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Stevia - Wikipedia
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</li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Safety and regulations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety_and_regulations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety and regulations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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<span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Stevia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia" title="Stevia – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stevia" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="استیویا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="استیویا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia" title="Stevia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stevia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estevia_(edulcorante)" title="Estevia (edulcorante) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estevia (edulcorante)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="استیویا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیویا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia_(%C3%A9dulcorant)" title="Stevia (édulcorant) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stevia (édulcorant)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="स्टेविया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टेविया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="സ്റ്റീവിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റീവിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia" title="Stevia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stevia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estevios%C3%ADdeo" title="Esteviosídeo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esteviosídeo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia" title="Stevia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stevia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_c%E1%BB%8F_ng%E1%BB%8Dt" title="Đường cỏ ngọt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đường cỏ ngọt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sweetener and sugar substitute</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sweetener. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stevia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stevia (disambiguation)">Stevia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Stevia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a sweet <a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">sugar substitute</a> that is about 50 to 300 times <a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">sweeter</a> than <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extracted</a> from the leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a></i>, a plant native to areas of <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mbg_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mbg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kew_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kew-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The active compounds in stevia are <a href="/wiki/Steviol_glycoside" title="Steviol glycoside">steviol glycosides</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Stevioside" title="Stevioside">stevioside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebaudioside" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebaudioside">rebaudioside</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Joint_FAO/WHO2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joint_FAO/WHO2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> Stevia is heat-stable, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>-stable, and not <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans cannot metabolize the <a href="/wiki/Glycosides" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycosides">glycosides</a> in stevia, and it therefore has zero <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a>. Its taste has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar, and at high concentrations some of its extracts may have an <a href="/wiki/Aftertaste" title="Aftertaste">aftertaste</a> described as <a href="/wiki/Licorice" class="mw-redirect" title="Licorice">licorice</a>-like or <a href="/wiki/Bitter_taste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter taste">bitter</a>. Stevia is used in sugar and calorie-reduced food and beverage products as an alternative for variants with sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legal status of stevia as a <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a> varies from country to country. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, certain high-purity <i>stevia glycoside</i> extracts have been <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> (GRAS) and may be lawfully marketed and added to food products, but stevia leaf and crude extracts do not have GRAS or <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) approval for use in food.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> approved <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> additives in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-eu-approved2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-approved2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, stevia has been widely used as a sweetener for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Japan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stevia_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stevia_plant.jpg/220px-Stevia_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stevia_plant.jpg/330px-Stevia_plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stevia_plant.jpg/440px-Stevia_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The plant <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> has been used for centuries by the <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaraní peoples</a> of South America, who called it <i>ka'a he'ê</i> ("sweet herb").<sup id="cite_ref-Misra-2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misra-2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaves have been used traditionally for hundreds of years in both Paraguay and Brazil to sweeten local teas, and as a "sweet treat".<sup id="cite_ref-Misra-2011_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misra-2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus was named for the Spanish botanist and physician <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Jaime_Esteve" title="Pedro Jaime Esteve">Pedro Jaime Esteve</a> (<i>Petrus James Stevus</i>, 1500–1556) a professor of botany at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valencia" title="University of Valencia">University of Valencia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1899, Swiss botanist <a href="/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s_Santiago_Bertoni" title="Moisés Santiago Bertoni">Moisés Santiago Bertoni</a>, while conducting research in eastern Paraguay, first described the plant and the sweet taste in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only limited research was conducted on the topic until, in 1931, two French chemists isolated the <a href="/wiki/Glycoside" title="Glycoside">glycosides</a> that give stevia its sweet taste.