Slavonia</a>; 18. <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(Austro-Hungarian_condominium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)">Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following present-day countries and parts of countries were within the boundaries of Austria–Hungary when the empire was dissolved. Some other provinces of Europe had been part of the Habsburg monarchy at one time before 1867. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Empire of Austria</a></b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a></b>): </p> <ul><li>Austria (except <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a> without <a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (except the <a href="/wiki/Hlu%C4%8D%C3%ADn_Region" title="Hlučín Region">Hlučínsko</a> area)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a>)</li> <li>Italy (<a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Belluno" title="Province of Belluno">province of Belluno</a> and small portions of <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (Dalmatia, Istria)</li> <li>Poland (voivodeships of <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Lesser Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Voivodeship" title="Subcarpathian Voivodeship">Subcarpathia</a>, southernmost part of <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesia</a> (Bielsko and Cieszyn))</li> <li>Ukraine (oblasts of <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast" title="Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast">Ivano-Frankivsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast" title="Ternopil Oblast">Ternopil</a> (except its northern corner) and most of the oblast of <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi</a>)</li> <li>Romania (county of <a href="/wiki/Suceava_County" title="Suceava County">Suceava</a>)</li> <li>Montenegro (bay of <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Boka Kotorska</a>, the coast and the immediate hinterland around the cities of <a href="/wiki/Budva" title="Budva">Budva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrovac_(Montenegro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovac (Montenegro)">Petrovac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutomore" title="Sutomore">Sutomore</a>)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a></b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Transleithania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transleithania">Transleithania</a></b>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li>Austria (<a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a> except <a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (Croatian <a href="/wiki/Baranya_(region)" title="Baranya (region)">Baranja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje_County" title="Međimurje County">Međimurje county</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">Fiume</a> as <i>corpus separatum</i> along with <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Croatia" title="Central Croatia">Central Croatia</a> were not part of Hungary proper, the latter two were part of the sovereign Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia)</li> <li>Ukraine (oblast of <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia</a>)</li> <li>Romania (region of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partium" title="Partium">Partium</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (autonomous province of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> region)</li> <li>Poland (Polish parts of <a href="/wiki/Orava_(region)" title="Orava (region)">Orava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spi%C5%A1" title="Spiš">Spiš</a>)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Austro-Hungarian Condominium</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (the villages of <a href="/wiki/Zavalje" title="Zavalje">Zavalje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali_Sko%C4%8Daj" title="Mali Skočaj">Mali Skočaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veliki_Sko%C4%8Daj" title="Veliki Skočaj">Veliki Skočaj</a> including the immediate surrounding area west of the city of <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sutorina" title="Sutorina">Sutorina</a> – western part of the Municipality of <a href="/wiki/Herceg_Novi" title="Herceg Novi">Herceg Novi</a> between present borders with Croatia (SW) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (NW), <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic coast</a> (E) and the township of Igalo (NE))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak" title="Sandžak">Sandžak-Raška region</a>, Austro-Hungarian occupied 1878 until withdrawal in 1908 whilst formally part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li>The Empire treated Bosnia-Herzegovina in much the same way the other powers treated their overseas colonies<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson199163"Through_the_occupation_Austria-Hungary_became_a_colonial_power."_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson199163"Through_the_occupation_Austria-Hungary_became_a_colonial_power."-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Other possessions of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Monarchy">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin">Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nobility" title="Austrian nobility">Austrian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a>, a form of administration adopted by the Austro-Hungarian Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_and_religious_composition_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Ethnic and religious composition of Austria-Hungary">Ethnic composition of Austria–Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_countries_in_Europe_after_1815" title="Former countries in Europe after 1815">Former countries in Europe after 1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Hungarian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Greater_Austria" title="United States of Greater Austria">United States of Greater Austria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including 64–66% <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> and 10–12% <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Österreich-Ungarn</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Ausztria–Magyarország</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The concept of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> is not firmly defined, and depending on the interpretation, some territories may be included or excluded from it; this holds for parts of Austria–Hungary as well, although the historical interpretation clearly places the monarchy in Central Europe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosnia-Herzegovina is excluded from these estimates.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wien-vienna-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wien-vienna_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCitype_–_Internet_–_Portal_Betriebsges.m.b.H" class="citation web cs1">Citype – Internet – Portal Betriebsges.m.b.H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123182839/http://www.wien-vienna.com/austrohungary.php">"Austro-Hungarian Empire k.u.k. Monarchy dual-monarchic Habsburg Emperors of Austria"</a>. Wien-vienna.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wien-vienna.com/austrohungary.php">the original</a> on 23 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austro-Hungarian+Empire+k.u.k.+Monarchy+dual-monarchic+Habsburg+Emperors+of+Austria&rft.pub=Wien-vienna.com&rft.au=Citype+%E2%80%93+Internet+%E2%80%93+Portal+Betriebsges.m.b.H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wien-vienna.com%2Faustrohungary.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher, Gilman. <i>The Essentials of Geography for School Year 1888–1889</i>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TLkUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA47">47</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506130310/https://books.google.com/books?id=TLkUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA47">Archived</a> 6 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New England Publishing Company (Boston), 1888. Retrieved 20 August 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica9th-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica9th_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.nls.uk/encyclopaedia-britannica/archive/193638943">"Austria-Races"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. III (9th ed.). p. 118. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221604/https://digital.nls.uk/encyclopaedia-britannica/archive/193638943">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austria-Races&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=118&rft.edition=9th&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.nls.uk%2Fencyclopaedia-britannica%2Farchive%2F193638943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (1878),<sup id="cite_ref-britannica9th_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica9th-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <i>this</i> "Romani" refers to the language of those described by the <i>EB</i> as "Gypsies"; the <i>EB</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s "Rumäni or Wallachian" refers to what is today known as Romanian; <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> correspond to dialects of what the <i>EB</i> refers to as "Ruthenian"; and Yiddish was the common language of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Jews">Austrian Jews</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> was also known by many.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaterlandskunde_1911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vaterlandskunde_1911_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde, 1911, Tabelle 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ah1911-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ah1911_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ah1911_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ah1911_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ah1911_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ah1911_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ah1911_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadlam1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Headlam, James Wycliffe (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Austria-Hungary"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Austria-Hungary">"Austria-Hungary" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austria-Hungary&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=2-39&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Headlam&rft.aufirst=James+Wycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alex.onb.ac.at/static_tables/ost.htm"><i>Österreichische Statistik, Neue Folge</i></a> (in German). Österreichische Nationalbibliothek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96sterreichische+Statistik%2C+Neue+Folge&rft.pub=%C3%96sterreichische+Nationalbibliothek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falex.onb.ac.at%2Fstatic_tables%2Fost.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NEDA_1910_01/?pg=16&layout=s"><i>1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana</i></a> (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 1912. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1910.+%C3%89VI+N%C3%89PSZ%C3%81ML%C3%81L%C3%81S+1.+A+n%C3%A9pess%C3%A9g+f%C5%91bb+adatai+k%C3%B6zs%C3%A9gek+%C3%A9s+n%C3%A9pesebb+puszt%C3%A1k%2C+telepek+szerint+%281912%29+%26%23124%3B+K%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r+%26%23124%3B+Hungaricana&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Hungarian+Central+Statistical+Office&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hungaricana.hu%2Fhu%2Fview%2FNEDA_1910_01%2F%3Fpg%3D16%26layout%3Ds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww1.habsburger.net/en/chapters/dual-monarchy-two-states-single-empire">"Martin Mutschlechner: The Dual Monarchy: two states in a single empire"</a>. 6 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603151620/https://ww1.habsburger.net/en/chapters/dual-monarchy-two-states-single-empire">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Mutschlechner%3A+The+Dual+Monarchy%3A+two+states+in+a+single+empire&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww1.habsburger.net%2Fen%2Fchapters%2Fdual-monarchy-two-states-single-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schulze, Max-Stephan. <i>Engineering and Economic Growth: The Development of Austria–Hungary's Machine-Building Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century</i>, p. 295. Peter Lang (<a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a>), 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyula_Andrássy1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy" title="Gyula Andrássy">Gyula Andrássy</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5JOAQAAMAAJ&q=a+kiegyez%C3%A9s+jogi"><i>Az 1867-iki (i.e. ezernyolcszázhatvanhetediki) kiegyezésről</i></a>. Franklin-Társulat. p. 321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Az+1867-iki+%28i.e.+ezernyolcsz%C3%A1zhatvanhetediki%29+kiegyez%C3%A9sr%C5%91l&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Franklin-T%C3%A1rsulat&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Gyula+Andr%C3%A1ssy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5JOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Da%2Bkiegyez%25C3%25A9s%2Bjogi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Roman2003" class="citation book cs1">Eric Roman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvCfTIsTOskC&pg=PA401"><i>Austria-Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present</i></a>. European nations Facts on File library of world history. Infobase Publishing. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816074693" title="Special:BookSources/9780816074693"><bdi>9780816074693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austria-Hungary+%26+the+Successor+States%3A+A+Reference+Guide+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+Present&rft.series=European+nations+Facts+on+File+library+of+world+history&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780816074693&rft.au=Eric+Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEvCfTIsTOskC%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzávai" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szávai, Ferenc Tibor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.oszk.hu/00600/00691/00036/15.html">"Könyvszemle (Book review): Kozári Monika: <i>A dualista rendszer (1867–1918)</i>: Modern magyar politikai rendszerek"</a>. <i>Magyar Tudomány</i> (in Hungarian). p. 1542. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728084544/http://epa.oszk.hu/00600/00691/00036/15.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magyar+Tudom%C3%A1ny&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6nyvszemle+%28Book+review%29%3A+Koz%C3%A1ri+Monika%3A+A+dualista+rendszer+%281867%E2%80%931918%29%3A+Modern+magyar+politikai+rendszerek&rft.pages=1542&rft.aulast=Sz%C3%A1vai&rft.aufirst=Ferenc+Tibor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepa.oszk.hu%2F00600%2F00691%2F00036%2F15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary/The-Dual-Monarchy-1867-1918">"Hungary - Dual Monarchy, Austro-Hungarian Empire, WWI | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240516173644/https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary/The-Dual-Monarchy-1867-1918">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Hungary+-+Dual+Monarchy%2C+Austro-Hungarian+Empire%2C+WWI+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FHungary%2FThe-Dual-Monarchy-1867-1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Minahan, James. <i>Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States</i>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC&pg=PA48">48</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b1911-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b1911_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b1911_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayne1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jayne, Kingsley Garland (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bosnia and Herzegovina"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">"Bosnia and Herzegovina" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 279–286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=279-286&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Jayne&rft.aufirst=Kingsley+Garland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuscript of Franz Joseph I. – Stephan Vajda, Felix Austria. Eine Geschichte Österreichs, Ueberreuter 1980, Vienna, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8000-3168-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-8000-3168-X">3-8000-3168-X</a>, in German</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Philippoff: <i>Die Doppelmonarchie Österreich-Ungarn. Ein politisches Lesebuch (1867–1918)</i>, Presses Univ. Septentrion, 2002, Villeneuve d'Ascq, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8593-9739-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-8593-9739-6">2-8593-9739-6</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJNlObrtF_cC&pg=PA60">online</a></i>, p. 60, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotulla2008" class="citation book cs1">Kotulla, Michael (17 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327222938/https://books.google.de/books?id=mfjijA5t9bUC&pg=PA485"><i>Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte</i></a>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48707-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48707-4"><bdi>978-3-540-48707-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqofBAAAQBAJ">the original</a> on 27 March 2019 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Verfassungsgeschichte&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2008-08-17&rft.isbn=978-3-540-48707-4&rft.aulast=Kotulla&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdqofBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb9-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb9_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kay, David (1878). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Austria"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Austria">"Austria" </a></span>. In Baynes, T. S. (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 116–141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austria&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=116-141&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaszlo2011" class="citation book cs1">Laszlo, Péter (2011). <i>Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions</i>. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary%27s+Long+Nineteenth+Century%3A+Constitutional+and+Democratic+Traditions&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV%2C+Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Laszlo&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9ter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kann (1974); Sked (1989); Taylor (1964)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kann_1974-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kann_1974_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kann_1974_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kann_1974_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKann1974">Kann 1974</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesaffer2021" class="citation web cs1">Lesaffer, Randall (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opil.ouplaw.com/page/War_1866_Undoing_Vienna/the-war-of-1866-and-the-undoing-of-vienna">"The War of 1866 and the Undoing of Vienna"</a>. <i>Oxford Public International Law</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731073436/https://opil.ouplaw.com/page/War_1866_Undoing_Vienna/the-war-of-1866-and-the-undoing-of-vienna">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Public+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+War+of+1866+and+the+Undoing+of+Vienna&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Lesaffer&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopil.ouplaw.com%2Fpage%2FWar_1866_Undoing_Vienna%2Fthe-war-of-1866-and-the-undoing-of-vienna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1968" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitt, Hans A. (1968). "Count Beust and Germany, 1866–1870: Reconquest, Realignment, or Resignation?". <i>Central European History</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 20–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000893890001476X">10.1017/S000893890001476X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9389">0008-9389</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4545476">4545476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144762108">144762108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=Count+Beust+and+Germany%2C+1866%E2%80%931870%3A+Reconquest%2C+Realignment%2C+or+Resignation%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-34&rft.date=1968&rft.issn=0008-9389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144762108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4545476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000893890001476X&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Hans+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoiderWagnleitnerFellnerZöllner2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_A._Roider_Jr." title="Karl A. Roider Jr.">Roider, Karl A.