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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Stevia" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Stevia" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Stevia" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Stevia" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penemuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penemuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Penemuan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penemuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ciri-ciri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ciri-ciri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Ciri-ciri</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kajian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kajian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kajian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kajian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stevia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 14 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ستيفيا – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيفيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia" title="Stevia – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stevia" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="استیویا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="استیویا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia" title="Stevia – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stevia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia" title="Stevia – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Stevia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estevia_(edulcorante)" title="Estevia (edulcorante) – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estevia (edulcorante)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="استیویا – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیویا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia_(%C3%A9dulcorant)" title="Stevia (édulcorant) – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stevia (édulcorant)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="स्टेविया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टेविया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="സ്റ്റീവിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റീവിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estevios%C3%ADdeo" title="Esteviosídeo – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esteviosídeo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia" title="Stevia – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stevia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_c%E1%BB%8F_ng%E1%BB%8Dt" title="Đường cỏ ngọt – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đường cỏ ngọt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A2" title="סטיוויע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטיוויע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3644010#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stevia" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Stevia" rel="discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stevia"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stevia"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Stevia" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Stevia" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&oldid=3763396" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Stevia&id=3763396&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStevia"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStevia"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Stevia"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Stevia&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stevia_sugar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3644010" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana ini mengenai pemanis.  Untuk tumbuhan stevia, sila lihat <a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Steviol_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Steviol_structure.svg/220px-Steviol_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Steviol_structure.svg/330px-Steviol_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Steviol_structure.svg/440px-Steviol_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Steviol, blok binaan asas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steviol_glikosida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steviol glikosida (laman tidak wujud)">glikosida manis</a> stevia.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stevia</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/English" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ tekanan primer ikuti">ˈ</span><span title="'s' dalam 'satu'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/ long 'e' in 'seed'">iː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/ 'i' pendek dalam 'kiri'">ɪ</span><span title="/ə/ 'e' dalam 'emak'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/English" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ tekanan primer ikuti">ˈ</span><span title="'s' dalam 'satu'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/ long 'e' in 'seed'">iː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/j/ 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ə/ 'e' dalam 'emak'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/English" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ tekanan primer ikuti">ˈ</span><span title="'s' dalam 'satu'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/ short 'e' in 'bed'">ɛ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/ 'i' pendek dalam 'kiri'">ɪ</span><span title="/ə/ 'e' dalam 'emak'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adalah pemanis dan <a href="/wiki/Pengganti_gula" title="Pengganti gula">pengganti gula</a> yang diekstrak daripada daun spesies tumbuhan <i><a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a></i>. </p><p>Sebatian aktif stevia adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steviol_glikosida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steviol glikosida (laman tidak wujud)">steviol glikosida</a> (terutamanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steviosida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steviosida (laman tidak wujud)">steviosida</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rebaudiosida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rebaudiosida (laman tidak wujud)">rebaudiosida</a>), yang mempunyai sehingga 150 kali ganda <a href="/wiki/Kemanisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemanisan">kemanisan</a> gula,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are heat-stable, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>-stable, and not <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation_(food)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermentation (food) (laman tidak wujud)">fermentable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ijb.v4n1p146_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ijb.v4n1p146-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steviosida ini mempunyai kesan yang boleh diabaikan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gula_dalam_darah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gula dalam darah (laman tidak wujud)">gula dalam darah</a>, yang menjadikan stevia menarik kepada