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_regulation">Early regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1990s, the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) received two petitions requesting that stevia be classified as <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> (GRAS), but the FDA "disagreed with [the] conclusions [detailed in the petitions]".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stevia remained banned for all uses until the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Supplement_Health_and_Education_Act_of_1994" title="Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994">Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994</a>, after which the FDA revised its stance and permitted stevia to be used as a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a>, although still not as a food additive.<sup id="cite_ref-McCaleb_1997_1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaleb_1997_1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, prompted by early studies, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> banned stevia's use in food products within the European Union pending further research.<sup id="cite_ref-EC_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 and 2016, research data compiled in the safety evaluations released by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> found no adverse effects.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joint_FAO/WHO2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joint_FAO/WHO2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> </p><p>In December 2008, the FDA gave a "no objection" approval for GRAS status to <a href="/wiki/Truvia" title="Truvia">Truvia</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/PureVia" title="PureVia">PureVia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of which use <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rebaudioside_A" title="Rebaudioside A">rebaudioside A</a></span> derived from the <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> plant.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the FDA said that these products are not stevia, but a highly purified <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i>-extract product.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the FDA still regarded stevia as "not an approved food additive", and stated that it "has not been affirmed as GRAS in the United States due to inadequate toxicological information".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2016, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a> issued an order of detention for stevia products made in China based on information that the products were made using <a href="/wiki/Prison_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison labor">prison labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain high-purity <i>stevia glycoside</i> extracts have been <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> (GRAS) and may be lawfully marketed and added to food products.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA2017_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_use">Commercial use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commercial use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Use of stevia as a sweetener began in Japan,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Aqueous" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous">aqueous</a> <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extract</a> of the leaves yielding purified steviosides developed as sweeteners. Japanese firm <a href="/wiki/Morita_Kagaku_Kogyo_Co.,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Morita Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.">Morita Kagaku Kogyo</a> claims they were the first, in 1971, to commercialize stevia sweetener production.<sup id="cite_ref-MoritaKagakuKogyo1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoritaKagakuKogyo1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1980s, stevia was commonly used in U.S. <a href="/wiki/Natural_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural foods">natural foods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Health food">health food</a> industries, as a noncaloric natural sweetener for teas and weight-loss blends.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keville_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keville-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The makers of the synthetic sweetener <a href="/wiki/NutraSweet" title="NutraSweet">NutraSweet</a> (at the time Monsanto) asked the FDA to require testing of stevia extracts.<sup id="cite_ref-keville_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keville-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">the Coca-Cola Company</a> announced plans to obtain approval for its <i>Stevia</i>-derived sweetener, <a href="/wiki/Rebiana" title="Rebiana">Rebiana</a>, for use as a food additive within the United States by 2009, as well as plans to market Rebiana-sweetened products in 12 countries that allow stevia's use as a food additive.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2008, Coca-Cola and <a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a> announced the availability of Truvia, a consumer-brand <i>Stevia</i> sweetener containing <a href="/wiki/Erythritol" title="Erythritol">erythritol</a> and Rebiana,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the FDA permitted as a food additive in December 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-approval1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-approval1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coca-Cola announced intentions to release stevia-sweetened beverages in late December 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-preapproval_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preapproval-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2013 onwards, <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_Life" title="Coca-Cola Life">Coca-Cola Life</a>, containing stevia as a sweetener, was launched in various countries around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Geller_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geller-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly afterward, <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_Circle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pure Circle (page does not exist)">Pure Circle</a> announced PureVia, their brand of <i>Stevia</i>-based sweetener, but withheld release of beverages sweetened with <span class="nowrap">rebaudioside A</span> until receipt of FDA confirmation. Since the FDA permitted Truvia and PureVia, both the Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo have introduced products that contain their new sweeteners.