</a>; Wagnleitner, Reinhold F.; Fellner, Fritz; Zöllner, Erich; Ray, Michael (28 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Austria">"History of Austria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408204700/https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Austria">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Austria&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-11-28&rft.aulast=Roider&rft.aufirst=Karl+A.&rft.au=Wagnleitner%2C+Reinhold+F.&rft.au=Fellner%2C+Fritz&rft.au=Z%C3%B6llner%2C+Erich&rft.au=Ray%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhistory-of-Austria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger1950" class="citation book cs1">Langer, William L. (1950). <i>European Alliances and Alignments: 1871–1890</i> (2nd ed.). p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Alliances+and+Alignments%3A+1871%E2%80%931890&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatcroft2009" class="citation book cs1">Wheatcroft, Andrew (28 April 2009). <i>The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans and the Battle for Europe</i>. Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XkLDVyYZPBYC&pg=PA264">264</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-786-74454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-786-74454-1"><bdi>978-0-786-74454-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enemy+at+the+Gate%3A+Habsburgs%2C+Ottomans+and+the+Battle+for+Europe&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-786-74454-1&rft.aulast=Wheatcroft&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973chapter_6-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973chapter_6_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbrecht-Carrié1973">Albrecht-Carrié 1973</a>, chapter 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44183/Austria/33365/Austria-Hungary-1867-1918#toc=toc33365">"Austria"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313102504/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44183/Austria/33365/Austria-Hungary-1867-1918#toc=toc33365">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austria&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F44183%2FAustria%2F33365%2FAustria-Hungary-1867-1918%23toc%3Dtoc33365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webcitation-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-webcitation_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828223628/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579967_1____7/austria-hungary.html">"Austria-Hungary - MSN Encarta"</a>. 28 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579967_1____7/austria-hungary.html">the original</a> on 28 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austria-Hungary+-+MSN+Encarta&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761579967_1____7%2Faustria-hungary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973201–214-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973201–214_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbrecht-Carrié1973">Albrecht-Carrié 1973</a>, pp. 201–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mount_HolyOak-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mount_HolyOak_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos128.htm">"The Austrian Occupation of Novibazar, 1878–1909"</a>. Mount HolyOak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119180459/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos128.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Austrian+Occupation+of+Novibazar%2C+1878%E2%80%931909&rft.pub=Mount+HolyOak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fboshtml%2Fbos128.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973chapter_8-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973chapter_8_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbrecht-Carrié1973">Albrecht-Carrié 1973</a>, chapter 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973259–272-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrié1973259–272_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbrecht-Carrié1973">Albrecht-Carrié 1973</a>, p. 259–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gooch, 1936, pp 366-438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wank, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridge1972338–339-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridge1972338–339_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBridge1972">Bridge 1972</a>, pp. 338–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langer, <i>European Alliances and Alignments: 1871–1890</i> pp. 138, 155–6, 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinestoneMassie-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FinestoneMassie_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinestoneMassie1981" class="citation book cs1">Finestone, Jeffrey; Massie, Robert K. (1981). <i>The last courts of Europe</i>. Dent. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-460-04519-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-460-04519-3"><bdi>978-0-460-04519-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+courts+of+Europe&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-460-04519-3&rft.aulast=Finestone&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Massie%2C+Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OneMorningSarajevo-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OneMorningSarajevo_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David James (2010). <i>One Morning in Sarajevo</i>. Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85608-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85608-5"><bdi>978-0-297-85608-5</bdi></a>. <q>He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Gavro's arrest – this photograph shows the arrest of Behr.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Morning+in+Sarajevo&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-297-85608-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DjordjevićSpence1992-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DjordjevićSpence1992_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjordjevićRichard_B._Spence1992" class="citation book cs1">Djordjević, Dimitrije; Richard B. Spence (1992). <i>Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honor of Dimitrije Djordjević</i>. East European Monographs. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-880-33217-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-880-33217-0"><bdi>978-0-880-33217-0</bdi></a>. <q>Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Catholic Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scholar%2C+patriot%2C+mentor%3A+historical+essays+in+honor+of+Dimitrije+Djordjevi%C4%87&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-880-33217-0&rft.aulast=Djordjevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dimitrije&rft.au=Richard+B.+Spence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2tWAAAAMAAJ"><i>Reports Service: Southeast Europe series</i></a>. American Universities Field Staff. 1964. p. 44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003074457/https://books.google.com/books?id=J2tWAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2013</span>. <q>... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+Service%3A+Southeast+Europe+series&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=American+Universities+Field+Staff&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2tWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gioseffi1993-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gioseffi1993_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGioseffi1993" class="citation book cs1">Gioseffi, Daniela (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onprejudicegloba00gios_0"><i>On Prejudice: A Global Perspective</i></a></span>. Anchor Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onprejudicegloba00gios_0/page/246">246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46938-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46938-8"><bdi>978-0-385-46938-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2013</span>. <q>... Andric describes the "Sarajevo frenzy of hate" that erupted among Muslims, Catholics, and Orthodox believers following the assassination on June 28, 1914, of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Prejudice%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-385-46938-8&rft.aulast=Gioseffi&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonprejudicegloba00gios_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitrović2007-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitrović2007_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitrović2007" class="citation book cs1">Mitrović, Andrej (2007). <i>Serbia's Great War, 1914–1918</i>. Purdue University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=viqqqQ2KT7kC&pg=PA18">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-557-53477-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-557-53477-4"><bdi>978-1-557-53477-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%27s+Great+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-557-53477-4&rft.aulast=Mitrovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Andrej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001485The_Bosnian_wartime_militia_(Schutzkorps),_which_became_known_for_its_persecution_of_Serbs,_was_overwhelmingly_Muslim.-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001485The_Bosnian_wartime_militia_(Schutzkorps),_which_became_known_for_its_persecution_of_Serbs,_was_overwhelmingly_Muslim._50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, p. 485, The Bosnian wartime militia (Schutzkorps), which became known for its persecution of Serbs, was overwhelmingly Muslim..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schindler2007-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schindler2007_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindler2007" class="citation book cs1">Schindler, John R. (2007). <i>Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad</i>. Zenith Imprint. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-616-73964-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-616-73964-5"><bdi>978-1-616-73964-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unholy+Terror%3A+Bosnia%2C+Al-Qa%27ida%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Global+Jihad&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Zenith+Imprint&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-616-73964-5&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kröll2008-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kröll2008_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKröll2008" class="citation book cs1">Kröll, Herbert (28 February 2008). <i>Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics</i>. Studienverlag. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-706-54526-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-706-54526-6"><bdi>978-3-706-54526-6</bdi></a>. <q>... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austrian-Greek+encounters+over+the+centuries%3A+history%2C+diplomacy%2C+politics%2C+arts%2C+economics&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Studienverlag&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.isbn=978-3-706-54526-6&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%B6ll&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ladislaus Count von Szögyény-Marich (Berlin) to Leopold Count von Berchtold (5 July 1914), in Ludwig Bittner, et al., eds., Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik von der Bosnischen Krise 1908 bis zum Kriegsausbruch 1914 [Austria–Hungary's Foreign Policy prior to the Bosnian Crisis of 1908 up to the Outbreak of War in 1914]. 8 vols, Vienna, 1930, vol. 8, no. 10,058.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstworldwar-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-firstworldwar_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/austrianultimatum.htm">"Primary Documents: Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia"</a>. 24 May 2003 [Originally published 23 July 1914]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041030212115/http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/austrianultimatum.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primary+Documents%3A+Austrian+Ultimatum+to+Serbia&rft.date=2003-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fsource%2Faustrianultimatum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Clark_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Clark (historian)">Clark, Christopher</a> (2013). <i>The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914</i>. pp. 420–430.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sleepwalkers%3A+How+Europe+Went+to+War+in+1914&rft.pages=420-430&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPribram1923" class="citation book cs1">Pribram, A. F. (1923). <i>Austrian Foreign Policy, 1908–18</i>. pp. 68–128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austrian+Foreign+Policy%2C+1908%E2%80%9318&rft.pages=68-128&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Pribram&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeman1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zbyn%C4%9Bk_Zeman" title="Zbyněk Zeman">Zeman, Z.A.B. (Zbyněk Anthony Bohuslav)</a> (1971). <i>A Diplomatic History of the First World War</i>. 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(CUP Archive)London: Cambridge University Press. p. 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04551-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04551-3"><bdi>978-0-521-04551-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History.+volume+xii&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=%28CUP+Archive%29London%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04551-3&rft.aulast=Mowat&rft.aufirst=C.L.+%28Charles+Loch%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKappeler2014" class="citation book cs1">Kappeler, Andreas (2014). <i>The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History</i>. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-14291-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-405-14291-5"><bdi>978-1-405-14291-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs+Volume+10+of+The+Peoples+of+Europe&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-405-14291-5&rft.aulast=Cirkovic&rft.aufirst=Sima+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotar2013" class="citation book cs1">Rotar, Marius (2013). <i>History of Modern Cremation in Romania</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4542-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4542-7"><bdi>978-1-4438-4542-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+Cremation+in+Romania&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-4542-7&rft.aulast=Rotar&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadberryO'Rourke2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Broadberry" title="Stephen Broadberry">Broadberry, Stephen</a>; O'Rourke, Kevin H. 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Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015202359/https://books.google.com/books?id=YHk0z-ujS3AC&;pg=PA70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48951-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48951-5"><bdi>978-1-139-48951-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+Modern+Europe%3A+Volume+2%2C+1870+to+the+Present&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48951-5&rft.aulast=Broadberry&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=O%27Rourke%2C+Kevin+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stevenson_(historian)" title="David Stevenson (historian)">Stevenson, David</a> (2011). <i>With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06319-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06319-8"><bdi>978-0-674-06319-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Our+Backs+to+the+Wall%3A+Victory+and+Defeat+in+1918&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06319-8&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy2007" class="citation book cs1">Healy, Maureen (2007). <i>Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vienna+and+the+Fall+of+the+Habsburg+Empire%3A+Total+War+and+Everyday+Life+in+World+War+I&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanac1992" class="citation journal cs1">Banac, Ivo (1992). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Emperor Karl Has Become a Comitadji': The Croatian Disturbances of Autumn 1918". <i>Slavonic and East European Review</i>. <b>70</b> (2): 284–305.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=%27Emperor+Karl+Has+Become+a+Comitadji%27%3A+The+Croatian+Disturbances+of+Autumn+1918&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=284-305&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Banac&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history1-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history1_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623131713/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/french-forces-occupy-corfu">"French forces occupy Corfu — History.com This Day in History — 1/11/1916"</a>. History.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/french-forces-occupy-corfu">the original</a> on 23 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+forces+occupy+Corfu+%E2%80%94+History.com+This+Day+in+History+%E2%80%94+1%2F11%2F1916&rft.pub=History.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Ffrench-forces-occupy-corfu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgwyn1997" class="citation book cs1">Burgwyn, H. James (1997). <i>Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94877-1"><bdi>978-0-275-94877-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+foreign+policy+in+the+interwar+period%2C+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94877-1&rft.aulast=Burgwyn&rft.aufirst=H.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindler2001" class="citation book cs1">Schindler, John R. (2001). <i>Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isonzo%3A+The+Forgotten+Sacrifice+of+the+Great+War&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavallaro2010" class="citation book cs1">Cavallaro, Gaetano V. (2010). <i>The Beginning of Futility: Diplomatic, Political, Military and Naval Events on the Austro-Italian Front in the First World War 1914–1917</i>. Vol. I. Xlibris Corporation. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4010-8426-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4010-8426-4"><bdi>978-1-4010-8426-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginning+of+Futility%3A+Diplomatic%2C+Political%2C+Military+and+Naval+Events+on+the+Austro-Italian+Front+in+the+First+World+War+1914%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4010-8426-4&rft.aulast=Cavallaro&rft.aufirst=Gaetano+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2000" class="citation book cs1">Lowry, Bullitt (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QlxfFYs61vMC"><i>Armistice 1918</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873386517" title="Special:BookSources/9780873386517"><bdi>9780873386517</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240127152815/https://books.google.com/books?id=QlxfFYs61vMC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armistice+1918&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780873386517&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Bullitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQlxfFYs61vMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrey1998" class="citation book cs1">Torrey, Glenn E. (1998). <i>Romania and World War I</i>. Histria Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romania+and+World+War+I&rft.pub=Histria+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Torrey&rft.aufirst=Glenn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanafelt1999" class="citation web cs1">Shanafelt, Gary W. (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=2990">"Review of Torrey, Glenn E., Romania and World War I: A Collection of Studies. HABSBURG"</a>. <i>H-Net Reviews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305222108/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=2990">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H-Net+Reviews&rft.atitle=Review+of+Torrey%2C+Glenn+E.