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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Young_Plan_and_the_Hague_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Young_Plan_and_the_Hague_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Young Plan and the Hague Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Young_Plan_and_the_Hague_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_decades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_decades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Postwar decades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_decades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basel_Meetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basel_Meetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Basel Meetings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basel_Meetings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Basel Meetings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basel_Meetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committee_on_the_Global_Financial_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committee_on_the_Global_Financial_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Committee on the Global Financial System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committee_on_the_Global_Financial_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Markets Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committee_on_Payments_and_Market_Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committee_on_Payments_and_Market_Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committee_on_Payments_and_Market_Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irving_Fisher_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irving_Fisher_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Irving Fisher Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irving_Fisher_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_Stability_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_Stability_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Financial Stability Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_Stability_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BIS_Innovation_Hub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BIS_Innovation_Hub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>BIS Innovation Hub</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BIS_Innovation_Hub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_associations_hosted_by_the_BIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_associations_hosted_by_the_BIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Other associations hosted by the BIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_associations_hosted_by_the_BIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Financial results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BIS_Chairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BIS_Chairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>BIS Chairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BIS_Chairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BIS_General_Managers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BIS_General_Managers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>BIS General Managers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BIS_General_Managers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_of_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Board of directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bank for International Settlements</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_f%C3%BCr_Internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich" title="Bank für Internationalen Zahlungsausgleich – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bank für Internationalen Zahlungsausgleich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بنك التسويات الدولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنك التسويات الدولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancu_de_Pagos_Internacionales" title="Bancu de Pagos Internacionales – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bancu de Pagos Internacionales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyn%C9%99lxalq_hesabla%C5%9Fmalar_bank%C4%B1" title="Beynəlxalq hesablaşmalar bankı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beynəlxalq hesablaşmalar bankı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Банк міжнародных разьлікаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Банк міжнародных разьлікаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Банка за международни разплащания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Банка за международни разплащания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc_de_Pagaments_Internacionals" title="Banc de Pagaments Internacionals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banc de Pagaments Internacionals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka_pro_mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_vypo%C5%99%C3%A1d%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Banka pro mezinárodní vypořádání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Banka pro mezinárodní vypořádání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bank for International Settlements" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_f%C3%BCr_Internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich" title="Bank für Internationalen Zahlungsausgleich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bank für Internationalen Zahlungsausgleich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B1_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Τράπεζα Διεθνών Διακανονισμών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τράπεζα Διεθνών Διακανονισμών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_Pagos_Internacionales" title="Banco de Pagos Internacionales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Banco de Pagos Internacionales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banko_por_Internacia_Kontoreguligo" title="Banko por Internacia Kontoreguligo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Banko por Internacia Kontoreguligo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioarteko_Ordainketa_Bankua" title="Nazioarteko Ordainketa Bankua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazioarteko Ordainketa Bankua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بانک تسویه حساب‌های بین‌المللی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بانک تسویه حساب‌های بین‌المللی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_des_r%C3%A8glements_internationaux" title="Banque des règlements internationaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banque des règlements internationaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc_um_Shocra%C3%ADochta%C3%AD_Idirn%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta" title="Banc um Shocraíochtaí Idirnáisiúnta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Banc um Shocraíochtaí Idirnáisiúnta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%80%ED%96%89" title="국제결제은행 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제결제은행" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Միջազգային հաշվարկների բանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջազգային հաշվարկների բանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka_za_me%C4%91unarodna_poravnanja" title="Banka za međunarodna poravnanja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Banka za međunarodna poravnanja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bank for International Settlements" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_dei_regolamenti_internazionali" title="Banca dei regolamenti internazionali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Banca dei regolamenti internazionali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A7_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הבנק להסדרי סליקה בין-לאומיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבנק להסדרי סליקה בין-לאומיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ತೀರುವೆ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ತೀರುವೆ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Халықаралық есеп айырысу банкі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Халықаралық есеп айырысу банкі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautini%C5%B3_atsiskaitym%C5%B3_bankas" title="Tarptautinių atsiskaitymų bankas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautinių atsiskaitymų bankas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_Fizet%C3%A9sek_Bankja" title="Nemzetközi Fizetések Bankja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközi Fizetések Bankja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Банка за меѓународни порамнувања – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Банка за меѓународни порамнувања" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_voor_Internationale_Betalingen" title="Bank voor Internationale Betalingen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bank voor Internationale Betalingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E6%B1%BA%E6%B8%88%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="国際決済銀行 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際決済銀行" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_internasjonale_oppgj%C3%B8rsbanken" title="Den internasjonale oppgjørsbanken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den internasjonale oppgjørsbanken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95" title="ਅੰਤਰਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਬੰਦੋਬਸਤ ਲਈ ਬੈਂਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਤਰਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਬੰਦੋਬਸਤ ਲਈ ਬੈਂਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9" title="بینک فار انٹرنیشنل سیٹلمنٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بینک فار انٹرنیشنل سیٹلمنٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Rozrachunk%C3%B3w_Mi%C4%99dzynarodowych" title="Bank Rozrachunków Międzynarodowych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bank Rozrachunków Międzynarodowych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_Compensa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Internacionais" title="Banco de Compensações Internacionais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Banco de Compensações Internacionais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Reglementelor_Interna%C8%9Bionale" title="Banca Reglementelor Internaționale – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Banca Reglementelor Internaționale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Банк международных расчётов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банк международных расчётов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka_pre_medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%A9_platby" title="Banka pre medzinárodné platby – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Banka pre medzinárodné platby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka_za_me%C4%91unarodna_poravnanja" title="Banka za međunarodna poravnanja – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Banka za međunarodna poravnanja" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansainv%C3%A4linen_j%C3%A4rjestelypankki" title="Kansainvälinen järjestelypankki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansainvälinen järjestelypankki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bank for International Settlements" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="சர்வதேச தீர்வுகளுக்கான பன்னாட்டு வங்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சர்வதேச தீர்வுகளுக்கான பன்னாட்டு வங்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="ธนาคารเพื่อการชำระบัญชีระหว่างประเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธนาคารเพื่อการชำระบัญชีระหว่างประเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Бонки ҳисоббаробаркуниҳои байналмилалӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бонки ҳисоббаробаркуниҳои байналмилалӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_%C3%96demeler_Bankas%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Ödemeler Bankası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası Ödemeler Bankası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Банк міжнародних розрахунків – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Банк міжнародних розрахунків" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بنک برائے بین الاقوامی تصفیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنک برائے بین الاقوامی تصفیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_Thanh_to%C3%A1n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Ngân hàng Thanh toán Quốc tế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngân hàng Thanh toán Quốc tế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B8%85%E7%AE%97%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="国际清算银行 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国际清算银行" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B5%90%E7%AE%97%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="國際結算銀行 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國際結算銀行" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B8%85%E7%AE%97%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="國際清算銀行 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國際清算銀行" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q309195#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bank_for_International_Settlements&params=47_32_53_N_7_35_31_E_region:CH-BS_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°32′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°35′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.54806°N 7.59194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.54806; 7.59194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International financial institution owned by central banks</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bank for International Settlements</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BIS-logo.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BIS-logo.PNG/190px-BIS-logo.PNG" decoding="async" width="190" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BIS-logo.PNG/285px-BIS-logo.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BIS-logo.PNG/380px-BIS-logo.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg/220px-Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg/330px-Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg/440px-Basel_-_Bank_f%C3%BCr_internationalen_Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="3368" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/BIS-Tower" title="BIS-Tower">BIS-Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_for_International_Settlements.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bank_for_International_Settlements.png/260px-Bank_for_International_Settlements.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bank_for_International_Settlements.png/390px-Bank_for_International_Settlements.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bank_for_International_Settlements.png/520px-Bank_for_International_Settlements.png 2x" data-file-width="7192" data-file-height="3318" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">BIS members</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data note">17 May 1930<span class="noprint">; 94 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1930-05-17</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">International financial institution</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Central bank cooperation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (Extraterritorial jurisdiction)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bank_for_International_Settlements&params=47_32_53_N_7_35_31_E_region:CH-BS_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°32′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°35′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.54806°N 7.59194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.54806; 7.59194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data">Central banks from 63 jurisdictions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">General manager</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Carstens" title="Agustín Carstens">Agustín Carstens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main organ</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">1300</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/">bis.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bank for International Settlements</b> (<b>BIS</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/International_financial_institutions" title="International financial institutions">international financial institution</a> which is owned by member <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its primary goal is to foster international monetary and financial cooperation while serving as a bank for central banks.