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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">World Customs Organization</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="المنظمة العالمية للجمارك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المنظمة العالمية للجمارك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="বিশ্ব শুল্ক সংস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্ব শুল্ক সংস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Световна митническа организация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Световна митническа организация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltzollorganisation" title="Weltzollorganisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltzollorganisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailma_Tolliorganisatsioon" title="Maailma Tolliorganisatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maailma Tolliorganisatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Mundial_de_Aduanas" title="Organización Mundial de Aduanas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Organización Mundial de Aduanas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutmonda_Pridogana_Organizo" title="Tutmonda Pridogana Organizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tutmonda Pridogana Organizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aduanen_Mundu_Erakundea" title="Aduanen Mundu Erakundea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aduanen Mundu Erakundea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="سازمان جهانی گمرک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان جهانی گمرک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_mondiale_des_douanes" title="Organisation mondiale des douanes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisation mondiale des douanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EA%B4%80%EC%84%B8_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="세계 관세 기구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세계 관세 기구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8" title="विश्व सीमा शुल्क संगठन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्व सीमा शुल्क संगठन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მსოფლიო საბაჟო ორგანიზაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მსოფლიო საბაჟო ორგანიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D2%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Дүниежүзілік Кеден Ұйымы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дүниежүзілік Кеден Ұйымы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaulio_muitini%C5%B3_organizacija" title="Pasaulio muitinių organizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pasaulio muitinių organizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дэлхийн Гаалийн Байгууллага – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэлхийн Гаалийн Байгууллага" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werelddouaneorganisatie" title="Werelddouaneorganisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Werelddouaneorganisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%A8%8E%E9%96%A2%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="世界税関機構 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世界税関機構" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdens_tollorganisasjon" title="Verdens tollorganisasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verdens tollorganisasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awiatowa_Organizacja_Celna" title="Światowa Organizacja Celna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Światowa Organizacja Celna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Mundial_das_Alf%C3%A2ndegas" title="Organização Mundial das Alfândegas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Organização Mundial das Alfândegas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bia_Mondial%C4%83_a_V%C4%83milor" title="Organizația Mondială a Vămilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Organizația Mondială a Vămilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Всемирная таможенная организация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Всемирная таможенная организация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizata_Bot%C3%ABrore_e_Doganave" title="Organizata Botërore e Doganave – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Organizata Botërore e Doganave" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rldstullorganisationen" title="Världstullorganisationen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Världstullorganisationen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="உலக சுங்க அமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலக சுங்க அமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_G%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk_%C3%96rg%C3%BCt%C3%BC" title="Dünya Gümrük Örgütü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dünya Gümrük Örgütü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Всесвітня митна організація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Всесвітня митна організація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%DA%88_%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ورلڈ کسٹمز آرگنائزیشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ورلڈ کسٹمز آرگنائزیشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95_ch%E1%BB%A9c_H%E1%BA%A3i_quan_Th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Tổ chức Hải quan Thế giới – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tổ chức Hải quan Thế giới" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%B3%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界海关组织 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="世界海关组织" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q605326#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">World Customs Organization</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_World_Customs_Organization.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/84/Logo_of_the_World_Customs_Organization.png/220px-Logo_of_the_World_Customs_Organization.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/84/Logo_of_the_World_Customs_Organization.png/330px-Logo_of_the_World_Customs_Organization.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/84/Logo_of_the_World_Customs_Organization.png 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="74" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">WCO</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">26 January 1953<span class="noprint">; 71 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1953-01-26</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-oma_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">Intergovernmental organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Customs_Organization" title="Member states of the World Customs Organization">186 customs administrations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language </div></th><td class="infobox-data">English and French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary General</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ian Saunders (January 2024 - present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcoomd.org">www<wbr />.wcoomd<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_WCO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Building_WCO.