orang-orang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diet_rendah_karbohidrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diet rendah karbohidrat (laman tidak wujud)">diet karbohidrat yang dikawal</a>. Rasa stevia ini mempunyai permulaan yang lebih perlahan dan tempoh yang lebih lama daripada gula, dan beberapa ekstrak mereka mungkin mempunyai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasa_kesan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasa kesan (laman tidak wujud)">rasa kesan</a> pahit atau seperti <a href="/wiki/Likuoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Likuoris">likuoris</a> pada kepekatan yang tinggi. </p><p>Status undang-undang ekstrak stevia sebagai bahan tambahan makanan dan makanan tambahan berbeza dari negara ke negara. Di Amerika Syarikat, stevia telah diharamkan pada tahun 1991 selepas kajian awal mendapati ia mungkin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karsinogenik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karsinogenik (laman tidak wujud)">karsinogenik</a>; selepas kajian tambahan, FDA meluluskan sesetengah ekstrak glikosida khusus untuk digunakan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambahan_makanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambahan makanan (laman tidak wujud)">tambahan makanan</a> pada 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-ace-fitness_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ace-fitness-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a> telah meluluskan bahan tambahan stevia pada tahun 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-eu-approved1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-approved1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eu-approved2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-approved2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan di Jepun, stevia telah digunakan secara meluas sebagai pemanis selama beberapa dekad.<sup id="cite_ref-truvia-timeline_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truvia-timeline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penemuan">Penemuan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Penemuan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penemuan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Stevia-rebaudiana-total.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Stevia-rebaudiana-total.JPG/170px-Stevia-rebaudiana-total.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Stevia-rebaudiana-total.JPG/255px-Stevia-rebaudiana-total.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Stevia-rebaudiana-total.JPG/340px-Stevia-rebaudiana-total.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption><i>Stevia rebaudiana</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tumbuhan <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> telah digunakan untuk lebih daripada 1,500 tahun oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Guaran%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Guaraní (laman tidak wujud)">Orang Guaraní</a> <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a>, yang menggelarnya sebagai <i>ka'a he'ê</i> ("herba manis").<sup id="cite_ref-Misra-2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misra-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daun telah digunakan secara tradisi untuk beratus-ratus tahun di kedua-dua <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> untuk memaniskan teh tempatan dan ubat-ubatan, dan sebagai "ubat manis".<sup id="cite_ref-Misra-2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misra-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genus ini dinamakan sempena ahli botani dan doktor Sepanyol Petrus Jacobus Stevus (Pedro Jaime Esteve 1500–1556) seorang profesor botani di Universiti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Valencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Valencia (laman tidak wujud)">Valencia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri-ciri">Ciri-ciri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ciri paling unik mengenai Stevia ialah ia merupakan pemanis semula jadi yang tidak mengandungi kalori. Di percayai secara tradisional, stevia mengandungi sifar <a href="/wiki/Kalori" title="Kalori">kalori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak">lemak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolestrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolestrol">kolestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gula" title="Gula">gula</a> dan karbohidrat. Ekstrak stevia dikatakan 300 kali lebih manis dari gula biasa. Ciri ini telah menarik minat para pengkaji untuk menjalankan kajian terhadap Stevia. Kajian terhadap kandungan toksidnya, mendapati kandungan utama yang menyebabkan ia manis iaitu Steviosid tidak toksid. Ia juga didapati tidak menyebabkan mutasi sel, ia juga tidak memberi apa-apa kesan terhadap kesuburan. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat konflik terhadap kajian kesuburan yang dikaitkan dengan Stevia. Satu kajian mendapati ia tidak memberi apa-apa kesan terhadap kesuburan, manakala satu kajian lain mendapati air yang diekstrak daripada daun stevia didapati menurunkan paras <a href="/w/index.php?title=Testostron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Testostron (laman tidak wujud)">testostron</a> dan bilangan <a href="/wiki/Sperma" title="Sperma">sperma</a> bila diuji pada tikus jantan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kajian">Kajian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Kajian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kajian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Steviol_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Steviol_structure.svg/170px-Steviol_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Steviol_structure.svg/255px-Steviol_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Steviol_structure.svg/340px-Steviol_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Steviol adalah blok binaan asas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steviol_glikosida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steviol glikosida (laman tidak wujud)">glikosida manis</a> stevia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kajian saintis Brazil pada tahun 1991 mendapati Steviosid berkeupayaan untuk menurunkan tekanan darah pada tikus. Daripada penemuan ini, satu lagi ujian dilakukan pada tahun 2000. Kali ini subjeknya merupakan 106 orang berbangsa Cina (lelaki dan perempuan) yang mengalami penyakit darah tinggi. 60 subjek diberikan kapsul yang mengandungi 250mg steviosid 3 kali sehari. Pemeriksaan terhadap subjek dilakukan sebulan sekali selama satu tahun. Selepas 3 bulan, tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik telah menurun dengan ketara dan kesannya berkekalan sepanjang tahun.