<sup id="cite_ref-About_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its establishment in 1930 it is the oldest international financial institution.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BIS_foundation_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIS_foundation-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its initial purpose was to oversee the settlement of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_war_reparations" class="mw-redirect" title="World War I war reparations">World War I war reparations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BIS_foundation_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIS_foundation-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The BIS carries out its work through its meetings, programmes and through the Basel Process, hosting international groups pursuing global financial stability and facilitating their interaction. It also provides banking services, but only to central banks and other international organizations. </p><p>The BIS is based in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, with representative offices in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapha%C3%ABl-Georges_L%C3%A9vy_(1853-1933).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rapha%C3%ABl-Georges_L%C3%A9vy_%281853-1933%29.jpg/220px-Rapha%C3%ABl-Georges_L%C3%A9vy_%281853-1933%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rapha%C3%ABl-Georges_L%C3%A9vy_%281853-1933%29.jpg/330px-Rapha%C3%ABl-Georges_L%C3%A9vy_%281853-1933%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rapha%C3%ABl-Georges_L%C3%A9vy_%281853-1933%29.jpg/440px-Rapha%C3%ABl-Georges_L%C3%A9vy_%281853-1933%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption>French economist <a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl-Georges_L%C3%A9vy" title="Raphaël-Georges Lévy">Raphaël-Georges Lévy</a> (1853–1933) was a precocious proponent of an international bank, for which he suggested a location in Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A9on_Delacroix_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/L%C3%A9on_Delacroix_1924.jpg/220px-L%C3%A9on_Delacroix_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/L%C3%A9on_Delacroix_1924.jpg/330px-L%C3%A9on_Delacroix_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/L%C3%A9on_Delacroix_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Belgian statesman <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Delacroix" title="Léon Delacroix">Léon Delacroix</a> (1867–1929) was an early promoter of the BIS and died during the negotiations to create it</figcaption></figure> <p>International monetary cooperation started to develop tentatively in the course of the 19th century. An early case was a £400,000 loan in gold coins from the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> which was facing a bank run, made in 1825 and facilitated by the <a href="/wiki/Rothschilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschilds">Rothschilds</a>. The Bank of England again borrowed from its French counterpart (and from the <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Bank" title="Hamburger Bank">Hamburger Bank</a>) in 1836 and 1839, and lent to it in return in 1847. </p><p>In 1860–1861, because of the disruption from the incipient <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the Bank of France entered a series of swap agreements on specie with the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="State Bank of the Russian Empire">State Bank of the Russian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a>. That episode was recorded as the "war of the banks", ostensibly because of frictions between the Bank of France and the Bank of England about the transaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Kindleberger_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kindleberger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66–67">: 66–67 </span></sup> </p><p>A few years later, monetary cooperation took a novel form with a series of <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_and_Economic_Conferences" title="International Monetary and Economic Conferences">international monetary conferences</a> devoted to better coordination of the coinage system, even though these initiatives, like the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union" title="Latin Monetary Union">Latin Monetary Union</a> started in 1865, did not extend to money other than coins,<sup id="cite_ref-Einaudi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Einaudi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore involved treasury and <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mint</a> officials rather than bankers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kindleberger_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kindleberger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 69">: 69 </span></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Conference_(1892)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Conference (1892)">Brussels Conference in 1892</a>, German academic Julius Wolff submitted a blueprint for an international currency that would be used for emergency lending to national central banks and would be issued by an institution based in a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral country</a>. In 1893, French economist <a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl-Georges_L%C3%A9vy" title="Raphaël-Georges Lévy">Raphaël-Georges Lévy</a> suggested to establish an international central bank in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>. </p><p>In 1907, Italian statesman <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Luzzatti" title="Luigi Luzzatti">Luigi Luzzatti</a> published an article in the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Neue_Freie_Presse" title="Neue Freie Presse">Neue Freie Presse</a>, referencing past examples of bilateral cooperation between central banks and emphasizing the need for more institutionalized cooperation at the international level.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </p><p>The practice of formalized central bank cooperation made unprecedented advances among allies in the course of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In 1916, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a> made agreements on bilateral lending and established a direct <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> line between their respective offices to facilitate communication. Similar formal agreements were made that year between the two banks and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a>, and in 1917 the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a> opened an office in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p><p>In the war's immediate aftermath, Dutch central banker <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Vissering" title="Gerard Vissering">Gerard Vissering</a> advocated an international currency without reliance of a common gold pool.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 22">: 22 </span></sup> Similar ideas burgeoned at the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Conference_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Conference (1920)">Brussels Conference of 1920</a>, the first major discussion of international financial challenges following the war, endorsed by luminaries such as Belgian prime minister <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Delacroix" title="Léon Delacroix">Léon Delacroix</a> and American banker <a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Vanderlip" title="Frank A. Vanderlip">Frank A. Vanderlip</a>, who suggested reorganizing Europe's national central banks along similar lines as the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> which he had helped establish in the previous decade. At the <a href="/wiki/Genoa_Conference_(1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa Conference (1922)">Genoa Conference of 1922</a>, following advocacy by several experts that included <a href="/wiki/Ralph_George_Hawtrey" title="Ralph George Hawtrey">Ralph Hawtrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Robert Horne</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, a resolution was passed that recommended the creation of "an association or permanent understanding for cooperation amongst central banks, not necessarily limited to Europe, to coordinate credit policies, without detriment to the freedom of each individual central bank."<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>The decision to create the BIS took place in the context of negotiations over <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">World War I reparations</a> which plagued international relations in Europe throughout the 1920s. Following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reparation_Commission" title="Reparation Commission">Reparation Commission</a> was set up in January 1920 to determine the amount of German reparations. Conferences at <a href="/wiki/Spa_Conference_of_1920" title="Spa Conference of 1920">Spa</a> in July 1920 and <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Conference of London of 1921–1922">London</a> in March 1921 were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">occupation of the Ruhr</a> in January 1923, and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a> approved at another London conference in July–August 1924. The latter allowed for a more constructive atmosphere, materialized in diplomacy by the <a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a> in October 1925 and encouraging <a href="/wiki/Montagu_Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Montagu Norman">Montagu Norman</a>, the influential governor of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, to envisage the creation of what he described in September 1925 as "a private and eclectic Central Banks' 'Club', small at first, larger in the future."<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30">: 30 </span></sup> That vision had a first materialization at a meeting in early July 1927 which brought together Montagu, his friend <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Strong_Jr." title="Benjamin Strong Jr.">Benjamin Strong</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reichsbank" title="Reichsbank">Reichsbank</a> president <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a> vice governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rist" title="Charles Rist">Charles Rist</a> at a private home on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a> had hoped for an invitation but was not included). A second meeting was scheduled in <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>, but was not held because of the bad health of Strong, who eventually died in October 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 31">: 31 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Young_Plan_and_the_Hague_Conference">The Young Plan and the Hague Conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Young Plan and the Hague Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Owen_D._Young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Owen_D._Young.jpg/220px-Owen_D._Young.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Owen_D._Young.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>American banker <a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1874–1962) played a central role in the conception and establishment of the BIS in 1929–1930</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Norman_cropped.png/101px-Norman_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Norman_cropped.png/152px-Norman_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Norman_cropped.png/202px-Norman_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="884" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:85px;max-width:85px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hjalmar_Schacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hjalmar_Schacht.jpg/83px-Hjalmar_Schacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hjalmar_Schacht.jpg/125px-Hjalmar_Schacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hjalmar_Schacht.jpg/166px-Hjalmar_Schacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Central bankers <a href="/wiki/Montagu_Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Montagu Norman">Montagu Norman</a> (for the UK) and <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a> (for Germany) were key protagonists of the BIS's creation and of its first decade of operations</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_stephanie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Hotel_stephanie.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="112" /></a><figcaption>Hôtel Stéphanie in <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a> (demolished in 1964),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the charter and statutes of the BIS were drafted</figcaption></figure> <p>A deadline for French repayment of its bilateral debt to the United States provided impetus for a new initiative, which took the form of a Committee of Experts appointed to work out a final settlement of the German reparations, known as the <a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Committee</a> for its chairman the American banker <a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a>. The committee first met at the Bank of France on 9 February 1929, then on 28 successive sessions ending on 7 June 1929 at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel George V">Hotel George V</a>. The seven participating countries were <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The need for a jointly governed bank emerged in these discussions as a means to overcome information asymmetries and increase the likelihood that commitments would be effectively met, not least by helping the creditors to act collectively and facilitating the reinvestment of German payments into the German economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">: 34 </span></sup> The first draft concept for the new bank was presented by Belgian banker <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Francqui" title="Émile Francqui">Émile Francqui</a> on 23 February 1929, and amended with suggestions from Bank of France governor <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Moreau_(banker)" title="Émile Moreau (banker)">Émile Moreau</a>. It was envisaged as a private institution with shareholders from all participating countries (including Germany) that would settle reparation payments, issue bonds to be serviced by the reparation transfers, and (as advocated by Schacht) provide international long-term credit for countries in need, including Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 35">: 35 </span></sup> In a memo to Young a few days later, Schacht first used the name "International Settlements Bank" while referring to the projected new institution.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 36">: 36 </span></sup> Young asked his American peers <a href="/wiki/Warren_Randolph_Burgess" title="Warren Randolph Burgess">Warren Randolph Burgess</a>, Shepard Morgan and <a href="/wiki/Walter_W._Stewart" title="Walter W. Stewart">Walter W. Stewart</a> to sail promptly to Paris, and on 7 March 1929 they presented a compromise text that formed the basis for subsequent developments. </p><p>Under the Young Committee's consensus concept, made public on 10 March 1929, the bank would serve a threefold purpose as a trustee, bank, and international organization of central bankers: (1) receiving, managing, and distributing German reparation annuities as a <a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">trustee</a>; (2) facilitating German transfers by issuing counterpart bills, notes, and bonds; and (3) serving national central banks by taking their deposits, granting them credit, and carrying out currency and gold transactions on their behalf. It would rely on nonpolitical staff located in a country not directly involved in the reparations disputes. Subsequent fine-tuning discussions revolved around the scope for the bank's lending to foster economic growth and trade which would have given it a role similar to that of the later <a href="/wiki/World_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World bank">World bank</a>. Such a role was advocated by Schacht but opposed by France and by commercial bankers, on the grounds that it could be inflationary and create unfair competition to private-sector lenders. <sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> An overall agreement on the future bank, with draft statutes prepared by the Bank of England's <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Addis" title="Charles Stewart Addis">Charles Stewart Addis</a>, was achieved by the Young Committee on 25 March 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>Political positions within the <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> administration made it impossible for U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a> officials to be formally involved in the initiative, but the U.S. was still able to retain major influence in the proceedings because of a shared perception amongst negotiators that the project would fail without U.S. participation. Major figures of the U.S. financial world would participate in the joint bank, and act in close cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a>. The leverage held by the U.S. allowed Young and <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan_Jr." title="J. P. Morgan Jr.">J. P. Morgan Jr.