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In the present study, green monkey kidney (E6) cells infected at 30°C, 35°C or 37°C with V. corneae developed enlarged multinucleate structures of up to 200 µm in any horizontal dimension made up either of a single cell or of multiple fused cells. A number of epithelial cell types (SW-480, HT-29, Caco-2 and HCT-8) were infected with V. corneae but did not induce the same highly organized structures, suggesting that for the structure to develop, the host cell must be capable of continued mitosis, and not be differentiated or be detaching from the surface matrix. Live cell imaging of infected E6 cells revealed large, multinucleate infected cells characterized by a central focus from which radiated parasite stages and host cell mitochondria. Immunocytochemistry identifying γ and α tubulin suggested that a single centrally-located microtubule organizing centre governed the distribution of parasite stages and host cell organelles, with mitochondria and parasites being eventually transported towards the periphery of the structure. Whole cell patch clamp analysis of infected cells indicated an average five-fold increase in total membrane capacitance, consistent with an enlarged single cell. Scanning electron microscopy revealed cell-like protrusions around the periphery of the structure with the intervening space being made up of parasites and cell debris. Clearly in the case of V. corneae-infected E6 cells the parasite-host cell relationship involves subverting the host cell cytoskeleton and cell volume control, providing the parasite with the same protected niche as does a xenoma.","publication_date":"2013,,","publication_name":"Folia Parasitologica","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"39464280"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Multinucleate host cells induced by Vittaforma corneae (Microsporidia)","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [37081804]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":39464280,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Multinucleate host cells induced by Vittaforma corneae (Microsporidia)”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39464280/mini_magick20190222-22910-1v16094.png?1550896319" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Multinucleate host cells induced by Vittaforma corneae (Microsporidia)</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37081804" href="https://cdc.academia.edu/GovindaVisvesvara"><img alt="Profile image of Govinda Visvesvara" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Govinda Visvesvara</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2013, Folia Parasitologica</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 17355985; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The microsporidium Vittaforma corneae develops within the target cell cytoplasm. In the present study, green monkey kidney (E6) cells infected at 30°C, 35°C or 37°C with V. corneae developed enlarged multinucleate structures of up to 200 µm in any horizontal dimension made up either of a single cell or of multiple fused cells. A number of epithelial cell types (SW-480, HT-29, Caco-2 and HCT-8) were infected with V. corneae but did not induce the same highly organized structures, suggesting that for the structure to develop, the host cell must be capable of continued mitosis, and not be differentiated or be detaching from the surface matrix. Live cell imaging of infected E6 cells revealed large, multinucleate infected cells characterized by a central focus from which radiated parasite stages and host cell mitochondria. Immunocytochemistry identifying γ and α tubulin suggested that a single centrally-located microtubule organizing centre governed the distribution of parasite stages and host cell organelles, with mitochondria and parasites being eventually transported towards the periphery of the structure. Whole cell patch clamp analysis of infected cells indicated an average five-fold increase in total membrane capacitance, consistent with an enlarged single cell. Scanning electron microscopy revealed cell-like protrusions around the periphery of the structure with the intervening space being made up of parasites and cell debris. Clearly in the case of V. corneae-infected E6 cells the parasite-host cell relationship involves subverting the host cell cytoskeleton and cell volume control, providing the parasite with the same protected niche as does a xenoma.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":39464280,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/17355985/Multinucleate_host_cells_induced_by_Vittaforma_corneae_Microsporidia_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":39464280,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/17355985/Multinucleate_host_cells_induced_by_Vittaforma_corneae_Microsporidia_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="39464280" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/17355985/Multinucleate_host_cells_induced_by_Vittaforma_corneae_Microsporidia_" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="48925099" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48925099/Segregation_of_a_microsporidian_parasite_during_host_cell_mitosis">Segregation of a microsporidian parasite during host cell mitosis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49140679" href="https://independent.academia.edu/dunnalison">alison dunn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Parasitology, 1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We investigated the segregation of an intracellular microsporidian parasite during host cell division. A time-course experiment was carried out to examine the distribution of parasites relative to host chromosomal DNA via light and electron microscopy. Fluorescent light microscopy and EM studies showed that the parasite lay in the perinuclear zone of the host cell during interphase and segregated to daughter cells at mitosis. At metaphase, the parasite was frequently closely associated with host microtubules and mitochondria. Electron-dense bridges were observed between the parasites and the host microtubules and also between host mitochondria and microtubules. The study suggests that both the parasite and the host cell organelles segregate in association with spindle microtubules.