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters building</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>World Customs Organization</b> (<b>WCO</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organization</a> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium. The WCO works on <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a>-related matters including the development of international conventions, instruments, and tools on topics such as commodity classification, valuation, rules of origin, collection of customs revenue, <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_security" title="Supply chain security">supply chain security</a>, international <a href="/wiki/Trade_facilitation" title="Trade facilitation">trade facilitation</a>, customs enforcement activities, combating <a href="/wiki/Counterfeiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfeiting">counterfeiting</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property rights">intellectual property rights</a> (IPR), <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">illegal drug enforcement</a>, combating counterfeiting of <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medicinal drugs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> illegal weapons trading, integrity promotion, and delivering sustainable <a href="/wiki/Capacity_building" title="Capacity building">capacity building</a> to assist with customs reforms and modernization. The WCO maintains the international <a href="/wiki/Harmonized_System" title="Harmonized System">Harmonized System</a> (HS) goods nomenclature, and administers the technical aspects of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) <a href="/wiki/Customs_valuation#Agreement_on_Implementation_of_Article_VII_of_GATT" title="Customs valuation">Agreements on Customs Valuation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of Origin">Rules of Origin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the WCO oversees the implementation of new technologies, artificial intelligence, to improve the efficiency of customs operations. Furthermore, the WCO is involved in addressing emerging issues, such as the digitalization of customs systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Customs_Organization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 23 August 1947 the Committee for European Economic Cooperation created a European Customs Union Study Group (ECUSG) to examine economic and technical issues of inter-European Customs Union concerning the rules of the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT). In total, six ECUSG meetings were held in four years from November 1947 to June 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work of ECUSG led to the adoption in 1950 of the <b>Convention establishing the Customs Co-operation Council</b> (CCC), which was signed in Brussels. On 26 January 1953<sup id="cite_ref-oma_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the CCC's inaugural session took place with the participation of 17 founding members. CCC membership subsequently expanded to cover all regions of the globe. In 1994, the organization adopted its current name, the World Customs Organization. Today, WCO members are responsible for customs controls in <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Customs_Organization" title="Member states of the World Customs Organization">186 countries</a> representing more than 98 percent of all international trade.<sup id="cite_ref-oma_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the major turning points in the WCO’s history was its expansion beyond Europe, which allowed it to become a truly global organization. This expansion was fueled by the recognition of the need for standardized customs procedures across different regions of the world, particularly in the post-colonial period when many new nations were emerging. The WCO played a crucial role in helping these nations establish efficient customs administrations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vision_and_objectives">Vision and objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Customs_Organization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vision and objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WCO is internationally acknowledged as the global centre of customs expertise and plays a leading role in the discussion, development, promotion and implementation of modern customs systems and procedures. Moreover, the WCO has been instrumental in assisting over 180 countries in modernizing their customs procedures through various initiatives such as the Revised Kyoto Convention and the Harmonized System.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is responsive to the needs of its members and its strategic environment, and its instruments and best-practice approaches are recognized as the basis for sound customs administration throughout the world. </p><p>The WCO's primary objective is to enhance the efficiency effectiveness other members <a href="/wiki/Customs_territory" title="Customs territory">customs administrations</a>, thereby assisting them to contribute successfully to national development goals, particularly revenue collection, national security, trade facilitation, community protection, and collection of trade statistics. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Customs_Organization.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/World_Customs_Organization.png/231px-World_Customs_Organization.png" decoding="async" width="231" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/World_Customs_Organization.png/347px-World_Customs_Organization.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/World_Customs_Organization.png/462px-World_Customs_Organization.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Customs_Organization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to achieve its objectives, the WCO has adopted a number of customs instruments, including but not limited to the following: </p> <div><ol><li><b>The International Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (<a href="/wiki/Harmonized_System" title="Harmonized System">HS Convention</a>)</b> was adopted in 1983 and came into force in 1988. The HS multipurpose goods nomenclature is used as the basis for customs tariffs and for the compilation of international trade statistics. It comprises about 5,000 commodity groups, each identified by a six digit code arranged in a legal and logical structure with well-defined rules to achieve uniform classification. The HS is also used for many other purposes involving trade policy, rules of origin, monitoring of controlled goods, internal taxes, freight tariffs, transport statistics, quota controls, price monitoring, compilation of national accounts, and economic research and analysis.</li><li><b>The International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs procedures (revised Kyoto Convention or RKC)</b> was originally adopted in 1974 and was subsequently revised in 1999; the revised Kyoto Convention came into force in 2006. The RKC comprises several key governing principles: transparency and predictability of customs controls; standardization and simplification of the goods declaration and supporting documents; simplified procedures for authorized persons; maximum use of information technology; minimum necessary customs control to ensure compliance with regulations; use of <a href="/wiki/Customs_risk_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs risk management">risk management</a> and audit based controls; coordinated interventions with other border agencies; and a partnership with the trade. It promotes trade facilitation and effective controls through its legal provisions that detail the application of simple yet efficient procedures and also contains new and obligatory rules for its application. The WCO revised Kyoto Convention is sometimes confused with the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, which is a protocol to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC or FCCC).</li><li><b>ATA Convention and the Convention on Temporary Admission (Istanbul Convention).</b> Both the <a href="/wiki/ATA_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="ATA Convention">ATA Convention</a> and the Istanbul Convention are WCO instruments governing temporary admission of goods. The ATA system, which is integral to both Conventions, allows the free movement of goods across frontiers and their temporary admission into a customs territory with relief from duties and taxes. The goods are covered by a single document known as the <a href="/wiki/ATA_carnet" class="mw-redirect" title="ATA carnet">ATA carnet</a> that is secured by an international guarantee system.