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Dakwaan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada sumber sahih.">perlu rujukan</span></a></i>]</sup> Hasil dari kajian ini saintis merumuskan steviosid yang diambil secara oral adalah berkesan untuk menurunkan tekanan darah dan ia mungkin boleh dipertimbangkan sebagai bahan altenatif atau suplemen untuk pesakit darah tinggi. Satu kumpulan saintis lagi melakukan ujian terhadap kesan hipoglisemik glikosid yang terdapat dalam stevia. Mereka juga mengkaji kesan terhadap pengeluaran glukos terhadap glikosid, steviol, isosteviol dan glukosilsteviol. Steviol didapati tidak menghasilkan glukos. Pada tahun 2000 juga, para pengkaji di Denmark telah menjalankan satu kajian yang menunjukkan tindakan hipoglisemik in vitro yang dilakukan oleh steviosid dan steviol adalah hasil daripada keupayaan kedua-duanya menghasilkan insulin melalui tindakan terus terhadap sel-sel beta. Mereka merumuskan hasil kajian mendapati sebatian ini mungkin mempunyai potensi untuk menjadi agen anti-hipeglisemik dalam rawatan <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> jenis 2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>, keluarga botani yang mengandungi <i>Stevia</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steviol_glikosida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steviol glikosida (laman tidak wujud)">Steviol glikosida</a>, kimia yang bertanggungjawab untuk kemanisan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengganti_gula" title="Pengganti gula">Pengganti gula</a>, penggunaan utama stevia</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thaumatin (laman tidak wujud)">Thaumatin</a>, pemanis semula jadi, yang diperolehi daripada buah Afrika</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miraculin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miraculin (laman tidak wujud)">Miraculin</a>, bahan yang mengubah persepsi makanan masam menjadi manis,.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stevia&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/stevia">"Stevia"</a>. <i>British & World English</i>. Oxforddictionaries.com. 7 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+%26+World+English&rft.atitle=Stevia&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fstevia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stevia">"Stevia"</a>. <i>US English</i>. Oxforddictionaries.com. 7 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+English&rft.atitle=Stevia&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fstevia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/English" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ tekanan primer ikuti">ˈ</span><span title="'s' dalam 'satu'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/ long 'e' in 'seed'">iː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/ 'i' pendek dalam 'kiri'">ɪ</span><span title="/ə/ 'e' dalam 'emak'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> and <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/English" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ tekanan primer ikuti">ˈ</span><span title="'s' dalam 'satu'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/ short 'e' in 'bed'">ɛ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/ 'i' pendek dalam 'kiri'">ɪ</span><span title="/ə/ 'e' dalam 'emak'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> are recorded by at least some US and UK dictionaries, but the former is more common in US English (listed first or exclusively) and the latter is more common in UK English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation journal cs1">H.M.A.B. Cardello, M.A.P.A. Da Silva, M.H. Damasio (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008134420339">"Measurement of the relative sweetness of stevia extract, aspartame and cyclamate/saccharin blend as compared to sucrose at different concentrations"</a>. <i>Plant Foods for Human Nutrition</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 119–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1008134420339">10.1023/A:1008134420339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Foods+for+Human+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+the+relative+sweetness+of+stevia+extract%2C+aspartame+and+cyclamate%2Fsaccharin+blend+as+compared+to+sucrose+at+different+concentrations&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-129&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1008134420339&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1008134420339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_uses_authors_parameter" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: uses authors parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ijb.v4n1p146-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ijb.v4n1p146_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Raji Akintunde Abdullateef, Mohamad Osman (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijb/article/download/11721/9623">"Studies on effects of pruning on vegetative traits in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Compositae)"</a>. <i>International Journal of Biology</i>. <b>4</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5539%2Fijb.v4n1p146">10.5539/ijb.v4n1p146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Studies+on+effects+of+pruning+on+vegetative+traits+in+Stevia+rebaudiana+Bertoni+%28Compositae%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5539%2Fijb.v4n1p146&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccsenet.org%2Fjournal%2Findex.php%2Fijb%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F11721%2F9623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_uses_authors_parameter" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: uses authors parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ace-fitness-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ace-fitness_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNatalie_Digate_Muth" class="citation web cs1">Natalie Digate Muth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acefitness.org/certifiednewsarticle/1644/the-truth-about-stevia-the-so-called-quot-healthy/">"The Truth About Stevia—The So-called "Healthy" Alternative Sweetener"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+Stevia%E2%80%94The+So-called+%22Healthy%22+Alternative+Sweetener&rft.au=Natalie+Digate+Muth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acefitness.org%2Fcertifiednewsarticle%2F1644%2Fthe-truth-about-stevia-the-so-called-quot-healthy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eu-approved1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eu-approved1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2011" class="citation web cs1">Lucas, Louise (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f1e157e0-0ec1-11e1-b83c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1eNhsQGhp">"Brussels backs Stevia sweetener"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Brussels+backs+Stevia+sweetener&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Ff1e157e0-0ec1-11e1-b83c-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz1eNhsQGhp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eu-approved2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eu-approved2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStones2011" class="citation web cs1">Stones, Mike (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Ingredients/Stevia-wins-final-EU-approval">"Stevia wins final EU approval"</a>. <i>foodmanufacture.