</a> to make sure that Americans would be in leadership position at the bank when it started operations, as indeed happened.<sup id="cite_ref-Costigliola_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costigliola-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The BIS concept was agreed to in August 1929 at the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_conference_on_reparations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague conference on reparations">Hague conference on reparations</a>. The bank's Charter, Statutes, Trust Agreement, and Convention on its relations with the host country were subsequently drafted by a special Organisation Committee chaired by Jackson Reynolds, president of the <a href="/wiki/First_National_Bank_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="First National Bank of New York">First National Bank of New York</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 47">: 47 </span></sup> which met in the discreet location of Hôtel Stéphanie (part of which later became <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenners_Park-Hotel_%26_Spa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenners Park-Hotel & Spa (page does not exist)">Brenners Park-Hotel & Spa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenners_Park-Hotel_%26_Spa" class="extiw" title="de:Brenners Park-Hotel & Spa">de</a>]</span>) at <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a> from 3 October to 13 November 1929; the intense work was marred by the death of Delacroix from a heart attack during the proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from Reynolds, American participants in Baden-baden also included <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Alvah_Traylor" title="Melvin Alvah Traylor">Melvin Alvah Traylor</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/First_National_Bank_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="First National Bank of Chicago">First National Bank of Chicago</a>, Warren Randolph Burgess, Shepard Morgan, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Fraser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon Fraser (page does not exist)">Leon Fraser</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Fraser" class="extiw" title="de:Leon Fraser">de</a>]</span> (a legal expert with the <a href="/wiki/Agent_General_for_Reparation_Payments" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent General for Reparation Payments">Agent General for Reparation Payments</a>), with J. P. Morgan Jr. monitoring the proceedings and advising from London.<sup id="cite_ref-Costigliola_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costigliola-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 616-618">: 616-618 </span></sup> </p><p>As in the Paris discussions earlier in the year, the Baden-Baden committee had to reconcile the different visions for the future BIS, from purely a creation of central banks (as espoused by Italy's <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Beneduce" title="Alberto Beneduce">Alberto Beneduce</a> and by Montagu Norman) to a supranational development bank with policy tasks such as developing world trade (as advocated by Schacht and UK Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Philip Snowden</a>). Other points of contention included the future institution's official language(s), for which the committee endorsed French, and location. For the latter, several delegates favored London, but that was vetoed by the French who proposed Brussels instead, which in turn was vetoed by the British; after Amsterdam failed to gain sufficient support, a consensus was eventually found on Basel, which combined neutral country status and good railway connections.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 40-44">: 40-44 </span></sup> The founding texts of the BIS were then approved at the second part of the Hague conference, on 20 January 1930, with only minor changes from the Baden-Baden drafts such as the addition of English to French as official language.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 41">: 41 </span></sup> These texts included the constituent Charter and Statutes for the bank, and a Convention (<a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">intergovernmental agreement</a>) between <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, establishing the bank's special status on Swiss soil and committing Switzerland to grant the Charter and approve the Statutes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonaldo_Stringher_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bonaldo_Stringher_1.jpg/220px-Bonaldo_Stringher_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Bonaldo_Stringher_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Bank of Italy Governor <a href="/wiki/Bonaldo_Stringher" title="Bonaldo Stringher">Bonaldo Stringher</a> (1854–1930) chaired the BIS's founding meeting</figcaption></figure> <p>The Convention and Charter were approved by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Swiss Federal Council</a> and thus obtained force of law on 26 February 1930. The governors met that day and the next to formally approve and sign the statutes in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, out of consideration for the Bank of Italy's governor <a href="/wiki/Bonaldo_Stringher" title="Bonaldo Stringher">Bonaldo Stringher</a> who was both the most senior in the group, and in poor health (he would pass away in December 1930). Aside from Stringher, who chaired the meeting, the other participants were: <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Azzolini" title="Vincenzo Azzolini">Vincenzo Azzolini</a> and Alberto Beneduce, for Italy; Bank of England governor Montagu Norman and Harry Arthur Siepmann, for the UK; Bank of France governor Émile Moreau, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cl%C3%A9ment_Moret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clément Moret (page does not exist)">Clément Moret</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Moret" class="extiw" title="fr:Clément Moret">fr</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Quesnay" title="Pierre Quesnay">Pierre Quesnay</a>, for France; Reichsbank governor Schacht, for Germany; National Bank of Belgium governor <a href="/wiki/Louis_Franck_(politician)" title="Louis Franck (politician)">Louis Franck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_van_Zeeland" title="Paul van Zeeland">Paul van Zeeland</a>, for Belgium; and the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a>'s London representative <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetsuzaburo_Tanaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetsuzaburo Tanaka (page does not exist)">Tetsuzaburo Tanaka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%AD%E9%89%84%E4%B8%89%E9%83%8E" class="extiw" title="ja:田中鉄三郎">ja</a>]</span> and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Saito_(diplomat)" title="Hiroshi Saito (diplomat)">Hiroshi Saito</a>, for Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 61">: 61 </span></sup> Thus the BIS was formally created in Rome on 27 February 1930. The BIS promptly opened its doors in Basel on 17 May 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ahead of the first German annuities under the Young Plan due in June.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 61">: 61 </span></sup> </p><p>The legal status of the bank combined features of a private-sector company and of a public international organization. It was a limited-liability company incorporated under Swiss law, whose shares could be held by individuals and non-governmental entities. However, the rights of voting and representation at the Bank's General Meeting were to be exercised exclusively by the central banks of the countries in which shares had been issued. At the same time, the BIS possessed <i>de facto</i> international legal personality, was exempted from Swiss taxation and banking supervision, and its senior management enjoyed diplomatic status. The Charter stipulated that "The Bank, its property and assets and all deposits and other funds entrusted to it shall be immune in time of peace and in time of war from any measure such as expropriation, requisition, seizure, confiscation, prohibition or restriction of gold or currency export or import, and any other similar measures." Under the Statutes, the governor of each of the founding central banks was a member of the BIS Board of Directors <i>ex officio</i>, and had the right to appoint a second Board member, plus additional right for France and Germany to appoint a third Board member each or the duration of the Young Plan. In principle the Board could appoint up to nine additional directors, in practice however only the Dutch, Swedish and Swiss central bank governors in the BIS's first decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 49-50">: 49-50 </span></sup> The inaugural BIS Board had 16 members: Franck and Francqui (Belgium); Moreau, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Brincard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Brincard (page does not exist)">Georges Brincard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Brincard" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges Brincard">fr</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melchior_de_Vog%C3%BC%C3%A9_(banker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melchior de Vogüé (banker) (page does not exist)">Melchior de Vogüé</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchior_de_Vog%C3%BC%C3%A9_(banquier)" class="extiw" title="fr:Melchior de Vogüé (banquier)">fr</a>]</span> (France); <a href="/wiki/Hans_Luther" title="Hans Luther">Hans Luther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Melchior" title="Carl Melchior">Carl Melchior</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Reusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Reusch (page does not exist)">Paul Reusch</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reusch" class="extiw" title="de:Paul Reusch">de</a>]</span> (Germany); Stringher and Beneduce (Italy); Tanaka and Daisuke Nohara (Japan); Norman and Addis (UK); and <a href="/wiki/Gates_McGarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Gates McGarrah">Gates McGarrah</a> and Fraser (United States).<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 62">: 62 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_activity">Early activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centralbahnstrasse_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Centralbahnstrasse_7.jpg/220px-Centralbahnstrasse_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Centralbahnstrasse_7.jpg/330px-Centralbahnstrasse_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Centralbahnstrasse_7.jpg/440px-Centralbahnstrasse_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2497" /></a><figcaption>Early-20th-century former building of <i>Savoy Hôtel Univers</i> at Centralbahnstrasse 7 in Basel, the seat of the BIS from 1930 to 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>The BIS had a quick start, even though its intended task of facilitating World War I reparation payments soon became obsolete. Even before the founding meeting in Rome, the Organisation Committee had secured a two-year lease of a convenient building in Basel, the former <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grand Hôtel et Savoy Hôtel Univers</i></span> across the street from <a href="/wiki/Basel_SBB_railway_station" title="Basel SBB railway station">Basel railway station</a>. By mid-April, Fraser had arrived from the United States and was working on the BIS's behalf from the Paris office of the Agent General for Reparation Payments, joined by McGarrah in April. The board members first met for an informal meeting in Basel on 22–23 April 1930, adopted the bank's Statutes. It unanimously elected McGarrah as President of the BIS and Chairman of its Board, Fraser as alternate President, and Addis, Melchior and Moreau as Vice-chairmen "with equal rank". Quesnay was appointed General Manager, albeit with the three German Board members voting against "for serious reasons of principle" (i.e. objecting to the choice of a French national rather than to Quesnay as an individual). These foundational decisions were later ratified by the first formal Board meeting on 17 May 1930, as the April meeting had also agreed that the ordinary meetings of the Board would henceforth take place in Basel on the second Monday of each month. On 17 May the BIS opened for business and formally took over the funds, accounts, capital, and records of the Agent General for Reparation Payments. On 20 May, the bank's shares were publicly issued.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 62-63">: 62-63 </span></sup> </p><p>Reparation payments were first suspended for one year (<a href="/wiki/Hoover_Moratorium" title="Hoover Moratorium">Hoover moratorium</a>, June 1931) and then stopped altogether after the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1932" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932">Lausanne Agreement</a> of July 1932 failed to be ratified.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the BIS focused on its second statutory task, i.e. fostering the cooperation between its member central banks. It acted as a meeting forum for central banks and provided banking facilities to them. For instance, in the late 1930s, the BIS was instrumental in helping continental European central banks ship out part of their gold reserves to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a purportedly apolitical organization, the BIS was unable to prevent transactions that reflected contemporaneous geopolitical realities, but were also widely regarded as unconscionable. As a result of the policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> by the UK and France, in March 1939, the BIS was obliged to transfer 23 tons of gold it held, on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, to the German <a href="/wiki/Reichsbank" title="Reichsbank">Reichsbank</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German annexation of Czechoslovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to carry out the transaction is still considered the most controversial by BIS.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in September 1939, the BIS Board of Directors – on which the main European central banks were represented – decided that the Bank should remain open, but that, for the duration of hostilities, no meetings of the Board of Directors were to take place and that the Bank should maintain a neutral stance in the conduct of its business. However, as the war dragged on evidence mounted that the BIS conducted operations that were helpful to the Germans. Also, throughout the war, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> accused the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazis of looting</a> and pleaded with the BIS not to accept <a href="/wiki/Nazi_gold" title="Nazi gold">gold from the Reichsbank</a> in payment for prewar obligations linked to the <a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a>. This was to no avail as remelted gold was either confiscated from prisoners or seized in victory and thus unacceptable as payment to the BIS.