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_extracts">Industrial extracts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Industrial extracts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rebaudioside A has the least <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter (taste)">bitterness</a> of all the steviol glycosides in the <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> plant. To produce steviol glycosides commercially, <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> plants are dried and subjected to a hot water <a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">extraction</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-Joint_FAO/WHO2016_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joint_FAO/WHO2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> This crude extract contains about 50% rebaudioside A. The various glycosides are separated and purified via <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">crystallization</a> techniques, typically using <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> as <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dried extract contains no less than 95% steviol glycosides.<sup id="cite_ref-Joint_FAO/WHO2016_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joint_FAO/WHO2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO_Evaluations_2021_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Evaluations_2021-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> extracts and derivatives are produced industrially and marketed under different trade names. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebiana" title="Rebiana">Rebiana</a> is an abbreviated name for the <i>Stevia</i> extract, <span class="nowrap">rebaudioside A</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18554769_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18554769-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Truvia is the brand for an erythritol and rebiana sweetener concoction manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a> and developed jointly with the Coca-Cola Company.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PureVia is PepsiCo's brand of rebiana.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>EverSweet, discovered and developed by Evolva,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and manufactured jointly by Cargill and <a href="/wiki/DSM_(company)" title="DSM (company)">DSM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steviol_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Steviol_structure.svg/180px-Steviol_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Steviol_structure.svg/270px-Steviol_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Steviol_structure.svg/360px-Steviol_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steviol" title="Steviol">Steviol</a>, the basic building block of stevia's <a href="/wiki/Steviol_glycoside" title="Steviol glycoside">sweet glycosides</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Glycosides are molecules that contain glucose residues bound to other non-sugar substances called <a href="/wiki/Aglycones" class="mw-redirect" title="Aglycones">aglycones</a> (molecules with other sugars are <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>). Preliminary experiments deduce that the tongue's <a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">taste receptors</a> react to the glycosides and transduce the sweet taste sensation and the lingering bitter aftertaste by direct activation of sweet and bitter receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a>, steviol glycosides and steviol interact with a <a href="/wiki/Protein_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein channel">protein channel</a> called <a href="/wiki/TRPM5" title="TRPM5">TRPM5</a>, potentiating the signal from the sweet or bitter receptors, amplifying the taste of other sweet, bitter and umami tastants.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Synergy" title="Synergy">synergetic</a> effect of the glycosides on the sweet receptor and TRPM5 explains the sweetness sensation. Some steviol glycosides (rebaudioside A) are perceived sweeter than others (stevioside).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steviol is processed by intestinal microflora and is also taken up into the bloodstream, further metabolised by the liver to steviol glucuronide and several other metabolites, and excreted in the urine.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joint_FAO/WHO2016_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joint_FAO/WHO2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56–57">: 56–57 </span></sup> </p><p>A three-dimensional map of the <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> produced by the stevia plant, showing the crystalline structures that produce both the sensation of sweetness and bitter aftertaste in the sweetener, was reported in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_regulations">Safety and regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Safety and regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2010 review found that the use of <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> sweeteners as replacements for sugar might benefit children, people with <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, and those wishing to lower their intake of calories.<sup id="cite_ref-Goyal-2010_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goyal-2010-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although both steviol and rebaudioside A have been found to be <a href="/wiki/Mutagenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutagenic">mutagenic</a> in laboratory <i>in vitro</i> testing,<sup id="cite_ref-kobylewski_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kobylewski-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these effects have not been demonstrated for the doses and routes of administration to which humans are exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14561506_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14561506-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18556105_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18556105-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two 2010 review studies found no health concerns with <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> or its sweetening extracts.<sup id="cite_ref-Goyal-2010_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goyal-2010-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ulbricht-2010_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulbricht-2010-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Used as an <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extract</a>, stevia leaves have been used traditionally in Paraguay as a women's <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">contraceptive</a>, administered as a daily drink. The effect has been tested in rats, finding a 57–79 percent reduction in fertility compared with the <a href="/wiki/Control_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Control group">control group</a>, the lowered fertility continuing after withdrawal of the drug for up to two months.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WHO's Joint Experts Committee on Food Additives has approved, based on long-term studies, an <a href="/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">acceptable daily intake</a> of steviol glycoside of up to 4 mg/kg of body mass.