%2C+Romania+and+World+War+I%3A+A+Collection+of+Studies.+HABSBURG&rft.date=1999-04&rft.aulast=Shanafelt&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowpdf.php%3Fid%3D2990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: 1910 census</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuranbaevaMladineo2011" class="citation book cs1">Buranbaeva, Oksana; Mladineo, Vanja (2011). <i>Culture and Customs of Hungary, Cultures and Customs of the World</i>. Bonn, Germany: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WK_130Hqbr4C&pg=PA32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38370-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38370-0"><bdi>978-0-313-38370-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Hungary%2C+Cultures+and+Customs+of+the+World&rft.place=Bonn%2C+Germany&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38370-0&rft.aulast=Buranbaeva&rft.aufirst=Oksana&rft.au=Mladineo%2C+Vanja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett2015" class="citation book cs1">Bassett, Richard (2015). <i>For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619-1918</i>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_PzCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA506">506</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17858-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17858-6"><bdi>978-0-300-17858-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+God+and+Kaiser%3A+The+Imperial+Austrian+Army%2C+1619-1918&rft.pages=506&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17858-6&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUyar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Uyar, Mesut (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14296%2FRiH%2F2014%2F1846">"Review of Austro-Hungarian War Aims in the Balkans during World War I"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reviews_in_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Reviews in History">Reviews in History</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14296%2FRiH%2F2014%2F1846">10.14296/RiH/2014/1846</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+History&rft.atitle=Review+of+Austro-Hungarian+War+Aims+in+the+Balkans+during+World+War+I&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14296%2FRiH%2F2014%2F1846&rft.aulast=Uyar&rft.aufirst=Mesut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14296%252FRiH%252F2014%252F1846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2014536-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2014536_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2014">Watson 2014</a>, p. 536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2014536–540-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2014536–540_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2014536–540_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2014">Watson 2014</a>, pp. 536–540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mfa-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mfa_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfa_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060621090822/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum/en/bal/Ministry/minister/foreign_ministers.htm">"Hungarian foreign ministers from 1848 to our days"</a>. Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum/en/bal/Ministry/minister/foreign_ministers.htm">the original</a> on 21 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungarian+foreign+ministers+from+1848+to+our+days&rft.pub=Mfa.gov.hu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.hu%2Fkum%2Fen%2Fbal%2FMinistry%2Fminister%2Fforeign_ministers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiant1996" class="citation thesis cs1">Giant, Tibor (October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/74531"><i>Through the Prism of the Habsburg Monarchy: Hungary in American Diplomacy and Public Opinion During the First World War</i></a> (pdf). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a>. pp. 81–82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814020848/https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/74531/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Through+the+Prism+of+the+Habsburg+Monarchy%3A+Hungary+in+American+Diplomacy+and+Public+Opinion+During+the+First+World+War&rft.degree=Doctor+of+Philosophy&rft.inst=University+of+Warwick&rft.date=1996-10&rft.aulast=Giant&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.warwick.ac.uk%2Fwrap%2F74531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2014541–542-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2014541–542_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2014">Watson 2014</a>, pp. 541–542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelius2011" class="citation book cs1">Cornelius, Deborah S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CInVseCvW-wC"><i>Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a>. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823233434" title="Special:BookSources/9780823233434"><bdi>9780823233434</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110001205/https://books.google.com/books?id=CInVseCvW-wC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary+in+World+War+II%3A+Caught+in+the+Cauldron&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780823233434&rft.aulast=Cornelius&rft.aufirst=Deborah+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCInVseCvW-wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2014542–556-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2014542–556_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2014">Watson 2014</a>, pp. 542–556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/emperor-karl-abdication-proclamation">The 1918 Karl's proclamation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101912/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/emperor-karl-abdication-proclamation">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. British Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-responsible-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-responsible_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"The kingdom of Hungary desired equal status with the Austrian empire, which was weakened by its defeat in the German (Austro-Prussian) War of 1866. The Austrian emperor Francis Joseph gave Hungary full internal autonomy, together with a responsible ministry, and in return it agreed that the empire should still be a single great state for purposes of war and foreign affairs, thus maintaining its dynastic prestige abroad."</i> – Compromise of 1867, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman2009" class="citation book cs1">Roman, Eric (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvCfTIsTOskC"><i>Austria–Hungary and the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-816-07469-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-816-07469-3"><bdi>978-0-816-07469-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austria%E2%80%93Hungary+and+the+Successor+States%3A+A+Reference+Guide+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+Present&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-816-07469-3&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEvCfTIsTOskC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q48xAQAAIAAJ&q=austria-hungary+%22common+citizenship%22"><i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-852-29961-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-852-29961-6"><bdi>978-0-852-29961-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-852-29961-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq48xAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Daustria-hungary%2B%2522common%2Bcitizenship%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalázs1997" class="citation book cs1">Balázs, Éva H. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gd6VPC36p-EC"><i>Hungary and the Habsburgs, 1765–1800: An Experiment in Enlightened Absolutism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European University Press">Central European University Press</a>. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639116030" title="Special:BookSources/9789639116030"><bdi>9789639116030</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119004633/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gd6VPC36p-EC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary+and+the+Habsburgs%2C+1765%E2%80%931800%3A+An+Experiment+in+Enlightened+Absolutism&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789639116030&rft.aulast=Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.aufirst=%C3%89va+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGd6VPC36p-EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kronenbitter-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kronenbitter_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Günther Kronenbitter: "Krieg im Frieden". Die Führung der k.u.k. Armee und die Großmachtpolitik Österreich-Ungarns 1906–1914. Verlag Oldenbourg, Munich 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-56700-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-56700-4">3-486-56700-4</a>, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_1964-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1964_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1964">Taylor 1964</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suedosteuropa-gesellschaft-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suedosteuropa-gesellschaft_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320202224/http://www.suedosteuropa-gesellschaft.com/pdf_2010/doku/ungarn_slowakei/jan_gabor.pdf">"Slovakia – Hungary Relations in the European Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Suedosteuropa-gesellschaft.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suedosteuropa-gesellschaft.com/pdf_2010/doku/ungarn_slowakei/jan_gabor.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slovakia+%E2%80%93+Hungary+Relations+in+the+European+Union&rft.pub=Suedosteuropa-gesellschaft.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suedosteuropa-gesellschaft.com%2Fpdf_2010%2Fdoku%2Fungarn_slowakei%2Fjan_gabor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verfassungen-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verfassungen_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verfassungen.de/at/at-18/stgg67-2.htm">"Staatsgrundgesetz über die allgemeinen Rechte und Staatsbürger für die im Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder (1867)"</a>. Verfassungen.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615030732/http://www.verfassungen.de/at/at-18/stgg67-2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staatsgrundgesetz+%C3%BCber+die+allgemeinen+Rechte+und+Staatsb%C3%BCrger+f%C3%BCr+die+im+Reichsrate+vertretenen+K%C3%B6nigreiche+und+L%C3%A4nder+%281867%29&rft.pub=Verfassungen.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verfassungen.de%2Fat%2Fat-18%2Fstgg67-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam191139-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam191139_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeadlam1911">Headlam 1911</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWankJelavich1980" class="citation journal cs1">Wank, Solomon; Jelavich, Barbara (1980). "The Impact of the Dual Alliance on the Germans in Austria and Vice-Versa". <i>East Central Europe</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 288–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633080X00202">10.1163/187633080X00202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Central+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+Dual+Alliance+on+the+Germans+in+Austria+and+Vice-Versa&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=288-309&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633080X00202&rft.aulast=Wank&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rft.au=Jelavich%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, <i>A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Routledge</i>, 1998, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenistonVilain2004" class="citation book cs1">Beniston, Judith; Vilain, Robert, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0crdKPvRGnsC"><i>The Austrian Lyric</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Maney_Publishing" title="Maney Publishing">Maney Publishing</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Humanities_Research_Association" title="Modern Humanities Research Association">Modern Humanities Research Association</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904350408" title="Special:BookSources/9781904350408"><bdi>9781904350408</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114234321/https://books.google.com/books?id=0crdKPvRGnsC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austrian+Lyric&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Maney+Publishing+for+the+Modern+Humanities+Research+Association&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781904350408&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0crdKPvRGnsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWierzbieniec2021" class="citation cs2">Wierzbieniec, Wacław (28 December 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004501614/BP000013.xml">"Jewish Self-Government in Galicia, 1815–1914"</a>, <i>Sources on Jewish Self-Government in the Polish Lands from Its Inception to the Present</i>, Brill, pp. 283–351, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50161-4"><bdi>978-90-04-50161-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604040536/https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004501614/BP000013.xml">archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sources+on+Jewish+Self-Government+in+the+Polish+Lands+from+Its+Inception+to+the+Present&rft.atitle=Jewish+Self-Government+in+Galicia%2C+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=283-351&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft.isbn=978-90-04-50161-4&rft.aulast=Wierzbieniec&rft.aufirst=Wac%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004501614%2FBP000013.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Charles-University">"Charles University | Czech Republic, 14th Century, Faculty | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629171720/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Charles-University">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Charles+University+%7C+Czech+Republic%2C+14th+Century%2C+Faculty+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCharles-University&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budisavljević-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Budisavljević_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sr%C4%91an_Budisavljevi%C4%87" title="Srđan Budisavljević">Budisavljević, Srđan</a>, <i>Stvaranje-Države-SHS, Creation of the state of SHS</i>, Zagreb, 1958, p. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicoară1890" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nicoară, Vincențiu (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/bitstream/123456789/8180/1/BCUCLUJ_FP_279996_1890_021_001.pdf">"Transilvania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asociația Transilvană Pentru Literatura Română și Cultura Poporului Român</i> (in Romanian): 3–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/bitstream/123456789/8180/1/BCUCLUJ_FP_279996_1890_021_001.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asocia%C8%9Bia+Transilvan%C4%83+Pentru+Literatura+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83+%C8%99i+Cultura+Poporului+Rom%C3%A2n&rft.atitle=Transilvania&rft.pages=3-9&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Nicoar%C4%83&rft.aufirst=Vincen%C8%9Biu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.bcucluj.ro%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F8180%2F1%2FBCUCLUJ_FP_279996_1890_021_001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigand1892" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weigand, Gustav (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romania21pariuoft"><i>Romania. 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Émile Bouillon. pp. 240–256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romania.+Recueil+trimestriel+consacr%C3%A9+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9tude+des+langes+et+des+litt%C3%A9ratures+romanes&rft.pages=240-256&rft.pub=%C3%89mile+Bouillon&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Weigand&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromania21pariuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZbuchea1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zbuchea, Gheorghe (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=emosAQAAIAAJ"><i>O istorie a Românilor din Peninsula Balcanică: secolul XVIII-XX</i></a> (in Romanian). 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Oxford University Press. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-21980-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-21980-4"><bdi>978-0-198-21980-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People+Apart%3A+A+Political+History+of+the+Jews+in+Europe+1789%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-198-21980-4&rft.aulast=Vital&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZmSV0c0f5MC%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZacharia2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zacharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fareed Zacharia">Zacharia, Fareed</a> (2003). <i>The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad</i>. 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Braham: <i>The Politics of Genocide</i>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/hungary/25.htm">"Hungary – Social Changes"</a>. Countrystudies.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014133338/http://countrystudies.us/hungary/25.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telegraph+Vienna-Zagreb&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzg-magazin.com.hr%2Fna-danasnji-dan-pusten-u-rad-prvi-hrvatski-brzojav%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiesewetter, Herbert: <i>Industrielle Revolution in Deutschland. Regionen als Wachstumsmotoren</i>. Stuttgart, Franz Steiner 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-08613-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-08613-7">3-515-08613-7</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kislexikon.hu/telegraf.html">"Telegráf – Lexikon"</a>. Kislexikon.hu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429191923/http://www.kislexikon.hu/telegraf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telegr%C3%A1f+%E2%80%93+Lexikon&rft.pub=Kislexikon.hu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kislexikon.hu%2Ftelegraf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kettős_kötődés-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kettős_kötődés_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kettős_kötődés_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDániel_SzabóZoltán_FónagyIstván_SzathmáriTünde_Császtvay" class="citation web cs1">Dániel Szabó; Zoltán Fónagy; István Szathmári; Tünde Császtvay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731194539/http://mek.oszk.hu/01900/01905/html/index7.html">"Kettős kötődés : Az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia (1867–1918)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01900/01905/html/index7.html">the original</a> on 31 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kett%C5%91s+k%C3%B6t%C5%91d%C3%A9s+%3A+Az+Osztr%C3%A1k%E2%80%93Magyar+Monarchia+%281867%E2%80%931918%29&rft.au=D%C3%A1niel+Szab%C3%B3&rft.au=Zolt%C3%A1n+F%C3%B3nagy&rft.au=Istv%C3%A1n+Szathm%C3%A1ri&rft.au=T%C3%BCnde+Cs%C3%A1sztvay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01900%2F01905%2Fhtml%2Findex7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Museum of Moslavina Kutina, Jasmina Uroda Kutlić: 'Telefon – čudo Novoga vijeka' (Telephone the miracle of Modern era)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telephone_line_in_Zagreb-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telephone_line_in_Zagreb_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311191352/http://base.ht.hr/odgovornost/muzej_arhiva2006-m125.asp">"125 godina telefonije u Hrvatskoj (125 years of Telephony in Croatia)"</a> (in Croatian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://base.ht.hr/odgovornost/muzej_arhiva2006-m125.asp">the original</a> on 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=125+godina+telefonije+u+Hrvatskoj+%28125+years+of+Telephony+in+Croatia%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbase.ht.hr%2Fodgovornost%2Fmuzej_arhiva2006-m125.