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245–252">: 245–252 </span></sup> Operations conducted by the BIS were viewed with increasing suspicion from London and Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that top-level German industrialists and advisors sat on the BIS Board seemed to provide ample evidence of how the BIS might be used by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> throughout the war, with the help of American, British and French banks. Between 1933 and 1945 the BIS Board of directors included <a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi</a> official, and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Puhl" title="Emil Puhl">Emil Puhl</a> responsible for processing <a href="/wiki/Nazi_dental_gold" title="Nazi dental gold">dental gold looted</a> from <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">concentration camp victims</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schmitz" title="Hermann Schmitz">Hermann Schmitz</a>, the director of <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Baron_von_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Kurt Baron von Schröder">Baron von Schroeder</a>, the owner of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._H._Stein_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. H. Stein Bank (page does not exist)">J. H. Stein Bank</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhaus_J._H._Stein" class="extiw" title="de:Bankhaus J. H. Stein">de</a>]</span>, all of whom were later convicted of war crimes or crimes against humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1944 <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> recommended the "<a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">liquidation</a> of the Bank for International Settlements at the earliest possible moment". This resulted in the BIS being the subject of a disagreement between the U.S. and British delegations. The liquidation of the bank was supported by other European delegates, as well as Americans (including <a href="/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White">Harry Dexter White</a> and Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abolition was opposed by <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, head of the British delegation. </p><p>Keynes went to Morgenthau hoping to prevent or postpone the dissolution, but the next day it was approved; the liquidation of the bank was never actually undertaken.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1945, the new U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> ended U.S. involvement in the scheme. The British government suspended the dissolution and the decision to liquidate the BIS was officially reversed in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_decades">Postwar decades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Postwar decades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_of_Mario_Botta,_Basel_(46405126).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Building_of_Mario_Botta%2C_Basel_%2846405126%29.jpg/220px-Building_of_Mario_Botta%2C_Basel_%2846405126%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Building_of_Mario_Botta%2C_Basel_%2846405126%29.jpg/330px-Building_of_Mario_Botta%2C_Basel_%2846405126%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Building_of_Mario_Botta%2C_Basel_%2846405126%29.jpg/440px-Building_of_Mario_Botta%2C_Basel_%2846405126%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Botta building in Basel, acquired by the BIS in 1998</figcaption></figure> <p>After World War II, the BIS retained a distinct European focus. According to an announcement made by the Swiss Government on 26 December 1952, Japan renounced all rights, titles and interests in the BIS it had acquired under the Hague Convention of January 1930. The BIS acted as Agent for the <a href="/wiki/European_Payments_Union" title="European Payments Union">European Payments Union</a> (EPU, 1950–58), an intra-European <a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">clearing</a> arrangement designed to help the European countries in restoring currency <a href="/wiki/Convertibility" title="Convertibility">convertibility</a> and free, multilateral trade.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1960s – the heyday of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system</a> – the BIS once again became the locus for <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">transatlantic</a> monetary cooperation. It coordinated the central banks' Gold Pool<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 416">: 416 </span></sup> and a number of currency support operations (e.g. Sterling Group Arrangements of 1966 and 1968)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Ten_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Ten (economics)">Group of Ten (G10)</a>, including the main European economies, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and the United States, became the most prominent grouping. </p><p>The BIS acquired land near the <a href="/wiki/Basel_SBB_railway_station" title="Basel SBB railway station">Basel SBB railway station</a> between 1966 and 1972. Architect <a href="/wiki/Martin_Burckhardt_(architect)" title="Martin Burckhardt (architect)">Martin Burckhardt</a> made three design proposals in 1969, among which the Board of the BIS selected an 82-meter high round tower. This was opposed by locals and their representation in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Heritage_Society" title="Swiss Heritage Society">Swiss Heritage Society</a>, which led to a <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_in_Switzerland" title="Popular initiative in Switzerland">public referendum</a> in 1971 in which 69% of voters endorsed a revised design with reduced height. The BIS moved into the new premises, sometimes dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/BIS-Tower" title="BIS-Tower">Tower</a> of Basel," in 1977. </p><p>With the end of the Bretton Woods system (1971–73) and the return to floating exchange rates, financial instability came to the fore. The collapse of some internationally active banks, such as <a href="/wiki/Herstatt_Bank" title="Herstatt Bank">Herstatt Bank</a> (1974), highlighted the need for improved banking supervision at an international level. The G10 Governors created the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a> (BCBS), which remains active. The BIS developed into a global meeting place for regulators and for developing international standards (Basel Concordat, Basel Capital Accord, <a href="/wiki/Basel_II" title="Basel II">Basel II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basel_III" title="Basel III">III</a>). Through its member central banks, the BIS was actively involved in the resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis" title="Latin American debt crisis">Latin American debt crisis</a> (1982). </p><p>From 1964 until 1993, the BIS provided the secretariat for the Committee of Governors of the Central Banks of the Member States of the European Community (Committee of Governors).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This committee had been created by the European Council decision to improve monetary cooperation among the EC central banks. Likewise, the BIS in 1988–89 hosted most of the meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Delors_Committee" title="Delors Committee">Delors Committee</a> (Committee for the Study of Economic and Monetary Union), which produced a blueprint for monetary unification subsequently adopted in the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> (1992). In 1993, when the Committee of Governors was replaced by the European Monetary Institute (EMI – the precursor of the ECB), it moved from Basel to <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, cutting its ties with the BIS. </p><p>In 1998, the BIS acquired a second building on Aeschenplatz 1 in Basel, designed in 1986 by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Botta" title="Mario Botta">Mario Botta</a> and previously owned and used by <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a>. Since then, the BIS has used that building to host its banking operations on behalf of member central banks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_International_Finance_Centre_200809.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HK_International_Finance_Centre_200809.jpg/220px-HK_International_Finance_Centre_200809.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HK_International_Finance_Centre_200809.jpg/330px-HK_International_Finance_Centre_200809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HK_International_Finance_Centre_200809.jpg/440px-HK_International_Finance_Centre_200809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The BIS representative office for Asia and the Pacific is located in the <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Centre_(Hong_Kong)" title="International Finance Centre (Hong Kong)">International Financial Centre Tower 2</a> (left) in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1990s–2000s, the BIS successfully globalized, breaking out of its traditional European core. This was reflected in a gradual increase in its membership (from 33 shareholding central bank members in 1995 to 60 in 2013, which together represent roughly 95% of global GDP), and also in the much more global composition of the BIS Board of Directors. In 1998, the BIS opened a Representative Office for Asia and the Pacific in the Hong Kong SAR. A BIS Representative Office for the Americas was established in 2002 in Mexico City. </p><p>The BIS was originally owned by both central banks and private individuals, since the United States, Belgium and France had decided to sell all or some of the shares allocated to their central banks to private investors. BIS shares traded on stock markets, which made the bank an unusual organization: an international organization (in the technical sense of public international law), yet allowed for private shareholders. Many central banks had similarly started as such private institutions; for example, the Bank of England was privately owned until 1946. In more recent years the BIS has bought back its once publicly traded shares.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now wholly owned by BIS members (central banks), but still operates in the private market as a counterparty, asset manager and lender for central banks and international financial institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Profits from its transactions are used, among other things, to fund the bank's other international activities. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, in March 2022 the BIS suspended the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Russia">Bank of Russia</a>'s membership.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Project Nexus</b> </p><p>The Bank for International Settlements signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malaysia" title="Central Bank of Malaysia">Central Bank of Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Bank of Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> on 30 June 2024 as founding member of Project Nexus, a multilateral international initiative to enable retail cross-border payments. <a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a> involved as a special observer. The platform, which is expected to go live by 2026, will interlink domestic fast payment systems of the member countries.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BIS members are central banks of 63 jurisdictions: 34 in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, 16 in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, 5 in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, 3 in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, 3 in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and 2 in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is represented by two members, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Federal Reserve System">United States Federal Reserve System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank of Russia</a> is a member but its engagement with the BIS has been suspended since early March 2022 (see History section above). In the list below, (*) indicates members of the BIS Global Economy Meetings (see below) and (**) indicates observers to these meetings. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Algeria" title="Bank of Algeria">Bank of Algeria</a>**</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Central Bank of Argentina</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank of Australia</a>*</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oesterreichische_Nationalbank" title="Oesterreichische Nationalbank">Oesterreichische Nationalbank</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>)**</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a>*</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank of Brazil</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">Bulgarian National Bank</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Chile" title="Central Bank of Chile">Central Bank of Chile</a>**</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of the Republic of Colombia">Bank of the Republic of Colombia</a>**</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatian National Bank</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Bank" title="Czech National Bank">Czech National Bank</a>**</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Danmarks_Nationalbank" title="Danmarks Nationalbank">Danmarks Nationalbank</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>)**</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Bank of Estonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Bank of Finland</a>**</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a>**</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority" title="Hong Kong Monetary Authority">Hong Kong Monetary Authority</a>*</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Magyar_Nemzeti_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyar Nemzeti Bank">Magyar Nemzeti Bank</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>)**</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iceland" title="Central Bank of Iceland">Central Bank of Iceland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Central Bank of Ireland</a>**</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Israel" title="Bank of Israel">Bank of Israel</a>**</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Korea" title="Bank of Korea">Bank of Korea</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait"><img alt="Kuwait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kuwait" title="Central Bank of Kuwait">Central Bank of Kuwait</a>**</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Bank of Latvia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lithuania" title="Bank of Lithuania">Bank of Lithuania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Luxembourg" title="Central Bank of Luxembourg">Central Bank of Luxembourg</a>**</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_Negara_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank Negara Malaysia">Central Bank of Malaysia</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Bank of Mexico</a>*</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_Al-Maghrib" title="Bank Al-Maghrib">Bank Al-Maghrib</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)**</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>)*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_New_Zealand" title="Reserve Bank of New Zealand">Reserve Bank of New Zealand</a>**</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_North_Macedonia" title="National Bank of North Macedonia">National Bank of North Macedonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">Central Bank of Norway</a>**</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru" title="Central Reserve Bank of Peru">Central Reserve Bank of Peru</a>**</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>)**</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Narodowy_Bank_Polski" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowy Bank Polski">Narodowy Bank Polski</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>)*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Banco de Portugal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>)**</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a>**</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of the Russian Federation">Central Bank of the Russian Federation</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Central_Bank" title="Saudi Central Bank">Saudi Central Bank</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Serbia" title="National Bank of Serbia">National Bank of Serbia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Slovakia" title="National Bank of Slovakia">National Bank of Slovakia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Slovenia" title="Bank of Slovenia">Bank of Slovenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Reserve_Bank" title="South African Reserve Bank">South African Reserve Bank</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>)*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a>*</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Bank of Thailand</a>*</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a>*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates">Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates</a>**</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>*</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve Board</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Federal Reserve System">United States Federal Reserve System</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a>*</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Vietnam" title="State Bank of Vietnam">State Bank of Vietnam</a>**</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basel_Meetings">Basel