</li><li><b>The Arusha Declaration on Customs Integrity</b> was adopted in 1993 and revised in 2003. The Arusha Declaration is a non-binding instrument which provides a number of basic principles to promote integrity and combat <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a> within customs administrations. Established in 1952, the WCO has introduced significant legal frameworks, including the SAFE Framework of Standards, aimed at simplifying customs procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>The SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade</b> was adopted in 2005. The SAFE Framework is a non-binding instrument that contains supply chain security and facilitation standards for goods being traded internationally, enables integrated supply chain management for all modes of transport, strengthens networking arrangements between customs administrations to improve their capability to detect high-risk consignments, promotes cooperation between customs and the business community through the Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) concept, and champions the seamless movement of goods through secure international trade supply chains.</li><li><b>The Columbus Program</b> is a customs capacity building program works to promote customs modernization and implementation of their standards to secure and facilitate <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">world trade</a>. In 2005, the WCO adopted the <i>Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade,</i> an international customs instrument containing 17 standards that promotes security and facilitation of the international supply chain. Because of its complexity, the WCO launched a capacity building program called the <i>Columbus Programme</i> which focuses on needs assessments for WCO Members using the WCO Diagnostic Framework tool. The WCO defines <a href="/wiki/Capacity_building" title="Capacity building">capacity building</a> as "activities which strengthen the knowledge, abilities, skills and behaviour of individuals and improve institutional structures and processes such that the organization can efficiently meet its mission and goals in a sustainable way.</li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Online_tools">Online tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Customs_Organization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Online tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The World Customs Organization (WCO) released a new online platform, WCO Trade Tools,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Harmonized_System" title="Harmonized System">Harmonized System</a>, preferential <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_origin" title="Rules of origin">Rules of Origin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Customs_valuation" title="Customs valuation">Valuation</a>. It includes the 2002, 2007, 2012, 2017 and 2022 editions of the HS, around 400 Free Trade Agreements with their preferential Rules of Origin/ and Product Specific rules, and the set list of Valuation texts, including those of the Technical Committee on Customs Valuation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Customs_Organization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WCO Secretariat is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General">Secretary General</a>, who is elected by the WCO membership to a five-year term. Ian Saunders from the United States was elected WCO Secretary General in June 2023 and took office on 1 January 2024. The WCO is governed by the council, which brings together all members of the organization once a year, in a meeting chaired by an elected chairperson. Additional strategic and management guidance is provided by the Policy and Finance committees. There are several other WCO committees, including the Harmonized System Committee, the Permanent Technical Committee, the Technical Committee on Customs Valuation, Technical Committee on Rules of Origin, the Capacity Building Committee, and the SAFE Working Group. </p><p>Under the leadership of recent Secretaries General, the WCO has increasingly embraced digital transformation in customs practices, focusing on the adoption of technology to streamline border processes. These initiatives, such as the implementation of artificial intelligence in customs operations, have placed the WCO at the forefront of modern customs administration, ensuring that its members are well-equipped to face the challenges of an increasingly interconnected global economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Customs_Organization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Member</th> <th>Date Of Membership </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="33">South America, North America, <p>Central America and the Caribbean </p> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></td> <td>10/04/2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>01/07/1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a></td> <td>16/08/1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></td> <td>07/01/1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></td> <td>22/04/2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></td> <td>01/07/1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td>14/08/1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>19/01/1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>12/10/1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td>01/07/1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td>11/07/1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td> <td>29/08/2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></td> <td>01/07/1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></td> <td>11/07/1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></td> <td>28/07/2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td> <td>16/12/1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></td> <td>07/07/2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></td> <td>22/02/1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></td> <td>29/07/1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></td> <td>31/01/1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></td> <td>08/12/2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></td> <td>29/03/1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>08/02/1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></td> <td>24/09/1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></td> <td>08/03/1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></td> <td>03/10/1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td>27/01/1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></td> <td>12/05/2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></td> <td>26/11/2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></td> <td>15/10/1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>05/11/1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td> <td>16/09/1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td> <td>01/07/1996 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="53">Europe </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td> <td>31/08/1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></td> <td>03/09/1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></td> <td>30/06/1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>21/01/1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td> <td>17/06/1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td> <td>16/12/1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>11/12/1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td>04/07/2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>01/08/1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>01/07/1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></td> <td>31/08/1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>01/01/1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>19/10/1951 