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Segregation of a microsporidian parasite during host cell mitosis","attachmentId":67328793,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48925099/Segregation_of_a_microsporidian_parasite_during_host_cell_mitosis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48925099/Segregation_of_a_microsporidian_parasite_during_host_cell_mitosis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="52451361" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52451361/Vittaforma_corneae_N_Comb_for_the_Human_Microsporidium_Nosema_corneum_Shadduck_Meccoli_Davis_and_Font_1990_Based_on_its_Ultrastructure_in_the_Liver_of_Experimentally_Infected_Athymic_Mice">Vittaforma corneae N. Comb. for the Human Microsporidium Nosema corneum Shadduck, Meccoli, Davis & Font, 1990, Based on its Ultrastructure in the Liver of Experimentally Infected Athymic Mice</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32631357" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SilveiraH">Henrique Silveira</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 1995</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A new genus, Vittuforma n. g. is proposed for the human microsporidium Nosema corneum Shadduck, Meccoli, Davis & Font, 1990, based on the ultrastructure ofdevelopmental stages in the liver ofexperimentally infected athymic mice. The diplokaryotic arrangement of the nuclei is the only character that conforms with the description of the genus Nosema. 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Comb. for the human microsporidium Nosema corneum Shadduck, Meccoli, Davis & Front, 1990, based on its ultrastructure in the liver of experimentally infected athymic mice</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32631357" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SilveiraH">Henrique Silveira</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 1995</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A new genus, Vittuforma n. g. is proposed for the human microsporidium Nosema corneum Shadduck, Meccoli, Davis & Font, 1990, based on the ultrastructure ofdevelopmental stages in the liver ofexperimentally infected athymic mice. The diplokaryotic arrangement of the nuclei is the only character that conforms with the description of the genus Nosema. Sporogony is polysporoblastic, sporonts are ribbon-shaped, constricting to give rise to linear arrays of sporoblasts and each parasite is enveloped by a complete cisterna of host endoplasmic reticulum. Comparison of N. corneum, with established genera revealed that there were none with the same combination of characters. Consequently it is proposed that Nosema corneum be placed in a new genus as Vittaforma corneae n. comb.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Vittaforma corneae N. Comb. for the human microsporidium Nosema corneum Shadduck, Meccoli, Davis \u0026 Front, 1990, based on its ultrastructure in the liver of experimentally infected athymic mice","attachmentId":69708460,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52451385/Vittaforma_corneae_N_Comb_for_the_human_microsporidium_Nosema_corneum_Shadduck_Meccoli_Davis_and_Front_1990_based_on_its_ultrastructure_in_the_liver_of_experimentally_infected_athymic_mice","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52451385/Vittaforma_corneae_N_Comb_for_the_human_microsporidium_Nosema_corneum_Shadduck_Meccoli_Davis_and_Front_1990_based_on_its_ultrastructure_in_the_liver_of_experimentally_infected_athymic_mice"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="27530838" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27530838/Loose_and_Compact_Agglomerates_of_50_NM_Microvesicles_Derived_from_Golgi_and_Endoplasmic_Reticulum_Membranes_in_Pre_and_in_Apoptotic_Mycoplasma_Infected_Hela_Cells_Host_Parasite_Interactions_Under_the_Transmission_Electron_Microscope">Loose and Compact Agglomerates of 50 NM Microvesicles Derived from Golgi and Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes in Pre- and in -Apoptotic Mycoplasma Infected Hela Cells: Host-Parasite Interactions Under the Transmission Electron Microscope</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51691491" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LaryssaFontoura">Laryssa Fontoura</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Loose and Compact Agglomerates of 50 NM Microvesicles Derived from Golgi and Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes in Pre- and in -Apoptotic Mycoplasma Infected Hela Cells: Host-Parasite Interactions Under the Transmission Electron Microscope","attachmentId":47785335,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27530838/Loose_and_Compact_Agglomerates_of_50_NM_Microvesicles_Derived_from_Golgi_and_Endoplasmic_Reticulum_Membranes_in_Pre_and_in_Apoptotic_Mycoplasma_Infected_Hela_Cells_Host_Parasite_Interactions_Under_the_Transmission_Electron_Microscope","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27530838/Loose_and_Compact_Agglomerates_of_50_NM_Microvesicles_Derived_from_Golgi_and_Endoplasmic_Reticulum_Membranes_in_Pre_and_in_Apoptotic_Mycoplasma_Infected_Hela_Cells_Host_Parasite_Interactions_Under_the_Transmission_Electron_Microscope"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="33401270" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33401270/Invasion_and_Intracellular_Survival_by_Protozoan_Parasites">Invasion and Intracellular Survival by Protozoan Parasites</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65366036" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnaCarolinaQueirozdeMendon%C3%A7a">Ana Carolina Queiroz de Mendonça</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Intracellular parasitism has arisen only a few times during the long ancestry of protozoan parasites including in diverse groups such as microsporidians, kinetoplastids, and apicomplexans. Strategies