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<span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Website_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Website_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Website design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Website_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PubMed_for_handhelds/mobiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PubMed_for_handhelds/mobiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>PubMed for handhelds/mobiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PubMed_for_handhelds/mobiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Search</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_search" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_search"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Standard search</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_search-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comprehensive_search" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comprehensive_search"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Comprehensive search</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comprehensive_search-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_article_parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_article_parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Journal article parameters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_article_parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publication_Type:_Clinical_queries/systematic_reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication_Type:_Clinical_queries/systematic_reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Publication Type: Clinical queries/systematic reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication_Type:_Clinical_queries/systematic_reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_ID" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_ID"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Secondary ID</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_ID-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping_to_MeSH" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping_to_MeSH"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Mapping to MeSH</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping_to_MeSH-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-My_NCBI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#My_NCBI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>My NCBI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-My_NCBI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LinkOut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LinkOut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>LinkOut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LinkOut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PubMed_Commons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PubMed_Commons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>PubMed Commons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PubMed_Commons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-askMEDLINE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#askMEDLINE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>askMEDLINE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-askMEDLINE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PubMed_identifier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PubMed_identifier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>PubMed identifier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PubMed_identifier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alternative interfaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_mining_of_PubMed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_mining_of_PubMed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Data mining of PubMed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_mining_of_PubMed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">PubMed</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF" title="ببمد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ببمد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="পাবমেড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাবমেড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="پاب‌مد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاب‌مد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펍메드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="पबमेड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पबमेड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID" title="PMID – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="PMID" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="പബ്മെഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പബ്മെഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="پابميد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پابميد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="පබ්මෙඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පබ්මෙඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="பப்மெட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பப்மெட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="పబ్‌మెడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పబ్‌మెడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94" title="พับเมด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พับเมด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="PubMed" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:"><caption class="infobox-title summary">PubMed</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PubMed_logo_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PubMed_logo_blue.svg/250px-PubMed_logo_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PubMed_logo_blue.svg/375px-PubMed_logo_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PubMed_logo_blue.svg/500px-PubMed_logo_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="144" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender">Contact</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Research_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Research center">Research center</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a> (NLM)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1996<span class="noprint">; 28 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1996-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender">Access</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">pubmed<wbr />.ncbi<wbr />.nlm<wbr />.nih<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>PubMed</b> is a free <a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">database</a> including primarily the <a href="/wiki/MEDLINE" title="MEDLINE">MEDLINE</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_database" title="Bibliographic database">database</a> of references and <a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">abstracts</a> on <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biomedical</a> topics. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a> (NLM) at the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> maintains the database as part of the <a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1971 to 1997, online access to the MEDLINE database had been primarily through institutional facilities, such as <a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">university libraries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11185333_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11185333-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PubMed, first released in January 1996, ushered in the era of private, free, home- and office-based MEDLINE searching.