Meetings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Basel Meetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BIS_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BIS_plaque.jpg/220px-BIS_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BIS_plaque.jpg/330px-BIS_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BIS_plaque.jpg/440px-BIS_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="2433" /></a><figcaption>Brass plaque sign at the entrance of the BIS building in Basel, displaying its name in four languages</figcaption></figure> <p>The activity of the BIS has always revolved around the regular meetings of its membership in Basel. In the 1930s, these meetings were held every month, with two interruptions resulting in ten meetings per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Toniolo_9-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> Since 1998, these meetings have been held every other month, so six times a year. The meetings always start on Sundays, when the dinner is a key moment for informal exchange and coordination, and extend over the next day or two. The meeting on Monday morning is the Global Economy Meeting (GEM), preceded by a meeting of the Economic Coordination Committee on Sunday. With the suspension of Russia since March 2022, 30 jurisdictions are members of the GEM and an additional 22 participate as observers. </p><p>As an organization of central banks, the BIS seeks to make <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> more predictable and transparent among its 60-member central banks, except in the case of <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> countries which forfeited the right to conduct monetary policy in order to implement the euro. While monetary policy is determined by most sovereign nations, it is subject to central and private banking scrutiny and potentially to speculation that affects <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange</a> rates and especially the fate of export economies. BIS aims to keep monetary policy in line with reality and to help implement <a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform" title="Monetary reform">monetary reforms</a> in time, preferably as a <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Simultaneous policy">simultaneous policy</a> among all 60 member banks and also involving the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. </p><p>Central banks do not unilaterally "set" rates, rather they set goals and intervene using their massive financial resources and regulatory powers to achieve monetary targets they set. One reason to coordinate policy closely is to ensure that this does not become too expensive and that opportunities for private <a href="/wiki/Arbitrage" title="Arbitrage">arbitrage</a> exploiting shifts in policy or difference in policy, are rare and quickly removed. </p><p>The stated mission of the BIS is to serve central banks in their pursuit of monetary and financial stability, to foster international cooperation in those areas and to act as a bank for central banks. The BIS pursues its mission by: </p> <ul><li>fostering discussion and facilitating collaboration among central banks;</li> <li>supporting dialogue with other authorities that are responsible for promoting financial stability;</li> <li>carrying out research and policy analysis on issues of relevance for monetary and financial stability;</li> <li>acting as a prime counterparty for central banks in their financial transactions; and</li> <li>serving as an agent or trustee in connection with international financial operations.</li></ul> <p>The role that the BIS plays today goes beyond its historical role. The original goal of the BIS was "to promote the co-operation of central banks and to provide additional facilities for international financial operations; and to act as trustee or agent in regard to international financial settlements entrusted to it under agreements with the parties concerned", as stated in its Statutes of 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: silver">Basel Framework <br /><small>International regulatory standards for banks</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Accords" title="Basel Accords">Basel Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_I" title="Basel I">Basel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_II" title="Basel II">Basel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_III" title="Basel III">Basel III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_coverage_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidity coverage ratio">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_stable_funding_ratio" title="Net stable funding ratio">NSFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Review_of_the_Trading_Book" title="Fundamental Review of the Trading Book">FRTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_III:_Finalising_post-crisis_reforms" title="Basel III: Finalising post-crisis reforms">Final BIII Reforms</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0.3em;"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">Banking</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary policy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Risk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0.3em;"> Pillar 1: Regulatory capital</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">Capital requirement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_adequacy_ratio" title="Capital adequacy ratio">Capital ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_III#Leverage_ratio" title="Basel III">Leverage ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tier_1_capital" title="Tier 1 capital">Tier 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tier_2_capital" title="Tier 2 capital">Tier 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">Credit risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(credit_risk)" title="Standardized approach (credit risk)">SA-CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_ratings-based_approach_(credit_risk)" title="Internal ratings-based approach (credit risk)">IRB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_IRB" title="Foundation IRB">F-IRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_IRB" title="Advanced IRB">A-IRB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_at_default" title="Exposure at default">EAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(counterparty_credit_risk)" title="Standardized approach (counterparty credit risk)">SA-CCR</a></li> <li>IMM</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_conversion_factor" title="Credit conversion factor">CCF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(market_risk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized approach (market risk)">Standardized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_models_approach_(market_risk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal models approach (market risk)">IMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_valuation_adjustment" title="Credit valuation adjustment">CVA vol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XVA#Accounting_impact" title="XVA">BA-CVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVA#Accounting_impact" title="XVA">SA-CVA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_risk" title="Operational risk">Operational risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_indicator_approach" title="Basic indicator approach">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(operational_risk)" title="Standardized approach (operational risk)">Standardized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_measurement_approach" title="Advanced measurement approach">AMA</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0.3em;"> Pillar 2: Supervisory review</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_capital" title="Economic capital">Economic capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_risk" title="Liquidity risk">Liquidity risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_risk" title="Legal risk">Legal risk</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0.3em;"> Pillar 3: Market disclosure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporation#Financial_disclosure" title="Corporation">Disclosure</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and Economics Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basel_Framework" title="Template:Basel Framework"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basel_Framework" title="Template talk:Basel Framework"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basel_Framework" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basel Framework"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The BIS hosts the Secretariat of the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a> (BCBS), colloquially referred to simply as the "Basel Committee", and with it has played a central role in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Capital_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel Capital Accords">Basel Capital Accords</a> (now commonly referred to as Basel I) of 1988, <a href="/wiki/Basel_II" title="Basel II">Basel II</a> framework in 2004 and more recently <a href="/wiki/Basel_III" title="Basel III">Basel III</a> framework in 2010–2017. </p><p>Capital adequacy policy applies to <a href="/wiki/Capital_stock" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital stock">equity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_asset" title="Capital asset">capital assets</a>. These can be overvalued in many circumstances because they do not always reflect current market conditions or adequately assess the risk of every trading position. Accordingly, the Basel standards require the <a href="/wiki/Capital_adequacy_ratio" title="Capital adequacy ratio">capital adequacy ratio</a> of internationally active commercial banks to be above a prescribed minimum international standard, to improve the resilience of the banking sector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committee_on_the_Global_Financial_System">Committee on the Global Financial System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Committee on the Global Financial System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Committee on the Global Financial System (CGFS) was established in 1971 as the Euro-currency Standing Committee, and adopted its current name in 1999. It reports to the Global Economy Meeting. </p><p>As of 2023, it had 28 members: <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Central Bank of Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority" title="Hong Kong Monetary Authority">Hong Kong Monetary Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Korea" title="Bank of Korea">Bank of Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Luxembourg" title="Central Bank of Luxembourg">Central Bank of Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Bank of Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Central_Bank" title="Saudi Central Bank">Saudi Central Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Reserve_Bank" title="South African Reserve Bank">South African Reserve Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Bank of Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Markets_Committee">Markets Committee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Markets Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Markets Committee is the oldest of the BIS-hosted committees, originally established in 1962 as the Committee on Gold and Foreign Exchange. It also reports to the Global Economy Meeting. </p><p>As of 2023, it had 27 members: <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority" title="Hong Kong Monetary Authority">Hong Kong Monetary Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Indonesia">Bank of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Korea" title="Bank of Korea">Bank of Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malaysia" title="Central Bank of Malaysia">Central Bank of Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Bank of Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Reserve_Bank" title="South African Reserve Bank">South African Reserve Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_T%C3%BCrkiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye">Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committee_on_Payments_and_Market_Infrastructure">Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CLS_Group" title="CLS Group">CLS Group</a></div> <p>Another of the committees hosted at the BIS is the Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI). The Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CPSS) was established in 1990 and extended the prior work of the Group of Experts on Payment Systems (1980) and Committee on Interbank Netting Schemes (1989), and was in turn renamed to CPMI in 2014. Its membership was extended in 1997–98, 2009, and 2018 to reach the following 28 members: <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Central Bank of Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority" title="Hong Kong Monetary Authority">Hong Kong Monetary Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Korea" title="Bank of Korea">Bank of Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Bank of Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Central_Bank" title="Saudi Central Bank">Saudi Central Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Reserve_Bank" title="South African Reserve Bank">South African Reserve Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_T%C3%BCrkiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye">Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a>. </p><p>One of the Group's first projects, a detailed review of payment system developments in the G10 countries, was published by the BIS in 1985 in the first of a series that has become known as "Red Books". Currently, the red books cover countries participating in the CPMI.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sample of statistical data in the red books appears in the table below, where local currency is converted to US dollars using end-of-year rates.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable sortable"> <caption style="text-align: left;">Banknotes and coin in circulation (12/31/2018) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Per Capita </th> <th>Area </th> <th>Billions of Dollars </th></tr> <tr> <td>$10,194</td> <td>Switzerland</td> <td>$87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$8,471</td> <td>Hong Kong SAR</td> <td>$63 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$8,290</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>$1,048 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$6,378</td> <td>Singapore</td> <td>$36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$5,238</td> <td>United States</td> <td>$1,719 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$4,230</td> <td>Eurozone</td> <td>$1,446 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$2,404</td> <td>Australia</td> <td>$60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$2,003</td> <td>Korea</td> <td>$103 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$1,924</td> <td>Canada</td> <td>$71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$1,683</td> <td>Saudi Arabia</td> <td>$56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$1,417</td> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td>$94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$1,009</td> <td>Russia</td> <td>$148 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$825</td> <td>China</td> <td>$1,151 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$682</td> <td>Sweden</td> <td>$7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$680</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>$85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$513</td> <td>Argentina</td> <td>$23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$327</td> <td>Brazil</td> <td>$68 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$311</td> <td>Turkey</td> <td>$26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$230</td> <td>India</td> <td>$307 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$205</td> <td>South Africa</td> <td>$12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>$196</td> <td>Indonesia</td> <td>$52 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irving_Fisher_Committee">Irving Fisher Committee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Irving Fisher Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Irving Fisher Committee on Central Bank Statistics gathers 100 members, mostly national central banks as well as a few regional organizations such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Latin_American_Monetary_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Latin American Monetary Studies (page does not exist)">Center for Latin American Monetary Studies</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_Estudios_Monetarios_Latinoamericanos" class="extiw" title="es:Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos">es</a>]</span> (CEMLA), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_American_Monetary_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central American Monetary Council (page does not exist)">Central American Monetary Council</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Monetario_Centroamericano" class="extiw" title="es:Consejo Monetario Centroamericano">es</a>]</span>, and <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asian_Central_Banks_Research_and_Training_Centre" title="South East Asian Central Banks Research and Training Centre">South East Asian Central Banks Research and Training Centre</a> (SEACEN). It is led by an 11-member executive elected by its members. </p><p>Reserve policy is also important, especially to consumers and the domestic economy. To ensure <a href="/wiki/Accounting_liquidity" title="Accounting liquidity">liquidity</a> and limit <a href="/wiki/Liability_(financial_accounting)" title="Liability (financial accounting)">liability</a> to the larger economy, banks cannot create money in specific industries or regions without limit. To make bank depositing and borrowing safer for customers and reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">bank runs</a>, banks are required to set aside or "reserve". </p><p>Reserve policy is harder to standardize, as it depends on local conditions and is often fine-tuned to make industry-specific or region-specific changes, especially within large <a href="/wiki/Developing_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing nation">developing nations</a>. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a> requires urban banks to hold 7% reserves while letting rural banks continue to hold only 6%, and simultaneously telling all banks that reserve requirements on certain overheated industries would rise sharply or penalties would be laid if investments in them did not stop completely. The PBoC is thus unusual in acting as a national bank focused on the country and not on the currency, but its desire to control <a href="/wiki/Asset_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asset inflation">asset inflation</a> is increasingly shared among BIS members who fear "<a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">bubbles</a>", and among exporting countries that find it difficult to manage the diverse requirements of the domestic economy, especially rural agriculture, and an export economy, especially in manufactured goods. </p><p>Effectively, the PBoC sets different reserve levels for domestic and export styles of development. Historically, the United States also did this, by dividing federal monetary management into nine regions, in which the less-developed western United States had looser policies. </p><p>For various reasons, it has become quite difficult to accurately assess reserves on more than simple loan instruments, and this plus the regional differences has tended to discourage standardizing any reserve rules at the global BIS scale. Historically, the BIS did set some standards which favoured lending money to private landowners (at about 5 to 1) and for-profit corporations (at about 2 to 1) over loans to individuals. These distinctions reflecting <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economics</a> were superseded by policies relying on undifferentiated market values – more in line with <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical economics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_Stability_Institute">Financial Stability Institute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Financial Stability Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Stability_Institute" title="Financial Stability Institute">Financial Stability Institute</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Financial_Stability_Institute" title="Financial Stability Institute">Financial Stability Institute</a> is dedicated to debates and exchanges of practices among supervisors and financial stability policymakers. It was established in 1999 in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>. It has been led by <a href="/wiki/Josef_To%C5%A1ovsk%C3%BD" title="Josef Tošovský">Josef Tošovský</a> from December 2000 to December 2016, and by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Restoy" title="Fernando Restoy">Fernando Restoy</a> since January 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BIS_Innovation_Hub">BIS Innovation Hub</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: BIS Innovation Hub"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BIS Innovation Hub, launched in 2019, extends the BIS mission of collaboration through digital innovation, developing technology-based public goods to support central banks and enhance the functioning of the financial system.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The BIS Innovation Hub has offices in Hong Kong SAR, Singapore, Switzerland, London, Stockholm<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_associations_hosted_by_the_BIS">Other associations hosted by the BIS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other associations hosted by the BIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BIS hosts the secretariats of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Stability_Board" title="Financial Stability Board">Financial Stability Board</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Insurance_Supervisors" title="International Association of Insurance Supervisors">International Association of Insurance Supervisors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Deposit_Insurers" title="International Association of Deposit Insurers">International Association of Deposit Insurers</a>. These entities, unlike the above listed committees, have no direct reporting links to the BIS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_results">Financial results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Financial results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BIS denominates its reserve in IMF <a href="/wiki/Special_drawing_rights" title="Special drawing rights">special drawing rights</a>. The balance sheet total of the BIS on 31 March 2019 was SDR 291.1 billion (US$403.7 billion) and a net profit of SDR 461.1 million (US$639.5 million).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chairmen concurrently held the role of President from April 1930 to May 1937. <a href="/wiki/Johan_Beyen" title="Johan Beyen">Johan Beyen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> served as President from May 1937 to December 1939, succeeded by American national <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._McKittrick" title="Thomas H. McKittrick">Thomas H. McKittrick</a> from January 1940 to June 1946. The position of President remained vacant from June 1946 to June 1948, when the roles of President and Chair of the Board were again reunited until the former was abolished on 27 June 2005. Meanwhile, the Chair had been left vacant from May 1940 to December 1942. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BIS_Chairs">BIS Chairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: BIS Chairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Chair </th> <th>Nationality </th> <th>Dates </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gates_McGarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Gates McGarrah">Gates McGarrah</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>April 1930 – May 1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Fraser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon Fraser (page does not exist)">Leon Fraser</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Fraser" class="extiw" title="de:Leon Fraser">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>May 1933 – May 1935 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardus_Trip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonardus Trip (page does not exist)">Leonardus Trip</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardus_Trip" class="extiw" title="nl:Leonardus Trip">nl</a>]</span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>May 1935 – May 1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_Niemeyer" title="Otto Niemeyer">Otto Niemeyer</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>May 1937 – May 1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Weber_(banker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Weber (banker) (page does not exist)">Ernst Weber</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td>December 1942 – November 1945 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fr%C3%A8re" title="Maurice Frère">Maurice Frère</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>July 1946 – June 1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marius_Holtrop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marius Holtrop (page does not exist)">Marius Holtrop</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Holtrop" class="extiw" title="nl:Marius Holtrop">nl</a>]</span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>July 1958 – June 1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jelle_Zijlstra" title="Jelle Zijlstra">Jelle Zijlstra</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>July 1967 – December 1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leutwiler" title="Fritz Leutwiler">Fritz Leutwiler</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td>January 1982 – December 1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Godeaux" title="Jean Godeaux">Jean Godeaux</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>January 1985 – December 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wim_Duisenberg" title="Wim Duisenberg">Wim Duisenberg</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>January 1988 – December 1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengt_Dennis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengt Dennis (page does not exist)">Bengt Dennis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Dennis" class="extiw" title="sv:Bengt Dennis">sv</a>]</span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>January 1991 – December 1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wim_Duisenberg" title="Wim Duisenberg">Wim Duisenberg</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>January 1994 – June 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfons_Verplaetse" title="Alfons Verplaetse">Alfons Verplaetse</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>July 1997 – February 1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urban_B%C3%A4ckstr%C3%B6m" title="Urban Bäckström">Urban Bäckström</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>March 1999 – February 2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nout_Wellink" title="Nout Wellink">Nout Wellink</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>March 2002 – February 2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Roth" title="Jean-Pierre Roth">Jean-Pierre Roth</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td>March 2006 – February 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Ortiz_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Guillermo Ortiz Martínez">Guillermo Ortiz</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>March 2009 – December 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Noyer" title="Christian Noyer">Christian Noyer</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>March 2010 – October 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jens_Weidmann" title="Jens Weidmann">Jens Weidmann</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>November 2015 – December 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villeroy_de_Galhau" title="François Villeroy de Galhau">François Villeroy de Galhau</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>January 2022 – present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BIS_General_Managers">BIS General Managers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: BIS General Managers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>General Manager </th> <th>Nationality </th> <th>Dates </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Quesnay" title="Pierre Quesnay">Pierre Quesnay</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>April 1930 – September 1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_Auboin" title="Roger Auboin">Roger Auboin</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>January 1938 – September 1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Guindey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillaume Guindey (page does not exist)">Guillaume Guindey</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Guindey" class="extiw" title="fr:Guillaume Guindey">fr</a>]</span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>October 1958 – March 1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gabriel Ferras </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>April 1963 – December 1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td>René Larre </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>March 1971 – February 1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gunther Schleiminger </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>March 1981 – April 1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Lamfalussy" title="Alexandre Lamfalussy">Alexandre Lamfalussy</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>May 1985 – December 1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Crockett_(British_banker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Crockett (British banker)">Andrew Crockett</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>January 1994 – March 2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Knight" title="Malcolm Knight">Malcolm Knight</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>April 2003 – September 2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Caruana" title="Jaime Caruana">Jaime Caruana</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>April 2009 – November 2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Carstens" title="Agustín Carstens">Agustín Carstens</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>December 2017 – present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_of_directors">Board of directors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Board of directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of August 2024:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bailey_(banker)" title="Andrew Bailey (banker)">Andrew Bailey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Campos_Neto" title="Roberto Campos Neto">Roberto Campos Neto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank of Brazil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktikanta_Das" title="Shaktikanta Das">Shaktikanta Das</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jordan_(economist)" title="Thomas Jordan (economist)">Thomas Jordan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaas_Knot" title="Klaas Knot">Klaas Knot</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiff_Macklem" title="Tiff Macklem">Tiff Macklem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Nagel" title="Joachim Nagel">Joachim Nagel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Gongsheng" title="Pan Gongsheng">Pan Gongsheng</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Panetta" title="Fabio Panetta">Fabio Panetta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome H. Powell">Jerome H. Powell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhee_Chang-yong" title="Rhee Chang-yong">Rhee Chang-yong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Korea" title="Bank of Korea">Bank of Korea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ceja" title="Victoria Rodríguez Ceja">Victoria Rodríguez Ceja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Bank of Mexico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Thed%C3%A9en" title="Erik Thedéen">Erik Thedéen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ueda" title="Kazuo Ueda">Kazuo Ueda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villeroy_de_Galhau" title="François Villeroy de Galhau">François Villeroy de Galhau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a>), Chairman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Williams_(economist)" title="John C. Williams (economist)">John C. Williams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Wunsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Wunsch (page does not exist)">Pierre Wunsch</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Wunsch" class="extiw" title="nl:Pierre Wunsch">nl</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strong criticisms of the financial institution have been made by Dutch economist and author Ronald Bernard, who argues that numerous transactions bordering on ethics and legality have been passed through the <i>BIS</i> since its founding (beginning with the business dealings that the British and Americans allegedly had with the Germans during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, particularly in connection with the sale of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> seized by the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> from German Jews) and continue to take place smoothly to this day: "Everything that could not stand the light of day, passed through it, by a devious means".