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HT Muzej (Croatian Telecom Museum): '125 godina telefonije u Hrvatskoj' (125 years of Telephony in Croatia), Zagreb 2006., P.-2,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Telephone History Institute: Telecom History – Issue 1 – Page 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Derdak, Adéle Hast: International Directory of Company Histories – Volume 5 – Page 315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the above cited book: Stephen Broadberry and Kevin H. O'Rourke: The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 2, 1870 to the Present, page: 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brousek; Karl M.: <i>Die Großindustrie Böhmens 1848–1918</i>, München: Oldenbourg 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-51871-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-51871-9">978-3-486-51871-9</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadberryO'Rourke2010" class="citation book cs1">Broadberry, Stephen; O'Rourke, Kevin H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YHk0z-ujS3AC&q=Telephone+calls+in+1913&pg=PA80"><i>The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 2, 1870 to the Present</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48951-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48951-5"><bdi>978-1-139-48951-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+Modern+Europe%3A+Volume+2%2C+1870+to+the+Present&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48951-5&rft.aulast=Broadberry&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=O%27Rourke%2C+Kevin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYHk0z-ujS3AC%26q%3DTelephone%2Bcalls%2Bin%2B1913%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mikulas_Teich" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikulas Teich">Mikulas Teich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Porter" title="Roy Porter">Roy Porter</a>, <i>The Industrial Revolution in National Context: Europe and the USA</i>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIván_T._Berend2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iván T. Berend (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a9csmhIT_BQC&q=%22steel+output%22+%22austria-hungary%22&pg=PA149"><i>History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century</i></a> (in Hungarian). University of California Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23299-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23299-0"><bdi>978-0-520-23299-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Derailed%3A+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+in+the+Long+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23299-0&rft.au=Iv%C3%A1n+T.+Berend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da9csmhIT_BQC%26q%3D%2522steel%2Boutput%2522%2B%2522austria-hungary%2522%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">István Tisza and László Kovács: A magyar állami, magán- és helyiérdekű vasúttársaságok fejlődése 1876–1900 között, Magyar Vasúttörténet 2. kötet. Budapest: Közlekedési Dokumentációs Kft., 58–59, 83–84. o. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-552-313-0" title="Special:BookSources/963-552-313-0">963-552-313-0</a> (1996)(English: The development of Hungarian private and state owned commuter railway companies between 1876 – 1900, Hungarian railway History Volume II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tramways in Austria: Book: Buckley, Richard (2000). Tramways and Light Railways of Switzerland and Austria (2nd edition), pp. 129–135 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948106-27-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-948106-27-1">0-948106-27-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tramways in Czech Republic: Book: Jan Vinař : Historické krovy (page 351)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tramways in Poland (including Galicia), Book: Arkadiusz Kołoś, Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej: Rozwój przestrzenny a współczesne funkcjonowanie miejskiego transportu szynowego w Polsce (page: 19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Public Transport in Hungary. Book: Zsuzsa Frisnyák: A magyarországi közlekedés krónikája, 1750–2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tramways in Croatia: Book: Vlado Puljiz, Gojko Bežovan, Teo Matković, dr. Zoran Šućur, Siniša Zrinščak: Socijalna politika Hrvatske</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beyondtheforest.com/Romania/CFR7.html">"Trams and Tramways in Romania – Timișoara, Arad, Bucharest"</a>. beyondtheforest.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920062035/http://www.beyondtheforest.com/Romania/CFR7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trams+and+Tramways+in+Romania+%E2%80%93+Timi%C8%99oara%2C+Arad%2C+Bucharest&rft.pub=beyondtheforest.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beyondtheforest.com%2FRomania%2FCFR7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tramways in Slovakia: Book: Július Bartl: Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon – p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kogan Page: <i>Europe Review 2003/2004</i>, fifth edition, Wolden Publishing Ltd, 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwi0s3I5jLEC&pg=PA174">page 174</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814020959/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwi0s3I5jLEC&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 14 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bkv.hu/en/the_history_of_bkv/the_history_of_bkv_part_1">"The History of BKV, Part 1"</a>. Bkv.hu. 22 November 1918. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130312235642/http://bkv.hu/en/the_history_of_bkv/the_history_of_bkv_part_1">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+BKV%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Bkv.hu&rft.date=1918-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bkv.hu%2Fen%2Fthe_history_of_bkv%2Fthe_history_of_bkv_part_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/156">"UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee Inscribes 9 New Sites on the World Heritage List"</a>. whc.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091128082245/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/156">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre+%E2%80%93+World+Heritage+Committee+Inscribes+9+New+Sites+on+the+World+Heritage+List&rft.pub=whc.unesco.org&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/budapests-electric-underground-railway-is-still-running-after-more-than-120-years">"Budapest's Electric Underground Railway Is Still Running After More Than 120 Years"</a>. <i>IEEE</i>. 31 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319172004/https://spectrum.ieee.org/budapests-electric-underground-railway-is-still-running-after-more-than-120-years">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=Budapest%27s+Electric+Underground+Railway+Is+Still+Running+After+More+Than+120+Years&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fbudapests-electric-underground-railway-is-still-running-after-more-than-120-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽmuc2010" class="citation book cs1">Žmuc, Irena (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105154411/http://www.mgml.si/media/katalog_9_5.pdf">"Sustained Interest"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Županek, Bernarda (ed.). <i>Emona: Myth and Reality</i>. Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana; City Museum of Ljubljana. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-616-50920-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-616-50920-6"><bdi>978-9-616-50920-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mgml.si/media/katalog_9_5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.dame.at/diverpeter/baron_gautsch.htm">the original</a> on 30 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baron+Gautsch&rft.pub=Members.dame.at&rft.date=1908-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.dame.at%2Fdiverpeter%2Fbaron_gautsch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aeiou-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aeiou_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.o/o755244.htm">"Österreichischer Lloyd"</a>. Aeiou.at. 31 July 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111207160038/http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.o/o755244.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%96sterreichischer+Lloyd&rft.pub=Aeiou.at&rft.date=2001-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeiou.at%2Faeiou.encyclop.o%2Fo755244.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328121836/http://www.stw.at/inhalt/schifffahrt.htm">"Wörthersee Schifffahrt"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stw.at/inhalt/Schifffahrt.htm">the original</a> on 28 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=W%C3%B6rthersee+Schifffahrt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stw.at%2Finhalt%2FSchifffahrt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-danube-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-danube_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddsg-blue-danube.at">"DDSG Blue Danube GmbH"</a>. Ddsg-blue-danube.at. 13 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902132632/http://www.ddsg-blue-danube.at/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DDSG+Blue+Danube+GmbH&rft.pub=Ddsg-blue-danube.at&rft.date=2006-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddsg-blue-danube.at&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Scott-Keltie1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Scott-Keltie" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scott-Keltie">John Scott-Keltie</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statesmansyearbo1919londuoft"><i>The Statesman's Yearbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statesmansyearbo1919londuoft/page/683">683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Yearbook&rft.pages=683&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1919&rft.au=John+Scott-Keltie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatesmansyearbo1919londuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunther Rothenburg, <i>The Army of Francis Joseph</i> (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Headlam_1911,_p._3-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Headlam_1911,_p._3_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Headlam_1911,_p._3_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadlam1911b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Headlam, James Wycliffe (1911b). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Austria-Hungary" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austria-Hungary&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Headlam&rft.aufirst=James+Wycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911b4-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadlam1911b4_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeadlam1911b">Headlam 1911b</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-successorStates-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-successorStates_178-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-successorStates_178-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStangl2014" class="citation web cs1">Stangl, Andrea (21 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww1.habsburger.net/en/developments/successor-states-austro-hungarian-monarchy">"The successor states to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy"</a>. <i>habsburger.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605041932/https://ww1.habsburger.net/en/developments/successor-states-austro-hungarian-monarchy">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=habsburger.net&rft.atitle=The+successor+states+to+the+Austro-Hungarian+Monarchy&rft.date=2014-06-21&rft.aulast=Stangl&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww1.habsburger.net%2Fen%2Fdevelopments%2Fsuccessor-states-austro-hungarian-monarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?apm=0&aid=nfp&datum=19190824&seite=2&zoom=2">"Die amtliche Meldung über den Rücktritt"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Neue_Freie_Presse" title="Neue Freie Presse">Neue Freie Presse</a>, Morgenblatt. 24 August 1919. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151226211328/http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?apm=0&aid=nfp&datum=19190824&seite=2&zoom=2">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+amtliche+Meldung+%C3%BCber+den+R%C3%BCcktritt&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Neue+Freie+Presse%2C+Morgenblatt&rft.date=1919-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Fapm%3D0%26aid%3Dnfp%26datum%3D19190824%26seite%3D2%26zoom%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228011000/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-TrianonTr.html">"Trianon, Treaty of"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Columbia_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Columbia Encyclopedia">The Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i>. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-TrianonTr.html">the original</a> on 28 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trianon%2C+Treaty+of&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1E1-TrianonTr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia_of_ww1-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_of_ww1_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerPriscilla_Mary_Roberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer; Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C"><i>Encyclopedia of World War I</i></a> (1 ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 1183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-851-09420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-851-09420-2"><bdi>978-1-851-09420-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114194128/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Virtually the entire population of what remained of Hungary regarded the Treaty of Trianon as manifestly unfair, and agitation for revision began immediately.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+I&rft.pages=1183&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-851-09420-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Priscilla+Mary+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YqjfHLyyj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson199163"Through_the_occupation_Austria-Hungary_became_a_colonial_power."-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson199163"Through_the_occupation_Austria-Hungary_became_a_colonial_power."_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson1991">Williamson 1991</a>, p. 63, "Through the occupation Austria-Hungary became a colonial power.".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbrecht-Carrié1973" class="citation book cs1">Albrecht-Carrié, René (1973) [1958]. <i>A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna</i> (Revised ed.). Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0604-0171-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-0604-0171-0"><bdi>0-0604-0171-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21992200M">21992200M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Diplomatic+History+of+Europe+Since+the+Congress+of+Vienna&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL21992200M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-0604-0171-0&rft.aulast=Albrecht-Carri%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrauneder2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brauneder, Wilhelm (2009). <i>Österreichische Verfassungsgeschichte</i> (in German) (11th ed.). Vienna: Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-214-14876-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-214-14876-8"><bdi>978-3-214-14876-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96sterreichische+Verfassungsgeschichte&rft.place=Vienna&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Manzsche+Verlags-+und+Universit%C3%A4tsbuchhandlung&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-214-14876-8&rft.aulast=Brauneder&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridge1972" class="citation book cs1">Bridge, Francis Roy (1972). <i>From Sadowa to Sarajevo: the foreign policy of Austria-Hungary, 1866–1914</i>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22077590M">22077590M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sadowa+to+Sarajevo%3A+the+foreign+policy+of+Austria-Hungary%2C+1866%E2%80%931914&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL22077590M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Bridge&rft.aufirst=Francis+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDžaja1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Džaja, Srećko M. (1994). <i>Bosnien-Herzegowina in der österreichisch-ungarischen Epoche 1878–1918</i> (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-4865-6079-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-4865-6079-4"><bdi>3-4865-6079-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnien-Herzegowina+in+der+%C3%B6sterreichisch-ungarischen+Epoche+1878%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3-4865-6079-4&rft.aulast=D%C5%BEaja&rft.aufirst=Sre%C4%87ko+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoke1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoke, Rudolf (1996). <i>Österreichische und deutsche Rechtsgeschichte</i> (in German) (2nd ed.). Vienna: Böhlau Studienbücher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-2059-8179-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-2059-8179-0"><bdi>3-2059-8179-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96sterreichische+und+deutsche+Rechtsgeschichte&rft.place=Vienna&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Studienb%C3%BCcher&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-2059-8179-0&rft.aulast=Hoke&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKann1974" class="citation book cs1">Kann, Robert A. (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofhabsbur0000kann"><i>A History of the Habsburg Empire: 1526–1918</i></a></span>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Habsburg+Empire%3A+1526%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Kann&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofhabsbur0000kann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span>; highly detailed history; emphasis on ethnicity</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothenberg1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gunther_E._Rothenberg" title="Gunther E. Rothenberg">Rothenberg, Gunther E.</a> (1976), <i>The Army of Francis Joseph</i>, Purdue University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+Francis+Joseph&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Rothenberg&rft.aufirst=Gunther+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSked1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Sked" title="Alan Sked">Sked, Alan</a> (1989). <i>The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918</i>. London: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Habsburg+Empire%2C+1815%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Sked&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A.J.P.