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joint_FAO/WHO2016_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joint_FAO/WHO2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO_Evaluations_2021_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_Evaluations_2021-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> established an acceptable daily intake of 4 mg/kg of steviol, in the form of steviol glycosides. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Sloan_Kettering_Cancer_Center" title="Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center">Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center</a> warns that "steviol at high dosages may have weak mutagenic activity,"<sup id="cite_ref-mskcc_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mskcc-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a review "conducted for" the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest" title="Center for Science in the Public Interest">Center for Science in the Public Interest</a> notes that there are no published carcinogenicity results for rebaudioside A (or stevioside).<sup id="cite_ref-kobylewski_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kobylewski-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2019, the US FDA placed an import alert on <i>Stevia</i> leaves and crude extracts – which do not have <a href="/wiki/GRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAS">GRAS</a> status – and on foods or dietary supplements containing them due to concerns about safety and potential for <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fda19_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda19-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Availability_and_legal_status_by_country_or_area">Availability and legal status by country or area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Availability and legal status by country or area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plant may be grown legally in most countries, although some countries restrict its use as a sweetener. The legally allowed uses and maximum dosage of the extracts and derived products vary widely from country to country. </p> <ul><li>Argentina: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Australia: <ul><li>All steviol glycoside extracts were approved in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Aus-n-NZ-approval_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aus-n-NZ-approval-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil: stevioside extract approved as food additive since 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Canada (as of November 2012) <ul><li>Steviol glycosides became available as a food additive on 30 November 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> leaf and extracts are available as dietary supplements.</li></ul></li> <li>Chile: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>China: available since 1984, regulatory status uncertain</li> <li>Colombia: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>: Steviol glycosides were approved and regulated as food additives by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> on 11 November 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-eu-approved2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-approved2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ce1131_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce1131-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hong Kong: steviol glycosides approved as food additives since January 2010<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>India: In a notification dated 13 November 2015, <a href="/wiki/FSSAI" class="mw-redirect" title="FSSAI">FSSAI</a> has permitted its use in a range of products. This includes carbonated water, dairy-based desserts and flavoured drinks, yoghurts, ready-to-eat cereals, fruit nectars and jams.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Indonesia: (2012) <ul><li>Steviol glycosides are available as food additives since 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Stevia</i> leaf is available as a dietary supplement.</li></ul></li> <li>Israel: approved as food additive since January 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Japan: widely available since the 1970s and regulated as an existing additive since 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Korea: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Malaysia: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mexico: mixed steviol glycoside extract (not separate extracts) approved since 2009.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources"><span title="This claim needs a reference to a independent, third-party source. (March 2017)">third-party source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>New Zealand: <ul><li>All steviol glycoside extracts were approved in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Aus-n-NZ-approval_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aus-n-NZ-approval-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Norway: <ul><li>Steviol glycoside approved as food additive (E 960) since June 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Norwegian_Institute_of_Public_Health_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwegian_Institute_of_Public_Health-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The plant itself has not been approved as of September 2012.</li></ul></li> <li>Paraguay: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Peru: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Philippines: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Russian Federation: stevioside approved as food additive since 2008, in the "minimal dosage required" to achieve the goal.<sup id="cite_ref-russian_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russian-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stevia leaves powder, syrups and crude extracts derived form it, have been banned. The ban is enacted on 27 February 2024. <a href="/wiki/E960" class="mw-redirect" title="E960">E960</a> is still approved.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Singapore: steviol glycosides approved as food additive in certain foods, since 2005<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously it was banned.<sup id="cite_ref-sing_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sing-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>South Africa: approved since September 2012 and widely available.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Taiwan: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thailand: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Turkey: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>United Arab Emirates: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Uruguay: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>United States (as of April 2017): <ul><li>Purified rebaudioside A has been allowed since December 2008 as a food additive (sweetener), sold under various trade names, and classified as "<a href="/wiki/GRAS" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAS">generally recognized as safe</a>" ("GRAS").