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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currency</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/about/board.htm">"Board of Directors"</a>. www.bis.org/. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110422070523/http://bis.org/about/board.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Board+of+Directors&rft.pub=www.bis.org%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fabout%2Fboard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/about/index.htm?l=2&m=1%257C1">"About BIS"</a>. <i>www.bis.org</i>. 2005-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.bis.org&rft.atitle=About+BIS&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fabout%2Findex.htm%3Fl%3D2%26m%3D1%25257C1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-About_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/about/index.htm">"About BIS"</a>. <i>Web page of Bank for International Settlements</i>. January 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514223453/http://www.bis.org/about/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Web+page+of+Bank+for+International+Settlements&rft.atitle=About+BIS&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fabout%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/about/history.htm?m=13">"History - overview"</a>. <i>www.bis.org</i>. BIS. 1 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bis.org&rft.atitle=History+-+overview&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory.htm%3Fm%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIS_foundation-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BIS_foundation_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIS_foundation_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/about/history_1foundation.htm">"History - foundation and crisis (1930-39)"</a>. <i>www.bis.org</i>. BIS. 14 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bis.org&rft.atitle=History+-+foundation+and+crisis+%281930-39%29&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory_1foundation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement2023" class="citation cs2">Clement, Piet (2023), Kakridis, Andreas; Eichengreen, Barry (eds.), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/spread-of-the-modern-central-bank-and-global-cooperation/institutionalizing-central-bank-cooperation/EAB57D5948DF8257CC9B72127EFA844B">"Institutionalizing Central Bank Cooperation: The Norman–Schacht Vision and Early Experience of the Bank for International Settlements, 1929–1933"</a></span>, <i>The Spread of the Modern Central Bank and Global Cooperation: 1919–1939</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>102, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009367578.006">10.1017/9781009367578.006</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-36757-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-36757-8"><bdi>978-1-009-36757-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spread+of+the+Modern+Central+Bank+and+Global+Cooperation%3A+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.atitle=Institutionalizing+Central+Bank+Cooperation%3A+The+Norman%E2%80%93Schacht+Vision+and+Early+Experience+of+the+Bank+for+International+Settlements%2C+1929%E2%80%931933&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009367578.006&rft.isbn=978-1-009-36757-8&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fspread-of-the-modern-central-bank-and-global-cooperation%2Finstitutionalizing-central-bank-cooperation%2FEAB57D5948DF8257CC9B72127EFA844B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kindleberger-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kindleberger_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kindleberger_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Kindleberger1993" class="citation book cs1">Charles Kindleberger (1993). <i>A Financial History of Western Europe</i> (Second ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Financial+History+of+Western+Europe&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Charles+Kindleberger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Einaudi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Einaudi_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuca_Einaudi2018" class="citation cs2">Luca Einaudi (September 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/dice-report-2018-3-einaudi-oct.pdf">"A Historical Perspective on the Euro: the Latin Monetary Union (1865–1926)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Ifo DICE Report</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ifo+DICE+Report&rft.atitle=A+Historical+Perspective+on+the+Euro%3A+the+Latin+Monetary+Union+%281865%E2%80%931926%29&rft.date=2018-09&rft.au=Luca+Einaudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifo.de%2FDocDL%2Fdice-report-2018-3-einaudi-oct.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toniolo-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toniolo_9-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGianni_Toniolo2005" class="citation book cs1">Gianni Toniolo (2005). <i>Central Bank Cooperation at the Bank for International Settlements, 1930-1973</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Architektur+Bildarchiv&rft.atitle=Kongresshaus+Baden-Baden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architektur-bildarchiv.de%2Fimage%2FKongresshaus-Baden-Baden-6597.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Costigliola-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Costigliola_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Costigliola_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Costigliola1972" class="citation journal cs1">Frank Costigliola (December 1972). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1900660">"The Other Side of Isolationism: The Establishment of the First World Bank, 1929–1930"</a></span>. <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>59</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">602–</span>620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1900660">10.2307/1900660</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1900660">1900660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Other+Side+of+Isolationism%3A+The+Establishment+of+the+First+World+Bank%2C+1929%E2%80%931930&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E602-%3C%2Fspan%3E620&rft.date=1972-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1900660&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1900660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Frank+Costigliola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1900660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,752319,00.html">"Foreign News: Baden-Baden Bankers"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 28 October 1929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Foreign+News%3A+Baden-Baden+Bankers&rft.date=1929-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C752319%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=0800000280167c31">"UNTC"</a>. <i>treaties.un.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=treaties.un.org&rft.atitle=UNTC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FshowDetails.aspx%3Fobjid%3D0800000280167c31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/about/index.htm?l=2">"About the BIS – overview"</a>. <i>www.bis.org</i>. 1 January 2005.</cite><span 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Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 575. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110465266" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110465266"><bdi>978-3110465266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wirtschaftspolitik+in+Deutschland+1917%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=575&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3110465266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXj17DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/publ/bisp03.htm">"Note on gold shipments and gold exchanges organized by the Bank for International Settlements, 1st June 1938 – 31st May 1945"</a>. <i>www.bis.org</i>. 1 September 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.bis.org&rft.atitle=Note+on+gold+shipments+and+gold+exchanges+organized+by+the+Bank+for+International+Settlements%2C+1st+June+1938+%E2%80%93+31st+May+1945&rft.date=1997-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fpubl%2Fbisp03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubu, E. (1998). "Czechoslovak gold reserves and their surrender to Nazi Germany" In <i>Nazi Gold, The London Conference</i>. London: The Stationery Office, pp. 245–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/about/history_2ww2.htm">"History - the BIS during the Second World War (1939-48)"</a>. <i>www.bis.org</i>. BIS. 14 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London, 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mikesell" title="Raymond Mikesell">Raymond Frech Mikesell</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ies.princeton.edu/pdf/E192.pdf"><i>The Bretton Woods Debates: A Memoir</i></a>. Princeton: International Finance Section, Dept. of Economics, Princeton University. p. 42. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88165-099-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88165-099-4">0-88165-099-4</a>. Retrieved 8 July 2013. Essays in International Finance 192 brief history of the BIS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/about/history_2ww2.htm">"History – the BIS during the Second World War (1939–48)"</a>. Bank for International Settlements. October 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+the+BIS+during+the+Second+World+War+%281939%E2%80%9348%29&rft.pub=Bank+for+International+Settlements&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory_2ww2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaplan, J. J. and Schleiminger, G. (1989). <i>The European Payments Union: Financial Diplomacy in the 1950s</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npEXme7MFCwC"><i>Making the European Monetary Union, The Role of the Committee of Central Bank Governors and the Origins of the European Central Bank</i></a>. Cambridge-London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/press/p050601.htm">"Press release: BIS completes redistribution of shares"</a>. <i>www.bis.org</i>. 1 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.bis.org&rft.atitle=Press+release%3A+BIS+completes+redistribution+of+shares&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fpress%2Fp050601.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/banking/finserv.htm">"Products and services"</a>. <i>www.bis.org</i>. 21 January 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.bis.org&rft.atitle=Products+and+services&rft.date=2003-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fbanking%2Ffinserv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centralbanking.com/node/7938076">"IMF approves $1.4 billion Ukraine aid and BIS suspends Russia"</a>. <i>Central Banking</i>. March 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Banking&rft.atitle=IMF+approves+%241.4+billion+Ukraine+aid+and+BIS+suspends+Russia&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centralbanking.com%2Fnode%2F7938076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawale2024" class="citation web cs1">Kawale, Ajinkya (1 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/rbi-asean-countries-to-create-platform-for-retail-cross-border-payments-124070100585_1.html">"RBI, four Asean countries tie up for cross-border payments platform"</a>. <i>Business Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=RBI%2C+four+Asean+countries+tie+up+for+cross-border+payments+platform&rft.date=2024-07-01&rft.aulast=Kawale&rft.aufirst=Ajinkya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Ffinance%2Fnews%2Frbi-asean-countries-to-create-platform-for-retail-cross-border-payments-124070100585_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bis-expansion/bank-for-international-settlements-sees-first-expansion-since-2011-idUSKBN1ZD18Z">"Bank for International Settlements sees first expansion since 2011"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, January 14, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/about/member_cb.htm">"BIS member central banks"</a>. Oct 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Mar 19,</span> 2023</span> – via www.bis.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BIS+member+central+banks&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fabout%2Fmember_cb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bank for International Settlements, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/about/statutes-en.pdf">Statutes</a>, 20 January 1930 (text amended 7 November 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/cpmi/info.htm?m=3%7C16%7C29">"About the CPMI"</a>. <i>www.bis.org</i>. 2 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.bis.org&rft.atitle=About+the+CPMI&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fcpmi%2Finfo.htm%3Fm%3D3%257C16%257C29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.bis.org/statx/srs/table/CT2">"BIS Statistics Explorer: Table CT2"</a>. <i>stats.bis.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stats.bis.org&rft.atitle=BIS+Statistics+Explorer%3A+Table+CT2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.bis.org%2Fstatx%2Fsrs%2Ftable%2FCT2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintermeyer" class="citation web cs1">Wintermeyer, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/lawrencewintermeyer/2021/03/25/bis-innovation-hub-sets-the-pace-for-central-banking-digital-innovation/">"BIS Innovation Hub Sets The Pace For Central Banking Digital Innovation"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=BIS+Innovation+Hub+Sets+The+Pace+For+Central+Banking+Digital+Innovation&rft.aulast=Wintermeyer&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Flawrencewintermeyer%2F2021%2F03%2F25%2Fbis-innovation-hub-sets-the-pace-for-central-banking-digital-innovation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/about/bisih/about.htm"><i>About the BIS Innovation Hub</i></a>, 2021-01-27</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+the+BIS+Innovation+Hub&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fabout%2Fbisih%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/about/bisih/about.htm">"About the BIS Innovation Hub"</a>. 2021-01-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=About+the+BIS+Innovation+Hub&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fabout%2Fbisih%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/press/p240613.htm">"Bank for International Settlements and Bank of Canada launch BIS Toronto Innovation Centre"</a>. 2024-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bank+for+International+Settlements+and+Bank+of+Canada+launch+BIS+Toronto+Innovation+Centre&rft.date=2024-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fpress%2Fp240613.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BIS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/press/p190630.htm">"Time to ignite all engines, BIS says in its Annual Economic Report"</a>, 30 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/about/board.htm">"Board of Directors"</a>. 2015-12-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Board+of+Directors&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis.org%2Fabout%2Fboard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+for+International+Settlements" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erik Boomsma, <i>Interview with Ronald Bernard</i>, published by <i>Café Weltschmerz</i>, April 2022.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_for_International_Settlements&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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LeBor, 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/archived/moneyclub.htm">"The Money Club"</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jay_Epstein" title="Edward Jay Epstein">Edward Jay Epstein</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's</a></i>, 1983.