used to gain entry differ widely from injection (e.g. microsporidians), active penetration of the host cell (e.g. Toxoplasma), recruitment of lysosomes to a plasma membrane wound (e.g. Trypanosoma cruzi), to host cell-mediated phagocytosis (e.g. Leishmania). The resulting range of intracellular niches is equally diverse ranging from cytosolic (e.g. T. cruzi) to residing within a nonfusigenic vacuole (e.g. Toxoplasma, Encephalitizoon) or a modified phagolysosome (e.g. Leishmania). These lifestyle choices influence access to nutrients, interaction with host cell signaling pathways, and detection by pathogen recognition systems. As such, intracellular life requires a repertoire of adaptations to assure entry-exit from the cell, as well as to thwart innate immune mechanisms and prevent clearance. Elucidating these pathways at the cellular and molecular level may identify key steps that can be targeted to reduce parasite survival or augment immunological responses and thereby prevent disease.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Invasion and Intracellular Survival by Protozoan Parasites","attachmentId":53456235,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33401270/Invasion_and_Intracellular_Survival_by_Protozoan_Parasites","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33401270/Invasion_and_Intracellular_Survival_by_Protozoan_Parasites"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="17478131" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17478131/Infection_by_Microsporidia_Disrupts_the_Host_Cell_Cycle">Infection by Microsporidia Disrupts the Host Cell Cycle</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37081804" href="https://cdc.academia.edu/GovindaVisvesvara">Govinda Visvesvara</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Microsporidia of the genus Encephulitozoon infect mammalian cells and have become a source of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised humans. Encephulitozoon microsporidia develop and mature within parasitophorous vacuoles, enlarging the vacuole over time until it eventually occupies most of the cytoplasm of the host cell. The ability of the host cell to accommodate such a large burden for several days suggests that the parasite subverts normal host cell processes to ensure optimal environmental conditions for its growth and development. Since this environment would be threatened if cell division of the host cell occurred, we have formulated the hypothesis that infection with Encephalitozoon microsporidia induces an arrest in the cell cycle of the host cell. In support of this hypothesis, we have found that mitotic index and DNA duplication are reduced in infected cells as compared to uninfected cells. The number of host cell nuclei in S phase is increased. The levels of cyclin D1 and the percentage of cells in G1 are reduced; however, the levels of cyclin B 1 are elevated even though the percentage of cells in G2/M is decreased. These results suggest that host cells infected with Encephalitozoon microsporidia are blocked at multiple points in the cell cycle.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Infection by Microsporidia Disrupts the Host Cell Cycle","attachmentId":39532590,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17478131/Infection_by_Microsporidia_Disrupts_the_Host_Cell_Cycle","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17478131/Infection_by_Microsporidia_Disrupts_the_Host_Cell_Cycle"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="69226870" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69226870/Cell_biology_of_pathogenic_protozoa_and_their_interaction_with_host_cells">Cell biology of pathogenic protozoa and their interaction with host cells</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5270123" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KevinTan6">Kevin Tan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BioMed research international, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cell biology of pathogenic protozoa and their interaction with host cells","attachmentId":79402999,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69226870/Cell_biology_of_pathogenic_protozoa_and_their_interaction_with_host_cells","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69226870/Cell_biology_of_pathogenic_protozoa_and_their_interaction_with_host_cells"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="18156019" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18156019/Cytoskeleton_of_Apicomplexan_Parasites">Cytoskeleton of Apicomplexan Parasites</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38120897" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NaomiMorrissette">Naomi Morrissette</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cytoskeleton of Apicomplexan Parasites","attachmentId":39905180,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18156019/Cytoskeleton_of_Apicomplexan_Parasites","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18156019/Cytoskeleton_of_Apicomplexan_Parasites"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="14100549" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14100549/Host_cell_invasion_by_malaria_parasites_insights_from_Plasmodium_and_Toxoplasma">Host-cell invasion by malaria parasites: insights from Plasmodium and Toxoplasma</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33106564" href="https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/FriedrichFrischknecht">Friedrich Frischknecht</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Trends in Parasitology, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Recent years have seen tremendous progress in our understanding of malaria parasite molecular biology. To a large extent, this progress follows significant developments in genetic, molecular and chemical tools available to study the malaria parasites and related Apicomplexa, in particular Toxoplasma gondii. One area of major advancement has been in understanding parasite host-cell invasion, a process that utilizes several essential molecular mechanisms that are conserved across the different lifecycle stages. Here, we summarize some of the most recent experimental data that shed light on the events underlying preparation and execution of malaria parasite invasion and how these insights might relate to the development of new antimalarial drugs.