</a> (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy00tayl"><i>The Habsburg monarchy, 1809–1918: a history of the Austrian Empire and Austria–Hungary</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habsburg+monarchy%2C+1809%E2%80%931918%3A+a+history+of+the+Austrian+Empire+and+Austria%E2%80%93Hungary&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhabsburgmonarchy00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span>; politics and diplomacy</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich, Jozo</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA485"><i>War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941–1945</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-804-77924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-804-77924-1"><bdi>978-0-804-77924-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084942/https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA485#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%3A+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-804-77924-1&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqUSGevFe5MC%26pg%3DPA485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2014" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Alexander (2014). <i>Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria–Hungary at War, 1914–1918</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4650-9488-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4650-9488-2"><bdi>978-0-4650-9488-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ring+of+Steel%3A+Germany+and+Austria%E2%80%93Hungary+at+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-4650-9488-2&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1991" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Samuel R. (1991). <i>Austria–Hungary and the Origins of the First World War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-21163-0">10.1007/978-1-349-21163-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-42081-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-42081-2"><bdi>978-0-333-42081-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austria%E2%80%93Hungary+and+the+Origins+of+the+First+World+War&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-21163-0&rft.isbn=978-0-333-42081-2&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Samuel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZovko2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zovko, Ljubomir (2007). <i>Studije iz pravne povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine: 1878 - 1941</i> (in Croatian). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mostar" title="University of Mostar">University of Mostar</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-958-92712-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-958-92712-6"><bdi>978-9-958-92712-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studije+iz+pravne+povijesti+Bosne+i+Hercegovine%3A+1878+-+1941&rft.pub=University+of+Mostar&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9-958-92712-6&rft.aulast=Zovko&rft.aufirst=Ljubomir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/629969.stm">"Analysis: Austria's troubled history"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 3 February 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623060404/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/629969.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Austria%27s+troubled+history&rft.date=2000-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F629969.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmour2009" class="citation journal cs1">Armour, Ian D. (2009). "Apple of Discord: Austria-Hungary, Serbia and the Bosnian Question 1867-71". <i>Slavonic and East European Review</i>. <b>87</b> (4): 629–680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsee.2009.0004">10.1353/see.2009.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650848">40650848</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151977197">151977197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Apple+of+Discord%3A+Austria-Hungary%2C+Serbia+and+the+Bosnian+Question+1867-71.&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=629-680&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151977197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40650848%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsee.2009.0004&rft.aulast=Armour&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagger1927" class="citation book cs1">Bagger, Eugene S. (1927). <i>Francis Joseph: emperor of Austria — King of Hungary</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1149195550">1149195550</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13524274M">13524274M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Joseph%3A+emperor+of+Austria+%E2%80%94+King+of+Hungary&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1149195550&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL13524274M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Bagger&rft.aufirst=Eugene+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCipolla1973" class="citation book cs1">Cipolla, Carlo M., ed. (1973). <i>The Emergence of Industrial Societies vol 4 part 1</i>. Glasgow: Fontana Economic History of Europe. pp. 228–278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Industrial+Societies+vol+4+part+1&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=228-278&rft.pub=Fontana+Economic+History+of+Europe&rft.date=1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceofindus0000unse">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwall2002" class="citation book cs1">Cornwall, Mark, ed. (2002). <i>The Last Years of Austria–Hungary: Essays in political and military history, 1908–1918</i>. University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8598-9563-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8598-9563-7"><bdi>0-8598-9563-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150075157">1150075157</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1313375M">1313375M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Years+of+Austria%E2%80%93Hungary%3A+Essays+in+political+and+military+history%2C+1908%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150075157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1313375M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-8598-9563-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1">Evans, R. J. W. (2008). <i>Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Central Europe c.1683–1867</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199541621.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541621.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-54162-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-54162-1"><bdi>978-0-199-54162-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28444909M">28444909M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austria%2C+Hungary%2C+and+the+Habsburgs%3A+Central+Europe+c.1683%E2%80%931867&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28444909M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199541621.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-199-54162-1&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=R.+J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fichtner, Paula Sutter. <i>Historical Dictionary of Austria</i> (2nd ed 2009)</li> <li>Good, David. <i>The Economic Rise of the Habsburg Empire</i> (1984)</li> <li>Herman, Arthur. <i>What Life Was Like: At Empire's End : Austro-Hungarian Empire 1848–1918</i> (Time Life, 2000); heavily illustrated</li> <li>Jelavich, Barbara. <i>Modern Austria: Empire and Republic, 1815–1986</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1987, pp. 72–150.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudson2016" class="citation book cs1">Judson, Pieter M. (2016). <i>The Habsburg Empire</i>. pp. 264–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2F9780674969346">10.4159/9780674969346</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-96934-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-96934-6"><bdi>978-0-674-96934-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167195732">167195732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habsburg+Empire&rft.pages=264-436&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167195732%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674969346&rft.isbn=978-0-674-96934-6&rft.aulast=Judson&rft.aufirst=Pieter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Johnston, William M. <i>The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938</i> (University of California Press, 1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlile_Aylmer_Macartney" title="Carlile Aylmer Macartney">Macartney, Carlile Aylmer</a> <i>The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918</i>, New York, Macmillan 1969.</li> <li>Mason, John W. <i>The Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1867–1918</i> (Routledge, 2014).</li> <li>May, Arthur J. <i>The Hapsburg Monarchy 1867–1914</i> (Harvard University Press, 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hapsburgmonarchy0000maya">online</a></li> <li>Milward, Alan, and S. B. Saul. <i>The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe 1850–1914</i> (1977) pp. 271–331. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentofeco0000milw">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2018" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/3106"><i>The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23943%2F9781400889969">10.23943/9781400889969</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-400-88996-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-400-88996-9"><bdi>978-1-400-88996-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239313989">239313989</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609081747/https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/3106">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Strategy+of+the+Habsburg+Empire&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239313989%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23943%2F9781400889969&rft.isbn=978-1-400-88996-9&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefubium.fu-berlin.de%2Fhandle%2Ffub188%2F3106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Oakes, Elizabeth and Eric Roman. <i>Austria–Hungary and the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present</i> (2003)</li> <li>Palmer, Alan. <i>Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph</i>. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87113-665-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87113-665-1">0-87113-665-1</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPribram1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Francis_Pribram" title="Alfred Francis Pribram">Pribram, Alfred Francis</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri30chisrich/page/313/mode/1up?view=theater">"Austrian Empire"</a>. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. pp. 313–343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austrian+Empire&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=313-343&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Pribram&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediabri30chisrich%2Fpage%2F313%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Redlich, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorfrancisjo002603mbp"><i>Emperor Francis Joseph Of Austria</i>.</a> New York: Macmillan, 1929. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176378">online free</a></li> <li>Roman, Eric. <i>Austria-Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present</i> (2003)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/austriahungarysu0000roma">online</a></li> <li>Rudolph, Richard L. <i>Banking and industrialization in Austria-Hungary: the role of banks in the industrialization of the Czech crownlands, 1873–1914</i> (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bankingindustria0000rudo">online</a></li> <li>Sauer, Walter. "Habsburg Colonial: Austria-Hungary's Role in European Overseas Expansion Reconsidered", <i>Austrian Studies</i> (2012) 20:5–23 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/austrianstudies.20.2012.0005">ONLINE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805211103/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/austrianstudies.20.2012.0005">Archived</a> 5 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteed1914" class="citation book cs1">Steed, Henry Wickham; et al. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ashorthistoryau00hanngoog"><i>A Short History of Austria–Hungary and Poland</i></a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ashorthistoryau00hanngoog/page/n163">145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Austria%E2%80%93Hungary+and+Poland&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Steed&rft.aufirst=Henry+Wickham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fashorthistoryau00hanngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sugar, Peter F. et al. eds. <i>A History of Hungary</i> (1990), pp. 252–294.</li> <li>Tschuppik, Karl. <i>The reign of the Emperor Fransis Joseph</i> (1930) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.227241">online</a></li> <li>Turnock, David. <i>Eastern Europe: An Historical Geography: 1815–1945</i> (1989)</li> <li>Usher, Roland G. "Austro-German Relations Since 1866." <i>American Historical Review</i> 23.3 (1918): 577–595 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1835275.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Várdy, Steven, and Agnes Várdy. <i>The Austro-Hungarian mind: at home and abroad</i> (East European Monographs, 1989)</li> <li>Vermes, Gabor. "The Impact of the Dual Alliance on the Magyars of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy" <i>East Central Europe</i> (1980) vol 7 DOI: 10.1163/187633080x00211</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/franzjosef.htm">"Who's Who – Emperor Franz Josef I"</a>. First World War.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090510124227/http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/franzjosef.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+%E2%80%93+Emperor+Franz+Josef+I&rft.pub=First+World+War.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fbio%2Ffranzjosef.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_war">World war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I#Further_reading" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Bassett, Richard. <i>For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619–1918</i> (2016)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Boyer, John W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211151007/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4ec5/cde9559a18aaacc0df715782bf8226b55798.pdf">"Silent War and Bitter Peace: The Revolution of 1918 in Austria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Austrian History Yearbook</i>. <b>34</b>: 1–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0067237800020427">10.1017/S0067237800020427</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145716467">145716467</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4ec5/cde9559a18aaacc0df715782bf8226b55798.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Austrian+History+Yearbook&rft.atitle=Silent+War+and+Bitter+Peace%3A+The+Revolution+of+1918+in+Austria&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=1-56&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0067237800020427&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145716467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F4ec5%2Fcde9559a18aaacc0df715782bf8226b55798.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwall1992" class="citation journal cs1">Cornwall, Mark (1992). "News, Rumour and the Control of Information in Austria–Hungary, 1914–1918". <i>History</i>. <b>77</b> (249): 50–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1992.tb02392.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1992.tb02392.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=News%2C+Rumour+and+the+Control+of+Information+in+Austria%E2%80%93Hungary%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=249&rft.pages=50-64&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1992.tb02392.x&rft.aulast=Cornwall&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwall2000" class="citation book cs1">Cornwall, Mark (2000). <i>The Undermining of Austria–Hungary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230286351">10.1057/9780230286351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-42240-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-42240-1"><bdi>978-1-349-42240-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undermining+of+Austria%E2%80%93Hungary&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230286351&rft.isbn=978-1-349-42240-1&rft.aulast=Cornwall&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1965" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, Gordon A. (1965). "The World War I Alliance of the Central Powers in Retrospect: The Military Cohesion of the Alliance". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 336–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F600693">10.1086/600693</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1875406">1875406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154381768">154381768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+World+War+I+Alliance+of+the+Central+Powers+in+Retrospect%3A+The+Military+Cohesion+of+the+Alliance&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=336-344&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154381768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1875406%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F600693&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Gordon+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Crankshaw, Edward. <i>The Fall of the House of Habsburg</i> (Viking, 1963). pp. 449.</li> <li>Deak, John, and Jonathan E. Gumz. "How to Break a State: The Habsburg Monarchy's Internal War, 1914–1918" <i>American Historical Review</i> 122.4 (2017): 1105–1136. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/267287355.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316112725/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/267287355.pdf">Archived</a> 16 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDedijer1966" class="citation book cs1">Dedijer, Vladimir (1966). <i>The Road to Sarajevo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Sarajevo&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Dedijer&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrátzSchüller1928" class="citation book cs1">Grátz, Gusztáv; Schüller, Richard (1928). <i>The economic policy of Austria-Hungary during the war in its external relations</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1065632">1065632</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6715012M">6715012M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+economic+policy+of+Austria-Hungary+during+the+war+in+its+external+relations&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1065632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6715012M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%A1tz&rft.aufirst=Guszt%C3%A1v&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCller%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy2007" class="citation book cs1">Healy, Maureen (2007). <i>Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vienna+and+the+Fall+of+the+Habsburg+Empire%3A+Total+War+and+Everyday+Life+in+World+War+I&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerweg2009" class="citation book cs1">Herweg, Holger H. (2009). <i>The First World War: Germany and Austria–Hungary 1914–1918</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+Germany+and+Austria%E2%80%93Hungary+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Herweg&rft.aufirst=Holger+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJászi1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oszk%C3%A1r_J%C3%A1szi" title="Oszkár Jászi">Jászi, Oszkár</a> (1966). <i>The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy</i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dissolution+of+the+Habsburg+Monarchy&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=J%C3%A1szi&rft.aufirst=Oszk%C3%A1r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151077">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung2003" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Peter (2003). <i>The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I (2)</i>. Bloomsbury USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8417-6594-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-8417-6594-5"><bdi>1-8417-6594-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austro-Hungarian+Forces+in+World+War+I+%282%29&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-8417-6594-5&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKann1977" class="citation book cs1">Kann, Robert A.; et al., eds. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/habsburgempirein00kann"><i>The Habsburg Empire in World War I: Essays on the Intellectual, Military, Political and Economic Aspects of the Habsburg War Effort</i></a>. East European Quarterly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9147-1016-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9147-1016-8"><bdi>0-9147-1016-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habsburg+Empire+in+World+War+I%3A+Essays+on+the+Intellectual%2C+Military%2C+Political+and+Economic+Aspects+of+the+Habsburg+War+Effort&rft.pub=East+European+Quarterly&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-9147-1016-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhabsburgempirein00kann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzenstein1976" class="citation book cs1">Katzenstein, Peter J. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disjoinedpartner00katz"><i>Disjoined partners: Austria and Germany since 1815</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02945-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02945-3"><bdi>978-0-520-02945-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disjoined+partners%3A+Austria+and+Germany+since+1815&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02945-3&rft.aulast=Katzenstein&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisjoinedpartner00katz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapp1984" class="citation journal cs1">Kapp, Richard W. (1984). "Divided Loyalties: The German Reich and Austria–Hungary in Austro-German Discussions of War Aims, 1914–1916". <i>Central European History</i>. <b>17</b> (2–3): 120–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938900016435">10.1017/S0008938900016435</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96478651">96478651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=Divided+Loyalties%3A+The+German+Reich+and+Austria%E2%80%93Hungary+in+Austro-German+Discussions+of+War+Aims%2C+1914%E2%80%931916&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=120-139&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938900016435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96478651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kapp&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kronenbitter, Günther. "Pre-war Military Planning (Austria–Hungary)." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/pdf/1914-1918-Online-pre-war_military_planning_austria-hungary-2016-06-21.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305225841/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/pdf/1914-1918-Online-pre-war_military_planning_austria-hungary-2016-06-21.pdf">Archived</a> 5 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauchensteiner2014" class="citation book cs1">Rauchensteiner, Manfried (2014). <i>The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918</i>. Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-205-79588-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-205-79588-9"><bdi>978-3-205-79588-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War+and+the+End+of+the+Habsburg+Monarchy%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Wien%2FK%C3%B6ln%2FWeimar&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-205-79588-9&rft.aulast=Rauchensteiner&rft.aufirst=Manfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sked, Alan. "Austria–Hungary and the First World War." <i>Histoire@ Politique</i> 1 (2014): 16–49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:NIaCAcV_OMIJ:scholar.google.com/&sciodt=1,27&scillfp=13511954571189006328&oi=ll">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601210553/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:NIaCAcV_OMIJ:scholar.google.com/&sciodt=1,27&scillfp=13511954571189006328&oi=ll">Archived</a> 1 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Tunstall, Graydon A. <i>Austro-Hungarian Army and the First World War</i> (Cambridge University Press 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57600">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212212922/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57600">Archived</a> 12 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Vermes, Gabor <i>István Tisza: The Liberal Vision and Conservative Statecraft of a Magyar Nationalist</i> (Columbia University Press, 1986); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/72fa47c8eff2b658abec0b721f4c8656/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819308">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305222523/https://www.proquest.com/openview/72fa47c8eff2b658abec0b721f4c8656/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819308">Archived</a> 5 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Wank, Solomon. <i>In the Twilight of Empire. Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal (1854–1912): Imperial Habsburg Patriot and Statesman. Vol. 2: From Foreign Minister in Waiting to de facto Chancellor</i> (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2020).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWawro2014" class="citation book cs1">Wawro, Geoffrey (2014). <i>A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mad+Catastrophe%3A+The+Outbreak+of+World+War+I+and+the+Collapse+of+the+Habsburg+Empire&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Wawro&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZametica2017" class="citation book cs1">Zametica, John (2017). <i>Folly and malice: the Habsburg empire, the Balkans and the start of World War One</i>. London: Shepheard–Walwyn. p. 416.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folly+and+malice%3A+the+Habsburg+empire%2C+the+Balkans+and+the+start+of+World+War+One&rft.place=London&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Shepheard%E2%80%93Walwyn&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Zametica&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li>Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. <i> Austro-Hungarian red book.</i> (1915) English translations of official documents to justify the war. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/austrohungarianr00inaust">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaedeker1906" class="citation journal cs1">Baedeker, Karl (1906). "Austria–Hungary, Including Dalmatia and Bosnia. Handbook for Travellers". <i>Bulletin of the American Geographical Society</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F197930">10.2307/197930</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015004037399">2027/mdp.39015004037399</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/197930">197930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Geographical+Society&rft.atitle=Austria%E2%80%93Hungary%2C+Including+Dalmatia+and+Bosnia.+Handbook+for+Travellers&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=208&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015004037399&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F197930%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F197930&rft.aulast=Baedeker&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gooch, G. P. <i>Recent Revelations of European Diplomacy</i> (1940), pp. 103–159 summarizes memoirs of major participants</li> <li>Steed, Henry Wickham. <i>The Hapsburg monarchy</i> (1919) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hapsburgmonarchy00steeuoft">online</a> detailed contemporary account</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3></div> <ul><li>Boyd, Kelly, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writers</i> (Rutledge, 1999) 1:60–63, historiography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeak2014" class="citation journal cs1">Deak, John (2014). "The Great War and the Forgotten Realm: The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>86</b> (2): 336–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F675880">10.1086/675880</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143481172">143481172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Great+War+and+the+Forgotten+Realm%3A+The+Habsburg+Monarchy+and+the+First+World+War&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=336-380&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F675880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143481172%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Deak&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Körner, Axel. "Beyond Nation States: New Perspectives on the Habsburg Empire." <i>European History Quarterly</i> 48.3 (2018): 516–533. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10054341/3/Korner_EHQ%20open%20access.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305230254/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10054341/3/Korner_EHQ%20open%20access.pdf">Archived</a> 5 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKożuchowski2013" class="citation book cs1">Kożuchowski, Adam (2013). <i>The Afterlife of Austria–Hungary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt7zw9vt">10.2307/j.ctt7zw9vt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-822-97917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-822-97917-3"><bdi>978-0-822-97917-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Afterlife+of+Austria%E2%80%93Hungary&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt7zw9vt&rft.isbn=978-0-822-97917-3&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%BCuchowski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kwan, Jonathan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/2267107">"Review Article: Nationalism and all that: Reassessing the Habsburg Monarchy and its legacy"</a>. <i>European History Quarterly</i>. <b>41</b>: 88–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265691410386424">10.1177/0265691410386424</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143745426">143745426</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222223838/https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/2267107">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Review+Article%3A+Nationalism+and+all+that%3A+Reassessing+the+Habsburg+Monarchy+and+its+legacy&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=88-108&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265691410386424&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143745426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kwan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnottingham-repository.worktribe.com%2Foutput%2F2267107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustria-Hungary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sked, Alan. "Explaining the Habsburg Empire, 1830–90." in Pamela Pilbeam, ed., <i>Themes in Modern European History 1830–1890</i> (Routledge, 2002) pp. 141–176.</li> <li>Sked, Alan. "Austria–Hungary and the First World War." <i>Histoire Politique</i> 1 (2014): 16–49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-politique-2014-1-page-16.htm">online free</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831072114/https://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-politique-2014-1-page-16.htm">Archived</a> 31 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> historiography</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_German">In German</h3></div> <ul><li><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen</i></span></i>. (ed.: Rudolf Rothaug), K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt, Vienna, 1911.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire#Q28513" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Austria-Hungary" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Articles relating to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/regions/Austria-Hungary">Austria–Hungary</a> at the International Encyclopedia of the First World War.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/germany/haxhabsbdaust.html">Habsburg Empire Austrian line</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579967_1____7/austria-hungary.html">Microsoft Encarta: The height of the dual monarchy</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090828223628/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579967_1____7/austria-hungary.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103094710/http://www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/">The Austro-Hungarian Military</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngw.nl/int/oos/ooshong/ooshong.htm">Heraldry of the Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112124023/http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Austria_Hungary.html">Austria–Hungary</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 12 January 2008) – extensive list of <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of state">heads of state</a>, ministers, and ambassadors</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geldschein.at/">History of Austro-Hungarian currency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.o/o818181.htm;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en">Austria–Hungary, Dual Monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414175743/http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19181025/">Map of Europe</a> and the collapse of Austria–Hungary at omniatlas.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1911/15059">Mangham, Arthur Neal. The Social Bases of Austrian Politics: The German Electoral Districts of Cisleithania, 1900–1914. Ph.D. thesis 1974</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/index.htm">Austro-Hungarian Land Forces 1848–1918</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528102034/http://www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/index.htm">Archived</a> 28 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldphoto.info">Oldphoto.info – Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Army</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/">HABSBURG is an email discussion list dealing with the culture and history of the Habsburg monarchy and its successor states in central Europe since 1500</a>, with discussions, syllabi, book reviews, queries, conferences; edited daily by scholars since 1994</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dissolution_of_Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Template:Dissolution of Austria–Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dissolution_of_Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Template talk:Dissolution of Austria–Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dissolution_of_Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dissolution of Austria–Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">Dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(for Austria)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(for Hungary)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Carinthian_plebiscite" title="1920 Carinthian plebiscite">1920 Carinthian plebiscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopron_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopron plebiscite">1921 Sopron plebiscite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hod%C5%BEa-Bartha_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hodža-Bartha Agreement (page does not exist)">Hodža-Bartha Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pichon_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pichon Line (page does not exist)">Pichon Line</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthelot-Ap%C3%A1thy_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthelot-Apáthy Agreement (page does not exist)">Berthelot-Apáthy Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vix_Note" title="Vix Note">Vix Note</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smuts_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smuts Mission (page does not exist)">Smuts Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemenceau_Note&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemenceau Note (page does not exist)">Clemenceau Note</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clerk_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clerk Mission (page does not exist)">Clerk Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Italian Regency of Carnaro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;;">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_German_Bohemia" title="Province of German Bohemia">German Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_the_Sudetenland" title="Province of the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Forest_Region" title="Bohemian Forest Region">Bohemian Forest Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_South_Moravia" title="German South Moravia">German South Moravia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;;">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Hungarian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;;">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zakopane" title="Republic of Zakopane">Republic of Zakopane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat,_Ba%C4%8Dka_and_Baranja" title="Banat, Bačka and Baranja">Banat, Bačka and Baranja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian-Hungarian_Baranya-Baja_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic">Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komancza_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Komancza Republic">Komancza Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Republic of Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemko_Republic" title="Lemko Republic">Lemko Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Heinzenland" title="Republic of Heinzenland">Republic of Heinzenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Republic" title="Slovak People's Republic">Slovak People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsul_Republic" title="Hutsul Republic">Hutsul Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Prekmurje" title="Republic of Prekmurje">Republic of Prekmurje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galician Soviet Socialist Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Russian Civil War spill over)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajtab%C3%A1ns%C3%A1g" title="Lajtabánság">Lajtabánság</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a> to Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and Transylvania to Romania</li> <li>South Tyrol and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Austrian Littoral</a> to Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin">Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin</a> to China</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post World War I<br />armed conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aster_Revolution" title="Aster Revolution">Aster Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia" title="Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia">Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Polish–Czechoslovak War">Polish–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Hungarian–Czechoslovak War">Hungarian–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_occupation_of_Pokuttia" title="Romanian occupation of Pokuttia">Romanian occupation of Pokuttia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_West_Hungary" title="Uprising in West Hungary">Uprising in West Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buda%C3%B6rs" title="Battle of Budaörs">Battle of Budaörs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Austria-Hungary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Template:Subdivisions of Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Template talk:Subdivisions of Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_Austria-Hungary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subdivisions of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austria-Hungary</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">Duchy of Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Duchy of Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Austrian Littoral</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gorizia_and_Gradisca" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorizia and Gradisca">Gorizia and Gradisca</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria#Habsburg_Margraviate" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Margraviate of Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Salzburg" title="Duchy of Salzburg">Duchy of Salzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Duchy of Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">County of Tyrol</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Vorarlberg" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Vorarlberg">County of Vorarlberg</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transleithania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transleithania">Transleithania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">Fiume and its