<sup id="cite_ref-FDA2017_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDA_GRAS_Notice_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_GRAS_Notice-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> leaf and crude extracts have been available as dietary supplements since 1995, but the 2008 FDA authorization does not extend to them, and they do not have GRAS status.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA2017_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, leaves and crude extracts were included in an FDA import alert with concerns about their safety for use in foods or supplements and potential for toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-fda19_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda19-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-flexnews2008-07-01_57-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flexnews2008-07-01-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaumatin" title="Thaumatin">Thaumatin</a>, a natural sweetener, derived from an African fruit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miraculin" title="Miraculin">Miraculin</a>, a substance that modifies the perception of sour foods into sweet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogroside" title="Mogroside">Mogroside</a>, a natural sweetener extracted from <a href="/wiki/Siraitia_grosvenorii" title="Siraitia grosvenorii">monkfruit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Truvia" title="Truvia">Truvia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Brand-name" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand-name">brand-name</a> of a sweetener developed by <a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Coca-Cola Company">Coca-Cola Company</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/PureVia" title="PureVia">PureVia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Brand-name" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand-name">brand-name</a> of a sweetener developed by <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Whole_Earth_Sweetener_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole Earth Sweetener Company">Whole Earth Sweetener Company</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Merisant" title="Merisant">Merisant</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madhu-Tulsi (Sweeteners in Food Regulations; Public Health and Municipal Services Ordinance)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212042301/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/stevia">"Stevia"</a>. <i>Oxforddictionaries.com</i>. British & World English. 7 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/stevia">the original</a> on 12 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=Stevia&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fstevia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509020123/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stevia">"Stevia"</a>. <i>Oxforddictionaries.com</i>. US English. 7 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stevia">the original</a> on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=Stevia&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fstevia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardelloda_SilvaDamasio1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cardello, H.M.A.B.; da Silva, M.A.P.A.; Damasio, M.H. (1999). "Measurement of the relative sweetness of stevia extract, aspartame and cyclamate/saccharin blend as compared to sucrose at different concentrations". <i>Plant Foods for Human Nutrition</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 119–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1008134420339">10.1023/A:1008134420339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10646559">10646559</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38718610">38718610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Foods+for+Human+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+the+relative+sweetness+of+stevia+extract%2C+aspartame+and+cyclamate%2Fsaccharin+blend+as+compared+to+sucrose+at+different+concentrations&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-129&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38718610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10646559&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1008134420339&rft.aulast=Cardello&rft.aufirst=H.M.A.B.&rft.au=da+Silva%2C+M.A.P.A.&rft.au=Damasio%2C+M.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mbg-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mbg_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=e489">"<i>Stevia rebaudiana</i>"</a>. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stevia+rebaudiana&rft.pub=Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.date=2024&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.missouribotanicalgarden.org%2FPlantFinder%2FPlantFinderDetails.aspx%3Fkempercode%3De489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kew-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kew_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:245468-2">"<i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> (Bertoni)"</a>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Plants of the World Online. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stevia+rebaudiana+%28Bertoni%29&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A245468-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joint_FAO/WHO2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joint_FAO/WHO2016_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joint_FAO/WHO2016_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joint_FAO/WHO2016_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joint_FAO/WHO2016_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joint_FAO/WHO2016_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joint_FAO/WHO2016_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines2016" class="citation techreport cs1">Baines, J; et al. (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250277/9789241210003-eng.pdf?sequence=1"><i>Evaluation of Certain Food Additives: Eighty-second report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report). WHO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-069586-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-069586-3"><bdi>978-92-4-069586-3</bdi></a>. 1000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806030120/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250277/9789241210003-eng.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Evaluation+of+Certain+Food+Additives%3A+Eighty-second+report+of+the+Joint+FAO%2FWHO+Expert+Committee+on+Food+Additives&rft.pub=WHO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-92-4-069586-3&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F250277%2F9789241210003-eng.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandle2004" class="citation report cs1">Brandle, Jim (19 August 2004). FAQ – Stevia, Nature's Natural Low Calorie Sweetener (Report). 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US Food and Drug Administration. 28 April 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/aboutfda/transparency/basics/ucm194320.htm">the original</a> on 29 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Has+stevia+been+approved+by+FDA+to+be+used+as+a+sweetener%3F&rft.pub=US+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Faboutfda%2Ftransparency%2Fbasics%2Fucm194320.