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=foodmanufacture.co.uk&rft.atitle=Stevia+wins+final+EU+approval&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Stones&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodmanufacture.co.uk%2FIngredients%2FStevia-wins-final-EU-approval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-truvia-timeline-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-truvia-timeline_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>truvia-timeline</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Misra-2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Misra-2011_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Misra-2011_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMisraSoniSilawatMehta2011" class="citation journal cs1">Misra, H.; Soni, M.; Silawat, N.; Mehta, D.; Mehta, B. K.; Jain, D. C. (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3103919">"Antidiabetic activity of medium-polar extract from the leaves of <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> Bert. (Bertoni) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats"</a>. <i>J Pharm Bioallied Sci</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 242–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0975-7406.80779">10.4103/0975-7406.80779</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3103919">3103919</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21687353">21687353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Pharm+Bioallied+Sci&rft.atitle=Antidiabetic+activity+of+medium-polar+extract+from+the+leaves+of+Stevia+rebaudiana+Bert.+%28Bertoni%29+on+alloxan-induced+diabetic+rats&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=242-8&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3103919%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21687353&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0975-7406.80779&rft.aulast=Misra&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Soni%2C+M.&rft.au=Silawat%2C+N.&rft.au=Mehta%2C+D.&rft.au=Mehta%2C+B.+K.&rft.au=Jain%2C+D.+C.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3103919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFParsons,_WTCuthbertson,_EG2001" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, WT; Cuthbertson, EG (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&lpg=PA309&dq=%22Pedro%20Jaime%20Esteve%22%20stevia&pg=PA309#v=onepage&q="><i>Noxious Weeds of Australia, 2nd ed</i></a>. Collingswood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-643-06514-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-643-06514-7"><bdi>978-0-643-06514-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noxious+Weeds+of+Australia%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.place=Collingswood%2C+Australia&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06514-7&rft.au=Parsons%2C+WT&rft.au=Cuthbertson%2C+EG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DsRCrNAQQrpwC%26lpg%3DPA309%26dq%3D%2522Pedro%2520Jaime%2520Esteve%2522%2520stevia%26pg%3DPA309%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AStevia" class="Z3988"></span>, page 309.This reference refers specifically to <i>Stevia eupatoria</i>, a related weed having the same nomenclature origin.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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wujud)">Boraj</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerebil (laman tidak wujud)">Cerebil</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicely&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cicely (laman tidak wujud)">Cicely</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danggui_barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danggui barat (laman tidak wujud)">Danggui barat</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pokok_Kari" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokok Kari">Daun kari</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsholtazia_ciliata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elsholtazia ciliata (laman tidak wujud)">Elsholtazia ciliata</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epazot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epazot (laman tidak wujud)">Epazot</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eryngium_foetidum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eryngium foetidum (laman tidak wujud)">Eryngium foetidum (ketumbar panjang)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Hem" title="Hem">Hem</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoja_santa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoja santa (laman tidak wujud)">Hoja santa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyir_ikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanyir ikan (laman tidak wujud)">Hanyir ikan (<i>giấp cá</i>)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zufa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zufa (laman tidak wujud)">Hisop/zufa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemanggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemanggi (laman tidak wujud)">Kemanggi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ketumbar" title="Ketumbar">Ketumbar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketumbar_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketumbar Bolivia (laman tidak wujud)">Ketumbar Bolivia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketumbar_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketumbar Vietnam (laman tidak wujud)">Ketumbar Vietnam (<i>rau răm</i>)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kucai" title="Kucai">Kucai</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Lavandula_angustifolia" title="Lavandula angustifolia">Lavender</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limnophila_aromatica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limnophila aromatica (laman tidak wujud)">Limnophila aromatica</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Marjoram</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Backhousia_citriodora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Backhousia citriodora (laman tidak wujud)">Mirtel lemon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptotaenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptotaenia (laman tidak wujud)">Mitsuba</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Parsli" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsli">Parsli</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla (<i>shiso</i>)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pudina" title="Pudina">Pudina</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Rosmari" title="Rosmari">Rosmari</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">Savori</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Daun_salam" title="Daun salam">Salam</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbopogon">Serai</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sej" class="mw-redirect" title="Sej">Sej</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selada (laman tidak wujud)">Selada</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daun_selasih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daun selasih (laman tidak wujud)">Selasih</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Taragon" title="Taragon">Taragon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Taim" title="Taim">Taim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tersak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tersak (laman tidak wujud)">Tersak</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbena_lemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verbena lemon (laman tidak wujud)">Verbena lemon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Woodruff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodruff (laman tidak wujud)">Woodruff</a> </span></p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Rempah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rempah" title="Rempah">Rempah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Adas_manis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adas manis">Adas manis</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Andaliman" title="Andaliman">Andaliman</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajwain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajwain (laman tidak wujud)">Ajwain</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Akar_manis" title="Akar manis">Akar manis</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allspice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allspice (laman tidak wujud)">Allspice</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bacang#Penggunaan_sebagai_makanan" title="Bacang">Amchur (serbuk m/bacang)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaempferia galanga">Halia aromatik</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Asam_jawa" title="Asam jawa">Asam jawa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kapur_Jepun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapur Jepun">Kapur barus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bawang_putih" title="Bawang putih">Bawang putih</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Arar" title="Arar">Beri arar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bijan" title="Bijan">Bijan/lenga</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Buah_delima" class="mw-redirect" title="Buah delima">Biji buah delima (<i>anardana</i>)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Ketumbar" title="Ketumbar">Biji ketumbar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bunga_lawang" title="Bunga lawang">Bunga lawang</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Saderi" title="Saderi">Biji saderi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Buah_pala" title="Buah pala">Buah pala</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Buah_pelaga" title="Buah pelaga">Buah pelaga</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caruli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caruli (laman tidak wujud)">Caruli</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinnamomum_aromaticum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinnamomum aromaticum (laman tidak wujud)">Cassia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chenpi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chenpi (laman tidak wujud)">Chenpi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cili" title="Cili">Cili</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cengkih" title="Cengkih">Cengkih</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Garam" title="Garam">Garam</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golpar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golpar (laman tidak wujud)">Golpar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Halba" title="Halba">Halba</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Halia" title="Halia">Halia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Habbatussauda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habbatussauda (laman tidak wujud)">Habbatussauda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Inggu" title="Inggu">Inggu</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunium_persicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunium persicum (laman tidak wujud)">Jintan hitam</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jintan_manis" title="Jintan manis">Jintan manis</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jintan_putih" title="Jintan putih">Jintan putih</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> "<a href="/wiki/Aframomum_melegueta" title="Aframomum melegueta">biji syurga/Kekulah jantan</a>" <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bijian_Selim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bijian Selim (laman tidak wujud)">Bijian Selim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kacang_tonka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kacang tonka (laman tidak wujud)">Kacang tonka</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karawai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karawai (laman tidak wujud)">Karawai</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Popi" title="Popi">Kaskas/madat</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kayu_manis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayu manis">Kayu manis</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemukus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemukus (laman tidak wujud)">Kemukus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kencur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kencur">Kencur</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokam (laman tidak wujud)">Kokam</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Koma-koma" title="Koma-koma">Koma-koma</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kunyit" title="Kunyit">Kunyit</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lada_Halab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lada Halab (laman tidak wujud)">Lada Halab</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schinus_terebinthifolius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schinus terebinthifolius (laman tidak wujud)">Lada Brazil</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Lada_cayenne" title="Lada cayenne">Lada cayenne</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Lada_hitam" title="Lada hitam">Lada hitam</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Lada_panjang" title="Lada panjang">Lada panjang</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schinus_molle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schinus molle (laman tidak wujud)">Lada Peru</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Lada_Sichuan" title="Lada Sichuan">Lada Sichuan (<i>huājiāo</i>, <i>sansho</i>)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tasmannia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tasmannia (laman tidak wujud)">Lada Tasmania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Lengkuas" title="Lengkuas">Lengkuas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limau_kering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limau kering (laman tidak wujud)">Limau kering</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Lobak_kuda" title="Lobak kuda">Lobak kuda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Litsea_cubeba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litsea cubeba (laman tidak wujud)">Litsea cubeba</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahlab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahlab (laman tidak wujud)">Mahlab</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabathrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malabathrum (laman tidak wujud)">Malabathrum (<i>tejpat</i>)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morhabsyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morhabsyi (laman tidak wujud)">Morhabsyi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigella_sativa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigella sativa (laman tidak wujud)">Nigella (<i>kalonji</i>)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelaga_hitam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelaga hitam (laman tidak wujud)">Pelaga hitam</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radhuni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radhuni (laman tidak wujud)">Radhuni</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosa_damascena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosa damascena (laman tidak wujud)">Mawar Damsyik</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sarsaparila" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarsaparila">Sarsaparila</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sassafras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sassafras (laman tidak wujud)">Sassafras</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brassica_nigra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brassica nigra (laman tidak wujud)">Sawi hitam</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassica juncea">Sawi perang</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sawi_putih" title="Sawi putih">Sawi putih</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumak (laman tidak wujud)">Sumak</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Temu_kunci" title="Temu kunci">Temu kunci</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Vanila" title="Vanila">Vanila</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunyit_putih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunyit putih (laman tidak wujud)">Kunyit putih</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zereshk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zereshk (laman tidak wujud)">Zereshk</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zest_(ramuan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zest (ramuan) (laman tidak wujud)">Zest</a> </span></p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Campuran_herba_dan_rempah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Campuran_rempah" title="Campuran rempah">Campuran herba dan rempah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjika (laman tidak wujud)">Adjika</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Advieh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advieh (laman tidak wujud)">Advieh</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rempah_sapu_Afghan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rempah sapu Afghan (laman tidak wujud)">Rempah sapu Afghan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baharat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baharat (laman tidak wujud)">Baharat</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berbere (laman tidak wujud)">Berbere</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouquet_garni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bouquet garni (laman tidak wujud)">Bouquet garni</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buknu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buknu (laman tidak wujud)">Buknu</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaunk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaunk (laman tidak wujud)">Chaunk</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Serbuk_cili" title="Serbuk cili">Serbuk cili</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_boil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crab boil (laman tidak wujud)">Crab boil</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Serbuk_kari" title="Serbuk kari">Serbuk kari</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fines_herbes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fines herbes (laman tidak wujud)">Fines herbes</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pancarempah" title="Pancarempah">Pancarempah</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Garam_bawang_putih" title="Garam bawang putih">Garam bawang putih</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harisah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harisah (laman tidak wujud)">Harisah</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerk_spice_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerk spice Jamaica (laman tidak wujud)">Jerk spice</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmeli_suneli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khmeli suneli (laman tidak wujud)">Khmeli suneli</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lada_lemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lada lemon (laman tidak wujud)">Lada lemon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masala (laman tidak wujud)">Masala</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masala_tanduri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masala tanduri (laman tidak wujud)">Masala tanduri</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitmita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitmita (laman tidak wujud)">Mitmita</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perasa_Old_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perasa Old Bay (laman tidak wujud)">Perasa Old Bay</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panch_phoron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panch phoron (laman tidak wujud)">Panch phoron</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persillade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persillade (laman tidak wujud)">Persillade</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rempah_campuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rempah campuran (laman tidak wujud)">Rempah campuran</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rempah_pai_labu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rempah pai labu (laman tidak wujud)">Rempah pai labu</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Q%C3%A2lat_Daqqa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qâlat Daqqa (laman tidak wujud)">Qâlat Daqqa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quatre_%C3%A9pices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quatre épices (laman tidak wujud)">Quatre épices</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rempah_penghulu_kedai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rempah penghulu kedai (laman tidak wujud)">Rempah penghulu kedai</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Recado_rojo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recado rojo (laman tidak wujud)">Recado rojo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Savori_musim_panas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savori musim panas (laman tidak wujud)">Sharena sol</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shichimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shichimi (laman tidak wujud)">Shichimi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabil (laman tidak wujud)">Tabil</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zatar (laman tidak wujud)">Zatar</a> </span></p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Senarai_herba_dan_rempah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Senarai herba dan rempah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_herba_dan_rempah_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai herba dan rempah Australia (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai herba dan rempah Australia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herba_Cina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herba Cina (laman tidak wujud)">Herba Cina</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_rempah_India" title="Senarai rempah India">Senarai rempah India</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_rempah_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai rempah Pakistan (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai rempah Pakistan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_herba_dan_rempah_masak-memasak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai herba dan rempah masak-memasak (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai herba dan rempah masak-memasak</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topik_berkait" 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