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td> <td>18/06/1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union*</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>27/01/1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>06/10/1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td> <td>26/10/1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>04/11/1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>10/12/1951 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>16/09/1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></td> <td>15/02/1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td>23/09/1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> <td>23/05/1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>20/11/1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td>30/06/1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></td> <td>10/02/2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td>25/01/2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> <td>22/06/1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td>18/06/1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td> <td>23/01/1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td> <td>06/07/1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></td> <td>28/10/1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td> <td>24/10/2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>23/01/1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>06/08/1951 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td> <td>01/07/1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>17/07/1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>26/01/1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>15/01/1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></td> <td>08/07/1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>27/03/2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td>01/01/1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td>07/09/1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>13/07/1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>17/10/1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>19/12/1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></td> <td>01/07/1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Türkiye (Republic of)</a></td> <td>06/06/1951 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></td> <td>17/05/1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>26/06/1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>12/09/1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td> <td>28/07/1992 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="24">East and Southern Africa </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></td> <td>26/09/1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></td> <td>25/08/1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></td> <td>20/10/1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></td> <td>01/07/1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></td> <td>19/03/2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td> <td>08/08/1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></td> <td>15/05/1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td> <td>06/08/1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td>24/05/1965 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></td> <td>02/08/1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></td> <td>18/02/1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></td> <td>06/06/1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></td> <td>29/03/1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td>01/07/1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></td> <td>01/07/1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></td> <td>03/03/1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></td> <td>25/07/2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td> <td>04/10/2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>24/03/1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></td> <td>18/07/2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td>07/11/1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td>03/11/1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></td> <td>27/09/1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td>19/03/1981 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="18">North of Africa, Near and Middle East </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td>19/12/1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></td> <td>18/04/2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td>26/10/1956 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>06/06/1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></td> <td>01/01/1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></td> <td>04/10/1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td> <td>20/05/1960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></td> <td>11/01/1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>01/07/1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></td> <td>11/09/2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestine</a></td> <td>24/03/2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></td> <td>04/05/1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td>08/05/1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td> <td>08/06/1960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a></td> <td>19/11/1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td> <td>20/07/1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></td> <td>07/02/1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></td> <td>01/07/1993 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="24">West and Central Africa </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></td> <td>09/11/1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></td> <td>16/09/1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td>09/04/1965 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td> <td>01/07/1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></td> <td>28/07/1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></td> <td>16/02/2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo (Republic of the)</a></td> <td>02/09/1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a></td> <td>02/09/1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td> <td>26/07/1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></td> <td>22/12/2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></td> <td>18/02/1965 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a></td> <td>14/10/1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>01/08/1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></td> <td>30/10/1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></td> <td>19/08/2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></td> <td>07/01/1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td> <td>07/08/1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></td> <td>02/10/1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></td> <td>01/07/1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>21/08/1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sao_Tome_and_Principe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sao Tome and Principe">Sao Tome and Principe</a></td> <td>23/09/2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td>10/03/1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></td> <td>06/11/1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></td> <td>12/02/1990 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="35">Far East, South and South East Asia, <p>Australasia and the Pacific Islands </p> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan (Islamic Republic of)</a></td> <td>10/08/2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>05/01/1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td>01/07/1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></td> <td>12/02/2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</a></td> <td>01/07/1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></td> <td>03/04/2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>18/07/1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></td> <td>01/07/1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong, China">Hong