surroundings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Frontier" title="Military Frontier">Military Frontier</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1867–1882)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominiums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>de jure</i> 1908–1918; <i>de facto</i> 1878–1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(de facto 1878–1908)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Carpathian passes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin">Concession zone in Tianjin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1917)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elections_in_the_Austrian_Empire_and_in_Austria-Hungary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_Austria-Hungary" title="Template:Elections in Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_Austria-Hungary" title="Template talk:Elections in Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_Austria-Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elections_in_the_Austrian_Empire_and_in_Austria-Hungary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elections in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austria-Hungary</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cisleithania" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Austria)" title="Imperial Council (Austria)">Cisleithania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848_Cisleithanian_legislative_election" title="1848 Cisleithanian legislative election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1867_Cisleithanian_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1867 Cisleithanian legislative election (page does not exist)">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1871%E2%80%931872_Cisleithanian_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1871–1872 Cisleithanian legislative election (page does not exist)">1871–1872</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1873_Cisleithanian_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1873 Cisleithanian legislative election (page does not exist)">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1879_Cisleithanian_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1879 Cisleithanian legislative election (page does not exist)">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1885_Cisleithanian_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1885 Cisleithanian legislative election (page does not exist)">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_Cisleithanian_legislative_election" title="1891 Cisleithanian legislative election">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Cisleithanian_legislative_election" title="1897 Cisleithanian legislative election">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900%E2%80%931901_Cisleithanian_legislative_election" title="1900–1901 Cisleithanian legislative election">1900–1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Cisleithanian_legislative_election" title="1907 Cisleithanian legislative election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Cisleithanian_legislative_election" title="1911 Cisleithanian legislative election">1911</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Transleithania" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Transleithania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1848_Hungarian_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1848 Hungarian parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1861 Hungarian parliamentary election">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1865 Hungarian parliamentary election">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1869 Hungarian parliamentary election">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1872 Hungarian parliamentary election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1875 Hungarian parliamentary election">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1878 Hungarian parliamentary election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1881 Hungarian parliamentary election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1884 Hungarian parliamentary election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1887 Hungarian parliamentary election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1892 Hungarian parliamentary election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1896 Hungarian parliamentary election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1901_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1901 Hungarian parliamentary election">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1905 Hungarian parliamentary election">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1906 Hungarian parliamentary election">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1910 Hungarian parliamentary election">1910</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatia-Slavonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1848_Croatian_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1848 Croatian parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861_Croatian_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1861 Croatian parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1865_Croatian_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1865 Croatian parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1867_Croatian_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1867 Croatian parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1871_Croatian_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1871 Croatian parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1872_Croatian_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1872 Croatian parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1878_Croatian_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1878 Croatian parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1881_Croatian_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1881 Croatian parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1883_Croatian_parliamentary_by-election" title="1883 Croatian parliamentary by-election">1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1884 Croatian parliamentary election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1887 Croatian parliamentary election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1892 Croatian parliamentary election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1897 Croatian parliamentary election">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1901_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1901 Croatian parliamentary election">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1906 Croatian parliamentary election">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1908 Croatian parliamentary election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1910 Croatian parliamentary election">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1911 Croatian parliamentary election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1913 Croatian parliamentary election">1913</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Dalmatia" title="Diet of Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1861_Dalmatian_parliamentary_election" title="1861 Dalmatian parliamentary election">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Dalmatian_parliamentary_election" title="1864 Dalmatian parliamentary election">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Dalmatian_parliamentary_election" title="1867 Dalmatian parliamentary election">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Dalmatian_parliamentary_election" title="1870 Dalmatian parliamentary election">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Dalmatian_parliamentary_election" title="1876 Dalmatian parliamentary election">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1883_Dalmatian_parliamentary_election" title="1883 Dalmatian parliamentary election">1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Dalmatian_parliamentary_election" title="1889 Dalmatian parliamentary election">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Dalmatian_parliamentary_election" title="1895 Dalmatian parliamentary election">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1901_Dalmatian_parliamentary_election" title="1901 Dalmatian parliamentary election">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Dalmatian_parliamentary_election" title="1908 Dalmatian parliamentary election">1908</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Bosnia" title="Diet of Bosnia">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/1910_Bosnian_parliamentary_election" title="1910 Bosnian parliamentary election">1910</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austro-Hungarian_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Template:Military of Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Template talk:Military of Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of Austria-Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austro-Hungarian_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Armed_Forces" title="Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces">Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Army" title="Common Army">Common Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial-Royal_Landwehr" title="Imperial-Royal Landwehr">Imperial Austrian Landwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privilegiertes_uniformiertes_Grazer_B%C3%BCrgerkorps" title="Privilegiertes uniformiertes Grazer Bürgerkorps">Privilegiertes uniformiertes Grazer Bürgerkorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Honv%C3%A9d" title="Royal Hungarian Honvéd">Royal Hungarian Honvéd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Croatian_Home_Guard" title="Royal Croatian Home Guard">Royal Croatian Home Guard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Home_Guard_Infantry_Division" title="42nd Home Guard Infantry Division">42nd Inf. Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Army_(Austria-Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Army (Austria-Hungary)">First Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_insignia_of_the_Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Rank insignia of the Austro-Hungarian Army">Rank insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidenzbureau" title="Evidenzbureau">Military Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponry_of_the_Austro-Hungarian_Empire" title="Weaponry of the Austro-Hungarian Empire">Weaponry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Infantry" title="Imperial and Royal Infantry">Imperial and Royal Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_companies" title="Alpine companies">Alpine companies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K.u.k._Feldj%C3%A4ger" title="K.u.k. Feldjäger">Feldjäger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaiserj%C3%A4ger" title="Kaiserjäger">Kaiserjäger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial-Royal_Mountain_Troops" title="Imperial-Royal Mountain Troops">Imperial-Royal Mountain Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Dragoons" title="Imperial and Royal Dragoons">Imperial and Royal Dragoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Hussars" title="Imperial and Royal Hussars">Imperial and Royal Hussars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Uhlans" title="Imperial and Royal Uhlans">Imperial and Royal Uhlans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Standsch%C3%BCtzen" title="Standschützen">Standschützen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzkorps" title="Schutzkorps">Schutzkorps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grenz_infantry" title="Grenz infantry">Grenz infantry</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormtroopers_(Imperial_Germany)#Austro-Hungarian_assault_units" title="Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)">Stormtroopers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/50px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/75px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg/100px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Empire_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /><br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg/50px-Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg/75px-Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg/100px-Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Kriegsmarine</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_in_the_Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Ranks in the Austro-Hungarian Navy">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_Austria-Hungary" title="List of battleships of Austria-Hungary">Battleships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cruisers_of_Austria-Hungary" title="List of cruisers of Austria-Hungary">Cruisers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austro-Hungarian_U-boats" title="List of Austro-Hungarian U-boats">U-Boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K.u.K._Seefliegerkorps" class="mw-redirect" title="K.u.K. Seefliegerkorps">Seefliegerkorps</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Danube_Flotilla" title="Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla">Danube Flotilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Aviation_Troops" title="Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops">Luftfahrtruppen</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Aviation_Troops#Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops">Aircraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Minister of War (Austria-Hungary)">Ministers for War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feldmarschalleutnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldmarschalleutnant">Feldmarschalleutnant</a> (FML) <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_John" title="Franz von John">Franz Freiherr von John</a></li> <li>FML Franz Kuhn <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_insignia_of_the_Austro-Hungarian_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank insignia of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces">General der Kavallerie</a> (GdK) Alexander <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> von Koller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldzeugmeister" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldzeugmeister">Feldzeugmeister</a> (FZM) Arthur Maximilian <a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Graf</a> Bylandt-Rheydt (der Ältere)</li> <li>FZM Ferdinand <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> Bauer</li> <li>FZM Rudolf <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> Merkl</li> <li>GdK Edmund <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> von Krieghammer</li> <li>FZM Heinrich <a href="/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter">Ritter</a> von Pitreich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Infantry_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="General of the Infantry (Austria)">General der Infanterie</a> (GdI) Franz <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Freiherr</a> Schönaich</li> <li>GdI <a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Auffenberg" title="Moritz von Auffenberg">Moritz Ritter Auffenberg von Komarów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldmarschall" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldmarschall">Feldmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Krobatin" title="Alexander von Krobatin">Alexander Freiherr von Krobatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaloberst" title="Generaloberst">Generaloberst</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_St%C3%B6ger-Steiner_von_Steinst%C3%A4tten" title="Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten">Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Imperial_and_Royal_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Commander of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces">Supreme Commander of the Imperial<br />and Royal Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Francis Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_K%C3%B6vess_von_K%C3%B6vessh%C3%A1za" title="Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza">Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chiefs of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_General_Staff" title="Austro-Hungarian General Staff">General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>FML Josef Wilhelm Freiher von Gallina</li> <li>FML <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_John" title="Franz von John">Franz Freiherr von John</a></li> <li>FML Anton Freiherr von Schönfeld</li> <li>FZM <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Beck-Rzikowsky" title="Friedrich von Beck-Rzikowsky">Friedrich Graf von Beck-Rzikowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Conrad_von_H%C3%B6tzendorf" title="Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf">Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a> <a href="/wiki/Blasius_von_Schemua" title="Blasius von Schemua">Blasius von Schemua</a></li> <li>GdI <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Arz_von_Strau%C3%9Fenburg" title="Arthur Arz von Straußenburg">Arthur Arz von Straußenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commanders-in-Chief<br />of the Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Tegetthoff" title="Wilhelm von Tegetthoff">VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_P%C3%B6ck" title="Friedrich von Pöck">Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Daublebsky_von_Sterneck" title="Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck">Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Spaun" title="Hermann von Spaun">Hermann Freiherr von Spaun</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Montecuccoli" title="Rudolf Montecuccoli">Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Haus" title="Anton Haus">Grand Adm Anton Haus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Njegovan" title="Maximilian Njegovan">Adm Maximilian Njegovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Adm Miklós Horthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heads of the<br />Naval Section</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Tegetthoff" title="Wilhelm von Tegetthoff">VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_P%C3%B6ck" title="Friedrich von Pöck">Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Daublebsky_von_Sterneck" title="Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck">Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Spaun" title="Hermann von Spaun">Hermann Freiherr von Spaun</a></li> <li>VAdm <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Montecuccoli" title="Rudolf Montecuccoli">Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Haus" title="Anton Haus">Grand Adm Anton Haus</a></li> <li>Adm Karl Kailer von Kaltenfels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Njegovan" title="Maximilian Njegovan">Adm Maximilian Njegovan</a></li> <li>RAdm Franz von Holub</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Eugen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Eugen of Austria">Archduke Eugen of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Rohr_von_Denta" title="Franz Rohr von Denta">Franz Rohr von Denta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_B%C3%B6hm-Ermolli" title="Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli">Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Boroevi%C4%87" title="Svetozar Boroević">Svetozar Boroević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_August_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph August of Austria">Archduke Joseph August of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%B6hme" title="Franz Böhme">Franz Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Jela%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Josip Jelačić">Josip Jelačić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Burstyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Günther Burstyn">Günther Burstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Dragi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Georg Dragičević">Georg Dragičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Durski-Trzaska" title="Karol Durski-Trzaska">Karol Durski-Trzaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Flondor" title="Gheorghe Flondor">Gheorghe Flondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Rozwadowski" title="Tadeusz Rozwadowski">Tadeusz Rozwadowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Maister" title="Rudolf Maister">Rudolf