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PubMed system was offered free to the public starting in June 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11185333_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11185333-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to MEDLINE, PubMed provides access to: </p> <ul><li>older references from the print version of <i><a href="/wiki/Index_Medicus" title="Index Medicus">Index Medicus</a></i>, back to 1951 and earlier</li> <li>references to some journals before they were indexed in Index Medicus and MEDLINE, for instance <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)"><i>Science</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Surgery" title="Annals of Surgery">Annals of Surgery</a></i></li> <li>very recent entries to records for an article before it is indexed with <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH) and added to MEDLINE</li> <li>a collection of books available full-text and other subsets of NLM records<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> citations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#NCBI_Bookshelf" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI Bookshelf</a></li></ul> <p>Many PubMed records contain links to full text articles, some of which are freely available, often in <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and local mirrors, such as <a href="/wiki/Europe_PubMed_Central" title="Europe PubMed Central">Europe PubMed Central</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Information about the journals indexed in MEDLINE, and available through PubMed, is found in the NLM Catalog.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 23 May 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, PubMed has more than 35 million citations and abstracts dating back to 1966, selectively to the year 1865, and very selectively to 1809. As of the same date<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 24.6 million of PubMed's records are listed with their abstracts, and 26.8 million records have links to full-text versions (of which 10.9 million articles are available, full-text for free).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the last 10 years (ending 31 December 2019), an average of nearly one million new records were added each year. </p><p>In 2016, NLM changed the indexing system so that publishers are able to directly correct typos and errors in PubMed indexed articles.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PubMed has been reported to include some articles published in predatory journals. MEDLINE and PubMed policies for the selection of journals for database inclusion are slightly different. Weaknesses in the criteria and procedures for indexing journals in PubMed Central may allow publications from predatory journals to leak into PubMed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Website_design">Website design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Website design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new PubMed interface was launched in October 2009 and encouraged the use of such quick, Google-like search formulations; they have also been described as 'telegram' searches.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10968827_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10968827-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By default the results are sorted by Most Recent, but this can be changed to Best Match, Publication Date, First Author, Last Author, Journal, or Title.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PubMed website design and domain was updated in January 2020 and became default on 15 May 2020, with the updated and new features.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a critical reaction from many researchers who frequently use the site.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PubMed_for_handhelds/mobiles"><span id="PubMed_for_handhelds.2Fmobiles"></span>PubMed for handhelds/mobiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: PubMed for handhelds/mobiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PubMed/MEDLINE can be accessed via handheld devices, using for instance the <a href="/wiki/PICO_process" title="PICO process">"PICO"</a> option (for focused clinical questions) created by the NLM.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "PubMed Mobile" option, providing access to a mobile friendly, simplified PubMed version, is also available.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Search">Search</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Search"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standard_search">Standard search</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standard search"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simple searches on PubMed can be carried out by entering key aspects of a subject into PubMed's search window. </p><p>PubMed translates this initial search formulation and automatically adds field names, relevant MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms, synonyms, Boolean operators, and 'nests' the resulting terms appropriately, enhancing the search formulation significantly, in particular by routinely combining (using the OR operator) textwords and MeSH terms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comprehensive_search">Comprehensive search</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comprehensive search"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For optimal searches in PubMed, it is necessary to understand its core component, MEDLINE, and especially of the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) controlled vocabulary used to index MEDLINE articles. They may also require complex search strategies, use of field names (tags), proper use of limits and other features; reference librarians and search specialists offer search services.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8343701_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8343701-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10507188_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10507188-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The search into PubMed's search window is only recommended for the search of unequivocal topics or new interventions that do not yet have a MeSH heading created, as well as for the search for commercial brands of medicines and proper nouns. It is also useful when there is no suitable heading or the descriptor represents a partial aspect. The search using the thesaurus MeSH is more accurate and will give fewer irrelevant results. In addition, it saves the disadvantage of the free text search in which the spelling, singular/plural or abbreviated differences have to be taken into consideration. On the other side, articles more recently incorporated into the database to which descriptors have not yet been assigned will not be found. Therefore, to guarantee an exhaustive search, a combination of controlled language headings and free text terms must be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Campos-Asensio_2018_182–186_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campos-Asensio_2018_182–186-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_article_parameters">Journal article parameters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Journal article parameters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a journal article is indexed, numerous article parameters are extracted and stored as structured information. Such parameters are: Article Type (MeSH terms, e.g., "Clinical Trial"), Secondary identifiers, (MeSH terms), Language, Country of the Journal or publication history (e-publication date, print journal publication date). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Publication_Type:_Clinical_queries/systematic_reviews"><span id="Publication_Type:_Clinical_queries.2Fsystematic_reviews"></span>Publication Type: Clinical queries/systematic reviews</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Publication Type: Clinical queries/systematic reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Publication type parameter allows searching by the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal#Types_of_articles" title="Scientific journal">type of publication</a>, including reports of various kinds of clinical research.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_ID">Secondary ID</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Secondary ID"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since July 2005, the MEDLINE article indexing process extracts identifiers from the article abstract and puts those in a field called Secondary Identifier (SI). The secondary identifier field is to store accession numbers to various databases of molecular sequence data, gene expression or chemical compounds and clinical trial IDs. For clinical trials, PubMed extracts trial IDs for the two largest trial registries: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT identifier) and the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register (IRCTN identifier).<sup id="cite_ref-adherence_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adherence-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="See_also">See also</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A reference which is judged particularly relevant can be marked and "related articles" can be identified. If relevant, several studies can be selected and related articles to all of them can be generated (on PubMed or any of the other NCBI Entrez databases) using the 'Find related data' option. The related articles are then listed in order of "relatedness". To create these lists of related articles, PubMed compares words from the title and abstract of each citation, as well as the MeSH headings assigned, using a powerful word-weighted algorithm.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'related articles' function has been judged to be so precise that the authors of a paper suggested it can be used instead of a full search.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16467730_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16467730-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapping_to_MeSH">Mapping to MeSH</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mapping to MeSH"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PubMed automatically links to MeSH terms and subheadings. Examples would be: "bad breath" links to (and includes in the search) "halitosis", "heart attack" to "myocardial infarction", "breast cancer" to "breast neoplasms". Where appropriate, these MeSH terms are automatically "expanded", that is, include more specific terms. Terms like "nursing" are automatically linked to "Nursing [MeSH]" or "Nursing [Subheading]". This feature is called Auto Term Mapping and is enacted, by default, in free text searching but not exact phrase searching (i.e. enclosing the search query with double quotes).<sup id="cite_ref-Fatehi_102–112_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatehi_102–112-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This feature makes PubMed searches more sensitive and avoids false-negative (missed) hits by compensating for the diversity of medical terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-Fatehi_102–112_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatehi_102–112-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PubMed does not apply automatic mapping of the term in the following circumstances: by writing the quoted phrase (e.g., "kidney allograft"), when truncated on the asterisk (e.g., kidney allograft*), and when looking with field labels (e.g., Cancer [ti]).<sup id="cite_ref-Campos-Asensio_2018_182–186_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campos-Asensio_2018_182–186-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="My_NCBI">My NCBI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: My NCBI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PubMed optional facility "My NCBI" (with free registration) provides tools for </p> <ul><li>saving searches</li> <li>filtering search results</li> <li>setting up automatic updates sent by e-mail</li> <li>saving sets of references retrieved as part of a PubMed search</li> <li>configuring display formats or highlighting search terms</li></ul> <p>and a wide range of other options.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "My NCBI" area can be accessed from any computer with web-access. An earlier version of "My NCBI" was called "PubMed Cubby".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LinkOut">LinkOut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: LinkOut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LinkOut is an NLM facility to link and make available full-text local journal holdings.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 3,200 sites (mainly academic institutions) participate in this NLM facility (as of March 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>), from <a href="/wiki/Aalborg_University" title="Aalborg University">Aalborg University</a> in Denmark to <a href="/wiki/ZymoGenetics" title="ZymoGenetics">ZymoGenetics</a> in Seattle.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users at these institutions see their institution's logo within the PubMed search result (if the journal is held at that institution) and can access the full-text. Link out is being consolidated with Outside Tool as of the major platform update coming in the Summer of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PubMed_Commons">PubMed Commons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: PubMed Commons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, PubMed allows authors of articles to comment on articles indexed by PubMed. This feature was initially tested in a pilot mode (since 2013) and was made permanent in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2018, PubMed Commons was discontinued due to the fact that "usage has remained minimal".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="askMEDLINE">askMEDLINE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: askMEDLINE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>askMEDLINE, a free-text, natural language query tool for MEDLINE/PubMed, developed by the NLM, also suitable for handhelds.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PubMed_identifier">PubMed identifier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: PubMed identifier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For help using PubMed identifiers within Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PMID" title="Wikipedia:PMID">Wikipedia:PMID</a>.