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eu-approved2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eu-approved2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eu-approved2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStones2011" class="citation web cs1">Stones, Mike (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Ingredients/Stevia-wins-final-EU-approval">"Stevia wins final EU approval"</a>. <i>foodmanufacture.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118163139/http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Ingredients/Stevia-wins-final-EU-approval">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=foodmanufacture.co.uk&rft.atitle=Stevia+wins+final+EU+approval&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Stones&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodmanufacture.co.uk%2FIngredients%2FStevia-wins-final-EU-approval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Japan_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/stevia-herb-shakes-up-global-sweetener-market-5531238.html">"<i>Stevia</i> herb shakes up global sweetener market"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 28 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728210745/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/stevia-herb-shakes-up-global-sweetener-market-5531238.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Stevia+herb+shakes+up+global+sweetener+market&rft.date=2010-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fhealth-and-families%2Fstevia-herb-shakes-up-global-sweetener-market-5531238.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misra-2011-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Misra-2011_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Misra-2011_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisraSoniSilawatMehta2011" class="citation journal cs1">Misra, H.; Soni, M.; Silawat, N.; Mehta, D.; Mehta, B.K.; Jain, D.C. (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3103919">"Antidiabetic activity of medium-polar extract from the leaves of <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> Bert. (Bertoni) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats"</a>. <i>J Pharm Bioallied Sci</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 242–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0975-7406.80779">10.4103/0975-7406.80779</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3103919">3103919</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21687353">21687353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Pharm+Bioallied+Sci&rft.atitle=Antidiabetic+activity+of+medium-polar+extract+from+the+leaves+of+Stevia+rebaudiana+Bert.+%28Bertoni%29+on+alloxan-induced+diabetic+rats&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=242-248&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3103919%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21687353&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0975-7406.80779&rft.aulast=Misra&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Soni%2C+M.&rft.au=Silawat%2C+N.&rft.au=Mehta%2C+D.&rft.au=Mehta%2C+B.K.&rft.au=Jain%2C+D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3103919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons,_W.T.Cuthbertson,_E.G.2001" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, W.T.; Cuthbertson, E.G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&q=%22Pedro%20Jaime%20Esteve%22%20stevia&pg=PA309"><i>Noxious Weeds of Australia, 2nd ed</i></a>. Collingswood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06514-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06514-7"><bdi>978-0-643-06514-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noxious+Weeds+of+Australia%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.place=Collingswood%2C+Australia&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06514-7&rft.au=Parsons%2C+W.T.&rft.au=Cuthbertson%2C+E.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRCrNAQQrpwC%26q%3D%2522Pedro%2520Jaime%2520Esteve%2522%2520stevia%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span> Specifically, this reference refers to <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia_eupatoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stevia eupatoria (page does not exist)">Stevia eupatoria</a></i>, a related weed with a similar name-origin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertoni1899" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s_Santiago_Bertoni" title="Moisés Santiago Bertoni">Bertoni, Moisés Santiago</a> (1899). "[no title cited]". <i>Revista de Agronomia de l'Assomption</i>. <b>1</b>: 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Agronomia+de+l%27Assomption&rft.atitle=%5Bno+title+cited%5D&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Bertoni&rft.aufirst=Mois%C3%A9s+Santiago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridelLavielle1931" class="citation journal cs1">Bridel, M.; Lavielle, R. (1931). "Sur le principe sucre des feuilles de kaa-he-e (<i>Stevia rebaundiana</i> B)". <i>Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences</i> (Parts 192): 1123–1125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences&rft.atitle=Sur+le+principe+sucre+des+feuilles+de+kaa-he-e+%28Stevia+rebaundiana+B%29&rft.issue=Parts+192&rft.pages=1123-1125&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Bridel&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Lavielle%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2001" class="citation news cs1">Drake, Laurie (7 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/07/dining/so-sweet-so-natural-so-la.html">"So sweet, so natural, so L.A."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906184459/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/07/dining/so-sweet-so-natural-so-la.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=So+sweet%2C+so+natural%2C+so+L.A.&rft.date=2001-03-07&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F03%2F07%2Fdining%2Fso-sweet-so-natural-so-la.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCaleb_1997_1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCaleb_1997_1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaleb1997" class="citation web cs1">McCaleb, Rob (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herbs.org/greenpapers/controv.html#stevia">"Controversial Products in the Natural Foods Market"</a>. Herb Research Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018132214/http://www.herbs.org/greenpapers/controv.html#stevia">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Controversial+Products+in+the+Natural+Foods+Market&rft.pub=Herb+Research+Foundation&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCaleb&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherbs.org%2Fgreenpapers%2Fcontrov.html%23stevia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EC-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EC_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061023103749/http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out34_en.pdf">Opinion on stevioside as a sweetener</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scientific Committee on Food (Report). <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. June 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out34_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Opinion+on+stevioside+as+a+sweetener&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ffood%2Ffs%2Fsc%2Fscf%2Fout34_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBend2006" class="citation book cs1">Bend, J.R.; et al. 