Maister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Phleps" title="Artur Phleps">Artur Phleps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Potiorek" title="Oskar Potiorek">Oskar Potiorek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Redl" title="Alfred Redl">Alfred Redl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Ronge" title="Maximilian Ronge">Maximilian Ronge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dankl_von_Krasnik" title="Viktor Dankl von Krasnik">Viktor Dankl von Krasnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Graf_von_Scheuchenstuel" title="Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel">Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Sarkoti%C4%87" title="Stjepan Sarkotić">Stjepan Sarkotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Freiherr_von_Banfield" title="Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield">Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Stephen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria">Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Keil" title="Franz von Keil">Franz von Keil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Luppis" title="Giovanni Luppis">Giovanni Luppis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Trapp" title="Georg von Trapp">Georg von Trapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukovi%C4%87" title="Janko Vuković">Janko Vuković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austria_topics" title="Template:Austria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austria_topics" title="Template talk:Austria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Austria" title="Outline of Austria">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Noricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Noricum">Kingdom of Noricum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugiland" title="Rugiland">Rugiland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Austria" title="Margraviate of Austria">Margraviate of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Duchy of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Siege of Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Constitution_(Austria)" title="March Constitution (Austria)">March Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">German Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Federal State of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostmark_(Austria)" title="Ostmark (Austria)">Ostmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Allied-administered Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vienna" title="History of Vienna">History of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Austria" title="Military history of Austria">Military history of Austria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Austria" title="Geography of Austria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_states_of_Austria" title="Federal states of Austria">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps_conifer_and_mixed_forests" title="Alps conifer and mixed forests">Alps conifer and mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Austria" title="List of cities and towns in Austria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Austria" title="Districts of Austria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Austria" title="List of ecoregions in Austria">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Austria" title="List of lakes of Austria">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_of_Austria" title="List of highest mountains of Austria">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_mixed_forests" title="Pannonian mixed forests">Pannonian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Austria" title="List of rivers of Austria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Austria">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_broadleaf_forests" title="Western European broadleaf forests">Western European broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Austria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Austria">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Austria" title="Politics of Austria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Austria" title="Climate change in Austria">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Austria" title="Constitution of Austria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Austria" title="Elections in Austria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Austria" title="Foreign relations of Austria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Austria" title="Government of Austria">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Austria" title="Human rights in Austria">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Austria" title="Law of Austria">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Austria" title="Law enforcement in Austria">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Austria">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Austria" title="Judiciary of Austria">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Armed_Forces" title="Austrian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament" title="Austrian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Austria" title="List of political parties in Austria">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Austria" title="Agriculture in Austria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Austria" title="Banking in Austria">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Austria" title="List of companies of Austria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Austria" title="Energy in Austria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Austria (page does not exist)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Austria" title="Taxation in Austria">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Austria" title="Tourism in Austria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Austria" title="Transport in Austria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Austria" title="Category:Society of Austria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Austria" title="Abortion in Austria">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Austria" title="Crime in Austria">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Austria" title="Demographics of Austria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Austria" title="Demographics of Austria">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Austria" title="Healthcare in Austria">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Austria" title="Languages of Austria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Austria" title="Pornography in Austria">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Austria" title="Prostitution in Austria">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Austria" title="Freedom of religion in Austria">freedom of religion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Austria" title="Women in Austria">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Austria">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Austria" title="Coat of arms of Austria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Austria" title="Flag of Austria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Austria">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Austria" title="List of museums in Austria">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Austria" title="National anthem of Austria">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Austria" title="Public holidays in Austria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Austria" title="Sport in Austria">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Austria" title="Outline of Austria">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Austria" title="Outline of Austria">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austria" title="Category:Austria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hungary_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungary_topics" title="Template talk:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungary_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Late Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian wars">Ottoman–Hungarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Habsburg Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Interwar Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary#Third_Republic_(since_1989)" title="History of Hungary">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#History_of_the_Hungarian_economy" title="Economy of Hungary">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Hungary" title="Administrative divisions of Hungary">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary" title="List of cities and towns of Hungary">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hungary" title="Climate of Hungary">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary#Extreme_points" title="Geography of Hungary">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Hungary" title="Category:Geology of Hungary">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Hungary" title="Hydrology of Hungary">Hydrology</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hungary" title="List of islands of Hungary">Islands</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hungary" title="List of lakes of Hungary">Lakes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hungary" title="List of rivers of Hungary">Rivers</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Hungary" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Hungary">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Hungary" title="List of national parks of Hungary">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Hungary" title="List of regions of Hungary">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hungary" title="Human rights in Hungary">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Hungarian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Hungary" title="Category:Law of Hungary">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Hungary)" title="Chief of General Staff (Hungary)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hungary" title="List of political parties in Hungary">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="List of heads of state of Hungary"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="List of prime ministers of Hungary"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Agriculture" title="Economy of Hungary">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hungary" title="List of banks in Hungary">Banks</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hungary" title="List of companies of Hungary">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Forint </a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Industry" title="Economy of Hungary">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Hungary" title="Science and technology in Hungary">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Stock_Exchange" title="Budapest Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hungary" title="Taxation in Hungary">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hungary" title="Tourism in Hungary">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_Hungary" title="Category:Trade unions in Hungary">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hungary" title="Transport in Hungary">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Hungary" title="Unemployment in Hungary">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Hungary" title="Category:Society of Hungary">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Anti-Hungarian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hungary" title="Crime in Hungary">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Education</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary" title="List of universities and colleges in Hungary">Universities and colleges</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary" title="Family policy in Hungary">Family policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hungary" title="Health in Hungary">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hungary" title="Healthcare in Hungary">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Hungary" title="Human trafficking in Hungary">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Hungary" title="International rankings of Hungary">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hungary">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hungary" title="Prostitution in Hungary">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hungary" title="Public holidays in Hungary">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hungary" title="Women in Hungary">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hungary" title="Architecture of Hungary">Architecture</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Hungary" title="List of castles in Hungary">Castles</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of palaces in Hungary">Palaces and mansions</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_art" title="Hungarian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Wine</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Hungary" title="Beer in Hungary">Beer</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_dishes" title="List of Hungarian dishes">Dishes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_sausages" title="Hungarian sausages">Sausages</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Fashion_Week" title="Budapest Fashion Week">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Hungary" title="Category:Festivals in Hungary">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_folklore" title="Category:Hungarian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_inventions" title="Category:Hungarian inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Hungary">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary#Spa_culture" title="Culture of Hungary">Spa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics" title="Hungary at the Olympics">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Hungary" title="National symbols of Hungary">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hungary" title="Television in Hungary">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hungary" title="List of theatres in Hungary">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Hungary" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hungary" title="Outline of Hungary">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungary" title="Category:Hungary">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28513#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075613-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50057161">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153768385">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153768385">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36013103">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rakousko-Uhersko"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130613&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90353032">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000195320&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl02143630vh5lt">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810640528405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/3330">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557376605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11784751?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1185462">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02635991X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044586">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42409">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Austria-Hungary&params=48_12_27_N_16_21_54_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°12′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">16°21′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.20750°N 16.36500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.20750; 16.36500</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFCipolla1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCirkovic2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCitype_–_Internet_–_Portal_Betriebsges.m.b.H\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornelius2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornwall1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornwall2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornwall2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeak2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDedijer1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDjordjevićRichard_B._Spence1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDániel_SzabóZoltán_FónagyIstván_SzathmáriTünde_Császtvay\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDžaja1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_Roman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinestoneMassie1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiant1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGioseffi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrátzSchüller1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGyula_Andrássy1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeadlam1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeadlam1911b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealy2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHerweg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoke1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIván_T._Berend2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayne1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Scott-Keltie1919\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJudson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJung2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJászi1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKann1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKann1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKannyes1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapp1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKappeler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaradyNagy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatzenstein1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeleher1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotulla2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKożuchowski2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKröll2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanger1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaszlo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesaffer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowry2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLászló_Sebők2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMax-Stephan_Schulze1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitrović2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMowat1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMühlberger2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicoară1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman_Davies2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopovici1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPribram\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPribram1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPublishers\u0026#039;_Association,_Booksellers_Association_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRauchensteiner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_B._KaplanRichard_B._Baldauf2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoiderWagnleitnerFellnerZöllner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRotar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothenberg1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchindler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchindler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulze2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShanafelt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSked1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpicijarić_Paškvan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStangl2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteed1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwiggum2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzávai\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1964\"] = 1,\n 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