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Host-cell invasion by malaria parasites: insights from Plasmodium and Toxoplasma","attachmentId":44604315,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14100549/Host_cell_invasion_by_malaria_parasites_insights_from_Plasmodium_and_Toxoplasma","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14100549/Host_cell_invasion_by_malaria_parasites_insights_from_Plasmodium_and_Toxoplasma"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="22217669" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22217669/Host_Cell_Invasion_by_Apicomplexan_Parasites_The_Junction_Conundrum">Host Cell Invasion by Apicomplexan Parasites: The Junction Conundrum</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43579341" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IsabelleTardieux">Isabelle Tardieux</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52018496" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielBargieri">Daniel Bargieri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS Pathogens, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Host Cell Invasion by Apicomplexan Parasites: The Junction Conundrum","attachmentId":42870572,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22217669/Host_Cell_Invasion_by_Apicomplexan_Parasites_The_Junction_Conundrum","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22217669/Host_Cell_Invasion_by_Apicomplexan_Parasites_The_Junction_Conundrum"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39464280,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39464280,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_39464280" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="104303816" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104303816/Structure_and_Function_of_the_Parasitophorous_Vacuole_Membrane_Surrounding_Toxoplasma_gondii">Structure and Function of the Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane Surrounding Toxoplasma gondii</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="267770718" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrankMattig">Frank Mattig</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1994</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Structure and Function of the Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane Surrounding Toxoplasma gondii","attachmentId":104070159,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104303816/Structure_and_Function_of_the_Parasitophorous_Vacuole_Membrane_Surrounding_Toxoplasma_gondii","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104303816/Structure_and_Function_of_the_Parasitophorous_Vacuole_Membrane_Surrounding_Toxoplasma_gondii"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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of Cell Biology, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Immunodetection of the microvillous cytoskeleton molecules villin and ezrin in the parasitophorous vacuole wall of Cryptosporidium parvum (Protozoa: Apicomplexa)","attachmentId":41625960,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20913403/Immunodetection_of_the_microvillous_cytoskeleton_molecules_villin_and_ezrin_in_the_parasitophorous_vacuole_wall_of_Cryptosporidium_parvum_Protozoa_Apicomplexa_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20913403/Immunodetection_of_the_microvillous_cytoskeleton_molecules_villin_and_ezrin_in_the_parasitophorous_vacuole_wall_of_Cryptosporidium_parvum_Protozoa_Apicomplexa_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="59381166" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59381166/Adaptation_of_a_nematode_parasite_to_living_within_the_mammalian_epithelium">Adaptation of a nematode parasite to living within the mammalian epithelium</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58428376" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GregoryGuild">Gregory Guild</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of experimental zoology. 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class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56817762" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChenLanBo">Lan Bo Chen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1980</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Specific disruption of vimentin filament organization in monkey kidney CV-1 cells by diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A, and cycloheximide","attachmentId":94421743,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91017105/Specific_disruption_of_vimentin_filament_organization_in_monkey_kidney_CV_1_cells_by_diphtheria_toxin_exotoxin_A_and_cycloheximide","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/SouzaWanderleyde">Wanderley de Souza</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in Physiology, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Macropinocytosis: a pathway to protozoan infection","attachmentId":116038524,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120556606/Macropinocytosis_a_pathway_to_protozoan_infection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120556606/Macropinocytosis_a_pathway_to_protozoan_infection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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data-entity-id="10250933" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10250933/Improvement_on_the_visualization_of_cytoskeletal_structures_of_protozoan_parasites_using_high_resolution_field_emission_scanning_electron_microscopy_FESEM">Improvement on the visualization of cytoskeletal structures of protozoan parasites using high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25093107" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielaLouren%C3%A7o2">Daniela Lourenço</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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