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/am/2001/o/imfcstat/fsf.htm">Andrew Crockett statement to the IMF</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204144408/http://atimes01.atimes.com/atimes/China/FL01Ad01.html">An account of the use of reserve policy and other central bank powers in China</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived February 4, 2012), by Henry C K Liu in the <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Banking with Hitler</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Timewatch" title="Timewatch">Timewatch</a></i>, Paul Elston, producer <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Rees" title="Laurence Rees">Laurence Rees</a>, narrator <a href="/wiki/Sean_Barrett_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sean Barrett (actor)">Sean Barrett</a> (UK), <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 1998 (a video documentary about the BIS role in financing Nazi Germany)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankinghistory.org/">eabh (The European Association for Banking and Financial History e.V.)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dodis.ch/R266"><i>Bank for International Settlements</i></a> in the <i>Dodis</i> database of the <i><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Documents_of_Switzerland" title="Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland">Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/002350">Documents and clippings about Bank for International Settlements</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_banks98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks" title="Template:Central banks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_banks" title="Template talk:Central banks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_banks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central banks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_banks98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central banks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Stability_Board" title="Financial Stability Board">Financial Stability Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">Capital requirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Contractionary monetary policy">Contractionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionary monetary policy">Expansionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Accords" title="Basel Accords">Basel Accords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_control" title="Capital control">Capital control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Discount rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_market_operation" title="Open market operation">Open market operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">Sovereign wealth fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods<br />system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes">International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks" title="List of central banks">List of central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banks and currencies of Africa">Central banks and currencies of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Asia-Pacific" title="Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific">Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Caribbean" title="Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean">Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe" title="Central banks and currencies of Europe">Central banks and currencies of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Central banks and currencies of the Americas">Central banks and currencies of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_banks_by_country260" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks_by_country" title="Template:Central banks by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_banks_by_country" title="Template talk:Central banks by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_banks_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central banks by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_banks_by_country260" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central banks by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Central_African_States" title="Bank of Central African States">Central African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_West_African_States" title="Central Bank of West African States">West African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Algeria" title="Bank of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Angola" title="National Bank of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Botswana" title="Bank of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Burundi" title="Bank of the Republic of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Cape_Verde" title="Bank of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Comoros" title="Central Bank of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Congo" title="Central Bank of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Djibouti" title="Central Bank of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Egypt" title="Central Bank of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Eritrea" title="Bank of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Eswatini" title="Central Bank of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Ethiopia" title="National Bank of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_The_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ghana" title="Bank of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Guinea" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kenya" title="Central Bank of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Lesotho" title="Central Bank of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Liberia" title="Central Bank of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Libya" title="Central Bank of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Madagascar" title="Central Bank of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Malawi" title="Reserve Bank of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Mauritania" title="Central Bank of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mauritius" title="Bank of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Al-Maghrib" title="Bank Al-Maghrib">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mozambique" title="Bank of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Namibia" title="Bank of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Rwanda" title="National Bank of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Central Bank of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Seychelles" title="Central Bank of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Bank of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia" title="Central Bank of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Somaliland" title="Bank of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Reserve_Bank" title="South African Reserve Bank">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_South_Sudan" title="Bank of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sudan" title="Central Bank of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Tanzania" title="Bank of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Tunisia" title="Central Bank of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Uganda" title="Bank of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Zambia" title="Bank of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Zimbabwe" title="Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da_Afghanistan_Bank" title="Da Afghanistan Bank">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Bahrain" title="Central Bank of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bank" title="Bangladesh Bank">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Monetary_Authority_of_Bhutan" title="Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Brunei_Darussalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary Authority of Brunei Darussalam">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Cambodia" title="National Bank of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">China</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority" title="Hong Kong Monetary Authority">Hong Kong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Israel" title="Bank of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Jordan" title="Central Bank of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Bank of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Kyrgyz_Republic" title="National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Korea" title="Bank of Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kuwait" title="Central Bank of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_du_Liban" title="Banque du Liban">Lebanon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Macao" title="Monetary Authority of Macao">Macao</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Negara_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank Negara Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_Monetary_Authority" title="Maldives Monetary Authority">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mongolia" title="Bank of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Myanmar" title="Central Bank of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Rastra_Bank" title="Nepal Rastra Bank">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Oman" title="Central Bank of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="State Bank of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Monetary_Authority" title="Palestine Monetary Authority">Palestine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Central_Bank" title="Qatar Central Bank">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Monetary_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Bank of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Syria" title="Central Bank of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)" title="Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)">Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Tajikistan" title="National Bank of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Central_de_Timor-Leste" title="Banco Central de Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Turkmenistan" title="Central Bank of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Uzbekistan" title="Central Bank of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Vietnam" title="State Bank of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Yemen" title="Central Bank of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Eurosystem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="National Bank of the Republic of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Albania" title="Bank of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Armenia" title="Central Bank of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Azerbaijan" title="Central Bank of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oesterreichische_Nationalbank" title="Oesterreichische Nationalbank">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Bank of the Republic of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cyprus" title="Central Bank of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Bank" title="Czech National Bank">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmarks_Nationalbank" title="Danmarks Nationalbank">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iceland" title="Central Bank of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kosovo" title="Central Bank of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lithuania" title="Bank of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Luxembourg" title="Central Bank of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malta" title="Central Bank of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Moldova" title="National Bank of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Montenegro" title="Central Bank of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_North_Macedonia" title="National Bank of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Central Bank of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Soviet Union</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Serbia" title="National Bank of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Slovakia" title="National Bank of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Slovenia" title="Bank of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Ukraine" title="National Bank of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Aruba" title="Central Bank of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_The_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Barbados" title="Central Bank of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Monetary_Authority" title="Bermuda Monetary Authority">Bermuda </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cuba" title="Central Bank of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Sint_Maarten" title="Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten">Curaçao and Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Central_Bank" title="Eastern Caribbean Central Bank">Eastern Caribbean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_Monetary_Authority" title="Cayman Islands Monetary Authority">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Central Bank of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Guatemala" title="Bank of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Haiti" title="Bank of the Republic of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Honduras" title="Central Bank of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Jamaica" title="Bank of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nicaragua" title="Central Bank of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Fiji" title="Reserve Bank of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_New_Zealand" title="Reserve Bank of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Bank of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Samoa" title="Central Bank of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Central Bank of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_Bank_of_Tonga" title="National Reserve Bank of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Vanuatu" title="Reserve Bank of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Chile" title="Central Bank of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_(Colombia)" title="Bank of the Republic (Colombia)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ecuador" title="Central Bank of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Guyana" title="Bank of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Paraguay" title="Central Bank of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru" title="Central Reserve Bank of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Suriname" title="Central Bank of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Uruguay" title="Central Bank of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Venezuela" title="Central Bank of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Names in <i>italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">non-sovereign</a> (dependent) territories, former countries, or <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309195#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3176" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309195#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309195#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bank for International Settlements"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405083773">ISNI</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Banca dei regolamanti internazionali"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000111884882">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133372529">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1003374-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50081797">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118623487">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118623487">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00259253">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35722758">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Banka pro mezinárodní platby"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20030425007&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX107927">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90172621">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000141500&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Banque des Reglements Internationaux"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=121714">Greece</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bank for International Settlements"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=213550">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810603875505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007574558005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509105906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td 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