Kong, China</a></td> <td>01/07/1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>15/02/1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>30/04/1957 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran_(Islamic_Republic_of)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran (Islamic Republic of)">Iran (Islamic Republic of)</a></td> <td>16/10/1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>15/06/1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korea_(Republic_of)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea (Republic of)">Korea (Republic of)</a></td> <td>02/07/1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%E2%80%99s_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao People’s Democratic Republic">Lao People’s Democratic Republic</a></td> <td>16/01/2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macao,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Macao, China">Macao, China</a></td> <td>07/07/1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td>30/06/1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td> <td>08/09/1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></td> <td>17/09/1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar (The Republic of the Union of)</a></td> <td>25/03/1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td> <td>22/07/1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>16/05/1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>16/11/1955 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></td> <td>02/02/2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></td> <td>18/03/2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>01/10/1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></td> <td>26/01/2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></td> <td>01/10/2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td> <td>09/07/1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td> <td>29/05/1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>04/02/1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></td> <td>19/09/2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></td> <td>01/07/2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></td> <td>17/11/2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>01/07/1993 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Status akin to WCO membership</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Customs_Organization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oma-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oma_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oma_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oma_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aduana.cl/organizacion-mundial-de-aduanas-oma/aduana/2007-03-01/121223.html">"Organización Mundial de Aduanas OMA"</a> [World Customs Organization WCO]. <i>Chile Aduanas (Customs)</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chile+Aduanas+%28Customs%29&rft.atitle=Organizaci%C3%B3n+Mundial+de+Aduanas+OMA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aduana.cl%2Forganizacion-mundial-de-aduanas-oma%2Faduana%2F2007-03-01%2F121223.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Customs+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelbart2021" class="citation news cs1">Gelbart, Hannah (16 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-58577421">"On the trail of fake medicine smugglers"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=On+the+trail+of+fake+medicine+smugglers&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft.aulast=Gelbart&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fworld-africa-58577421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Customs+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/spanish/thewto_s/coher_s/wto_wco_s.htm">"La OMC y la Organización Mundial de Aduanas (OMA)"</a> [The OMC and the World Customs Organization (WCO)]. <i>WTO</i> (in Spanish). Organización Mundial de Comercio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WTO&rft.atitle=La+OMC+y+la+Organizaci%C3%B3n+Mundial+de+Aduanas+%28OMA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fspanish%2Fthewto_s%2Fcoher_s%2Fwto_wco_s.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Customs+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aduana.gob.ec/organizacion-mundial-de-aduana-oma/">"Organización Mundial de Aduana (OMA) – Servicio Nacional de Aduana del Ecuador"</a> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organizaci%C3%B3n+Mundial+de+Aduana+%28OMA%29+%E2%80%93+Servicio+Nacional+de+Aduana+del+Ecuador&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aduana.gob.ec%2Forganizacion-mundial-de-aduana-oma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Customs+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllende2022" class="citation book cs1">Allende, J. (2022). <i>World Customs Organization</i>. Springer International Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Customs+Organization&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Allende&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Customs+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKormych2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kormych, Borys (28 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321906045">"The European Customs Union Study Group: Drafting the EU Customs Law"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Political and Law Discourse</i>. <b>4</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2336-5439">2336-5439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Political+and+Law+Discourse&rft.atitle=The+European+Customs+Union+Study+Group%3A+Drafting+the+EU+Customs+Law&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2018-01-28&rft.issn=2336-5439&rft.aulast=Kormych&rft.aufirst=Borys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F321906045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Customs+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeerth2017" class="citation journal cs1">Weerth, C. (2017). "The World Customs Organization: A history of 65 years of growth and its legal milestones". <i>Customs Scientific Journal CUSTOMS</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 17–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Customs+Scientific+Journal+CUSTOMS&rft.atitle=The+World+Customs+Organization%3A+A+history+of+65+years+of+growth+and+its+legal+milestones&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=17-24&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Weerth&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Customs+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcoomd.org/en/media/newsroom/2021/march/launch-of-wco-trade-tools-a-new-online-database-for-the-hs-origin-and-valuation.aspx">"World Customs Organization"</a>. <i>www.wcoomd.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wcoomd.org&rft.atitle=World+Customs+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcoomd.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fnewsroom%2F2021%2Fmarch%2Flaunch-of-wco-trade-tools-a-new-online-database-for-the-hs-origin-and-valuation.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+Customs+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/about-us/wco-members/list-of-members-with-membership-date.pdf?db=web">"List of Members with Membership date"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Customs Organization</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels, Belgium</a>. 27 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2006366489&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Světová celní organizace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0053673&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99008909">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000793260&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811497889805606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td 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