</div> <p>A <b>PMID</b> (PubMed identifier or PubMed unique identifier)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Unique_identifier" title="Unique identifier">unique integer value</a>, starting at <code>1</code>, assigned to each PubMed record. A PMID is not the same as a <a href="/wiki/PMCID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMCID">PMCID</a> (PubMed Central identifier) which is the identifier for all works published in the free-to-access <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMCID_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMCID-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assignment of a PMID or PMCID to a publication tells the reader nothing about the type or quality of the content. PMIDs are assigned to <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_editor" title="Letter to the editor">letters to the editor</a>, editorial opinions, <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> columns, and any other piece that the editor chooses to include in the journal, as well as peer-reviewed papers. The existence of the identification number is also not proof that the papers have not been <a href="/wiki/Retractions_in_academic_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Retractions in academic publishing">retracted</a> for fraud, incompetence, or misconduct. The announcement about any <a href="/wiki/Correction_(newspaper)" title="Correction (newspaper)">corrections</a> to original papers may be assigned a PMID. </p><p>Each number that is entered in the PubMed search window is treated by default as if it were a PMID. Therefore, any reference in PubMed can be located using the PMID. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_interfaces">Alternative interfaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Alternative interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MEDLINE_via_PubMed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MEDLINE_via_PubMed.png/310px-MEDLINE_via_PubMed.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MEDLINE_via_PubMed.png/465px-MEDLINE_via_PubMed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MEDLINE_via_PubMed.png/620px-MEDLINE_via_PubMed.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>MEDLINE is one of the databases which are accessible via PubMed. Several companies provide access to MEDLINE through their platforms.</figcaption></figure> <p>The National Library of Medicine leases the MEDLINE information to a number of private vendors such as <a href="/wiki/Embase" title="Embase">Embase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovid_Technologies" title="Ovid Technologies">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialog_(online_database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialog (online database)">Dialog</a>, <a href="/wiki/EBSCO_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="EBSCO Publishing">EBSCO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_Finder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knowledge Finder (page does not exist)">Knowledge Finder</a> and many other commercial, non-commercial, and academic providers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, more than 500 licenses had been issued, more than 200 of them to providers outside the United States. As licenses to use MEDLINE data are available for free, the NLM in effect provides a free testing ground for a wide range<sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|_21245076_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|_21245076-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of alternative interfaces and 3rd party additions to PubMed, one of a very few large, professionally curated databases which offers this option. </p><p>Lu identifies a sample of 28 current and free Web-based PubMed versions, requiring no installation or registration, which are grouped into four categories:<sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|_21245076_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|_21245076-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Ranking search results, for instance: <a href="/wiki/ETBLAST" title="ETBLAST">eTBLAST</a>; MedlineRanker;<sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|_19429696_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|_19429696-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MiSearch;<sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|_18326507_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|_18326507-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Clustering results by topics, authors, journals etc., for instance: <a href="/wiki/Anne_O%27Tate" title="Anne O'Tate">Anne O'Tate</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|_18279519_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|_18279519-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ClusterMed;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Enhancing semantics and visualization, for instance: EBIMed;<sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|_17237098_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|_17237098-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MedEvi.<sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|_18400773_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|_18400773-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Improved search interface and retrieval experience, for instance, askMEDLINE<sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|_17238542_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|_17238542-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|_16779244_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|_16779244-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BabelMeSH;<sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|_17911830_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|_17911830-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and PubCrawler.<sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|_15215341_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|_15215341-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>As most of these and other alternatives rely essentially on PubMed/MEDLINE data leased under license from the NLM/PubMed, the term "PubMed derivatives" has been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-cite_pmid|_21245076_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|_21245076-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without the need to store about 90 GB of original PubMed Datasets, anybody can write PubMed applications using the eutils-application program interface as described in "The E-utilities In-Depth: Parameters, Syntax and More", by Eric Sayers, PhD.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various citation format generators, taking PMID numbers as input, are examples of web applications making use of the eutils-application program interface. Sample web pages include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mickschroeder.com/citation/">Citation Generator – Mick Schroeder</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ultrasoundoftheweek.com/citation/">Pubmed Citation Generator – Ultrasound of the Week</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmid2cite.com/">PMID2cite</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citethisforme.com/citation-generator/ama">Cite this for me</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_mining_of_PubMed">Data mining of PubMed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Data mining of PubMed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternative methods to mine the data in PubMed use programming environments such as <a href="/wiki/Matlab" class="mw-redirect" title="Matlab">Matlab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> or <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a>. In these cases, queries of PubMed are written as lines of code and passed to PubMed and the response is then processed directly in the programming environment. Code can be automated to systematically query with different keywords such as