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Geneva: World Health Organization, International Program on Chemical Safety. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-166054-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-166054-9"><bdi>978-92-4-166054-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70637287">70637287</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910124154/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241660546_eng.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safety+evaluation+of+certain+food+additives&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization%2C+International+Program+on+Chemical+Safety&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70637287&rft.isbn=978-92-4-166054-9&rft.aulast=Bend&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2F10665%2F43265%2F1%2F9241660546_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmarker2008" class="citation news cs1">Newmarker, Chris (18 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2008/12/15/daily38.html">"Federal regulators give OK for Cargill's Truvia sweetener"</a>. <i>Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101145358/http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2008/12/15/daily38.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minneapolis+%2F+St.+Paul+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Federal+regulators+give+OK+for+Cargill%27s+Truvia+sweetener&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft.aulast=Newmarker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Ftwincities%2Fstories%2F2008%2F12%2F15%2Fdaily38.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm214865.htm">"What refined <i>Stevia</i> preparations have been evaluated by FDA to be used as a sweetener?"</a>. <i>fda.gov</i>. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140423015313/https://www.fda.gov/aboutfda/transparency/basics/ucm214865.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fda.gov&rft.atitle=What+refined+Stevia+preparations+have+been+evaluated+by+FDA+to+be+used+as+a+sweetener%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FAboutFDA%2FTransparency%2FBasics%2Fucm214865.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030052453/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_119.html">Automatic detention of <i>Stevia</i> leaves, extract of <i>Stevia</i> leaves, and food containing stevia</a> (Report). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBP+Commissioner+issues+detention+order+on+stevia+produced+in+China+with+forced+labor&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbp.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fnational-media-release%2Fcbp-commissioner-issues-detention-order-stevia-produced-china-forced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoritaKagakuKogyo1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MoritaKagakuKogyo1_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027055558/http://www.morita-kagaku-kogyo.co.jp/e/index.htm">"Stevia"</a>. Morita Kagaku Kogyo. 2007. 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href="/wiki/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template talk:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culinary_herbs_and_spices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culinary herbs and spices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">Herbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">Angelica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">Basil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_basil" title="Lemon basil">Lemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_tamala" title="Cinnamomum tamala">Indian bay leaf (<i>tejpat</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldo" title="Boldo">Boldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">Borage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">Chervil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">garlic / Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">Cicely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander leaf / Cilantro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porophyllum_ruderale" title="Porophyllum ruderale">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_odorata" title="Persicaria odorata">Vietnamese (<i>rau răm</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">Culantro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">Cress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">Curry leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">Epazote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata" title="Houttuynia cordata"><i>Houttuynia cordata</i> (<i>giấp cá</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis" title="Hyssopus officinalis">Hyssop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbu" title="Jimbu">Jimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsholtzia_ciliata" title="Elsholtzia ciliata">Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Kkaennip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavandula_angustifolia" title="Lavandula angustifolia">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">Lemon grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" title="Backhousia citriodora">Lemon myrtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_citrodora" title="Aloysia citrodora">Lemon verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aromatica" title="Limnophila aromatica"><i>Limnophila aromatica</i> (rice-paddy herb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovage" title="Lovage">Lovage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Marjoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia_japonica" title="Cryptotaenia japonica">Mitsuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">Savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sanshō leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">Tarragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galium_odoratum" title="Galium odoratum">Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajwain" title="Ajwain">Ajwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_pepper" title="Alligator pepper">Alligator pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amchoor" title="Amchoor">Amchoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illicium_verum" title="Illicium verum">star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">Asafoetida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Peppercorn (black/green/white)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_terebinthifolia" title="Schinus terebinthifolia">Brazilian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cardamom" title="Black cardamom">black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_powder" title="Celery powder">Celery powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanania_cochinchinensis" title="Buchanania cochinchinensis">Charoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenpi" title="Chenpi">Chenpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">Chili powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">Chipotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper" title="Crushed red pepper">Crushed red pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">Cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Cubeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunium_persicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunium persicum">Bunium persicum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Deulkkae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill / Dill seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonella_caerulea" title="Trigonella caerulea">blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda" title="Boesenbergia rotunda">Fingerroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">Galangal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_officinarum" title="Alpinia officinarum">lesser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" title="Kaempferia galanga">Aromatic ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Golpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">Grains of paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_Selim" title="Grains of Selim">Grains of Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">Horseradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Japanese pricklyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_indica" title="Garcinia indica">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aframomum_corrorima" title="Aframomum corrorima">Korarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litsea_cubeba" title="Litsea cubeba">Litsea cubeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">Long pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_amada" title="Curcuma amada">Mango-ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahleb" title="Mahleb">Mahleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhamphospermum_nigrum" title="Rhamphospermum nigrum">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_mustard" title="White mustard">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinodendron" title="Ricinodendron">Njangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">Onion powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_molle" title="Schinus molle">Peruvian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">Poppy seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammogeton_involucratus" title="Psammogeton involucratus">Radhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_ornata" title="Smilax ornata">Sarsaparilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">Sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper (<i>huājiāo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_lanceolata" title="Tasmannia lanceolata">Tasmanian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Tonka bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi">Uzazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_borbonense" title="Piper borbonense">Voatsiperifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu zest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Zedoary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberis_vulgaris" title="Berberis vulgaris">Zereshk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">Blends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajika" title="Ajika">Adjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Monde_seasoning" title="Beau Monde seasoning">Beau monde seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">Berbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouquet_garni" title="Bouquet garni">Bouquet garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buknu" title="Buknu">Buknu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Chaunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_sugar" title="Cinnamon sugar">Cinnamon sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_boil" title="Crab boil">Crab boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubanjiang" title="Doubanjiang">Doubanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Douchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fines_herbes" title="Fines herbes">Fines herbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">Garlic powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a></li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAng_l%C3%ACu" title="Húng lìu">Húng lìu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli_podi" title="Idli podi">Idli podi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_seasoning" title="Italian seasoning">Italian seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_(cooking)" title="Jerk (cooking)">Jamaican jerk spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeli_suneli" title="Khmeli suneli">Khmeli suneli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_pepper" title="Lemon pepper">Lemon pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitmita" title="Mitmita">Mitmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_spice" title="Mixed spice">Mixed spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_steak_seasoning" title="Montreal steak seasoning">Montreal steak seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulling_spices" title="Mulling spices">Mulling spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bay_Seasoning" title="Old Bay Seasoning">Old Bay Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">Panch phoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder-douce" title="Powder-douce">Powder-douce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">Pumpkin pie spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A2lat_daqqa" title="Qâlat daqqa">Qâlat daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">Ras el hanout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recado_rojo" title="Recado rojo">Recado rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharena_sol" title="Sharena sol">Sharena sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabil" title="Tabil">Tabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj%C3%ADn_seasoning" title="Tajín seasoning">Tajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_masala" title="Tandoori masala">Tandoori masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuna_paha" title="Thuna paha">Thuna paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadouvan" title="Vadouvan">Vadouvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Culinary</a></li> <li>By region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices" title="List of Australian herbs and spices">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_spices" title="List of Bangladeshi spices">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List of Indian spices">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_spices" title="List of Pakistani spices">Pakistani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_rub" title="Spice rub">Spice rub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by 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