disease, year, organs, etc. </p><p>For bulk processing, the full PubMed database is available as XML which can be downloaded from an FTP server. The annual baseline is released in December, followed by daily update files. <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to its traditional role as a biomedical database, PubMed has become common resource for training biomedical <a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">language models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent advancements in this field include the development of models like PubMedGPT, a 2.7B parameter model trained on PubMed data by Stanford CRFM, and Microsoft's BiomedCLIP-PubMedBERT, which utilizes figure-caption pairs from PubMed Central for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vision-language_processing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vision-language processing (page does not exist)">vision-language processing</a>. These models demonstrate the significant potential of PubMed data in enhancing the capabilities of AI in medical research and healthcare applications. Such advancements underline the growing intersection between large-scale data mining and AI development in the biomedical field. </p><p>The data accessible by PubMed can be mirrored locally using an unofficial tool such as MEDOC.<sup id="cite_ref-MEDOC_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEDOC-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Millions of PubMed records augment various <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a> datasets about <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Unpaywall" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaywall">Unpaywall</a>. Data analysis tools like <a href="/wiki/Unpaywall_Journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaywall Journals">Unpaywall Journals</a> are used by libraries to assist with <a href="/wiki/Big_deal_(subscription_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big deal (subscription model)">big deal</a> cancellations: libraries can avoid subscriptions for materials already served by instant <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> via <a href="/wiki/Open_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Open archive">open archives</a> like PubMed Central.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also_2">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europe_PubMed_Central" title="Europe PubMed Central">Europe PubMed Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JournalReview.org" title="JournalReview.org">JournalReview.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">List of academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central_Canada" title="PubMed Central Canada">PubMed Central Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/pubmed.html">"PubMed"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213224006/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/pubmed.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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id="Telemedicine_and_telehealth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telehealth" title="Telehealth">Telemedicine and telehealth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_absentia_health_care" title="In absentia health care"><i>In absentia</i> health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_record" title="Medical record">Medical record</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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title="Decision aids">Decision aids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor%E2%80%93patient_relationship" title="Doctor–patient relationship">Doctor–patient relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-patient" title="E-patient">E-patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_2.0" title="Health 2.0">Health 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_translation" title="Knowledge translation">Knowledge translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">mHealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participative_decision-making_in_organizations" title="Participative decision-making in organizations">Participative decision-making in organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_Activation_Measure" title="Patient Activation Measure">Patient Activation Measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_decision-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared decision-making">Shared decision-making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_the_Internet" title="Health information on the Internet">Health information on the Internet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on Wikipedia">Health information on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_patient_education" title="Online patient education">Online patient education</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PubMed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Telemedicine <a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EHealth" title="EHealth">eHealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_surgery" title="Remote surgery">Remote surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_therapy" title="Remote therapy">Remote therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_patient_monitoring" title="Remote patient monitoring">Remote patient monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tele-audiology" title="Tele-audiology">Tele-audiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tele-epidemiology" title="Tele-epidemiology">Tele-epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teledentistry" title="Teledentistry">Teledentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teledermatology" title="Teledermatology">Teledermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_technology_in_treatment_of_mental_disorders" title="Use of technology in treatment of mental disorders">Telemental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenursing" title="Telenursing">Telenursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleophthalmology" title="Teleophthalmology">Teleophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathology" title="Telepathology">Telepathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepharmacy" title="Telepharmacy">Telepharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepsychiatry" title="Telepsychiatry">Telepsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleradiology" title="Teleradiology">Teleradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telerehabilitation" title="Telerehabilitation">Telerehabilitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles to play</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Open-source healthcare software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_opinion_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient opinion leader">Patient opinion leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_participant" title="Research participant">Research participant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_patient" title="Virtual patient">Virtual patient</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academic_publishing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_publishing" title="Template talk:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_publishing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and ranking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">Least publishable unit</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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